競速滑冰記錄人員APP功能需求之分析 - 以ISU國際滑冰規則為例

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(1)國立臺灣師範大學運動與休閒學院運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所碩士學位論文. 競速滑冰記錄人員 APP 功能需求之分析以 ISU 國際滑冰規則為例. 研究生：金寶英指導教授：李晶. 中華民國 107 年 8 月中華民國臺北市.

(2) 競速滑冰記錄人員 APP 功能需求之分析 - 以 ISU 國際滑冰規則為例 2018 年 8 月研究生：金寶英指導教授：李晶摘要在韓國競速滑冰比賽的記錄過程中發現了時間延遲和傳輸錯誤等一些問題。儘管如此，許多工作流程仍然是人工操作的。根據 Pew research center (2016) 的統計，88 ％的韓國人使用智慧型手機。許多記錄性應用程式 (App) 已經存在 (Jung，2010)，且為了較有效的記錄已在運動方使用 App。一些應用程式的功能也可以幫助競速速滑比賽記錄的工作過程。因此，本研究的研究問題為競速滑冰比賽不同記錄位置的任務謂何，比賽前、中、後記錄人員對於應用程式的需求與評估如何。這研究的硏究方法為訪談，透過立意抽樣方式選定訪談參與者，訪談參與者的角色為裁判、教練、其他記錄人員。進行訪談時參與者先選擇比賽前、中、後需要的功能後利用 Kano 模式評估各功能的品質。研究結果顯示，不同七個職位的人員參與比賽的記錄程序，每記錄人員執行各自的不同任務。App 功能基於使用者經驗和使用者人機介面，並且比賽的前、中、後記錄人員選的必須品質的 App 功能是十三種。其中核心功能為公告欄、文件編輯、電子化記錄單、分享、頁面優化功能，在應用程式的設計中必須反映這些功能。今後，透過不同研究對象與不同訪談方式進行的研究，本研究能夠得到更良好的硏究結果。. 關建字：競速滑冰記錄人員、APP、Kano 模式. i.

(3) The Study of App Functions for Working Procedure of Short Track Speed Skating Recording Officials – A Case Study of ISU Official Short Track Speed Skating Rules August, 2018 Author: Kim, Bo Young Advisor: Li, Ching. Abstract In Korea, several problems, such as time delay and transmission mistakes, are common in the recording process of Short Track Speed Skating competitions. In addition, many working processes are still manually operated. Many Koreans use a smartphone and many App functions to record (Jung, 2010). Taking this into account, the research questions in this study are: (a) What are the tasks of different recording positions in Short Track Speed Skating competitions? and (b) What are the key App functions for recording procedures before, during, and after the competition? In this study, participants of Short Track Speed Skating competitions were interviewed to examine what App functions are needed for the competition, and then interviewees evaluated the App functions using the Kano quality evaluation model. Results show that 13 App functions were evaluated as a Must-be quality factors for the App of the competition. In conclusion, the recording officials in seven positions are charged in different tasks in the recording procedure of the competition. The App functions are based on the user experience and the user interface; 13 App functions are available the entire the competition. The bulletin board, office, digitalized form, sharing, and page optimization functions are the core functions. These functions should be reflected in the design of the App. For future development, this study can advance through research with different targets and methods.. Keywords: recording in Short Track Speed Skating competition, APP, Kano Model. ii.

(4) Contents 摘要 ........................................................................................................................ i Abstract ................................................................................................................. ii Contents ..............................................................................................................iii Table List .............................................................................................................. v Figure List ........................................................................................................... vii. Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Importance of the Study ............................................................................................... 4 1.5 Limitations ................................................................................................................... 4 1.6 Definitions.................................................................................................................... 5. Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................ 7 2.1 The Task of different positions in Short Track Speed Skating Competition............ 7 2.2 Definition and Trend of Apps ...................................................................................... 9 2.3 App functions for Recording Procedure .................................................................... 16. Chapter 3: Methods .......................................................................................... 42 3.1 Design of Study.......................................................................................................... 42 3.2 The Study Procedure .................................................................................................. 42 3.3 Instrumentation and Data Collection ......................................................................... 45 3.4 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................. 51 iii.

(5) Chapter 4: Results ............................................................................................. 53 4.1 Personal information of research participants............................................................ 53 4.2 The App functions for recorders before the competition ........................................... 55 4.3 The App functions for recorders during the competition ........................................... 70 4.4 The App functions for recorders after the competition .............................................. 80 4.5 Suggestions of the participants for the App function and usage .............................. 90. Chapter 5: Conclusions and Suggestions ........................................................ 93 5.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 93 5.2 Suggestions ................................................................................................................ 96. References .......................................................................................................... 99 Appendix .......................................................................................................... 105 Appendix A: Interview Consent..................................................................................... 105 Appendix B: Outline and Subject of the Interview ........................................................ 106 Appendix C: Interviewer’s record sheet ........................................................................ 110 Appendix D: Script of the interview .............................................................................. 113. iv.

(6) Table List Table 1 App functions for UX and UI in Korea ....................................................................... 15 Table 2 App functions for recording process of Short Track Speed Skating before the competition .............................................................................................................................. 21 Table 3 App functions for recording process of Short Track Speed Skating after each round (during the competition) .......................................................................................................... 25 Table 4 App functions for recording process of Short Track Speed Skating after each race (during the competition) .......................................................................................................... 28 Table 5 App functions for recording process of Short Track Speed Skating after the competition .............................................................................................................................. 33 Table 6 App functions for Short Track Speed Skating recording before the competition ....... 35 Table 7 App functions for Short Track Speed Skating recording during and after the competition .............................................................................................................................. 36 Table 8 The Kano Model Scale of the demand of the recording officials in Short Track Speed Skating competition for the App functions before the competition ......................................... 46 Table 9 The Kano Model Scale of the demand of the recording officials in Short Track Speed Skating competition for the App functions during and after the competition.......................... 47 Table 10 Basic information of the participants ........................................................................ 54 Table 11 The demand of the recording officials for the App functions before the competition .................................................................................................................................................. 69 Table 12 The demand of the recording officials for the App functions during the competition .................................................................................................................................................. 78 Table 13 The demand of the recording officials for the App functions after the competition . 88 Table 14 Result of the quality evaluation of the referees for App functions ........................... 96 Table 15 Result of the quality evaluation of the officials for App functions ........................... 97 v.

(7) Table 16 Result of the quality evaluation of the coaches for App functions ........................... 98. vi.

