Chapter 3 Design of Coaxial Sleeve Dipole Antenna Array
4.2 Simulation of Sleeve Dipole Antenna Array by Print Circuit
The sleeve dipole antenna array is designed to be applied in IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b/g, operating frequency are from 2.41 GHz to 2.46 GHz and 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz, due to operating frequency of IEEE 802.11a is wider, so the main beam will obvious scan.
a. Simulation of Sleeve Dipole Antenna array for IEEE 802.11 b/g
Simulation model of sleeve dipole antenna array is shown in Fig. 4.2. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm. The size of substrate is 16 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width. The operating frequency of IEEE 802.11 b/g is from 2.41 GHz to 2.46 GHz. The parameter X is about quarter-wavelength, the parameter Y is distance of each antenna element, and the main beam can scan at different frequency. The sleeve dipole antenna array will add a reflector, which increase antenna gain is about 6 dB. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 2 cm.
b. Simulation of Sleeve Dipole Antenna array for IEEE 802.11a
Simulation model of sleeve dipole antenna array is shown in Fig. 4.3. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm. The size of substrate is 12.5 cm in
3 2
1 Y Y
Y
length and 1.3 cm in width. The operating frequency of IEEE 802.11 a is from 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz. The parameter X is about quarter-wavelength, the parameter Y is distance of each antenna element, and the main beam can scan at different frequency. The sleeve dipole antenna array will add a reflector, which increase antenna gain is about 6 dB. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 0.75 cm.
c. Optimization of Antenna Admittance
When the operating frequency is higher, the wavelength is shorter, the sleeve dipole antenna array can contain more antenna element in the same size. The sleeve dipole antenna array is linear antenna array, when an antenna element is more and more, the taper efficiency is very important. From the chapter 3, which can know, when P1=P2=P3=….Pn, we can get the best taper efficiency, from Eq. 3-7, which can know the linear antenna array can change admittance of each antenna element to get best taper efficiency.
Follow R.S.ELLIOTT paper “On the Design of Traveling-Wave-Fed
Longitudinal Shunt Slot Arrays” [1], the equation of voltage can write
(4-1)
antenna array has the best taper efficiency. This paper design of sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board, due to the print circuit board have insertion loss, the current will be weaken. The equivalent circuit of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board is shown in fig 4.4, the a
1
and a2
are admittance of insertion loss. The antenna element more and more, the antenna admittance is larger.In Fig 4.3, the parameter D is space of feed, which can control the array admittance. Fig. 4.5 and Fig. 4.6 are show simulation result of admittance with thickness 0.08 cm and 0.04 cm, the parameter D and admittance are in direct proportion.
The simulation models of sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board are shown in Fig 4.7. The each antenna element has equal admittance is shown in Reference, optimization of the antenna admittance are shown in CASE1 and CASE 2. The simulation results of the return loss are shown in Fig 4.8. The whole bandwidth covers the operating frequency, from 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz. The simulation results of efficiency are shown in Fig. 4.9. The efficiency of the reference is about 60%. The efficiency of the CASE2 is about 65%. The simulation results of directivity are shown in Fig. 4.10. The directivity of the reference is about 7.5 dBi. The directivity of the CASE2 is about 8 dBi. The simulation results of peak gain are shown in Fig. 4.11. The peak gain of the reference is about 5 dBi. The peak gain of the CASE2 is about 5.5 dBi. After optimization of antenna admittance, the peak gain has been increased 0.5 dBi, the directivity has been increased 0.5dBi, and the
efficiency has been also increased.
4.3 Simulation and Measurement Results of Sleeve Dipole Antenna array by Print Circuit Board
The fabricated of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board is shown in Fig 4.12. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm, The size is 16 cm in length and 2.1 cm in width. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 2 cm. The simulation and measurement result of the reflection coefficient are shown in Fig. 4.14, whole bandwidth covers the operating frequency. The simulation and measurement results of efficiency are shown in Fig. 4.15. The measurement result of efficiency is about 60%.
