網路世界中關鍵字所涉及之商標侵權爭議--以美國法的初始興建混淆原則與使用為中心

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ઝݾऄᖂေᓵΔ6 ࠴ 2 ཚΔ଄ 95ΰ2009α

ࠋٲ๳ባ

ᆩၯжࣨϛᜰᗤԅܚਖ਼ЅϞ

୦኿߭᠌ތដ

˕˕оछ୽ݲޟߑۖᑹ፸౅౒নࠌᇄ

ٺҢ࣏ϛЖ

ᙁᆢլ

ᄢ! ौ ࠌشृૉუڇጻሁאڶய෷ֱڤ࠷൓ᇷಛΔঁᏁ៶طڇჼ༈֧ᚯխᙁԵ ᣂ᝶ڗ܂壄ᒔچჼ༈ΔۖڼՈإਢᣂ᝶ڗᤜᠲขسऱದᄭΖᅝᣂ᝶ڗګ੡ጻ ሁࠌشृ່ݶ࠷൓ᇷಛऱֱڤழΔጻ଄ᖑڶԳՈലጣጐࢬ౨ऱאٺጟֱڤΔ ࠌ۞աऱጻ଄౨ജ๯ࠌشृ࿇෼ΔၞۖڇฒڍᤁञृխๅᗩۖנΖط࣍ᣂ᝶ ڗ൅ࠐऱᄅࣚ೭ኪᑌΔࠌ൓೸ᑑऱࠌشլ٦ؘႊٛᘸኔ᧯ढ঴ऱנ෼Δࢨ੷ ۟ױࠌشڇԳᣊྤऄኘᤚۖႛࠎᖲᕴփຝᙃᢝհ๠ΔਚՈਗᖏထ଺ࠐભഏ೸ ᑑऄ๵ࡳऱψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωֱڤΖء֮ঁਢ඿൶ߒભഏ׹ऄኔ೭խΔאॣࡨ ᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞΰIICα֗ભഏ೸ᑑऄ๵ࡳऱࠌشࡳᆠΔ܂੡ጻሁᛩቼՀΔڂᣂ * Ѡ᡼εঢεݤೕᄤӕ཰ᜢ߯ೀǹ୯ҥమ๮εᏢࣽמݤࡓࣴز܌ᅺγǶ ׫ዺВǺ2008 ԃ 10 Д 3 Вǹ௦ҔВǺ2009 ԃ 2 Д 3 В ɡʳ95ʳɡ

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᝶ڗࢬขسऱ೸ᑑॿᦞፖܡհܒឰ૞ٙਢܡݔᔞΔࠀၞۖᛀ᧭ݺഏઌᣂऄࠫ հڂᚨ܂੡Ζ

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Cite as: 6 TECH. L. REV., Oct. 2009, at 95.

The Disputes of Initial Interest Confusion

in the Internet World

ѧ From Meta Tags to Keywords

Wei-Ke Chien

Abstract

Since many website operators find consumers today often use trademarks on an Internet search engine, like Google or Yahoo, seeking specific goods or services, these operators also adjust their marketing strategy to insert others’ famous trade-marks in their original website HTML pages (known as meta tags) or purchase the “keyword” (usually is other’s trademark) from the search engine operator in order to have a better position in the search result pages. By these methods, the consum-ers will sometimes be referred to the advertisements for these website operators, instead of the real trademark owners. Undoubtedly, the real trademark owners are very angry with these, since they suffer economic loss. For these reasons, there are more and more lawsuits between the trademark owners and their competitors or search engine operators. The plaintiff often claims the defendant’s behavior still violates the doctrine of initial interest confusion (IIC) in trademark law. The IIC doctrine is gradually developed by practices of the courts, it allowing a finding of infringement even if a consumer is sure to know the actual source or origin of the goods or services at the time the purchase is made, so long as the consumer may have been momentarily confused.

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This Article will argue that the early application of the initial interest confusion doctrine in the United States to the Internet meta tag and search engine cases has a questionable legal basis and extend trademark protection far beyond the traditional purposes of trademark law. Additionally, how to define the “use” of the trademark is the prerequisite condition to decide trademark infringe or not, this Article will also discuss the appropriate scope in order to protect the trademark owner’s right and harmony with the changing internet behavior.

Keywords: Initial Interest Confusion, Keyword, Search Engine, Google

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1. !"

1.1 ྅ݷϭಝ

ጻᎾጻሁᘋದ৵ΔႚอՂऱኔ᧯೸ᄐٌ࣐۩੡ດዬطጻሁሽ՗ؑႃࢬذ ։ΔຍՈࠌ൓ሽᆰࠌشृڂጻሁ࿇୶ۖኙࠡขسس੒Ղٌ࣐֗Ղऱ؎Օ᧢ ֏Ζ܀ڇຍᑌषᄎ᧢֏ऱહ৵ΔথՈᓢᚰထ೸ᑑऄऱഗء෻ᓵፖ࿇୶Δࠏڕ ڇጻሁ࿇୶հॣΔط࣍ထณ࣍ጻᎾጻሁऱ೸ᖲྤૻΔ๺ڍរ՗೯൓ݶऱᄐृ ౑౑אהԳհ೸ᑑ܂੡ࠡጻ഑ټጠٻڶᣂᖲᣂعᓮုםΔլᓵࠡנ࿇រਢ඿ ៶ڼᘩܓࢨ܂੡ࠡߢᓵ۞طհشΔຍᑌऱ۩੡࢓࢓່৵ኙ࣍టإ೸ᑑᦞԳທ ګܺឫΔՈᨃ೸ᑑᦞԳक़၄๺ڍऱழၴፖ८ᙒΔթڶױ౨኶ᔭࢨ࠹ᨃᇠጻ഑ ټጠΖ܀ڇຑۭऱጻ഑ჿုூٙհ৵ΔٺഏઃإီࠩڼԫംᠲΔࠀ៶طഏᎾ ิ៣ࢨٺഏਙࢌઌᤉଥޏऄ৳հֱڤᇞެംᠲΖྥۖΔᙟထጻሁᇷಛऱ။ݮ ᠆༄Δጻሁ׈੺խรԲंڶᣂ೸ᑑऄऱᔞشጊᆠΔԾڇᣂ᝶ڗऱᤜᠲՀஓஓ ୶ၲΖ ᇨڕছ૪Δ๺ڍ೸୮ຟᛵᇞࠩጻሁ׈੺ױאឩ୶ࠡኔ᧯׈੺հ೸ᖲΔڂ ڼ౑౑๻مጻీࢨڇጻሁՂע࿆ᐖܫΔא࠷൓ሽᆰࠌشृڇោᥦጻሁழᣂფ ऱณ壀Ζڼᜰឈױឩ୶ࠡ೸ᖲΔ܀থՈࠌ൓ԳଚោᥦጻీழΔ࢓࢓૿ᜯࠩն क़Զ॰ऱಛஒΔۖިᄴڇᇷಛՕ௧հխΖڂڼૉࠌشृუڇጻሁՂאڶய෷ ऱֱڤ࠷൓ࠡࢬ૞ऱᇷಛΔঁ૞ᔾᄅࣚ೭ࢨݾ๬ࢬ༼ࠎޓ壄ᄷऱᇷಛჼ༈Δ ۖڼՈإਢᣂ᝶ڗᤜᠲขسऱದᄭΖٍܛΔᅝᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗګ੡ጻሁࠌشृ ΰאՀ១ጠψࠌشृωα່ݶ࠷൓ᇷಛऱֱڤழΔጻ഑ټጠऱုםԳՈലጣ ጐࢬ౨ऱאٺጟֱڤΔࠌ۞աऱጻ଄౨ജ๯ࠌشृ࿇෼Δၞۖڇฒڍᤁञृ խๅᗩۖנΖڂڼΔࠌشהԳऱ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗΔאܮ֧הԳࣹრ۞աऱጻ ଄Δࢬທګऱ೸ᑑऄि౑ঁֲዬ᝟ڍΔൕጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ΰmeta tagαΕᐘሂီ ࿗ᐖܫΰpop-up adsαΕᖩ༏ᐖܫΰbanner adsαࠩჼ༈֧ᚯΰsearch engineα ࿛Δ२ڣࠐڇભഏ೸ᑑऄॿᦞூࠏՂኚߠլធΖ