(8) Figure List Figure 1 Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating before the competition .................................................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2 Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after each round ....... 23 Figure 3 Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after each round ....... 26 Figure 4 Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after competition ....... 30 Figure 5 Study structure ......................................................................................................... 42 Figure 6 Study Procedure......................................................................................................... 44 Figure 7 The Kano Model ........................................................................................................ 48. vii.

(9) Chapter 1: Introduction This section mainly details the background and purposes of this study. This chapter consists of six parts: (a) The statement of the problem, (b) purpose of the study, (c) research questions, (d) importance of the study, (e) limitations, and (f) definitions.. 1.1 The Statement of the problem Today, the smartphone is not only a simple communication device, it also provides convenience by allowing significant information to reach users anytime, anywhere. Smartphone applications have been developed, and then supplied to the user. Applications include abilities that can replace necessary devices in our life (Lee & Na, 2012). The App (Application) is a software application developed specifically for use on computing devices, and it is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another program (Rouse, 2007). The word "App" is an abbreviation for application, the word "App" has a more modern usage, but this is the same as a software program. In modern usage, most people refer to Apps as applications or software programs that run specifically on phones or other mobile devices (Karch, 2017). The App development is based on user experiences and user interface (Sin, 2015; Xiang, 2007; Yang, 2012). Usually, Apps can be used with mobile devices via downloads from the internet. The number of smartphone users is already over 17.6 billion in the world, and over 40 million people use a smartphone in Korea (Lee, 2016). Lee and Na (2012) outline smartphone users’ motives as broad functional for relationships, easy to carry and informative, and the type of Apps are related to business, utilities, entertainment, lifestyle, education, basic communication, information, utilities and entertainment. Many users like to use Apps closely related to their life and lifestyle (Lee & Na, 2012). This shows that Apps are widely used in the daily lives of smartphone users. Apps are also gradually being applied to the area of 1.

(10) sports. In the sports, the application is a strong tool used to manage competitions. According to Lee and Lee (2017), school sports club competitions were efficiently managed using Apps, and SNS applications make communication easy between all participants. In winter sports, the scoring system in the field is mainly operated by a person with/without a walkie-talkie. Automatic systems are gradually used in international competitions, but off-line manual systems are generally used in domestic competitions in Korea (Park, Jung, & Park, 2013). In 1992, Short Track Speed Skating gave a big honor to Korea in Winter Olympic Games (Jun & Baek, 2014), and has rapidly developed since the Torino Winter Olympic Games in 2006 (Kim, 2013). The number of competitions increased by 10 %, and the number of skaters increased by 13 % in the last several years (Korea Skating Union, 2016). The number of officials within previous three years has not changed in spite of the number of competitions and skaters. The officials mainly handle recording or scoring tasks, but all recording procedures are still operated manually. The Korea Skating Union (KSU) has imposed a digitalized system across a small part of the working process. According to the Korea Skating Union (2016), several different positions are involved in recording procedure. Referees, competitor stewards, organizers, photo finish judges, technical committees, coaches, and skaters are all involved in the recording procedure, all with different tasks. Most of the recording positions still use a manually operated system, with the exception of a photo finish line judge. For this reason, mistakes have frequently occurred within Short Track Speed Skating competitions. The author has consistently found mistakes in domestic competitions during the work as an official. In this paper, through analysis of recording procedures of Short Track Speed Skating co mpetitions, different types of application functions, and which functions is matched the dema nds of the recorders in the Short Track Speed Skating competition.. 2.

(11) 1.2 Purpose of the Study In accordance to the statement of the problem given above, the target group of this study encompasses all the officials who are responsible of recording the Short Track Speed Skating competition in Korea. The records and working procedures of officials were analyzed, to not only determine the most suitable App, but to also identify existing App functions that are suitable. An attempt is made to understand which App can help the recording procedure during the competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to: 1. Analyze the tasks of the different recording positions in the Short Track Speed Skating competition in Korea; 2. Evaluate the App functions for different procedures in the Short Track Speed Skating competition.. 1.3 Research Questions The study focuses on the three main topics following the purpose of the study. Firstly, this paper examines what each recording position is responsible for doing during Short Track Speed Skating competitions. The functions and trends of currently existing Apps are then investigated. Lastly, the App functions corresponding to the demands of different recording positions are examined. 1. What are the tasks of different recording positions in the Short Track Speed Skat ing competition?  What is the task of the referee and assistant referee?  What is the task of the competitor stewards?  What is the task of the photo finish judge?  What is the task of the organizer?  What is the task of the technical committee?  Who are the skater and coach? 3.

(12) 2. What are the important App functions for recording procedures?  Which App functions can combine the demands of recorders before the competition?  Which App functions can combine the demands of recorders during the competition?  Which App functions can combine the demands of recorders after the competition?. 1.4 Importance of the Study In terms of academic research, no studies on the recording of Short Track Speed Skating have been carried out. Thus, this study can be a base study for the further study of improving recording systems of Short Track Speed Skating in Korea. In a more practical sense, this study can help to highlight the needs of officials in recording procedures, and improve their recording system for a higher quality of events.. 1.5 Limitations This study deals with only Short Track Speed Skating competitions in Korea. The study targets are competitor stewards; chief referees; assistant referees; photo finish judges; skaters; organizers and technical committees. Other positions of officials or organizations are not included. This paper refers to constitutions, regulations, and rules of ISU and KSU for the analysis of recording procedures of Short Track Speed Skating competitions in Korea. There is limited literature and data relating to this topic, thus data collection for the stud y require a long time. In addition, it is difficult to collect a large amount of data. Furthermore, this study cannot be applied to other sports, just Short Track Speed Skating.. 4.

(13) 1.6 Definitions 1. Short Track Speed Skating is a form of competitive personal on-ice sport. In competitions, many skaters (typically between four and six) skate on an oval ice tracks with the circumference of 111.12 m (Korea Council of Sports for All, 2008). Short Track Speed Skating consists of six rounds. The Qualifying Rounds may consist of pre-preliminaries, preliminaries, and heats that are the first instance of elimination races. Depending on the number of entries, Eight-Finals, Quarter-Finals, and Semi-Finals may be required to determine who will skate in the Final. The Final is the final race of the competition over the relevant distance (ISU constitution, 2016). 2. The ISU (International Skating Union), founded in 1892, is the exclusive international sports federation globally recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) administering sports in the Branches of Figure Skating and Speed Skating. (Long Track) Speed Skating and Short Track Speed Skating come under the Speed Skating Branch while Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance and Synchronized Skating constitute the Figure Skating Branch. The ISU is composed of many national associations denoted as ISU Members, who administer ISU sports at the national level and recognize that all international matters are under the sole jurisdiction and control of the ISU (ISU Homepage). Under ISU constitution, the event is organized by ISU members, and Korea Skating Union is already on the list of ISU members. The KSU comply with ISU rules during the event. 3. Recorders are all individuals in recording positions. They record all of the competition. The recording positions include organizer, referees, competitors’ steward, photo finish line judge, coach, and skater (ISU constitution, 2016). 4. Recording procedure denotes all process required to make a time sequence record of the competition. This process includes the event announcement, seeding, the make5.

