Taiwan

Introduction Taiwan

Background: In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan.

Taiwan reverted to Chinese control after World War II. Following the Communist victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million

Nationalists fled to Taiwan and established a government using the 1946 constitution drawn up for all of China. Over the next five decades, the ruling authorities gradually democratized and incorporated the local population within the governing structure.

In 2000, Taiwan underwent its first peaceful transfer of power from the Nationalist to the Democratic Progressive Party.

Throughout this period, the island prospered and became one of East Asia's economic "Tigers." The dominant political issues continue to be the relationship between Taiwan and China - specifically the question of eventual unification - as well as domestic political and economic reform.

Geography Taiwan

Location: Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the southeastern coast of China

Geographic

coordinates: 23 30 N, 121 00 E Map

references: Southeast Asia Area: total: 35,980 sq km

land: 32,260 sq km water: 3,720 sq km

note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy islands Area -

comparative: slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined Land

boundaries: 0 km Coastline: 1,566.3 km

Maritime

claims: territorial sea: 12 nm

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west

Elevation

extremes: lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Yu Shan 3,952 m Natural

resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

Land use: arable land: 24%

permanent crops: 1%

other: 75% (2001) Irrigated

land: NA Natural

hazards: earthquakes and typhoons Environment

- current issues:

air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage; contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species; low-level radioactive waste disposal Environment

- international agreements:

party to: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements because of Taiwan's international status

Geography -

note: strategic location adjacent to both the Taiwan Strait and the Luzon Strait

People Taiwan

Population: 22,858,872 (July 2007 est.)

Age structure: 0-14 years: 17.8% (male 2,117,051/female 1,954,709) 15-64 years: 72% (male 8,306,351/female 8,141,268)

65 years and over: 10.2% (male 1,150,001/female 1,189,492) (2007 est.)

Birth rate: 8.97 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) Death rate: 6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) Net migration

rate: 0.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.083 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.967 male(s)/female

total population: 1.026 male(s)/female (2007 est.) Infant

mortality rate:

total: 5.54 deaths/1,000 live births male: 5.86 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) Life

expectancy at birth:

total population: 77.56 years male: 74.65 years

female: 80.74 years (2007 est.) Total fertility

rate: 1.12 children born/woman (2007 est.) HIV/AIDS -

Nationality: noun: Taiwan (singular and plural)

note: example - he or she is from Taiwan; they are from Taiwan adjective: Taiwan

Ethnic

groups: Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, indigenous 2%

Religions: mixture of Buddhist and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%

Languages: Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 96.1%

male: NA%

female: NA% (2003)

Government Taiwan

Country name: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Taiwan local long form: none

local short form: T'ai-wan former: Formosa

Government

type: multiparty democracy Capital: name: Taipei

geographic coordinates: 25 03 N, 121 30 E

time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Administrative

divisions: includes main island of Taiwan plus smaller islands nearby and off coast of China's Fujian Province; Taiwan is divided into 18 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities (chuan-shih, singular and plural)

note: Taiwan uses a variety of romanization systems; while the Wade-Giles system still dominates, city of Taipei has adopted standard Pinyin romanization for street and place names within its boundaries; other local authorities use different romanization systems; names for administrative divisions that follow are in Wade-Giles system with Pinyin equivalents in parentheses counties: Chang-hua (Changhua), Chia-i (Chiayi) [county], Hsin-chu (HsinHsin-chu), Hua-lien (Hualien), I-lan (Yilan), Kao-hsiung (Kaohsiung) [county], Kin-men (Kinmen), Lien-chiang

(Lienchiang, also Matsu), Miao-li (Miaoli), Nan-t'ou (Nantou), P'eng-hu (Penghu), P'ing-tung (Pingtung), T'ai-chung (Taichung),

