Chapter 5: Conclusions and Suggestions
5.2 Suggestions
Based on the research conclusions, this section proposes specific and feasible suggestions for the App function before, during and after the competition.
Suggestions for the design of the App function for the recording procedures before, during, and after the competition. When designing the App, the designer must consider user experience and the user interface. In particular, the functions chosen as must-be quality and one-dimensional factors in the interview results must be reflected in the design of the App. Before the competition, the App must include the bulletin board and office, which are reflected in the user experience. The App should also include the user interface functions of the digitalized forms and optimized pages, for easy access and usage of the App.The office and sharing function must be included in the App for the recording procedure during the competition. The office and digitalized form function must be included in the App for the recording procedure after the competition. The design of the App should be reflected the demand of the recording officials in different positions (Table 14 to 16).
Table 14
Result of the quality evaluation of the referees for App functions
UX/UI Functions Before
the competition
Note. This table is organized by the researcher. M is a Must-be quality, O is an One-dimensional quality, and A is an Attractive quality.
For the design of the App in regard to the entire competition, the functions which were evaluated as a Must-be quality factor by referees are the instant message, bulletin board, push notification, memo, office, ringtone, and the page optimization functions.
For the design of the App in regard to the entire competition, the functions which were evaluated as a Must-be quality factor by an official are the bulletin board, push notification, office, digitalized form, page optimization, and sharing functions.
Table 15
Result of the quality evaluation of the officials for App functions
UX/UI Functions Before
the competition
Note. This table is organized by the researcher. M is a Must-be quality, O is an One-dimensional quality, and A is an Attractive quality.
For the design of the App in regard to the entire competition, the functions which were evaluated as a Must-be quality factor by coaches are the mailing, memo, office, and sharing functions.
The most important function of the App for the recording officials in all position is the office function. The bulletin board, push notification, memo, page optimization, and sharing are the functions that many referees, coaches, and official evaluated as a Must-be quality factor for the entire competition. The design of the App is considered the access of the
recording officials in different positions to each function.
Table 16
Result of the quality evaluation of the coaches for App functions
UX/UI Functions Before
the competition
Note. This table is organized by the researcher. M is a Must-be quality, O is an One-dimensional quality, and A is an Attractive quality.
Suggestions for the further research. Suggestions for further study can be divided into two areas, research target and research methods.
Research target. This study used purposive sampling, with the positions of the interview participants being referee, coach, and other recording officials. In any further work,
researchers can investigate the App functions more deeply if the interview targets include other positions, such as spectator, skater, and additional higher positions.
Research methods. This study used a qualitative interview, and interviewees were asked to choose one quality factor of the Kano model for each function that they think is necessary before, during, and after the competition. However, this method cannot reflect opinions on other functions. Thus, the traditional Kano model can be combined with positive and negative questions relating to additional functions.
References
Benjabutr, B. (2013). How to use kano model? kano analysis and case study. Retrieved from http://www.supplychainopz.com/2013/02/kano-model.html
Bertaux, D. (1981). Biography and society: The life history approach in the social sciences (Vol. 23). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Charland, A., & Leroux, B. (2011). Mobile application development: Web vs.
native. Communications of the ACM, 54(5), 49-53.
Cho, Y. S. (2015). SNS (Facebook) Design and Implementation of local advertising application(App) through SNS service analysis. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 16(2), 325-334.
Denzin, N. (1970). The research act: A theoretical introduction to social research. Chicago, IL: Aldine Pub.Co.
Dillon, A. (2003). User interface design. London, England: Macmillan
Gong, J., & Tarasewich, P. (2004). Guidelines for handheld mobile device interface design.
Paper presented at the Proceedings of DSI 2004 Annual Meeting.
International Organization for Standardization. (2010). Ergonomics of human-system interaction: Part 210: Human-centred design for interactive systems, ISO 9241-201.
International Skating Union. (2016). ISU statutes, constitution, regulations & technical rules - ISU. Retrieved from www.isu.org/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical
Jick, T. D. (1979). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4), 602-611.
Jo, H. (2013). A Study on the Usage Status of Smartphone Users by Gender and Age. Internet & Security Focus, 11, 35-51.
Jung, H.W. (2010). Smartphones and Future Changes. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 8(2), 28-33.
Jun, M. G., & Beak, K. K. (2014). The Olympic Games of Korean Skating Competition. The Journal of Sports Science, 31(2), 137-145.