(14) up of the races, and all the results of the competition. 5. The App (Application) is a software application developed specifically for use on computing devices, a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another program (Rouse Margaret, 2007). 6. The Kano model is a product or service development theory that helps people to determine which features people may want to include in a product or service to improve customer satisfaction. This model has classified five unique categories of customer requirements, three of which are desired qualities: the Must-be quality; the One-dimensional quality; and Attractive quality. The Indifferent quality and the Reverse quality should be removed. The main objective of the Kano Model is to help teams understand, classify, and integrate these three main categories of requirements into the products or services that they are developing. The five groups of customer requirements are classified depending on their ability to create customer satisfaction or cause dissatisfaction (Kano, 1984).. 6.

(15) Chapter 2: Literature Review In this chapter, the existing literature of work procedures in Short Track Speed Skating competitions and App functions is reviewed. This paper mainly shows research of basic theory, structure, and grounds that support this study through three parts: (a) the task of different positions in Short Track Speed Skating competitions, (b) definitions and trends of Apps, and (c) App functions for recording procedure.. 2.1 The Task of different positions in Short Track Speed Skating Competitions A sport record is a performance, measured in exact mathematical-physical entities within a standardized framework defined by sports rules (Loland, 2001). The recording and sports cannot be separate, and spectators can newly see sports through the recoding such as letters, data, photos, and media (Yang, 2012). In Short Track Speed Skating competitions, only computer software approved by the technical committee shall be used to document the results. The result of races includes the time record; penalties from remaining laps; rank; and the make-up of the races of the next round (ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules, 2016). Also, according to article 290 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules, there are five record-work positions in the competition, each recording different factors. Lastly, the competitor steward informs the skaters and coaches of the result after all records from each position are combined. The task of the Organizer. In compliance with Section 1, Clause 3 of the ISU constitution (2016), ISU members are those organizations recognized by the ISU as controlling in a country either or both of the Branches of Skating. The article 107, section 16 of the ISU rule presents local competitions conducted under the rules of an ISU Member. Thus, the organizer of Short Track Speed Skating events is KSU, in Korea. Usually, the organizer announces the event and statements regarding the place, type of rink, types of race, 7.

(16) track, date and starting time, closing entries date, and the prize character of the event. The duty of the organizer in Korea is not only to gather information of applicants before the competition, but also to classify the information of the applicants. The organizer then passes classified information to the competitor stewards for the drawing competing group and starting position in each race. The task of the Competitor steward. According to article 290, section 10 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Technical Rules (2016), the competitor steward is responsible for (a) the coordination of all administrative matters; (b) checking the eligibility of officials and skaters; (c) based on the results of the races, the competitor steward shall, according to the official program, determine the skaters taking part in the next qualifying round; (d) the competitor steward shall make-up the races for each qualifying round and draw the order of the races; and (e) the competitor steward shall inform those skaters of their qualification and race in which they shall start. The task of the Referees. According to the article 290, section 3 to 7 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Technical Rules (2016), there exist chief referee, assistant referee, and assistant video referee. The referees are responsible for (a) deciding the program and qualifying procedure in consultation with the competitor stewards and the Rrepresentative of the Short Track Speed Skating Technical Committee; (b) deciding all points of dispute and infringements of rules, which can result in sanctions; (c) reporting within 30 days to the Short Track Speed Skating Technical Committee on the overseeing of the competition using the Report for ISU Events or the Report for International Competitions; in addition, (d) the chief referee can decide all things related to the officials, skaters and coaches during the competition; (e) the assistant referees must record their observations and must present their notes immediately after each qualifying round to the referee; (f) the assistant video referee must report their observations through the video to the chief referee, and the chief referee can then watch the video after the race. 8.

(17) Duty of the Photo Finish Judge. According to article 290, section 12 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Technical rules (2016), (a) the photo finish judge shall read the photo finish. He shall report the order of finish and times of each competitor to the competitor stewards. The results are considered official; (b) If the photo finish equipment can produce a timescale on the finish photo, the reading time of this scale is taken as the official time. Technical Committee. According to article 20, section 3 of the ISU constitution (2016), the functions of the technical committee are the preparation, monitoring, and maintenance of the "Technical Rules" for Short Track Speed Skating, taking into account the input received from ISU Members. Section 16 of article 107 present that local competitions are conducted under the Rules of an ISU Member. Coach. Article 295, section 1 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Technical Rules (2016) states that the coach is an eligible individual appointed by the respective ISU Members to support and represent the skater/team of the member. Skater. Article 39, section 13 of the ISU constitutions (2016) indicates that a skater, whether eligible or ineligible, is a person participating in ISU skating discipline events, including competitions and other events. A competitor is a skater entering and competing in a competition. There are eight positions for communication and recording of the Short Track Speed Skating competition. The obligation of each position is completely different. Also, each position uses a different method when they communicate information or record information during the competition.. 2.2 Definitions and Trends of Apps The App is a software application developed specifically for use on computing devices, and it is a program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another program (Rouse, 2007). The word “App” is an abbreviation for application, 9.

(18) the App is a more modern usage, but this is the same thing as a software program. In modern usage, most people refer to Apps as applications or software programs that run specifically on phones or other mobile devices (Karch, 2017). The number of smartphone users is already over 17.6 billion in the world, and over 40 million people use a smartphone in Korea (Lee, 2016). According to Pew Research Center (2016), 88% of Koreans use a smartphone. Users use smartphones on average two hours a day, with Apps downloaded from the internet. From Kakihara (2017), 71% of smartphone users in Korea use Apps to find relevant information through searches, and 54% use mobile instant messenger Apps. Jung (2010) presented the various functions of smartphone Apps: videos; games; memory and storage; Bluetooth; wireless internet; mailing; network and communication; GPS; searching; office; computing; music; commerce and camera. Lee and Na (2012) outline smartphone users’ motives as broad functional; for relationships; easy to carry; informative, and Apps are related to business; utilities; entertainment; lifestyle; education; basic communication and information. The type of the most-used App is utilities and entertainment. A great many people like to use Apps closely related to their life and lifestyle (Lee & Na, 2012). Sin (2015) stated that the software used for Apps is based on HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) tools. These kinds of tools include several fundamental principles. Xiang (2007) and Yang (2012) also mentioned several principles of software applications. The first general principle is to create suitable functions for the user experience (UX). According to Sin (2015), the UX should encompass easily accomplishing goals and a positive feeling after using the software. The App function should reflect not only users’ perceptions and reactions but also behavior. The App should provide convenient and creative functions for the user. The second general principle is the optimized user interface (UI). The user interface should be clear and organized for a smooth interaction between the user and software (Sin, 2015; Xiang, 2007; Yang, 2012). 10.