T'ai-nan (Tainan), T'ai-pei (Taipei) [county], T'ai-tung (Taitung), T'ao-yuan (Taoyuan), and Yun-lin (Yunlin)

municipalities: Chia-i (Chiayi) [city], Chi-lung (Keelung), Hsin-chu (HsinHsin-chu), T'ai-Hsin-chung (TaiHsin-chung), T'ai-nan (Tainan) special municipalities: Kao-hsiung (Kaohsiung) [city], T'ai-pei (Taipei) [city]

National

holiday: Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)

Constitution: 25 December 1947; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005

note: constitution adopted on 25 December 1946; went into effect on 25 December 1947

Legal system: based on civil law system Suffrage: 20 years of age; universal Executive

branch: chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bian (since 20 May 2000);

Vice President Annette LU (LU Hsiu-lien) (since 20 May 2000) head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) SU Tseng-chang (since 25 January 2006); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) TSAI Ing-wen (since 25 January 2006)

cabinet: Executive Yuan - (ministers appointed by president on recommendation of premier)

elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms (eligible for a second term); election last held 20 March 2004 (next to be held in March 2008); premier appointed by the president; vice premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier

election results: CHEN Shui-bian re-elected president; percent of vote - CHEN Shui-bian 50.1%, LIEN Chan 49.9%

Legislative

branch: Legislative Yuan (225 seats - 168 elected by popular vote, 41 elected on basis of proportion of islandwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected from overseas Chinese constituencies on basis of proportion of islandwide votes received by participating political parties, eight elected by popular vote among aboriginal populations; members serve three-year terms)

note: as a result of constitutional amendments approved by the now defunct National Assembly in June 2005, number of seats in legislature will be reduced from 225 to 113 beginning with election in 2007; amendments also eliminated National Assembly thus giving Taiwan a unicameral legislature

elections: Legislative Yuan - last held 11 December 2004 (next to be held in December 2007)

election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - DPP 38%, KMT 35%, PFP 15%, TSU 8%, other parties and

independents 4%; seats by party - DPP 89, KMT 79, PFP 34, TSU 12, other parties 7, independents 4

Judicial

branch: Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with consent of the Legislative Yuan)

Political parties and leaders:

Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [YU Shyi-kun]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [WU Po-hsiung]; People First Party or PFP [James SOONG]; Taiwan Solidarity Union or TSU [HUANG Kun-hui]; other minor parties including the Chinese New Party or NP

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Taiwan independence movement, various business and environmental groups

note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's legislature have opened public debate on the

island's national identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that the island currently enjoys sovereign

independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Taiwan's people must have the deciding voice; public opinion polls consistently show a substantial majority of Taiwan people supports maintaining Taiwan's status quo for the foreseeable future; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify with mainland China; goals of the Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the Organization for Taiwan Nation Building

International organization participation:

APEC, AsDB, ICC, ICRM, IFRCS, IOC, ITUC, WCL, WHO (observer), WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through an unofficial

instrumentality, the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO), which has its headquarters in Taipei and in the US in Washington, DC; there are also branch offices called Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (TECO) in 12 other US cities

Diplomatic representation from the US:

none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people on Taiwan are maintained through an unofficial

instrumentality - the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT) - which has offices in the US and Taiwan; US office at 1700 N. Moore St., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-1996, telephone: [1] (703) 525-8474, FAX: [1] (703) 841-1385); Taiwan offices at #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, Taipei, Taiwan, telephone: [886] (2) 2162-2000, FAX: [886] (2) 2162-2251; #2 Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 5th Floor, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, telephone: [886] (7) 238-7744,

FAX: [886] (7) 238-5237; and the American Trade Center, Room 3208 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan 10548, telephone:

[886] (2) 2720-1550, FAX: [886] (2) 2757-7162 Flag

description: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays

Economy Taiwan Economy -

overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by

government authorities. In keeping with this trend, some large, government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The island runs a trade surplus, and foreign reserves are the world's third largest. Despite restrictions on cross-strait links, China has overtaken the US to become Taiwan's largest export market and, in 2006, its second-largest source of imports after Japan. China is also the island's number one destination for foreign direct investment. Strong trade performance in 2006 pushed Taiwan's GDP growth rate above 4%, and unemployment is below 4%. Consumer spending recovered following a slowdown early in 2006, when banks tightened lending to address a sharp increase in delinquent consumer debt.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$668.3 billion (2006 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$353.9 billion (2006 est.)