The simulation and measurement results of peak gain are shown in Fig. 4.16, the measurement result of peak gain is about 8.5 dBi. The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 2.41 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.17. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 2.41 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.18.The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 2.44 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.19. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 2.44 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.20. The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 2.46 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.21. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 2.46 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.22. From E-plane, the simulation and measurement results are almost the same.
The fabricated of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board is shown in Fig. 4.23. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm, The size is 12.5 cm in length and 0.8 cm in width. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 1 cm. The measurement environment is shown in Fig. 4.24. The simulation and measurement results of the reflection coefficient are shown in Fig. 4.25, whole bandwidth covers the operating frequency, the operate frequency of the fabricated of the sleeve dipole antenna array is shifting to high band. The simulation and measurement results of efficiency are shown in Fig. 4.26. The measurement result of efficiency is about 60%. The simulation and measurement results of peak gain are shown in Fig. 4.27, the measurement results of peak gain is about 10.2 dBi. The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 5.2 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.28. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 5.2 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.29. The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 5.5 GHz are shown in Fig.
4.30. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 5.5 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.31. The simulation and measurement results of E-plane radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.32. The simulation and measurement results of H-plane radiation pattern at 5.8 GHz are shown in Fig. 4.33. From E-plane, the simulation and measurement results are different, the cause is the fabricated of the sleeve dipole antenna array is shifting to high band, so scan angle is different. H-plane has the same problem, too.
4.4 Summary
Design of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board for IEEE 802.11b/g, operate frequency is from 2.41 to 2.46 GHz. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 2 cm. The gain of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board is about 8.5 dBi, and the efficiency is about 60%.
Design of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board for IEEE 802.11a, operate frequency is from 5.2 GHz to 5.8 GHz. The height of the sleeve dipole antenna array to the reflector is about 1 cm. The gain of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board is about 10.2 dBi, the efficiency of the sleeve dipole antenna array is about 60%. After optimization of antenna admittance, the peak gain has been increased 0.5dBi, the directivity has been increased 0.5dBi, and the efficiency also increased.
Fig. 4.1 WiFi apply in town
Top view
Bottom view
Fig. 4.2 Simulation model of sleeve dipole antenna array for IEEE 802.11b/g
Basic Station
Client Client
Client Client
Client
Client
X X X
X
Y
a1, a2,..are insertion loss for individual dipole
Top view
Bottom view
Fig. 4.3 Simulation model of sleeve dipole antenna array for IEEE 802.11a
Fig. 4.4 Equivalent circuit of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board
X Y X X X
D
Wavekength
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Admit teranc e
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Admittance Thickness： 0.4 mm
Fig. 4.5 Simulation result of admittance with thickness 0.08 cm
Fig. 4.6 Simulation result of admittance with thickness 0.04 cm D
wavelength
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
Admit tance
0 2 4 6 8 10
Admittance Thickness： 0.8 mm
D
Frequency (GHz)
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
|S 11| (d B)
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Reference CASE 1 CASE 2
Reference
CASE 1
CASE 2
Fig. 4.7 Simulation models of sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board
Fig. 4.8 Simulation results of the reflection coefficient
Frequency (GHz)
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
Ef fi cie nc y (Linear )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Reference CASE 1 CASE 2
Frequency (GHz)
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
Directivity (d Bi)
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5
Reference CASE 1 CASE 2
Fig. 4.9 Simulation results of efficiency
Fig. 4.10 Simulation results of directivity
Frequency (GHz)
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
Peak Gain ( dBi)
3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Reference CASE 1 CASE 2
Fig. 4.11 Simulation results of the peak gain
Fig. 4.12 Fabricated of the sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board