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1.2 ୰ᚠཎᜋ

ጻሁ׈੺ፖኔ᧯׈੺Հऱٌ࣐ڶထࣔ᧩ऱ஁ܑΔ೸ᑑऄڕ۶ڇጻሁ׈੺ խᓳᖞΕᔞشٍڶထݙ٤լٵऱإ֘ಘᓵრߠΖ༉ቝመװڇጻ഑ټጠऱ๠෻ ՂΔભഏՈᇢቹא೸ᑑऄᇞެΔ܀սڂጻ഑ټጠऱ௽௘ࢤᔆۖ׼؆ૡࡳऄ৳ א੡ڂᚨΖྥۖΔ༉Ղ૪ᣂ᝶ڗࢬ૜سञᤜऱ๠෻ՂΔભഏ׹ऄኔ೭෼ၸ੄ ܂ऄΔঞਢאឩ്ኔ᧯׈੺ࢬ૜سऱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞΰInitial interest confu-sion, IICα܂੡ڂᚨΖط࣍ڼ଺ঞ࿇୶ழၴլ९Δ٦ףՂڶ๺ڍᑓᒫ़ၴսৱ ᠖堚Δڂڼᔞشڇጻሁ׈੺৵۞ྥޓڶ೏৫ऱञᤜΖ׼؆Δڂᣂ᝶ڗࢬ൅ࠐ ऱᄅࣚ೭ኪᑌΔࠌ൓೸ᑑऱࠌشլ٦ؘႊٛᘸኔ᧯ढ঴ऱנ෼Δࢨ੷۟ױࠌ شڇԳᣊྤऄኘᤚۖႛࠎᖲᕴփຝᙃᢝհشΔਚՈਗᖏထ଺ࠐભഏ೸ᑑऄ๵ ࡳऱψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωΰuse in commerceαհֱڤΖء֮ঁਢ඿൶ߒભഏ׹ऄ ኔ೭խΔאॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞ֗ભഏ೸ᑑऄ๵ࡳऱࠌشΰuseαࡳᆠΔ܂੡ጻ ሁᛩቼՀΔڂᣂ᝶ڗࢬขسऱ೸ᑑॿᦞፖܡհܒឰ૞ٙਢܡݔᔞΔࢨڶଖ൓ ܠԳૹᄅ৸ەհ๠Δࠀၞۖᛀ᧭ݺഏઌᣂऄࠫհڂᚨ܂੡Ζ ௽ܑᎅࣔऱਢΔء֮ࢬਐऱᣂ᝶ڗএऑਐ 1.ࠌشृ੡࠷൓ࢬᏁᇷಛۖڇ ჼ༈֧ᚯΕઌᣂ࿓ڤխᙁԵհ֮ڗΙ2.ᄐृ੡ࠌࠡጻ଄ຑ࿨ࢨᐖܫ൓אڇჼ ༈֧ᚯՂΔڂ௽ࡳ֮ڗऱנ෼ۖᙟհ๯ܧ෼Δۖፖჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࢨ࿓ڤ༼ࠎ ृ᝜၇հ໢ڗΔࢨڇࠡጻ଄଺ࡨᒘխࢬᙁԵհ௽ࡳ໢ڗΖאՀಘᓵܛאڼ੡ ᒤ໮Ζ

1.3 Өᆍᜰᗤԅਖ਼Ѕ݈୛Ϟᄘኺ

1.3.1 ᆛ।ᔠ઩኱ᠸȐMeta Tagȑ

ጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ਢሽᆰψ၌֮ٙᑑಖ፿ߢωΰHypertext Markup Language, HTMLαխऱԫጟਐחΔ܀থឆ៲ڇጻ଄ऱ଺ࡨᒘխΔೈॺᛀီጻ଄ऱ଺ࡨ ᒘΔܡঞጻሁࠌشृڇጻ଄Ղ઎լࠩጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ࢬಖሉऱٚ۶֮ڗΖឈྥ ԫ౳Գྤऄኘᤚࠩጻ଄խਢܡڶឆ៲ڼ࿛ᑑقΔ܀ჼ༈֧ᚯথױאڇጻ଄ऱ

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଺ࡨᒘխΔᦰ࠷ࠩጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խࢬಖሉऱᇷಛΔא܂੡ጻీփ୲ऱ։ᣊࡉ ౉֧ΖࠏڕΔԫ୮ڶᣂሽᆰᇷಛऱ೸঴༼ࠎृΔ༉ױאࠌشψcomputerωΕ ψPCω࿛܂੡ጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ΔۖᆜԵڇࠡጻ଄ऱ଺ࡨᒘհխΖᅝࠌشृڇჼ ༈֧ᚯխ᝶Ե computer ࢨ PC ܂੡ჼ༈ᣂ᝶ڗ৵Δᇠᄐृऱጻ଄༉ᄎנ෼ڇ ࠌشृऱჼ༈࿨࣠堚໢խ1ΖإڂڕڼΔڰཚ๺ڍጻీઃڇࠡጻ଄խאהԳऱ ೸ᑑࢨᑷ॰ᣂ᝶ڗ܂੡ࠡጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘Δאঁ࣍ᏺף۞աጻీ๯ჼ༈ऱᖲ ᄎΔਚ֧࿇๺ڍ೸ᑑ္๼Ζ