GDP - real

growth rate: 4.4% (2006 est.) GDP - per $29,000 (2006 est.)

capita (PPP):

services: 73.3% (2006 est.)

Labor force: 10.46 million (2006 est.) Labor force -

by occupation: agriculture: 5.5%

industry: 36%

services: 58.5% (2005 est.) Unemployment Budget: revenues: $67.33 billion

expenditures: $77.93 billion (2006 est.)

Public debt: 34.6% of GDP (2006 est.) Agriculture -

products: rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea; pigs, poultry, beef, milk; fish Industries: electronics, petroleum refining, armaments, chemicals, textiles,

iron and steel, machinery, cement, food processing, vehicles, consumer products, pharmaceuticals

Industrial

production 6.5% (2006 est.)

growth rate:

Electricity -

production: 189.7 billion kWh (2005) Electricity -

consumption: 175.3 billion kWh (2005) Electricity -

exports: 0 kWh (2005) Electricity -

imports: 0 kWh (2005) Oil -

production: 7,755 bbl/day (2004 est.) Oil -

consumption: 965,000 bbl/day (2004 est.) Oil - exports: NA bbl/day

consumption: 10.7 billion cu m (2005 est.) Natural gas -

Exports: $215 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) Exports -

commodities: computer products and electrical equipment, metals, textiles, plastics and rubber products, chemicals (2002)

Exports -

partners: China 22.5%, Hong Kong 15.7%, US 15%, Japan 7.3% (2006 est.) Imports: $205.3 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.)

Imports -

commodities: machinery and electrical equipment 44.5%, minerals, precision instruments (2002)

Imports -

partners: Japan 23%, China 11.9%, US 10.9%, South Korea 7.2%, Saudi Arabia 4.9% (2006 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$280.6 billion (2006 est.)

Debt -

external: $93.06 billion (2006 est.) Currency

(code): new Taiwan dollar (TWD) Currency

code: TWD Exchange

rates: new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 32.534 (2006), 31.71 (2005), 34.418 (2004), 34.575 (2003), 33.8 (2002)

Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

system: general assessment: provides telecommunications service for every business and private need

domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized

international: country code - 886; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); submarine cables to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe (1999)

Radio

Televisions: 8.8 million (1998) Internet

international: involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands; the 2002

"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has

eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of

conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting

Trafficking in

persons: current situation: Taiwan is primarily a destination for men, women, and children trafficked for forced labor and sexual exploitation; women from China and Southeast Asian countries are trafficked for sexual exploitation and forced labor; women and children, primarily from Vietnam, are trafficked through the use of fraudulent marriages, deceptive employment offers, and illegal smuggling for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; a significant share of foreign workers - primarily from Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines - are recruited legally for low-skilled jobs, and are subjected to forced labor or involuntary servitude by labor agencies or employers upon arrival in Taiwan;

to a much lesser extent, there is internal trafficking of children for sexual exploitation and trafficking of a small and declining

number of Taiwanese women to Japan for commercial sexual exploitation

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Taiwan is placed on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts in 2005 to address trafficking, despite ample resources to do so, particularly the serious level of forced labor and sexual servitude among legally migrating Southeast Asian contract workers and brides Illicit drugs: regional transit point for heroin, methamphetamine, and

precursor chemicals; transshipment point for drugs to Japan;

major problem with domestic consumption of methamphetamine and heroin; rising problems with use of ketamine and club drugs.

在文檔中 國家創新政策比較: 以紐西蘭與台灣之生物科技業為例 (頁 73-87)