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Unique Characteristics of Metaphors Used by PTSD Patients

科技部補助專題研究計畫出席國際學術會議心得報告

9. Unique Characteristics of Metaphors Used by PTSD Patients

10.Specific and Common Vulnerability Factors to Anxiety and Depression.

11.Outcomes Study on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Parents of Secondary School Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

12.The Transactional Relationships Among Ruminative Styles, Stressors and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.

13.The Impact of Modes and Self-defeating Coping Styles of Different Types of Borderline Mothers on Their Children's Attachment.

14.Predictors of Therapeutic Change in Two Treatments for Suicidal Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder.

二、與會心得

Interpersonal trauma has a strong influence on individuals holistically. The effects of interpersonal trauma might permeate through the healthy development of an individual and may negatively impact his or her viewpoint of the world from then on. In addition, interpersonal experience plays an important role in developing one’s self-percept and in evaluating the

environment. It is easier for people who grow up in love and with safety to develop self-concept and to feel worthy to be trusted and loved; in contrast, people who are frequently rejected by others might develop an internal working model in which they represent the world is

uncontrollable, the people are unpredictable and untrustworthy, and, the people themselves are unworthy of being loved. Hence, the main goal of the present study is to delineate clients’

distorted perceptions of important others from the perspective of psychologists.

Interpersonal trauma affects an individual holistically. The effects of interpersonal trauma might permeate across all areas of an individual’s healthy development and may negatively impact his or her viewpoint of the world in the present and future. Interpersonal experiences the key factor for people to develop self-concept and evaluate the environment. People grew with love and safe caring are easier to develop positive self-concept and to feel themselves worthy to be trusted and loved. Otherwise, people who are frequently rejected by others as they grew are easier to develop the internal working model that the world is uncontrollable; the other people are

unpredictable and untrustworthy; and themselves are worthless to be loved. Hence, the main goal of this research is to delineate clients’ distorted perceptions of important others from the

psychologists’ perspective.

Literature review

1. According to Bowlby’s theory (1973), the internal working models are separated into two types:

an internal model of the self and of others, that is, “self-representation” and

“others-representation” respectively. The internal working models represent one’s view of the self and others in the social world, and furthermore, influence the interactive behaviors of one’s overall interpersonal relationship.

2. Egeland and Farber (1984) believed that if the caretaking style remains the same during childhood and puberty, the internal working models would gradually become a certain characteristics of personality. New interpersonal relationship would repeat the usual interpersonal mode and keep creating new social experience. Thus, the interpersonal

relationship is considered to be stable and ongoing for the person and is quite impossible to be changed (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1982, 1988).

3. Other-representation is the subjective and internal impression formed when people interact with their important caretakers. It is related to particular attachment relationship and may be

generalized to all the interpersonal relationships (Collins & Read, 1994).

4. People with negative other-representation working model think that people are rejective,

alienating, not responsive, and not credible. Therefore, they would also frequently reject others.

To protect themselves from the disappointment and other people’s rejection, they would avoid

close relationships with other people and social activities (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).

5. Having negative other-representation working model is related to the insecure attachment relationship. Under this situation, people would suspect the altruism of others and feel that they are not able to get support from their parents. On the other hand, since they are not sure

whether their parents would help them or not, they usually feel insecure and stay in an anxious status (Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995).

Methods

We conducted interviews with 4 psychologists who primarily conducted long-term

psychotherapy for clients with interpersonal trauma. Each psychologist was interviewed twice; all interviews lasted for about an hour. The content analysis method was conducted by rereading and analyzing the narratives case by case, and repeatedly comparing the interview transcripts.

Results

The data showed clients’ maladaptive constructs of important others could be categorized into three types: “unstable”, “not responsive”, and “not responsible for emotion control”.

1. “Unstable” means clients believe the saying and doing of important others were inconsistency.

2. “Not responsive” means clients think important others did not respond to their need and feeling.

3. “Not responsible for emotion control” means clients perceive important others might catharsis their negative emotion by blaming clients.