(19) Emphasis on user experience (UX). According to Charland and Leroux (2011), mobile App development is mainly based on user experience, the term we use for the overall experience a user has with a software App. Thus, a successful user experience is crucial for a successful App adoption. User interface and the usability of App are important for App development. Originally, usability was the more important element of the App, however, recently more of an emphasize has been placed on the user interface. Thus, the developer and designer need to consider elements based on user experience (Sin, 2015). The International Standards Organization (2009) defines user experience as individual “perceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a product, system or service." According to the ISO definition, user experience includes all the users' emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviors and accomplishments that occur before, during and after use. The ISO also list three factors that influence user experience: system, user and the context of use. Norman (1999) also presented the term “affordance”. Affordance is the relationship between the product and the users, specifies the range of possible activities, yet does not have to be visible, known, or desirable by the user. In product design, where one deals with real, physical objects, both real and perceived affordance and exist. In graphical, screen-based interfaces, all that the designer has available is control over perceived affordances. Most of the usability affordance is of no value (Norman, 1999). Thus, the developer and designer should make greater efforts to develop strong user interfaces based on user experience. Regarding the evaluation of UX, the Kano Model can be applied in the core service area. The Kano model is a theory of product development and customer’s satisfaction, developed in 1984 by Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories: 1. Must-be Quality: These attributes are taken for granted when fulfilled, but result in dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. Since customers expect these attributes and view them as basic, it is unlikely that they are going to tell the company about them when 11.

(20) asked about quality attributes. 2. One-dimensional Quality: These attributes result in satisfaction when fulfilled and dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. These are spoken attributes and used by companies to compete. 3. Attractive Quality: These attributes provide satisfaction when achieved fully, but do not cause dissatisfaction when not fulfilled. These are attributes that are not normally expected. Since these types of attributes of quality unexpectedly delight customers, they are often unspoken. 4. Indifferent quality: These attributes refer to aspects that are neither good nor bad, and they do not result in either customer satisfaction or customer dissatisfaction. 5. Reverse quality: These attributes refer to a high degree of achievement resulting in dissatisfaction and to the fact that not all customers are alike. The Kano model offers some insight into the product attributes which are perceived to be important to customers. The purpose of the tool is to support product specification and discussion through the better development of team understanding. Kano's model focuses on differentiating product features, as opposed to focusing initially on customer needs (Kano, 1984). The user interface optimization (UI). The user interface (UI), in the industrial design field of human-machine interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. The user interface is a means of communication between people and devices; the user interface needs to understand the interaction of computing-systems and users (Le Peuple & Scane, 2003; Preece et al., 1993; Shin, 2003). The user interface is a contact point between humans and devices (Toon, Kim & Kim, 2013). Thus, the user interface should provide appropriate facilities, and the user interface design should be userfriendly (Dillon, 2003; Shin, 2003). The user interface was developed using a particular strategy of representing information, display, and control. This strategy was chosen to satisfy 12.

(21) two goals: (a) to create the special set of system components needed to support a highly interactive software development process; and (b) to provide a general set of system components that make it possible for programmers to easily create portable interactive graphical applications (Krasner & Pope, 1988). The user interface has to include some principles: easy-learning; efficiency; memorable; low-error; satisfaction; speed; meaningful; popular appeal; and interesting, these principles should be included in the evaluation of easily he user interface (Nielsen, 1993; Shin, 2003). Gong and Tarasewich (2004) suggested guidelines for carrying over mobile devices and modification rules for the user interface. The suggested rules (a) enable frequent users to use shortcuts; (b) offer informative feedback; (c) design dialogs to yield closure; (d) consistency; (e) reversal of actions; and (f) error prevention and simple error handling. Application functions in Korea. According to the Pew Research Center (2016), 88% of Koreans use a smartphone, and Apps are used with mobile devices through downloading from the internet. By Ju and Pan (2016), there are 27 App categories in the Google Play Store, and there are 24 App categories in the App Store. The categories of applications in the Google Play Store and App Store are classified as four upper categories, such as productivity, entertainment, information and communication, details of which are given below (Kim, Lee & Choi, 2011). 1. Productivity: A practical application that can increase working efficiency. 2. Entertainment: A fun, interesting and creative application. 3. Information: An application that can offer some information to the user. 4. Communication: An application that can create new relationships between users and maintain friendly relations with others through communication. Many previous Korean researchers suggested the App functions (Table 1). Kim, Lee, and Choi (2011) also introduced several application functions of recording and photoshop, wallpapers, drawing, scheduler, GPS, dictionary, office, scanner, SNS and instant message. 13.

(22) Jung (2010) presented that smartphones have various functions, such as video, recording, mailing, network, communication, GPS, searching, office, calculating, music, commerce, camera. There exist application functions of transferring files from PC to smartphones and vice versa, and Q&A via memo functions (Lee & Rho, 2012). Jo (2013) suggested that most Korean people use the application functions of news, searching information, dictionary, stock checking, email, SNS, instant message, listening to music, gaming, videos, e-books, alarms, clock, calendar, scheduler, ringtone, and office tools. Additional App functions include sharing, bulletin boards, and calendar for event registration and communication (Cho, 2015). Pyo and Kim (2016) mentioned the application functions of bulletin board and push notifications. Additional App functions include sharing, bulletin boards, and calendar for event registration and communication (Cho, 2015). Pyo and Kim (2016) mentioned the application functions of bulletin board and push notifications. According to Lee and Kim (2014), the visual interface is important for the user, and they suggested the five kay user interface factors of the App (a) layout; (b) menu; (c) color; (d) icon; and (e) text. Jo (2013) mentioned several key visual design factors of the interface, such as layout, color, animation, menu, text, graphic, image, texture and icon. The user interface is an important part of the application, and the digitalized form, zoom in/out, contents list, bookmark, copy and paste, scrolling, searching bar, sharing, page optimization and playing media are all factors of the user interface (Yoon, Kim & Kim, 2013). Oh (2011) discusses contents, menu, pop up, link, page zoom in/out and scrolling in the user interface area. However, several functions in the UI area are key functions of the App. Thus, in this study, various application functions, such as layout, menu, color, icon, text, contents, page zoom out/in, and scrolling, are excluded from the functions analyzed for the recording procedure of Short Track Speed Skating competitions.. 14.