Fig. 4.13 The measurement environment
Fig. 4.14 Simulation and measurement result of the reflection coefficient
Frequency(GHz)
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0
|S 11|(dB)
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Simulated
Measured
Frequency(GHz)
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Ef fi cien cy (L inear )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Simulated Measured
Frequency(GHz)
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
Peak Gain( dBi)
-10 -5 0 5 10
Simulated Measured
Fig. 4.15 Simulation and measurement result of efficiency
Fig. 4.16 Simulation and measurement result of the peak gain
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of E-Plane Pattern at 2.41GHz Measured of E-Plane Pattern at 2.41GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of E-Plane Pattern at 2.41GHz Measured of E-Plane Pattern at 2.41GHz
Fig. 4.17 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 2.41 GHz
Fig. 4.18 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 2.41 GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of E-Plane Pattern at 2.44GHz Measured of E-Plane Pattern at 2.44GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of H-Plane Pattern at 2.44GHz Measured of H-Plane Pattern at 2.44GHz
Fig. 4.19 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 2.44 GHz
Fig. 4.20 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 2.44 GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of E-Plane Pattern at 2.46GHz Measured of E-Plane Pattern at 2.46GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of H-Plane Pattern at 2.46GHz Measured of H-Plane Pattern at 2.46GHz
Fig. 4.21 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 2.46 GHz
Fig. 4.22 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 2.46 GHz
.
Fig. 4.23 Fabricated sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board
Fig. 4.24 Measurement environment of sleeve dipole antenna array by print circuit board
Frequency(GHz)
5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
|s11 |(dB)
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
simulated of return loss mearsured of return loss
Frequency(GHz)
4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0
Ef fi c ienc y (Line ar )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Simulated of efficiency Mearsured of efficiency
Fig. 4.25 Simulation and measurement result of the reflection coefficient
Fig. 4.26 Simulation and measurement result of efficiency
Frequency(GHz)
Simulated of peak gain Measured of peak gain
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Simulated of E-plane pettern at 5.2GHz Measured of E-plane pattern at 5.2GHz
Fig. 4.27 Simulation and measurement result of peak gain
Fig. 4.28 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 5.2 GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of H-plane pattern at 5.2GHz Measured of H-plane pattern at 5.2GHz
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Simulated of E-plane pattern at 5.5GHz Measured of E-plane pattern at 5.5GHz
Fig. 4.29 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 5.2 GHz
Fig. 4.30 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 5.5 GHz
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Simulated of H-plane pattern at 5.5GHz Measured of H-plane pattern at 5.5GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
Simulated of E-plane pattern at 5.8GHz Measured of E-plane pattern at 5.8GHz
Fig. 4.31 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 5.5 GHz
Fig. 4.32 Simulation and measurement result of E-plane pattern at 5.8 GHz
-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of H-plane pattern at 5.8GHz Measured of H-plane pattern at 5.8GHz
Fig. 4.33 Simulation and measurement result of H-plane pattern at 5.8 GHz
Chapter 5
Design of Planar Inverted F Antenna for HSDPA
In this chapter, design of the Planar Inverted F Antenna to applied in HSDPA. The operate frequencies are 850MHz、1900 MHz and 2100 MHz, in communication system, the space is very important, a planar inverted-F antenna will design to achieve multi-band and small size requirements.
5.1 Introduction of HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also called 3.5 G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Megabit/s. Further speed increases is available with HSPA, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and 84 Mbit/s with release 9 of the 3GPP standards.
The first phase of HSDPA has been specified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release 5. Phase one introduces new basic functions and is aimed to achieve peak data rates of 14.0 Mbit/s (see above).
Newly introduced are the High Speed Downlink Shared Channels
(HS-DSCH), the adaptive modulation QPSK and 16QAM and the High Speed Medium Access protocol (MAC-hs) in base station.
The second phase of HSDPA is specified in the 3GPP release 7 and has been named HSPA Evolved. It can achieve data rates of up to 42 Mbit/s. It introduces antenna array technologies such as beam forming and Multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO). Beam forming focuses the transmitted power of an antenna in a beam towards the user’s direction. MIMO uses multiple antennas at the sending and receiving side.