Discussion

The analysis of clients’ distorted perceptions of important others could be the main targets and therapeutic purposes of cognitive psychotherapy. The adaptive cognitive change of clients’

current perception of important others should contribute significantly to clients’ viewpoint of the world as well as their future interpersonal relationships. According to the findings, implication and specific recommendations for psychological counseling practice, counseling education, and future related researches were discussed accordingly.

四、建議

1. ICCP 除了規畫多元的主題演講、工作坊、專家實務課程演練、論文口頭發表外,對於壁 報論文發表的展示空間與時間,也規劃地非常完整與用心。因此,參加這次的國際研討 會,無時無刻都享受著知識的饗宴。國內教育與心理相關的重要學會有時候內容會略顯 單調,可以因為選擇性較少而相對地對研究者的吸引力亦較低。

2. ICCP 將所有的研討會論文均放在網路上,同時也提供光碟片。這樣的優點是隨時可以查 看資料,有時網路訊號不穩定時,亦可查看光碟內的資料。因此建議國內舉辦研討會可 以比照辦理。

3. 國外著名的研討會均選在著名的觀光景點或是較有特色的城市,不但可達到學術交流,

也可適度的放鬆與充電。這一次的香港,研討會地點在一個很繁華的城市,交通便利,

而且相關研討會的設備都非常完整,會議的行程和動線都規劃地相當完善,每日研討會 結束還可以觀望維多利亞港的夜景。建議國內的研討會也可以參考這樣的作法,以使研 討會達到更完美的目的與功能。

五、攜回資料名稱及內容 一本會議手冊和光碟。

六、其他

科技部補助專題研究計畫出席國際學術會議心得報告

Hong Kong, China

本會核定 補助文號

102-2410-H-004-049

會議 名稱

(英文) 8th International Congress of Cognitive Psychotherapy (ICCP 2014)

發表 論文

題目 (英文) The Analysis of Clients' Perception of Important Others 一、參加會議經過

 於 06/24 至會場報到,先參加一場會議前的工作坊。06/25 參與壁報論文發表並聆聽三場 keynote speech。06/26 以聆聽論文發表為主,討論的議題包括:如何以認知重建創傷經驗與 兒童、青少年的心理健康等。

會中參與的工作坊為:

1. Emotional Schemas and Cognitive Therapy 會中所聆聽的 keynote speech 為:

2. The Quest for Innovative Approaches in the Application of Cognitive Behavioral Therapies in Non-Western Cultures.

3. Innovations in the Science and Treatment of Perfectionism.

4. Emotional Schemas: How Theory of Emotion Leads to Personal and Interpersonal Emotion Dysregulation.

5. Psychotherapy in China: Healing the Mind or Healing the Soul?

6. Some New Frontiers in Helping Couples that Every Therapist Needs to Know About.

會中所聆聽的論文發表包括:

7. Cognitive Restructuring and Self-efficacies: Effects on Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress in Sexually Abused Adolescents.

8. Depression and Rumination: Understanding their Relationship in Intrusive Memories of Analogue Trauma.

9. Unique Characteristics of Metaphors Used by PTSD Patients.

10.Specific and Common Vulnerability Factors to Anxiety and Depression.

11.Outcomes Study on the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Parents of Secondary School Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

12.The Transactional Relationships Among Ruminative Styles, Stressors and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.

13.The Impact of Modes and Self-defeating Coping Styles of Different Types of Borderline Mothers on Their Children's Attachment.

14.Predictors of Therapeutic Change in Two Treatments for Suicidal Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder.

二、與會心得

Interpersonal trauma has a strong influence on individuals holistically. The effects of interpersonal trauma might permeate through the healthy development of an individual and may negatively impact his or her viewpoint of the world from then on. In addition, interpersonal experience plays an important role in developing one’s self-percept and in evaluating the

environment. It is easier for people who grow up in love and with safety to develop self-concept and to feel worthy to be trusted and loved; in contrast, people who are frequently rejected by others might develop an internal working model in which they represent the world is

uncontrollable, the people are unpredictable and untrustworthy, and, the people themselves are unworthy of being loved. Hence, the main goal of the present study is to delineate clients’

distorted perceptions of important others from the perspective of psychologists.