(23) Table 1 App functions for UX and UI in Korea.. Communication. Social, network, communication. UX. Productivity. UI Business, utility, productivity. UX. Information. UI. Finance, news, travel, book, education, medical, weather, healthcare, fitness, map, navigation, lifestyle. UX. UI. SNS Instant messaging Bulletin board Mailing Push notification Sharing Pop-up Memo Scanner Calculating Office Ringtone Alarm Transferring file Calendar Scheduler Digitalized form Scroll Page zoom in/out Bookmark Copy and paste Page optimization Searching News Dictionary Stock Location /GPS E-book. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. Pyo & Kim (2016). Cho (2015). Lee & Kim (2014). Yoon, Kim & Kim (2013). Jo (2013). App functions. Lee & Rho (2012). UX /UI. Kim, Lee & Choi (2011). Categories. Oh (2011). Upper Categories. Jung (2010). Researchers. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. Searching bar. ◎. Keyword searching. ◎. Contents list. ◎. Menu. ◎. Link. ◎. ◎ ◎. (Continued). 15.

(24) Table 1 App functions for UX and UI in Korea (Continued).. Entertainment. Game, sports, music, photo, video, design. UX. UI. Pyo & Kim (2016). Cho (2015). Lee & Kim (2014). ◎ ◎. Yoon, Kim & Kim (2013). Camera Video Drawing Wallpaper Photoshop Playing video Playing music Layout Color Animation Text Graphic Image Texture Recording Icon. Jo (2013). App functions. Lee & Rho (2012). UX /UI. Kim, Lee & Choi (2011). Categories. Oh (2011). Upper Categories. Jung (2010). Researchers. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. The upper categories are classified into four parts following the research study of Kim, Lee, and Choi (2011).. Henceforward, according to previous research, this study can explore which application functions can meet the demands of the recorders of Short Track Speed Skating competitions in Korea.. 2.3 App Functions for Recording Procedure According to ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules (2016), the work of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating competitions can be divided into three main parts: (a) before the competition; (b) during the competition; and (c) after the competition. In Korea, KSU applies ISU rules to all of the domestic Short Track Speed Skating events (KSU, 2016). Therefore, the following procedures of the event are run according to the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules (2016). 16.

(25) Work Procedure Before the Competition. The work procedure of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating in accordance with article 110, 112, 126, 129, and 295 of the ISU and KSU Rules (2016) before the competition (Figure 1) is: Four weeks before the start of the first race of the competition. The organizer announces the event on the website for skaters and coaches. This announcement includes the following items: 1. A statement regarding the place where the competition will be held; 2. A statement regarding the type of rink (natural or artificial, open air or indoor); 3. The dates and starting times of the competition; 4. The date of closing of entries; 5. The character of the prizes; 6. A statement regarding the type of race; 7. A statement regarding the track. Five days before the start of the first race of the competition. Final entries, including competitors, substitutions, coaches, and team leader must be reported to the organizer by applicants or coaches. According to the event announcement of KSU (2016), applicants should report their name, gender, birthday, contact number, coach’s name representation and enter distances through an online application system. By 18:00 two days before the start of the first race of the competition. The information of the competitors for each of the respective individual distances shall be communicated to the competitor stewards with previous information of their ranking and fastest time for making seeding list.. 17.

(26) ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules. Sender. 4 weeks. 5 days. Channel. Organize r. Website. 18:00 2days. 18:00 1 day. Skater/Coach. Paper. Email. Name. 3 hr. Competitor Steward. Oral. Announcing statements. Subject. 15:00 1 day. of. regarding the place, type of. Final. Competitors. Seeding. rink, type of race, track, date. Entries. and previous. list. Commen ts of seeding. and starting time, closing. Make-up of the races. information. Receiver. entry date, prize of event. Skater/Coach. Organizer. Competitor Steward. ● 4our weeks before the competition. ● Five days before the competition. ● 18:00 two days before the competition. ● 15:00 of a day before the competition. ● 18:00 a day before the competition. ● Three hours before the competition. Officials. Figure 1. Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating before the competition. This figure is organized by the researcher.. By 15:00 on the day before the start of the first race of the competition: The competitor steward sends the seeding list to the organizer by email. The seeding list of the participants in order of their ranking, fastest time, or results of draws shall be published on the website by the organizer for skaters and coaches by the competitor stewards. The seeding 18.

(27) procedure follows the article 296 of the ISU rules: 1. A draw shall take place to establish the starting order of each race; 2. The composition of the races in each qualifying round is based on a seeding list of all skaters; 3. For all-round competitions, each distance is concluded with the final before any race of the next distance is skated; 4. For all-round competitions, qualifying rounds over multiple distances are skated before the final of the first distance; 5. For the qualifying rounds, with the exception of the first qualifying round, which is scheduled before the final of the first distance, and for the ranking finals, the distance classification will be used as the seeding list. 6. The composition of the races in each qualifying round shall be made by the competitor stewards. The skaters are placed in the races by means of the skaters’ current ranking in the seeding list, e.g., the number one ranked skater will be placed in the first race, the number two ranked skater will be placed in the second race, thus filling the races from the first race to the last race in the first instance. The second row, i.e., the second skater in each race, shall be filled from the last race to the first race. The next rows shall be filled alternating from the first race to the last race, and from the last race to the first race, until all skaters have been placed. By 18:00 on the day before the start of the first race of the competition. The coaches must discuss any comments regarding the seeding list of participants, qualifying schedule and other distributed official documents to the competitor stewards. Three hours before the start of the first race of the competition. The competitor stewards shall publish the make-up of the races of specific distances and categories by the document for skaters, coaches, and officials. The five main working processes before the first race of the competition are the competit 19.

(28) ion announcement, applying for the competition, publishing the seeding list and the makeup of the races, and communications for commenting. The analysis of such recording procedures in compliance with the two areas of App design mentioned earlier are presented in Table 2.  UX: The App function to aid the organizer is the bulletin board and calendar for the event registration. The push notification with a ringtone can instantly alert all the officials and applicants of the new event registration. The functions of email, memo, and instant messaging help the organizer, skaters, coaches, and competitor stewards obtain information such as commenting for seedings, final entries, previous recordings of the competitors, seeding lists and the make-up of the races before the competition. The App should reflect the experience of the organizer, competitor stewards, players, and coaches. The App function of the office can help skaters or coaches to view the application form. This function is also helpful to check and modify the final entries, seeding list and the make-up of the races for the competitor steward, coaches, and skaters. The office function can reflect the original paper form.  UI: The user interface needs to adopt a convenient form for the user. The office function, which includes digitalized forms, is convenient in making documents such as application forms, seeding lists and the make-up of the races for the competitor stewards, skaters, and coaches. This function can also help to finish the recording work more quickly. The page optimization, zoom in/out, and scrolling functions allow users to see forms more easily with the office function.. 20.