1.3.2 ቸၢຎืቶ֋ȐPop-up adsȑ

ᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫএਐڇࠌشृោᥦጻ଄ழΔ۞೯ሂנ۾ᖕᘛኟ़ၴऱᐖܫ ီ࿗Ζڼጟᐖܫᐘሂհ࿨࣠এط௽ࡳຌ᧯ࢬᤛ࿇Δ׊ຏൄᇠ࿛ຌ᧯Ոਢࠌش ृྤრၴՀሉڜᇘۖࠐΖᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫऱሎ܂଺෻ਢຘመڜᇘ௽ࡳຌ᧯৵Δ ᇠຌ᧯ലױ጑઎ࠌشृຑ࿨۶ጟጻీΔྥ৵࣍ࠌشृຑ࿨ጻీழሂנᐖܫီ ࿗ΖࠏڕΔᅝࠌشृڇោᥦள۩षጻీழΔঁሂנ౰़ֆ׹ऱᐖܫΖ ೈڼհ؆Δᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫଙՈլ٤ྥኙ࣍ࠌشृࠐᎅຟਢᜊᗶऱᆖ᧭Δ ࠏڕΔભഏຌ᧯೸ WhenU ֆ׹ঁ࿇୶נԫጟᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫຌ᧯Δጠ੡ SaveNowΔឈྥٵᑌຟਢຘመࠌشृڇຑ࿨۟௽ࡳጻ଄ழΔᇠຌ᧯༉ᄎൕࠡ ᇷற஄խװ༈ބፖᇠᣂ᝶ڗڶᣂऱᐖܫנ෼ڇᘛኟՂ2Δ܀ࠌشृᄎװڜᇘຍ ᑌऱຌ᧯ΔຏൄՈ༉ਢڂ੡ຘመຍᑌऱᐖܫΔ࢓࢓ױאᨃࠌشृބࠩޓঁࡵ ऱ೸঴ፖࣚ೭3Ζ 1

ᖐٯԶقǴMeta Tag ӧচۈዸΠޑ߄Ңёࣁ<META name=“keywords”content=“a, list, of, keywords”>ǴԶȨkeywordȩޑ೽ϩߡࢂёа٩ྣԾρޑሡ؃Զ٬Ҕόӕޑൂӷ܈ ࢂТᇟǴ၁ಒޑמೌϟಏǴsee Phil Bradley, Meta TagsΩWhat, Where, When, Why? (Feb. 7, 2004), http://www.philb.com/metatag.htm (last visited Dec. 20, 2007).

2

See John Handy, Why the Initially Confused Should Get a Clue: The Battle Between

Trademark Infringement and Consumer Choice Online, 16 FORDHAM INTELL. PROP. MEDIA

& ENT. L.J. 567, 573 (2006). 3

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1.3.3 ᐉ൯ቶ֋ȐBanner adsȑ

ᖩ༏ᐖܫ੡ጻሁՂ່ൄߠऱᐖܫݮڤΖࠡᐖܫऱֱڤ࢓࢓ਢᆜԵ࣍ጻ଄ հխΔ៶طࠌشृោᥦጻ଄ழΔڂ࠹ࠩܮ֧ۖװរᚰጻ଄Ղֱࢨலᢰऱᖩ༏ ᐖܫΖ׼؆Δᐖܫऱݮڤ࢓࢓ਢאᐙቝቹᚾࢬܧ෼Δڕ GIF ࢨ JPEG ࿛Δ៶ ڼ೯ኪࢨਢធᨻऱቹூאܮ֧ޓڍԳऱࣹრΖ ᖩ༏ᐖܫऱᐖܫ׌࢓࢓Ꮑ٣ٻጻ଄ᖑڶԳ᝜၇ጻ଄़ၴא࣋ᆜהଚऱᐖ ܫΙࠡՈױאፖჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृ᡽પΔᅝࠌشृᙁԵ௽ࡳᣂ᝶ڗழΔࠡᐖܫթ נ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠ऱጻ଄ՂΖছृಾኙऱਢԫ౳ՕฒΔ৵ृঞਢಾኙ௽ࡳऱ։ ฒΖࠡڻΔᐖܫ׌ױ٦៶طរᙇڃ墅ᖲࠫΰclick-through payback systemαࠐ ૠጩנڶڍ֟ጻ଄ោᥦृڶរᙇመᇠᖩ༏ᐖܫΔאڼࠐංጩᐖܫய墿א֗ਢ ܡᏁᠰ؆૤ᖜᐖܫհ၄شΔຏൄޢڍԫଡࠌشृរᙇᖩ༏ᐖܫΔᐖܫ׌Ꮑ٦ ב࿯଺ጻ଄ᖑڶԳ5 ۟ 10 ભ։4Ζ

1.3.4 ཛྷ൨ЇᔏȐSearch engineȑ

२༓ڣࠐ Google ऱᘋದΔࠌشृኙ࣍ჼ༈֧ᚯऱࠉᘸࢤբሒࠩٚ۶ ࠃΔຟױ៶طჼ༈֧ᚯװ༈ޣ࿠ூऱچޡ5ΖࠃኔՂΔჼ༈֧ᚯਢऑਐറ॰ش ࠐڇਬࠄᇷற஄խჼ༈ᇷறऱ࿓ڤΔ׽૞ڇጻᎾጻሁխΔՅਢ౨ᚥࠌشृ਷ ᇬࢬᏁᇷறऱຌ᧯ߓอΔԫ౳ઃጠհ੡ჼ༈֧ᚯΖ ࠡሎ܂ऱ଺෻ਢ٣ܓشᖲᕴԳΰRobotαװ፦ႃጻሁՂٺଡຑ࿨ऱᇷற

Products, http://www.whenu.com/products.html (last visited Sept. 19, 2009)Ƕ

4

Wikipedia, Web_Banner, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_banner (last visited Dec. 21, 2007).

5

Google ബཥޑཛྷ઩מೌکബཀޑҔЊࣚय़೛ी٬ Google வಃ΋жཛྷ઩ЇᔏύಥᑉԶ рǶځᙖҗᕇள஑ճޑ PageRank̬Ȑᆛ।ભձȑמೌ୷ᘵǴёዴߥۈಖஒനख़ाޑ ཛྷ઩่݀२Ӄև౜๏ҔЊǴаዴߥཛྷ൨ၗ਑ޑϦ҅܄ǶΨ҅ӢࣁӵԜǴа۳ᆛ।ё ೸ၸMeta tag ٰቚуᆛ।ޑᘤំ౗ϐՉࣁǴӧ Google ࢎᄬΠǴ٠ό཮วғǶځдԖ ᜢܭ Google ၁ಒޑၗ਑ǴёୖԵ Google ϦљǴᆢ୷ԭࣽᆛઠǺhttp://zh.wikipedia. org/wiki/GoogleȐനࡕᗺ᎙ਔ໔Ǻ2007 ԃ 12 Д 22 ВȑǶ