Interpersonal trauma affects an individual holistically. The effects of interpersonal trauma might permeate across all areas of an individual’s healthy development and may negatively impact his or her viewpoint of the world in the present and future. Interpersonal experiences the key factor for people to develop self-concept and evaluate the environment. People grew with love and safe caring are easier to develop positive self-concept and to feel themselves worthy to be trusted and loved. Otherwise, people who are frequently rejected by others as they grew are easier to develop the internal working model that the world is uncontrollable; the other people are

unpredictable and untrustworthy; and themselves are worthless to be loved. Hence, the main goal of this research is to delineate clients’ distorted perceptions of important others from the

psychologists’ perspective.

Literature review

1. According to Bowlby’s theory (1973), the internal working models are separated into two types:

an internal model of the self and of others, that is, “self-representation” and

“others-representation” respectively. The internal working models represent one’s view of the self and others in the social world, and furthermore, influence the interactive behaviors of one’s overall interpersonal relationship.

2. Egeland and Farber (1984) believed that if the caretaking style remains the same during childhood and puberty, the internal working models would gradually become a certain characteristics of personality. New interpersonal relationship would repeat the usual interpersonal mode and keep creating new social experience. Thus, the interpersonal

relationship is considered to be stable and ongoing for the person and is quite impossible to be changed (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1982, 1988).

3. Other-representation is the subjective and internal impression formed when people interact with their important caretakers. It is related to particular attachment relationship and may be

generalized to all the interpersonal relationships (Collins & Read, 1994).

4. People with negative other-representation working model think that people are rejective,

alienating, not responsive, and not credible. Therefore, they would also frequently reject others.

To protect themselves from the disappointment and other people’s rejection, they would avoid

close relationships with other people and social activities (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).

5. Having negative other-representation working model is related to the insecure attachment relationship. Under this situation, people would suspect the altruism of others and feel that they are not able to get support from their parents. On the other hand, since they are not sure

whether their parents would help them or not, they usually feel insecure and stay in an anxious status (Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995).

Methods

We conducted interviews with 4 psychologists who primarily conducted long-term

psychotherapy for clients with interpersonal trauma. Each psychologist was interviewed twice; all interviews lasted for about an hour. The content analysis method was conducted by rereading and analyzing the narratives case by case, and repeatedly comparing the interview transcripts.

Results

The data showed clients’ maladaptive constructs of important others could be categorized into three types: “unstable”, “not responsive”, and “not responsible for emotion control”.

1. “Unstable” means clients believe the saying and doing of important others were inconsistency.

2. “Not responsive” means clients think important others did not respond to their need and feeling.

3. “Not responsible for emotion control” means clients perceive important others might catharsis their negative emotion by blaming clients.

Discussion

The analysis of clients’ distorted perceptions of important others could be the main targets and therapeutic purposes of cognitive psychotherapy. The adaptive cognitive change of clients’

current perception of important others should contribute significantly to clients’ viewpoint of the world as well as their future interpersonal relationships. According to the findings, implication and specific recommendations for psychological counseling practice, counseling education, and future related researches were discussed accordingly.

四、建議

1. ICCP 除了規畫多元的主題演講、工作坊、專家實務課程演練、論文口頭發表外,對於壁 報論文發表的展示空間與時間,也規劃地非常完整與用心。因此,參加這次的國際研討 會,無時無刻都享受著知識的饗宴。國內教育與心理相關的重要學會有時候內容會略顯 單調,可以因為選擇性較少而相對地對研究者的吸引力亦較低。

2. ICCP 將所有的研討會論文均放在網路上,同時也提供光碟片。這樣的優點是隨時可以查 看資料,有時網路訊號不穩定時,亦可查看光碟內的資料。因此建議國內舉辦研討會可 以比照辦理。

3. 國外著名的研討會均選在著名的觀光景點或是較有特色的城市,不但可達到學術交流,

也可適度的放鬆與充電。這一次的香港,研討會地點在一個很繁華的城市,交通便利,

而且相關研討會的設備都非常完整,會議的行程和動線都規劃地相當完善,每日研討會 結束還可以觀望維多利亞港的夜景。建議國內的研討會也可以參考這樣的作法,以使研 討會達到更完美的目的與功能。

五、攜回資料名稱及內容 一本會議手冊和光碟。

六、其他

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