Ju, P. S., & Pan, Y. H. (2016). Study on the development and changes of smart-phone application market. Journal of Basic Design & Art, 17(2), 495-507.
Kakihara, M. (2017). Mobile apps in APAC: 2016 report. Retrieved
from https://apac.thinkwithgoogle.com/intl/en/articles/mobile-apps-in-apac-2016-report.html
Kano, N. (1984). Attractive quality and Must-be quality. J.Jpn.Soc.Quality Control, 14, 39-48.
Karch, M. (2017). A beginner's guide to apps an app is a software program running on any platform. Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/what-are-apps-1616114
Kim, B. J. (2008). Sports Science: Method of Psychological Training for Changing Colors of the Medals. Sports Science, 104, 55-62.
Kimchi, J., Polivka, B., & Stevenson, J. S. (1991). Triangulation: Operational definitions. Nursing Research, 40(6), 364-366.
Kim, H. W., Lee, H. R., & Choi, S. J. (2011). An Exploratory Study on the Determinants of Mobile Application Purchase. The Journal of Society for E-business Studies, 16(4), 173-195.
Kim, S. H., & Kim, E. J. (2015). A Case Study on Visual Elements of Mobile Application Icon. Illustration Forum, 43, 25-34.
Kim, T. G. (2013). Sport Science: Understanding Skating , Damage, and Prevention. Sports Science, 122, 37-44.
Korea Skating Union. (2016). KSU regulations and technical rules. Retrieved from www.skating.or.kr/community/gallery_list.do?m_lnb=6&s_lnb=0
Krasner, G. E., & Pope, S. T. (1988). A description of the model-view-controller user interface paradigm in the smalltalk-80 system. Journal of Object Oriented Programming, 1(3), 26-49.
Lee, E. J. ,& Lee, H. S. (2017). A Case Study on School Sports Club Using Mobile
Application and Social Network Service. Korean Journal of Sports Science, 26(6), 943-957.
Le Peuple, J., & Scane, R. (2003). User interface design. Exeter, Engliand: Crucial.
Lee, G. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2014). The design of the visual interface for the Mobile App - Focusing on the Internet bookstore. Journal of Digital Design, 14(1), 617-627.
Lee, J. A., & Na, E. Y. (2012). The influence of Motivation for Using Smartphone
Applications and Innovativeness/Compatibility on Application Use and Substitution for
Other Media/Living Equipments. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 56(5), 5-35.
Lee, M. H., & Roh, Y. J. (2012). Development of Smart Presentation Application. Journal of KIISE: Computing Practices and Letters, 18(7), 543-547.
Lee, S. W. (2016, December 19). Trend of the App in Korea, Top 1-30 App. Retrieved from http://v.media.daum.net/v/20161219210204772?d=y
Lee, Y. C., & Huang, S. Y. (2009). A new fuzzy concept approach for Kano’s model. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 4479-4484.
Loland, S. (2001). Record sports: An ecological critique and a reconstruction. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 28(2), 127-139.
Mason, M. (2010, August). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Paper presented at the Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum:
Qualitative Social Research, Berlin. Abstract retrieved from http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/view/1428
Nielsen, J. (1994). Usability engineering. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Inc..
Norman, D. A. (1999). Affordance, conventions, and design. Interactions, 6(3), 38-43.
Oh, H. W. (2011). Implementation of mobile web interface design for smart-phone users. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 11(12), 639-648.
Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K.
(2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method
implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544.
Park, M. C., Jung, H. C., & Park, Y. N. (2013). The Implementation of Snowboard Scoring Management System using Mobile Apps. Proceedings of the Korean Society of
Computer Information Conference of Korean Society of Computer Information. 21(2),
223-224.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Pew Research Center. (2016). Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Retrieved from www.pewresearch.org
Preece, J., Rogers, Y., Benyon, D., & Davies, G. (1992). A guide to usability. Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley.
Pyo, T. W., & Kim, B. G. (2016). Communication Application. Proceedings of KIIT Summer Conference, 388-390.
Rouse, M. (2007). Definition of application. Retrieved from
http://searchsoftwarequality.techtarget.com/definition/application
Shin, J. E. (2003). A Study of Effective User Interface Design on the Mobile Device-With Focus on the Cellular Phone. The Study of Communication Design, 14(1), 45-55.