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ࠐิګᇷற஄Δۖ৵ࠉᅃࠌشृᙁԵऱᣂ᝶ڗኙᇷற஄೚਷ᇬऱՠ܂Ζࢬᘯ ऱᖲᕴԳϐٍڶጠ੡ SpiderΕWebΕWorm ࿛Δࠡפ౨Օીઌٵϑਢਐ౨۞ ೯ڇጻሁऱ HTML ࿨ዌխ࠷נ֮ٙΔࠀאԫጟᎠಱऱֱڤ࠷נࢬڶ֮ٙΔࠀ ਈ๶ࢬڶઌᣂຑ࿨ऱ࿓ڤ6Ζ੷ृΔࣚ೭༼ࠎृױආ࠷ψ։ཋሎጩωऱֱڤΔ ല Spider ؚཋګ੡๺ڍ՛፰ဥΔྥ৵ലຍࠄ՛፰ဥهࠩՂՏຝሽᆰխΔᨃ، ଚٺ۞܂ᄐΔᒳנለ՛ऱჼ༈ڻؾᙕΔא൓ࠩޓ᠆༄Εޓܛழࢤऱჼ༈࿨ ࣠Ζ ᅝྥΔ֚Հ޲ڶػپऱ֑塊Δჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࢬ౨ജᛧܓऱࠐᄭՈڇ࣍ࠌ شृऱ೏৫ࠌش۩੡Ζჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृױאٻࠡהֆ׹೧ഇᣂ᝶ڗΔࠏڕΔല ᣂ᝶ڗψNikeωᔄ࿯ࠡה Nike ऱᤁञृΖ࣍ਢᅝࠌشृᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗհ৵Δჼ ༈֧ᚯլ܀ᄎലֆإऱᇷற᧩قڇჼ༈࿨࣠հՂΔՈᄎല߷ࠄ᝜၇ᣂ᝶ڗऱ ֆ׹ᐖܫࢨጻ଄ຑ࿨ԫࠓ᧩قΔၞۖܮ֧ࠌشृऱរᙇΖ੡༼೏ᛧܓΔڶࠄ ჼ༈֧ᚯ੷۟ऴ൷ەᐞኙᐗ೸ףאگ၄Δലࠡጻ଄ჼ༈࿨࣠ඈټ༼ছΔאፂ ਍ࠡጻీᡓՕऱፂᥨ၄شΔ៶ڼڶᙒऱٞᄐޓױ៶ᖙ᜕ჼ༈֧ᚯࠐᏺף๯ຑ ࿨ᖲ෷7Ζ

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2.1 ᄂᡝжࣨϛ୦኿ݲҳݲҬޟЅ߭᠌ौӇ

ભഏ೸ᑑऄ९ཚאࠐਢ৬ᗰڇլֆؓᤁञऄऱཏຏऄഗ៕ՂΔۖ৵࣍ 1870 ڣૡࡳΖ۟࣍ભഏ෼۩೸ᑑऄঞਢ 1948 ڣቇؒऱᥞ౨ऄΰLamham ActαΔሉ࣍ભഏऄࠢნᒳऱร 15 ᒳΖՈإڂ੡ᄭದ࣍լֆؓᤁञऄऱᄗ ࢚Δࢬאऄೃཏሙᎁ੡೸ᑑऄહ৵ڶࠟՕمऄؾᑑΚรԫΔ੡Աฤٽֆؓᤁ 6 ཛྷ൨Їᔏന٫ϯ ཛྷ൨Їᔏޑ௨ׇᆶ׳ཥǴԖᓪኧՏ௲ᏢѳѠǺhttp://140.127. 194.10/Teacher/doc/Homework/9622014G.pptȐനࡕᗺ᎙ਔ໔Ǻ2009 ԃ 9 Д 19 ВȑǶ 7 ᆩҁྷǴȨཥᆛ๎ᜢ߯ޑ׎ԋǺᆄჹᆄҬඤჹᆛሞᆛၡޑቹៜȩǴࠄ๮εᏢޗ཮Ꮲ ࣴز܌ႝηයтᆛઠǺhttp://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/14/14-4.htmȐനࡕᗺ᎙ਔ ໔Ǻ2007 ԃ 12 Д 23 ВȑǶ

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ञհऄ෻Δ೸ᑑऄؘႊ૞ࠌՕฒڇ᝜၇೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ழྤະ࣍෗෤ࢨ࠹ུीհ ᇄΔۖױمܛإᒔᙃᢝנ೸঴ࠐᄭࠀፖࠡה೸঴ࠐᄭ൓א೴։ΙรԲଡؾᑑ ঞਢڇ೸ᑑᦞբ๯्ᎁ੡ತขᦞհԫጟழΔᚨᇠ૞অᎽ೸ᑑࢬڶᦞԳऱܓ 墿Δ׊ᝩ܍ᤁञृܓش೸ᑑᦞԳ९Նאࠐ৬مऱ೸ᥩΔۖࠆ࠹ჸঁ߫ΰfree ridingα۩੡8Ζ܀ڶᖂृᎁ੡Δൕ२ڣࠐભഏ೸ᑑऄऱᏺૡᨠኘΔࠏڕΔ ψᜤ߶೸ᑑ෉֏ऄ9ωΰFederal Trademark Dilution Act, FDAαא֗ψ֘ጻሁ ॿ׭௣၄ृঅᥨऄ10ωΰthe Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, ACPAαຟױ࿇෼෼վऱمऄૹរ׌૞ႃխڇᝩ܍ᤁञृᡙॵהԳ೸ᥩհ۩ ੡Δٍܛᖞଡ೸ᑑऄঅᥨૹ֨ฝ۟ᒔঅ೸ᑑᦞԳऱತขᦞՂ11Ζ ڇᥞ౨ऄร 45 යհࡳᆠՀΔ೸ᑑএਐψٚ۶֮ڗΕټጠΕွᐛΕቹ ᑌΔࢨࠡᜤٽڤΔࠡ 1.ᆖԳ٬ҔΔࢨ 2.ᆖٚ۶Գ࿳რ඿࣍୘཰΢ϐ٬ ҔΞΞא।ኦࠡࢬ༼ࠎհ೸঴Δܛחএᗑ௽հ೸঴Δ׊൓ፖࠡהԳࢬ፹ທࢨ ກᔄհ೸঴ઌ೴ᙃΔࠀ᧩قᇠ೸঴հࠐᄭΔܛࠌᇠ೸঴ࠐᄭࠀآ੡Գࢬᑵ वω12Ζ׼ڇٵऄร 32 යխঞ๵ࡳڇآ൓೸ᑑုםᦞԳٵრհՀΔլ൓ψ࣍ ೸ᄐ۩੡խΔലုםᑑີףאૹ፹ΕُকΕُ፹ࢨೕທΔࠀ٬Ҕ࣍೸঴ࢨࣚ 8

See Jason Allen Cody, Initial Interest Confusion: What Ever Happened to Traditional Likelihood of Confusion Analysis?, 12 FED. CIR. B.J. 643, 649 (2003).