(29) Table 2 App functions for the recording process of Short Track Speed Skating before the competition.. UX UI UX UI. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. Skater. Coach. C. Steward. C. Steward. Coach. Skater. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. 3hours Other Officials. ◎. ◎. 18:00 day before. C. Steward. ◎. Organizer. C. Steward. Organizer. ◎. ◎ ◎. Coach. Skater. Organizer. Coach ◎. ◎ ◎. 15:00 day before. Coach. ◎. 2days. Skater. ◎. 5days. Organizer. UX UI. Communication Productivity Information. SNS Instant messaging Bulletin board Mailing Push notificatio n Sharing Pop-up Memo Scanner Calculatin g Office Ringtone Alarm Transferri ng file Calendar Scheduler Digitalize d form Scroll Page zoom in/out Bookmark Copy and paste Page optimizati on Searching News Dictionar y Stock Location /GPS E-book Searching bar Keyword searching Contents list Menu Link. Skater. 4weeks. Organizer. The procedure before the competition in different positions. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. (Continued). 21.

(30) Table 2 App functions for the recording process of Short Track Speed Skating before the competition (Continued).. C. Steward. Organizer. Skater. Coach. C. Steward. Skater. Coach. C. Steward. Organizer. Skater. Coach. C. Steward. Other Officials. 3hours. Organizer. 18:00 day before. Coach. day. Skater. 15:00 before. Organizer. 2days. Coach. 5days. Skater. Camera Video Drawing Wallpaper Photoshop Playing video Playing music Layout Color Animation Text Graphic Image Texture Recording Icon. 4weeks. Organizer UX UI. Entertainment. The procedure before the competition in different positions. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. C. Steward denotes Competitor Steward. The recording officials need the App functions for communication and productivity (ISU, 2016). The menu, layout, color, text, and icon are the must-including factors of the App (Lee & Kim, 2014).. Work Procedure After Each Qualifying Round (During the Competition). The work procedure of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating in accordance with article 290 and 295 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rule (2016) after every round is given in Figure 2: 1. After each qualifying round, competitor stewards combine all record of penalties, time and rank of competitors for the result. The competitor stewards draw up the make-up of the races for the next round with the result of the previous result. 2. The make-up of the races for the next round is distributed to the skaters, coaches, and other officials. The same process is repeated before the final round. 3. After the final round, the competitor steward conveys the result of the final round to other officials. 22.

(31) 4. All of the work related to the recording after each qualifying round of the heat, quarter-final, semi-final, and final is assigned to the competitor steward. Usually, there are two competitor stewards on the competition, dealing with the result (rank) of all skaters in compliance with article 295, section 5 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Technical Rules.. ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules. Sender. After Heat. After Quarter-Final. After Semi-Final. Final. Channel. Competitor Steward. Subject. Paper. Result of the final round. Receiver. Make-up of the races for next round. Skater/Coach. ● after heat round. Officials. ● after quarter-final round. ● after semi-final round. ● after final round. Figure 2. Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after each round. This figure is organized by the researcher.. The analysis of this recording procedure in compliance with the two areas of App design 23.

(32) mentioned earlier is presented in Table 3:  UX: The function of the bulletin board can help competitor stewards to communicate the make-up of the races for the next round and the result of the final round with other officials, skaters, and coaches. The competitor stewards can publish the make-up of the races for the next round and the result of the final round on the bulletin board. Other officials, skaters, and coaches can then check the bulletin board after each qualifying round. The function of the push notification with ringtone can alert skaters, coaches, and other officials of new publications to the bulletin to. The function of office can help the competitor stewards to create the make-up of the races and the results after each round. The office function can reflect the original paper form used by the competitor stewards.  UI: The office function, which includes digitalized forms, is convenient in making documents such as application forms, the seeding list and the makeup of the races for the competitor stewards, skaters, and coaches. This function can also help to finish the recording work more quickly. The page optimization, zoom in/out, and scrolling functions allow users to see forms more easily with the office function.. 24.

(33) Table 3 App functions for the recording process of Short Track Speed Skating after each round (during the competition).. Slater. Coach. Other officials. Other officials. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. After Final C. Steward. Coach. Quarter-Final,. Slater. SNS Instant messaging Bulletin board Mailing Push notification Sharing Pop-up Memo Scanner Calculating Office Ringtone Alarm Transferring file Calendar Scheduler Digitalized form Scroll Page zoom in/out Bookmark Copy and paste Page optimization Searching News Dictionary Stock Location /GPS E-book Searching bar Keyword searching Contents list Menu Link Searching Camera Video Drawing Wallpaper Photoshop Playing video Playing music Layout Color Animation Text Graphic Image Texture. After Heat, Semi-Final C. Steward. UX UI UX UX UX UI. Entertainment. UI. Information. UI. Productivity. Communication. The procedure during the competition in different positions (after each round). ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. C. Steward denotes Competitor Steward. The recording officials need the App functions for communication and productivity (ISU, 2016). The menu, layout, color, text, and icon are the must-including factors of the App (Lee & Kim, 2014).. 25.

(34) After Each Race (During the Competition). The work procedure of recorders in compliance with article 290 and 295 of the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rule (2016) after every race is given in Figure 3.. ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules. Assistant. Chief. Assistant. Competitors. Referee. Referee. Referee video. Steward. Subject. Channel. Sender. After each race. Talking. Screen. Photo Finish Judge. Paper. Penalties or. Video of The. Time and Order. Result of the Race. Disqualified Skater. Race. of Finishers. and Qualification. Receiver. for Next Round. Chief Referees. Competitors Steward. Skater/Coach. Spectators. Each record sender after each race ● assistant referee ● assistant video referee. ● chief referee. ● competitors’ steward. ● photo finish judge. Figure 3. Work procedures of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after each race. This figure is organized by the researcher.. 1. After the race, the assistant referees report penalties or disqualify skaters of the race to the chief referee. 26.