Sin, D. H. (2015). Humanitas technology. Seoul: Communication books.
Xiang, Y. J. (2007). Follow the Step of the App Store-Road of Creating Wealth of an App Developer. Beijing, China: Mechanical.
Yang, J. S., & Li, C. (2012). The Research of App Functions for Basketball Table Officials-A Case Study of FIBA Official Basketball Rules (Unpublished master
dissertation). National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City.
Yoon, S. W., Kim, H. S., & Kim, H. G. (2013). A Study on the Usability Evaluation of e-Book Interface. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 13(4), 137-144.
Appendix A
Interview Consent
I, _______________________, agree that I will become a research participant in the study of <The app function analysis for Short Track Speed Skating officials-a case study of ISU International Short Track Speed Skating Rules>. I will be interviewing with the
researcher about the app function for Short Track Speed Skating officials, and this interview will be used for academic research.
In order to protect the rights of individuals by means of data gathering for the research reports of this graduate school, all personal data related to the individual's personalities and affiliations are not disclosed or displayed in academic report.
The number of interviews is one to three, and the interview time is about one hour.
Interviews are basically conducted in the form of interviews, and interviews may be
conducted over the phone if it is necessary. Participants can decide how to respond to each of the questions in the interviews themselves. They can give up their rights as research
participants in the event of a discomfort during the interview process, and they will not be asked any questions about it. In addition, all the interviews are recorded, and the recorded contents are used only for the researchers' academic research and not for others. In addition to the contents of the interviews and the names and affiliations, other materials (gender, age, education level, occupation, qualification level, career experience) for research and analysis, will be used after confirmation and consent.
Participants have the right to ask any questions relating to their research and interviews while participating in this study, and they also have the right to hear their
explanations. In addition, the researcher clearly understands the process of completion of this study to the participants and has an obligation to respect that right.
Signature of the participant _____________________________
Signature of the researcher _____________________________
Date:
Appendix B
Outline and Subject of the Interview
Part. 1 Personal Information What is your name?
What is your gender?
What is your age?
How is your educated level?
What is your occupation?
How is your level and certificate for referee or coach?
How long is your career of referee of coach?
How many times do you participate in the competition a year?
Part. 2 References for Participants
In this research, researcher classified the application functions by two categories.
User Experience User Interface
Instant Message Bulletin Board Mailing Push Notification Memo Office Ringtone Calendar Calculator Digitalized Form Page optimization Sharing Video Playing
The Kano Model
Kano quality evaluation
1. Must-be Quality: These attributes are taken for granted when fulfilled but result in dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Since customers expect these attributes and view them as basic, it is unlikely that they are going to tell the company about them when asked about quality attributes.
2. One-dimensional Quality: These attributes result in satisfaction when fulfilled and dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. These are attributes that are spoken and the ones in which companies compete.
3. Attractive Quality: These attributes provide satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. These are attributes that are not normally expected. Since these types of attributes of quality unexpectedly delight customers, they are often unspoken.
4. Indifferent quality: These attributes refer to aspects that are neither good nor bad, and they do not result in either customer satisfaction or customer dissatisfaction.
5. Reverse quality: These attributes refer to a high degree of achievement resulting in dissatisfaction and to the fact that not all customers are alike.
Part.3 Questions of Interview Before the competition
Which functions are needed for recording procedure before the competition?
How do you evaluate about each function?
4 weeks before: Making announcement
5 days before: Application and transmitting the information of the applicants 2 days before: Making seeding list
15:00 of 1 day before: Posting the seeding list
18:00 of 1 day before: Commenting on the seeding list
3 hours before: Creating and posting the Make-up of the races
During the competition
Which functions are needed for recording procedure before the competition?
How do you evaluate about each function?
After each round: Making and posting the Make-up of the race for the next round
After each race: Commenting about the races, making the result sheet, and re-checking the races
After the competition
Which functions are needed for recording procedure before the competition?
How do you evaluate about each function?