9 15 U.S.C. ̺ 1125(c) (2006). Ԝ߯ଞჹ๱Ӝ୘኱ϐߥៈǶځЬाೕጄԖ࿣З 1.ൾཀவ дΓ୘኱܈၀ݤߥៈޑঁΓӜӷύᕇճǴԶЪ 2.ຏнǵວ፤ǵ٬Ҕ࣬ӕ܈߈՟షౄ ςࢂڀԖ੝ਸ܄୘኱ϐᆛୱӜᆀǴ܈ຏнǵວ፤ǵ٬Ҕ࣬ӕ܈߈՟аషౄ܈఩ϯܭ ӧຏнਔςࢂ๱Ӝ୘኱ϐᆛୱӜᆀǴ໪ॄ҇٣ೢҺǶ၁ಒ௖૸ёୖ᎙݅߾قǴፕ๱ Ӝ୘኱ϐߥៈ аऍ୯ᖄٖ୘኱఩ϯݤࣁЬǴύ҅εᏢ଄࿶ݤࡓࣴز܌ᅺγፕ ЎǴ।120 аΠȐ2005ȑǶ 10 15 U.S.C. ̺ 1125(d) (2006). ၀ݤܴዴೕጄΑൾཀฦ૶܈٬Ҕ୘኱܈୍ܺ኱കբࣁᆛ ୱӜᆀޣሡॄ΋ۓޑ҇٣ೢҺǶSee Jacqueline D. Lipton, Beyond Cybersquatting:

Tak-ing Domain Name Disputes Past Trademark Policy, 40WAKEFOREST L. REV. 1361, 1377

(2005).

11

See Erlend Bakken, Unauthorized Use of Another’s Trademark on the Internet, 2003 UCLA

J.L. & TECH. 3 (2003). 12

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೭Ղۖ੡ກᔄΔࢨ੡ກᔄۖຫ٨ΔཋؒࢨᐖܫΔߩࠌ᝜၇Գёૈวғషౄ ᇤᇡΕࢨ੡ུीृω13ΖਢਚΔൕऄයױ堚ᄑ઎נψ෗෤հᇄωΰlikelihood of confusionαፖψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωΰuse in commerceαࠟڂైኙ࣍ܒឰ೸ᑑॿ ᦞፖܡڶထૹ૞ऱᐙ᥼ΖۖຍՈਢڇጻሁ׈੺Հհࢬאᣂ᝶ڗਢܡዌګ೸ᑑ ॿᦞ່ՕऱञᤜࠐᄭΖ ൕᥞ౨ऄร 32 ය֗ร 45 යጵٽᨠኘ৵ױवΔૉ೸ᑑᦞԳ඿׌്הԳ೸ ᑑॿᦞΔঞؘႊᛀ᧭Կଡ૞ٙΔܛ 1.ߓञ೸ᑑᒔኔբ࠷൓ࠩ೸ᑑᦞ14Ι2.೸ ᑑᦞԳڶᚌ٣ࠌشᇠ೸ᑑհᦞܓΙ3.ᤁञृ৵ᥛኙᇠ೸ᑑऱࠌشբᆖዌګ෗ ෤հᇄ15ΖԾΔط࣍ء֮൶ಘհૹ֨ڇ࣍೸ᑑॿᦞհञᤜΔਚڇڼႛಾኙร 3 រၞ۩ᎅࣔΖࠉऄೃܒឰॿᦞፖܡհᖵ࿓ΔڇছԲଡ૞ٙઃየߩऱයٙ ՀΔᅝᦞܓԳ඿׌്ॿᦞழΔऄೃรԫޡ૞ᘝၦऱঁڇ࣍๯ܫਢܡ༉ߓञ೸ ᑑ੡೸ᄐՂࠌشΔૉլฤٽࠌشऱᄗ࢚Δঞ৵૿ٍྤႊ٦ᛀ᧭Ιૉዌګࠌش ऱᄗ࢚Δঞႊီ๯ܫਢܡڶٽ෻ࠌش16ΰfair useαऱݼ᥯Δ೗๻ٍྤڼݼ ᥯Δֱթᄎၞ۩ࠩਢܡڶ෗෤հᇄऱ൶ಘΖ ڇψ೸ᄐՂࠌشω૞ٙՀΔ଺ܫؘႊ૞ᜰᢞ๯ܫڶࠌشऱ۩੡ΔࠏڕΔ ܓش଺ܫհ೸ᑑאԫ౳೸ᄐֱڤװ।ኦ۞աऱ೸঴ۖፖࠡהᤁञृ೴ሶΖྥ ۖΔຍᑌऱ૞ٙึߒ֜መᑓᒫΔ׊ൕᥞ౨ऄૡࡳᅝழऱمऄᖵ׾ᨠኘΔՈ᧩ 13

15 U.S.C. ̺ 1114 (2006). (1)Any person who shall, without the consent of the registrantΫ(a) use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable imitation of a registered mark in connection with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive.

14

ԜੋϷڗள୘኱៾ϐݤۓाҹǴٯӵԖค٬Ҕǵڀ᛽ձ܄܈ಃΒቫཀက฻ǴߚҁЎ ૸ፕख़ᗺǶ

15

See Cody, supra note 8, at 651. 16

ӝ౛٬ҔȐfair useȑۘё୔ϩࣁӝݤ٬ҔȐclassic fair useȑᆶࡰӜԄӝ౛٬Ҕ Ȑnominative fair useȑǶ߻ޣхࡴࡕٰޑ٬Ҕޣ٬ҔдΓӃ߻ϐ୘኱ǴԶࣁԾρ୘ࠔ ϐඔॊ܈ᒣ᛽Ƕࡕޣ߾хࡴࡕٰޑ٬Ҕޣ٬ҔдΓӃ߻ϐ୘኱Ǵѐᒣᇡ܈ඔॊ߻ޣ ϐ୘ࠔǴ၁ࡕॊ4.3.2Ƕ