Deployments are scheduled to begin in the second half of 2008.
Further releases of the standard have introduced dual carrier operation, i.e.
the simultaneous use of two 5 MHz carrier. By combining this with MIMO transmission, peak data rates of 84 Mbit/s can be reached under ideal signal conditions.
After HSPA Evolved, the roadmap leads to E-UTRA (Previously
"HSOPA"), the technology specified in 3GPP Release 8. This project is called the Long Term Evolution initiative. The first release of LTE offers data rates of over 320 Mbit/s for downlink and over 170 Mbit/s for uplink using OFDMA modulation.
5.2 Introduction of Planar Inverted F Antenna
The planar inverted F antenna is changed from the inverted L antenna, which is introduction from the inverted L antenna. The structure of the monopole antenna and the inverted L antenna are shown in Fig 5.1, which can know the inverted L antenna is to combine the short monopole antenna with a ground. Generally, the length of the monopole antenna is H. The parameter H is about quarter-wavelength. The length of the inverted L antenna is L+A. The parameter L+A is about quarter-wavelength.
The advantages of the inverted L antenna are：
(1)Small size (2)Easy to produce
(3)The inverted L antenna and the monopole antenna are radiation pattern the same
Unfortunately, the disadvantage of the inverted L antenna is not easy to impedance match.
The structure of planar inverted F antenna is shown in Fig 5.2. The planar inverted F antenna is upgrade of the inverted L antenna, which has a transmission line connect to ground, so planar inverted F antenna can easy to impedance match.
In recent years, the planar inverted F antenna is widely applied in communication system. Because the advantages of the planar inverted F antenna are：
(1)Small size (2)Easy to produce
(3)The planar inverted F antenna and the monopole antenna are radiation pattern the same
(4) Easy to impedance match
5.3 Simulation of Planar Inverted F Antenna
This chapter design two type the planar inverted F antenna, the planar inverted F antenna A and the planar inverted F antenna B. The simulated model of the planar inverted F antenna A is shown in Fig 5.3. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm, the size is 4cm in length and 6cm in width. The transmission line A is resonance for 850 MHz, the transmission line B is resonance for 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz. The planar inverted F antenna is apply in communication system, the measurement environment has an iron pole, which the operate frequency will shifting to low band. So next is design the planar inverted F antenna B, the simulated model of the planar inverted F antenna B is shown in Fig 5.4. The simulation results of the reflection coefficient are shown in Fig 5.5. The planar inverted F antenna B has transmission line C, the transmission line C is resonance for 2100 MHz, the
5.4 Simulation and Measurement Results of Planar Inverted F Antenna
The fabricated of the planar inverted F antenna B is shown in Fig 5.6. The substrate is FR4 with thickness 0.08 cm, The size is 4 cm in length and 6 cm in width. The measurement environment is shown in Fig 5.7. The simulation and measurement result of the reflection coefficient are shown in Fig 5.8, whole bandwidth covers the operating frequency. The simulation and measurement result of efficiency at low band are shown in Fig 5.9. The simulation and measurement result of efficiency at high band are shown in Fig 5.10. The measurement result of efficiency is about 40% at 850 MHz, and efficiency is about 60% at 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz. The simulation and measurement results of peak gain at low band are shown in Fig 5.11. The simulation and measurement results of peak gain at high band are shown in Fig 5.12. The measurement result of peak gain is about 1.5 dBi at 850 MHz, the measurement result of peak gain is about 2 dBi at 1900MHz and 2100MHz. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 850 MHz are shown in Fig 5.13. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 850 MHz are shown in Fig 5.14. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 850 MHz are shown in Fig. 5.15. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 1900 MHz are shown in Fig 5.16. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 1900 MHz are shown in Fig 5.17. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 1900 MHz
are shown in Fig 5.18. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 2100 MHz are shown in Fig 5.19. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 2100 MHz are shown in Fig 5.20. The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 2100 MHz are shown in Fig 5.21.
