We presented demographic data such as age, gender, duration from diabetes to hypertension, comorbidities (cardiovascular disease, ischaemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and hyperlipidaemia), income, and urbanization level for both groups (CHM and non-CHM users) using count and percentage for categorical variables, and used chi-squared tests to assess their differences (Table 1). We sorted the cumulative person-years for each herbal formula and single herb and listed the top 12 most common herbal formulas and single herbs (Table 2). We employed Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the cumulative survival probabilities and used the log-rank test to explore the effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine treatment on the overall survival rate of individuals with hypertension among type 2 diabetes patients (CHM and non-CHM users; Fig. 2). We also used conditional logistic analysis to explore the effect of CHM therapy as well as these most commonly used herbs on the reduction of macrovascular and microvascular diseases, and death as the endpoints during follow up (Tables B-G in S1 FileTables S2-S7). All p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. All data management and statistical analyses were performed using
Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software (version 9.3; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital for administrative assistance and consultation and the Aim for Top University Plan of the Ministry of Education, Taiwan at the China Medical University. We also thank Drs. Ya-Hui Chi, Kuan-Teh Jeang, Yuan-Chia Chang, and Willy W.L. Hong for technical help and suggestions.