(35) 2. The chief referee reports penalties, disqualified skaters and how many laps to go in that race to the competitor stewards. 3. The photo finish judge records the time and order of all the finishers of the race, then they have to report the time and order of the finishers in the race to the competitor stewards after the race. 4. When the referee decides to view the video replay system due to a possible infringement and a penalty has been awarded, the video footage concerning the infringement will also be shown on the screen in the stadium (if technically possible). 5. Finally, the competitor steward informs the result of the race, including the penalties or the disqualified skater, the time and the qualified skater to all the skaters and coaches. Analysis of such a recording procedure in compliance with the two areas of App design mentioned earlier is presented in Table 4:  UX: The office and sharing function can help the photo finish judge to organize the result of the time and the order of finishers and to immediately share it with the competitor stewards. The function of the push notification with ringtone can alert the competitor stewards, the chief referee, skaters, coaches, and spectator of new memos, messages, or any publications. The function of the memo can help referees to communicate penalties and disqualifications with competitor stewards. The memo and office functions have to follow the original paper forms.. 27.

(36) Table 4 App functions for the recording process of Short Track Speed Skating after each race (during the competition).. Spectator. Photo Finish Line Judge. Assistant Referee Video. Assistant Referee. Chief Referee. C. Steward. Coach. SNS Instant messaging Bulletin board Mailing Push notification Sharing Pop-up Memo Scanner Calculating Office Ringtone Alarm Transferring file Calendar Scheduler Digitalized form Scroll Page zoom in/out Bookmark Copy and paste Page optimization Searching News Dictionary Stock Location /GPS E-book Searching bar Keyword searching Contents list Menu Link Camera Video Drawing Wallpaper Photoshop Playing video Playing music Layout Color Animation Text Graphic Image Texture Recording Icon. After the each race. Slater. UX UI UX UX UX UI. Entertainment. UI. Information. UI. Productivity. Communication. The procedure during the competition in different positions (after each race). ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. C. Steward denotes Competitor Steward. The recording officials need the App functions for communication and productivity (ISU, 2016). The menu, layout, color, text, and icon are the must-including factors of the App (Lee & Kim, 2014).. 28.

(37)  UI: The digitalized form in the office function is convenient in making the form of time and order of finishers for the photo finish judge. The office function with the page optimization, zoom in/out, and scrolling factors allow the user to see the forms more conveniently. The sharing function allows the chief referee, assistant referee, competitor stewards and photo finish judge to send any information about the race to each other. The assistant referee video can use the playing video function to show the race to a chief referee, assistant referee, skater, coach, and spectator. These functions can help recording officials to work with all process more conveniently, without the need of much equipment. Thus, mistakes in the process can be reduced. After the Competition. The work procedure of recorders in compliance with article 290 and 295 of KSU and the ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules (2016) after the competition is given in Figure 4: 1. After the competition, the competitor steward derives the final results, including the rank and scores of the skaters. The calculation of the rank and score follows article 295, section 5 of the ISU rule:  Final Points 34, 21, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2 and 1 are awarded in descending order, commencing with the first place in final A, and after all places in Ffinal A have been awarded;  In the case of a tie, all skaters involved in a tie will receive the points awarded for that finish position (e.g., tie on second both skaters will receive 21 points). If two skaters are involved in a tie, the points for the following finish place will not be awarded, in the case of three skaters involved, the following two finish places will not be awarded;. 29.

(38) ISU Short Track Speed Skating Special Regulations and Technical Rules. Receiver. 30 days after the Competition. Competitor Steward. Paper. Subject. Channel. Sender. Right after the Competition. Organizer. Chief Referees. Email. Website. Official Result of the Competition. Chief Referees. Skater/Coach. Technical Committee. Each record sender right after the competition ● competitior steward. ● organizer. Record sender 30 days after the competition ● chief referee. Figure 4. The work procedure of recorders of Short Track Speed Skating after the competition. This figure is organized by the researcher..  For each distance, a classification will be made in which the participants are ranked: - For all other events: following the qualification schedule; - By position (finish place) within the respective block; - By position (finish place) within the subsequent previous qualifying 30.

(39) rounds; - By best time skated in any race over the distance; - Further ties will not be broken for completed distance classifications.  For any intermediate distance classifications: - In the case of equal times over the distance, a draw will take place to establish the order; - In the case where there is no time(s) available, a draw will take place for the respective skaters/teams to determine their rank in comparison to the others with the same position (finish place);  For the Super-Final (over 3000 m), the classification will be made as follows: - The first skater crossing the line with eighteen laps to go will get five race points. - The first skater crossing the line with nine laps to go will get five race points. - If the skater(s) concerned receives a penalty, a yellow card, a red card, or does not finish, then those race points are not awarded to any other skater(s). - At the finish, 34, 21, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2 and 1 race points are awarded in descending order, commencing with the first place. - The race points for intermediary sprints and the race points for finish order will be added to make the 3000 m classification. - For the 3000 m super-final distance classification, the skaters will be ranked by race points, or by finish position. - Final points will be awarded according to the 3000 m super-final distance classification. The points 34, 21, 13, 8, 5, 3, 2 and 1 point are 31.

(40) awarded in descending order, commencing with the first place. 2. Then competitor steward reports the final results to the chief referee by the document; 3. If the result is proved by the chief referee, the competitor steward officially announces the result to competitors and coaches; 4. The chief referee reports the result of the competition to the organizer within 30 days after the competition. Analysis of such recording procedures in compliance with the three areas of App design mentioned earlier is presented in Table 5.  UX: The App function for calculations is helpful to calculate the rank and scores by competitor stewards for the final result. The office function also can be used by the competitor stewards for the final result. The forms in the office function should be practically conformed to the original manual or forms used by competitor stewards. The organizer can use the bulletin board to publish the final result. All users can be alerted when the final result is published on the bulletin board with push notification.  UI: The factor of digitalized forms in the office function is convenient in creating the form for the competitor stewards. The office function with the page optimization, zoom in/out, and scrolling factors allow the user to see the forms more conveniently. The competitor steward can use the sharing function after the final result is made with the office function.. 32.

(41) Table 5 App functions for the recording process of the Short Track Speed Skating after the competition. Technical Committee. C. Steward. 30 days after the competition. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. Chief Referee. Skater /Coach. SNS Instant messaging Bulletin board Mailing Push notification Sharing Pop-up Memo Scanner Calculating Office Ringtone Alarm Transferring file Calendar Scheduler Digitalized form Scroll Page zoon in/out Bookmark Copy and paste Page optimization Searching News Dictionary Stock Location /GPS E-book Searching bar Keyword searching Contents list Menu Link Camera Video Drawing Wallpaper Photoshop Playing video Playing music Layout Color Animation Text Graphic Image Texture Recording Icon. Right after the competition Organizer. UX UI UX UX UX UI. Entertainment. UI. Information. UI. Productivity. Communication. The procedure during the competition in different positions (After each race). ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. C. Steward denotes Competitor Steward. The recording officials need the App functions for communication and productivity (ISU, 2016). The menu, layout, color, text, and icon are the must-including factors of the App (Lee & Kim, 2014).. 33.