5.5 Summary
This chapter design of planar inverted F antenna for HSDPA. The operate frequency are 850 MHz、1900 MHz and 2100 MHz. The antenna size is 4 cm in length and 6 cm in width. The measurement result of efficiency is about 40% at 850 MHz, the measurement result of efficiency is about 60% at 1900 MHz and 2100 MHz.
Fig. 5.1 Structure of the monopole antenna and the inverted L antenna
Fig. 5.2 Structure of planar inverted F antenna
H
A
L
Ground
Ground
L1 L2
H D
Fig. 5.3 Simulated model of the planar inverted F antenna A
圖 6.4 倒 F 型天線 B 之模擬結構圖
Fig. 5.4 Simulated model of the planar inverted F antenna B
A
B
A
B
C
Frequency(GHz)
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
|S 11|(dB)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
Antenna A Antenna B
Fig. 5.5 Simulation results of the reflection coefficient
Fig. 5.6 Fabricated of the planar inverted F antenna B
Frequency(GHz)
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
|S 11|(dB)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0
Simulated of S11 Measured of S11
Fig. 5.7 Measurement environment
Fig. 5.8 Simulation and measurement result of the reflection coefficient
Frequency(GHz)
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Ef fi cie nc y (Linear )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Simulated of Efficiency Measured of Efficiency
Frequency(GHz)
1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
Ef fi cie nc y (Linear )
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Simulated of Efficiency Measured of Efficiency
Fig. 5.9 Simulation and measurement result of efficiency at low band
Fig. 5.10 Simulation and measurement result of efficiency at high band
Frequency(GHz)
0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00
Peak Gain( dBi)
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of Peak Gain Measured of Peak Gain
Frequency(GHz)
1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
Peak Gain( dBi)
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5
Simulated of Peak Gain Measured of Peak Gain
Fig. 5.11 Simulation and measurement result of peak gain at low band
Fig. 5.12 Simulation and measurement result of peak gain at high band
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Simulated of 2D pattern in phi0 at 850MHz Measured of 2D pattern in phi0 at 850MHz
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Simulated of 2D pattern in phi90 at 850MHz Measured of 2D pattern in phi90 at 850MHz
Fig. 5.13 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 850MHz
Fig. 5.14 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 850MHz
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Simulated of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 850MHz Measured of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 850MHz
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Simulated of 2d pattern in phi 0 at 1900MHz Measured of 2d pattern in phi 0 at 1900MHz
Fig. 5.15 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 850MHz
Fig. 5.16 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 1900MHz
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Simulated of 2D pattern in phi 90 at 1900MHz Measured of 2D pattern in phi 90 at 1900MHz
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Simulated of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 1900MHz Measured of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 1900MHz
Fig. 5.17 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 1900MHz
Fig 5.18 The simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 1900MHz
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Simulated of 2D pattern in phi 0 at 2100MHz Measured of 2D pattern in phi 0 at 2100MHz
-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Simulated of 2D pattern in phi 90 at 2100MHz Measured of 2D pattern in phi 90 at 2100MHz
Fig. 5.19 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 0 deg at 2100MHz
Fig. 5.20 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in phi 90 deg at 2100MHz
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Simulated of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 2100MHz Measured of 2D pattern in theta 90 at 2100MHz
Fig. 5.21 Simulation and measurement result of 2D pattern in theta 90 deg at 2100MHz
Chapter 6 Conclusion
6.1 Summary
This thesis design the sleeve dipole antenna array, the print sleeve dipole antenna array, and the print sleeve dipole antenna array can combine reflector to increase directivity for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g.
This thesis design the sleeve dipole antenna array, the print sleeve dipole antenna array, and the print sleeve dipole antenna array can combine reflector to increase directivity for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g.