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قຍᑌऱψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωਢԫጟᐘࢤऱᄗ࢚Δ੷۟ܒࠏՈലࢬᘯऱψ೸ᄐՂ ࠌشω࣋ᐈ۟ֆ٥ࣚ೭റூࢨਢਙए੒೯17ΖإڂڕڼΔ๺ڍऄೃ࢓࢓٣ຕ ۞ެࡳਢܡڶ෗෤հᇄΔۖ࣋ඵ٦ኙψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωհࡳᆠᇡף൶ಘΖመװ ऄೃڕڼհ܂ऄଙՈᐙ᥼լՕΔฅຶ೸ᑑॿᦞհञᤜຟਢ࿇سڇኔ᧯׈੺հ խΔڂڼߓञ೸ᑑՈᒔኔ๯شڇढ঴ࢨࣚ೭հՂΔࠌ௣၄ृױऴ൷ኘᤚࠩࠡ ࢬ඿।ኦऱᢝܑࢤΖྥۖΔڇጻሁᘋದऱဠᚵ׈੺ՀΔຍᑌऱঁࡵ۩ࠃ༉࠹ ࠩൎ௺ऱޅေ18Ζ ࠡڻΔૉฤٽ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱ૞ٙ৵Δ׼ԫଡܒឰ೸ᑑॿᦞፖܡऱૹរΔ ঁڇ࣍ਢܡڶ෗෤հᇄΖࢬᘯऱ෗෤հᇄএਐ৵ࠌشԳΰjunior userαࠌشઌ ٵ ࢨ ઌ ۿ ऱ ೸ ᑑ Δ ۖ ױ ౨ ኙ ௣ ၄ ृ ࿛ ທ ګ ࠐ ᄭ ΰsource α Ε ᢥ ٵ ΰsponsorshipαΕॵ᥆ᣂএΰaffiliationαऱ෗෤ΖԾ೸ᑑॿ୭ऱ૞ٙ੡෗෤ հᇄΔۖॺటإ෗෤Ζ଺ܫྤႊᢞࣔటإ෗෤ऱኔࠏΔऄೃٍլᚨᇠ૞ޣట إ෗෤ᎄᎁࢬขس႞୭հᢞᖕΖ෻طڇ࣍ᅝ৵ࠌشԳऱ೸঴ၞԵؑ໱ऱॣ ཚΔࠡᔭഇၦױ౨սპլߩሐΔਚڇڼழ༓׏լױ౨༼נటإ෗෤ऱᢞᖕΖ ׼؆Δᚨࣹრऱਢ෗෤հᇄլ࿛࣍෗෤ױ౨ࢤΰpossibility of confusionαΔۖ ਢտ࣍టإ෗෤ፖ෗෤ψױ౨ࢤωऱխၴᄗ࢚19Ζ ឈྥ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰኙ࣍೸ᑑॿᦞፖܡհᐙ᥼ઌᅝՕΔ܀ભഏ߲ಱՂ္ ऄೃኙڼऱܒឰΔՈڂٺچऄೃऱլٵΔۖٺ۞࿇୶נլٵऱ೶ەഗᄷΔۖ ࠡխԾאรԲ߲ಱऄೃ৬مऱ Polaroid Զႈਐᑑ່੡ထټ20ΖլመΔՕ᧯ۖ 17

See Mark Bartholomew, Making a Mark in the Internet Economy: A Trademark Analysis of Search Engine Advertising, 58 OKLA. L. REV. 179, 187 (2005).

18 Ьाݾ᝼ӧܭऩ໻ஒдΓ୘኱բࣁᜢᗖӷԶբࣁϣ೽ၗ਑৤ϐ઩ЇǴ߾όឦܭᙖҗ ЎӷǵᚑՅǵᖂॣ฻ឦܭ୘኱ϐ಄ဦԶ٬੃຤ޣ٩ځག۔ჸ᝺ǵᒣ᛽ٰྍǶࡽฅЖ લ੃຤ޣޑགڙǴࢂցᗋёаᇡࣁճҔ၀୘኱ϐ཰ޣԖ߄ᄆ੝ۓ୍ܺ܈୘ࠔٰྍޑ ཀࡘԶᄬԋ୘཰٬Ҕǻ၁ࡕॊಃ3.೽ϩǶ 19 ୖ᎙Ц௵ሑǴȨऍ୯୘኱ݤϐషౄϐဤϷځ੝ਸᄊኬϐࣴزȩǴඵች଄ౢ៾ДтǴ ಃ94 යǴ। 87Ȑ2006ȑǶ 20

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ߢΔەၦऱૹរլ؆׏ਢψ଺ܫ೸ᑑհൎ৫ωΕψࠟ೸ᑑऱ२ۿ࿓৫ωΕ ψ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭հᣊۿࢤω࿛ڂైΖଖ൓ᎅࣔऱਢΔૉאᥞ౨ऄร32 ය֮ڗᨠ ኘױवΔೈԱ௣၄ृ᝜၇ᅝழขس෗෤հᇄΔലዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞ؆Δऄයࠀլ ඈೈ௣၄ृ᝜၇೸঴հছΕ৵ழཚٍױዌګॿᦞ21Ζਚऄೃ੡Ա౨ജܒឰ᝜ ၇ছਢܡ࿇س෗෤հᇄΔڂۖ׼۩࿇୶נψॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞωΖ

2.2 _{ݲۢഅݲ ߑۖᑹ፸౅౒নࠌϞጢଔ}

ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞࠉᅃ່ڰऄೃኔ೭ߠᇞΔএਐ௣၄ृڇ᝜၇ழរছΔ ࠹ࠩ৵ࠌشԳհ෗෤ۖᎄᖄ൷࠹ࠡ૞પհ֧ᎈΔ່৵ࠌ௣၄ृڇ᝜၇ழរ ՀΔڶრᢝچ᠏ٻࠡה೸঴ࢨࣚ೭༼ࠎृ᝜၇Ζڼ࿛۩੡հࢬא๯ᎁࡳ᥆࣍ ॿ୭೸ᑑᦞऱऄ෻ഗ៕Δڇ࣍৵ࠌشԳਢڶრᎄᖄ௣၄ृΔࠌ௣၄ृ᠏ۖٻ ᤁञृ൶ᇬ೸঴Δۖࠆ࠹ࠩ଺೸ᑑᦞԳᚨࠆ࠹ࠩऱ೸ᥩܓ墿Ζڼ؆Δૉਢ௣ ၄ृ່৵ެࡳլ᝜၇ழΔڼጟڂਚრᎄᖄ௣၄ृ᠏ۖٻࠡᇬംհ۩੡ΔՈ࿛ ࣍ᨃ௣၄ृᠰ؆क़၄ழၴፖ壄ԺΔᇬംࠡءࠐլᄎᇬംհࢋ୮22Ζڂڼڶᎁ ੡ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞսྥ৬ዌڇ೸ᑑऄऱ෻ᓵഗ៕հՀΔٍܛঅᥨ೸ᑑᦞԳ ߬ે৬مऱ೸ᥩΔא֗ᒔঅ௣၄ृ൓אڂإᒔᙃᎁ೸঴հࠐᄭۖᆏઊჼ༈ګ ء23Ζ ឈྥຍᑌऱ଺ঞึߒਢᄭ۞࣍ऄࡴທऄΔ܀֭਍ृᎁ੡ڼ᧩ق೸ᑑऄፖ ழଟၞऱפ౨Κٺऄೃᇢቹڇኔ೭ՂឩՕය֮ᇞᤩ़ၴۖٻছ࢏୶೸ᑑᦞ অᥨհழၴរΙۖ଺ܫڇڼᐘࢤऱ଺ঞᔞشՀΔՈױא߻ַ৵ࠌشԳൕࠃآ ϐဤޑ၁ಒϟಏፎୖԵӕ߻ຏǴ।88 аΠǶ 21

See Ted K. Joe, Confusion on the Information Superhighway: Domain Names and Initial Interest Confusion, 8 INTELL. PROP. L. BULL. 20, 20 (2003).