(42) Table of the App Functions for the Recorders of the Short Track Speed Skating Competition. According to the procedures of the competition and the two areas of the App design as mentioned above, the working procedures of the Short Track Speed Skating competition and the App functions can be classified into following table (Table 6 and 7). Before the competition. The main work procedure of the recording before the competition is to announce the competition, submit and modify the entries (application). The organizer can announce the competition with the calander function and the bulletin board. Skaters and coaches can apply for the competition through digitalized form. Competitor stewards can easily make and modify the seeding list and the make-up of the races with the office functions and the digitalized form after communication with coaches by the memo and instant message functions. The mailing function makes the competitor stewards and organizer easily transfer the information of participants. The push notification function makes all users immediately aware of new publications. During the competition. The main work procedure of the recording during the competition is to determine the result and the make-up of the races. The competitor steward is in charge of these tasks. Firstly, the photo finish line judge records the time and order of the finisher with the office and digitalized form functions, and sends it to the competitor steward through the sharing function. The competitor steward needs to transmit the completed result or the make-up of the races to coaches, skaters, and other officials. In this process, the competitor steward can use the App functions of the bulletin board, sharing, office, and digitalized form. The referees can use the memo function for commenting penalties and disqualifications of the skaters, and it is more convenient to communicate with the competitor steward. The referees can also use the video replay function to check the penalties and all the details of the race. The viewers can be notified of any new information with push notifications; they can also view the form larger or smaller with zoom in/out functions. The coaches and skaters can then directly comment to the competitor stewards. 34.

(43) Table 6. Page optimization. Two days. 15:00 day before. Coach. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Organizer. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. C. Steward. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. 3hours. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Organizer. ◎. Skater. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Coach. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. C. Steward 18:00 day before. UI ◎. ◎. Organizer Skater Coach. Calendar. ◎. Ringtone. ◎. Office. ◎. Memo. Skater. Push Notification. ◎. Mailing. Digitalizes Form. Five days. Bulletin Board. Organizer. Instant Message Four weeks. UX. UX. The competition procedure. Before the competition. Productivity. Communication. App functions for Short Track Speed Skating recording before the competition.. ◎. ◎. ◎. Skater. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Coach. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. C. Steward. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Organizer. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Skater. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Coach. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. C. Steward. ◎. Other Officials. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. All the functions in this table are the above mentioned parts of the working procedures of the recording before the competition (ISU, 2016).. 35.

(44) Table 7. After each race. After the competition. Right after the competition 30 days after the competition. Entertainment UI ◎. ◎. Skater. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Coach. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Other Officials C. Steward Chief Referee Assistant Referee Assistant Video Referee Photo Finish Line Judge Skater Coach Spectator C. Steward Organizer Skater Coach Chief Referee Technical Committee. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. Playing video. UI Ringtone. Office. Calculating. UX Memo. Productivity UI Sharing. Push Notification. Mailing. ◎. C. Steward. ◎. ◎. Page optimization. After heat, quarterfinal, semifinal and final round. Digitalizes Form. During the competition. Bulletin Board. Instant Message. UX. The competition procedure. Communication. App functions for the Short Track Speed Skating recording during and after the competition.. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎. ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎. Note. This table is organized by the researcher. All the functions in this table are the above mentioned parts of the working procedures of the recording during and after the competition.. After the competition. The main work procedure of the recording after the competition is not only to decide on the final result, but also to publish it. The final result includes the rank and scores of the skaters, and it can be determined by the competitor stewards using the calculating, office and digitalized form functions. The competitor stewards can then send the result to other officials via the sharing function. The organizer then publishes it on the 36.

(45) bulletin board. After the final result is published, all users receive a push notification, and can read the digitized result form with the zoom in/out function. Finally, the chief referee sends the final result to the technical committee via the sharing or mailing function. The access to the App functions in different positions. According to table 6, the tasks of each position are different. The officials can access the different App functions before, during, and after the competition, depending on the positions. However, Lee and Kim (2014) mentioned that the user interface functions of (a) menu, (b) layout, (c) color, (d) text and (e) icon are the necessary factors of the App, whenever all users use this application. The competitor steward. The competitor steward is responsible for the coordination of all administrative matters in the competition. The competitor steward has the authority to access the following App functions before, during and after the competition. 1. Before the competition: The competitor steward determines the seeding list and the make-up of the races before the competition. The competitor steward also communicates with the organizer, skaters and coaches before the competition. The competitor steward has the authority to access the App functions of mailing, bulletin board, push notifications, ringtone, instant messaging, memo, office, digitalizes form, scroll, page zoom in/out and page optimization. 2. During the competition: The competitor steward determines the make-up of the races and the result of the competition. They also communicate with other officials, skaters and coaches. The competitor steward has the authority to access to the App functions of the bulletin board, push notifications, ringtone, instant messaging, office, digitalizes form, scroll, page zoom in/out and page optimization. 3. After the competition: The competitor steward determines the final result through calculating the rank and scores, then reports it to the chief referee and organizer. They have the authority to access the App functions of calculating, sharing, office, digitalizes form, scroll, page zoom in/out and page optimization. 37.

(46) The chief referee and assistant referee. The chief referee is responsible for deciding the program and qualifying procedures in consultation with the competitor steward and the representative of the Short Track Speed Skating technical committee. The assistant referee must record their observations and must present their notes immediately to the referee after each qualifying round. The chief referee and assistant referee have the authority to access the following App functions before, during and after the competition. 1. Before the competition: All the referees should know about the make-up of the race before the competition. The chief referee and assistant referee have the authority to access the App functions of the bulletin board, push notifications, ringtone, office, scroll, page zoom in/out and page optimization. 2. During the competition: All the referees should know the make-up of the races for the next qualifying round. The assistant referee needs to write down every observed detail of the race, and reports this to the chief referee. The assistant video referee can play the video of the race when the chief referee asks to check the race. The chief referee report penalties and disqualifications of the race to the competitor steward. The chief referee and assistant referee have the authority to access to the App functions of the bulletin board, memo, sharing, push notifications, ringtone, office, scroll, page zoom in/out, page optimization and video playing. 3. After the competition: The chief referee receives the final result from the competitor steward right after the competition and sends it to the technical committee within 30 days after the competition. The chief referee has the authority to access the App functions of mailing, digitalized form, push notifications, ringtone, office, scroll, page zoom in/out and page optimization. The organizer. The organizer is responsible for announcing the event and publishing the official result of the competition. The organizer has the authority to access the following App functions before, during and after the competition. 38.