Right after the competition: Making and posting the final result
30 days after the competition: Reporting the final result of the competition to technical committee
Appendix C
Interviewer’s record sheet
Part.1 Personal Information of the Participants Name:
Gender:
Age:
Educated Level:
Occupation:
Level and Certificate:
Career:
The Number of the participating competitions a year International Competition:
National Competition:
Local competition:
Part. 2 Demand of the App on Short Track Speed Skating competition
Competition Process
User Experience User Interface
Instant Message Bulletin Board Mailing Push Notification Memo Office Ringtone Calendar Calculator Digitalized Form Page optimization Sharing Video Playing
Before the
Part. 3 Suggestion of the participants
The suggestions of the application functions before the competition
The suggestions of the application functions during the competition
The suggestions of the application functions after the competition
Appendix D
Scripts of the interview
1. Interview with Referee A
S1: First, I am going to ask you about the personal information. What is your name?
A1: Choi, Yong-gu.
S2: What is your gender?
A2: Male.
S3: How is your current age?
A3: Forty six.
S4: What is your current occupation?
A4: Civil Servant.
S5: How is your educated level?
A5: Master’s degree.
S6: Do you have any certificate for referee? And, what kind of certificate do you have?
A6: I have an international referee certificate.
S7: How is your career?
A7: I worked as a referee for 23 years.
S8: How many times do you participate in the competition a year? Please tell me about the competition by dividing it into international competition, national competition, and local competition
A8: Twice to three times for the international competition and six times for the national competition.
S9: Do you participate in the local competition as well?
A9: Yes, I participated in the local competition once to twice a year.
S10: Thank you. Next, we move to the part of the App function. In the reference what I
gave you, there are thirteen App functions and five factors of quality evaluation, and you can answer with them. Also I am going to ask you about the App functions based on the each process of before, during, and after the competition. First of all, the announcement of the competition must be made before the competition, then what kind of function would you like to choose in this process?
A10: I would like to choose mailing function, push notification function, and ringtone function.
S11: Is there any function which is necessary to post the announcement?
A11: Office function and digitalized form function are necessary
S12: You let me know that mailing function, push notification function, ringtone function, office function and digitalized form function are needed, and can you evaluate the
mailing function at first with five factors of quality evaluation then?
A12: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S13: What about the push notification function?
A13: That is a One-dimensional quality factor.
S14: Next, what about the ringtone function?
A14: That is an Attractive quality factor.
S15: Can you evaluate the office function?
A15: That is a One-dimensional quality factor.
S16: What about the digitalized form function?
A16: That is also a One-dimensional quality factor.
S17: Thank you. Then in the next process which is about application and transmission the information of the applicants from the organizer to the competitor stewards, what kind of function is needed?
A17: I think mailing function, office function, digitalized form function, and page optimization function are needed.
S18: Then, how do you evaluate the mailing function with five factors of quality evaluation?
A18: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S19: What about the office function?
A19: That is also a Must-be quality factor.
S20: What about the digitalized form function?
A20: The digitalized form function is a Must-be quality factor.
S21: Can you evaluate the page optimization function?
A21: The page optimization function is an Attractive quality factor.
S22: All right and next, it is about the process for making seeding list. In this process, what kind of application functions is needed?
A22: Office function and digitalized form function are needed.
S23: Then, how do you evaluate the office function with five factors of quality evaluation?
A23: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S24: What about the digitalized form function?
A24: The digitalized form function is a One-dimensional quality factor.
S25: Thank you. Now the next process is posting the seeding list, and what kind of function do you think it is needed in this process?
A25: I think office function and sharing function are needed.
S26: Then, how do you evaluate the office function with five factors of quality evaluation?
A26: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S27: What about the sharing function?
A27: That is a One-dimensional quality factor.
S28: Thank you. And then next process, commenting on seeding list, what kind of function would you like to choose?
A28: I would like to choose bulletin board function and video playing function.
S29: Then, how do you evaluate the bulletin board function with five factors of quality evaluation?
A29: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S30: What about the video playing function?
A30: That is an Attractive quality factor.
S31: Okay, then would you mind if I ask the reason the video playing function is needed?
A31: This is because people can communicate what they want to say quickly and easily with this function.
S32: Okay, thank you. After the commenting process, creating and posting the final Make-up of the races process will be followed, then in this process, which functions are needed?
A32: Office function, digitalized form function, and sharing function are needed.
S33: Then, how do you evaluate the office function with five factors of quality evaluation?
A33: That is a Must-be quality factor.
S34: What about the digitalized form function?
A34: That is also a Must-be quality factor.
S35: What about the sharing function?
A35: The sharing function is a Must-be quality factor as well.
S36: Thank you. Is there any function you would like to suggest out of the functions you
S36: Thank you. Is there any function you would like to suggest out of the functions you