22

See Zachary J. Zweihorn, Searching for Confusion: The Initial Interest Confusion Doctrine and Its Misapplication to Search Engine Sponsored Links, 91 CORNELL L. REV. 1343, 1352

(2006).

23 Id.

(14)

ዌګऄ৳ᆃַΔ܀থኙ଺ܫທګԫࡳᐙ᥼հ۩੡Ζۖ֘ኙृঞᎁ੡ڇຍᑌֶ ౒ऄය֮ࣔ๵ࡳհൣउՀΔࠡᔞشհᒤ໮Ոᄎᙟထऄೃऱլٵۖڶլٵऱᢰʳ ੺24ΖᕣጥڕڼΔؾছڇᜤ߶߲ಱऄೃխ٥ڶรԲΕรԿΕรնΕรքΕร Ԯፖร԰߲ಱऄೃམᆖڇڶᣂᥞ౨ऄऱூ՗խᔞشመڼ଺ঞ25Ζ

ԫ౳ᎁ੡ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱᛒ᠁ࡨ࣍Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons26ԫ ூխΖรԫᐉ଺ܫΰܛءூ๯Ղ္ԳαSteinway & Sons אψSteinwayωፖ ψSteinway & Sonsω܂੡ࠡ೸ᑑ࣍ 19 ׈ધխཚڇભഏ፹ທກᔄᙓྶΖ1952 ڣழ ΔՂ ္ Գᐚ ഏֆ ׹ Grotrian Ոၲࡨڇભഏຘመᆖᔭ೸אψGrotrian-Steinwegω܂੡ࠡ೸ᑑກᔄᙓྶΔګ੡๯Ղ္ԳऱᤁञृΖڇՂ္ᐉழΔᜤ ߶รԲ߲ಱऄೃ֭਍چֱऄೃ೚נՂ္ԳॿᦞհߠᇞΖࠡ෻طڇ࣍Ղ္Գᒔ ኔፖ๯Ղ္Գֆ׹հ೸ᑑڇᐚ֮ᦰଃ२ۿΔਚՂ္Գऱ೸ᑑലᄎܮ֧ᑨڇऱ ௣၄ृΔႛᖇ៶ኙ࣍๯Ղ္Գڇભഏڍڣࠐກഇᙓྶࢬีᗨऱߜړ೸ᥩΔۖ ᎁ੡ࠟ୮ֆ׹ࠠڶԫࡳհᣂຑࢤΖ׼؆ΔᢞᖕՈ᧩قܛঁࠠڶઌᣂवᢝऱ௣ ၄ृΔױאᎁנࠟଡ೸ᑑլٵۖլી෗෤Δ܀থսᄎא੡᝜၇Ղ္Գࢬسข ለঁࡵऱᙓྶΔՈᄎፖ᝜၇๯Ղ္Գऱ೸঴ڶထԫᑌړऱ঴ᔆۖװ᝜၇Δڂ ڼທګ๯Ղ္Գऱჾ୭27ΖངߢհΔऄೃࠀլᎁ੡׽ڶڇ᝜၇ᅝழ࠹ࠩ෗෤ թॿ୭೸ᑑᦞΔ׽૞௣၄ृڇၲࡨ৸ە᝜၇հॣΔڶ෗෤հᇄऱژڇழܛױ ዌګΖ

׼ԫଡൄ๯༼ࠩፖॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ڶᣂऱூࠏঞਢMobil Oil v. Pegasus Pe-troleum ԫூ28ΖڇءூխΔMobile Oil ٣ࠌشץܶଆ್ቹூհ೸ᑑΔൕࠃف ईհሿഇࠃᄐΔ܀ڇޅ࿇ऱຝ։ঞآࠌشଆ್ቹூΔۖ৵ၞऱ Pegasus ঞਢ

24

See Eric Goldman, Deregulating Relevancy in Internet Trademark Law, 54 EMORY L.J. 507, 560 (2005).

25

See Charles McCarthy, Meta Tags and the Sale of Keywords in Search Engine Advertising: Confusing Consumer Confusion with Choice, 9 INTELL. PROP. L. BULL. 137, 141 (2005). 26

Grotrian v. Steinway & Sons, 365 F. Supp. 707, 716-17 (D.C.N.Y. 1973).

27 Id. 28

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ထૹڇفईհޅ࿇ࠃᄐΖऄೃᎁ੡ܛࠌڇޅ࿇ؑ໱խऱ௣၄ृઃਢڶᆖ᧭׊ ࠠઌᣂवᢝհ௣၄ृΔ܀๯ܫսᄎڂ੡ࠡټጠۖᨃ௣၄ृᎁ੡ࠡፖ଺ܫࠠڶ ਬጟᣂຑΔۖڇංᔭࠡ೸঴ழᛧ൓ড়֪ऱॾᘸΔਚዌګॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤Ζ ឈྥՂ૪ࠟூऱऄೃຟრ඿א Polarad ூխऱԶႈਐᑑࠐܒࡳΔ܀ط࣍ Polarad ਐᑑਢא᝜၇ழऱᅝՀࠐܒࡳਢܡขس෗෤ᎄᎁΔۖڇՂ૪ࠟூխऄ ೃঞᎁ੡ዌګ೸ᑑᦞऱॿ୭ਢڂ੡ࠟ೸ᑑऱ२ۿΔۖທګ௣၄ृڇԫၲࡨਗ ᙇٌ࣐ኙွऱᘋᔊ෗෤Δۖॺ᝜၇ᅝՀऱழរ29Δਚא Polarad ਐᑑࠐᛀ᧭ࠀ լٽᔞΖ ൕூࠏ࿇୶ױवΔॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱ໌م׽ਢऄೃٻছ࢏ۼ೸ᑑऄऱ ᔞشழរΔ܀હ৵مऄؾऱথآڶޏ᧢Δܛঅᥨ௣၄ृ܍࣍࠹ུࠩᣑ֗ፂᥨ ೸ᑑᦞԳ߬ે৬مऱ೸ᥩΖ׊լᓵਢ Grotrain ூࢨ Mobile Oil ூΔऄೃᎁ੡ ዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞऱૹ૞෻طΔսڇ࣍଺๯ܫհၴऱ೸ᑑڶ෗෤հᇄΔીࠌ௣၄ ृᄎᎁ੡଺Ε๯ܫၴڶԫࡳ࿓৫ऱᣂຑࢤΖਚॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞࠀլਢ૞࠷ זભഏऄೃࢬ࿇୶נऱٺጟ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰਐᑑΔۖႛਢ੡Աല෗෤հᇄऱ ܒឰழཚ༼ছΔࢬ࿇୶נऱ׼୚ܒឰഗᄷΖਢਚΔ଺ࠐٺጟ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰ ਐᑑսױڇଡூխᔞشΔאެࡳਢܡዌګ೸ᑑॿ୭Δۖլᄎፖॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ ଺ঞઌᓢડ30Ζ

2.3 ௃ᄂᡝڗຎᔣ ߑۖᑹ፸౅౒নࠌᎌҢϞᘗσ

ڇኔ᧯׈੺ՀΔՕڍᑇհ೸ᑑॿᦞᎁࡳழរΔ࢓࢓ڇ࣍௣၄ृڇ᝜၇հ ᎾΔኙ࣍೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ऱࠐᄭڶࢬ෗෤ΔࠏڕΔࠟٙ೸঴ऱ೸ᑑ२ۿൣݮՀΔ ௣၄ृᎄ࠷ࠡהᤁञृհ೸঴ΖྥۖΔڇጻሁ׈੺խΔຍᑌऱ෗෤ױ౨ࢤথ 29

See Zweihorn, supra note 22, at 1351. 30

See Misha Gregory Macaw, Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.: A Justification for the Use of Trademarks as Keywords to Trigger Paid Advertising Place-ments in Interest Search Engine Results, 32 RUTGERS COMPUTER & TECH. L.J. 1, 18 (2005).

(16)

׽ਢ֟ᑇΔࠏڕΔࠌشृլַᎄຑ࿨۟א೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᑑုם੡ጻ഑ټጠհ ৵ࠌشԳऱጻ଄Δ׊ᇠጻ଄հփ୲ፖܧ෼ٍᨃࠌشृᎄᎁ੡ᇠጻ଄༉ਢ଺೸ ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄ழΔֱڶ෗෤հᇄΖ܀ೈڼհ؆Δ။ࠐ။ڍऱጻሁ೸ᑑञᤜڇ ࣍ࠌشृຑ࿨۟௽ࡳጻ଄৵Δঁ࿇෼ᇠጻ଄ࠀॺࠡࢬ඿ោᥦհጻ଄Δڼழط ࣍ڇ᝜၇հছঁ࿇෼ᎄᎁΔ۞ྥࠀլ᥆࣍ኙ࣍᝜၇೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ขس෗෤հ ᇄΖྥۖΔ੡Աݙᖞΰࢨ੷۟ឩՕαঅᎽ೸ᑑᦞԳऱᦞܓΔભഏऄೃڇኔ೭ Ղঁܓشኔ᧯׈੺࿇୶ऱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞΔឩ്ᔞش۟ጻሁ׈੺խΖ

3. !"#$%&

ೈԱՂ૪ࠟଡூࠏհ؆Δڇ 1990 ڣזխཚհছធڶூࠏᔞشॣࡨᘋᔊ ෗෤଺ঞΔ׊ܛঁᔞشڼ଺ঞऱூࠏΔऄೃսྥ૞ޣ଺ܫᜰᢞ๯ܫڶ෗෤հʳ ᇄ31Ζ܀ڼ෗෤ܒឰᑑᄷڇBrookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast En-tertainment Corp.ூ32խΔլ܀٦৫ਕದ׊ឩՕ۟ጻሁ׈੺Հऱ೸ᑑॿᦞூ ٙΖ

3.1 ᆩॲᔮષ኿ᡆ

ڇ Brookfield ூխΔ଺ܫ Brookfield ਢڶᣂୡᑗขᄐಛஒऱറᄐᇷற஄ ࣚ೭೸ΔࠀאψMovieBuffω੡ࠡ೸ᑑΖ๯ܫ West Coast ঞਢભഏ່Օऱᙕᐙ ൅ נ ఺ ຑ ᠙ ࢋ հ ԫ Δ ࠡ ٍ ڶ ୡ ᑗ ಛ ஒ ऱ ᇷ ற ஄ ᆜ ࣍ ๯ ܫ ጻ ీ ΰ ጻ ܿ Κ www.moviebuff.comαΔאֱঁড়֪਷ᇬڶୌࠄᙕᐙ൅ױנ఺Δ׼๯ܫᎁ੡੡ ฤٽࠡ೸ᑑՑᇆ੡ψThe Movie Buff’s Movie StoreωΔਚڇᇠጻీऱጻ଄ᛀ౉ ᑑ᧘խࠌش MovieBuff ټጠΔאܓڇჼ༈֧ᚯխᙁԵψmoviebuffωழΔױא ᎘࣐ބࠩࠡጻܿΖ൫଺ܫᎁ੡ڼᜰբᆖॿ୭ࠡࢬᖑڶऱ MovieBuff ೸ᑑΔਚ

31

See Jennifer E. Rothman, Initial Interest Confusion: Standing at the Crossroads of Trade-mark Law, 27CARDOZOL. REV. 105, 107 (2005).

32

Brookfield Commc’n, Inc. v. West Coast Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1062 (N.D. Cal. 1999).

(17)

༼ದ္๼Ζ ڇ ጻ ଄ ᛀ ౉ ᑑ ᧘ ऱ ຝ ։ Δ ऄ ೃ ᎁ ੡ ڂ ੡ ᅝ ࠌ ش ृ ڇ ჼ ༈ ֧ ᚯ ᙁ Ե MovieBuff ழΔലᄎჼ༈ࠩ๯ܫऱጻీΔਚ๯ܫڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խࠌش଺ܫ ࢬᖑڶऱ MovieBuff ೸ᑑΔലᄎທګጻሁࠌشृऱ෗෤ΖԾឈྥࠌشृڇរ ᙇၞԵ๯ܫጻీא৵Δৰݶ༉ᄎ࿇෼ຍլਢ଺ܫऱጻీۖآڶ෗෤հᇄΙ܀ ࠌشृױ౨ڇោᥦ๯ܫऱጻ଄հ৵Δ༉ऴ൷ࠌش๯ܫࢬ༼ࠎऱ܍၄ᇷಛᛀ౉ ࣚ೭Δۖլ٦ᤉᥛჼ༈଺ܫऱጻీΖڂڼΔऄೃᎁ੡๯ܫڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խ ࠌش MovieBuff ਢܓش଺ܫ৬مऱߜړ೸ᥩΔۖᨃࠌشृ᠏ٻΰdivertαោᥦ ࠡጻ଄ᛧ࠷ܓ墿Δዌګ೸ᑑॿ୭33Ζ ܀ࠀլਢࢬڶڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խףԵࠡהֆ׹೸ᑑऱ۩੡Δຟዌګ೸ᑑ ॿᦞΔڇPlayboy Enters v. Terri Welles, Inc.34ூխΔ๯ܫWelles ਢ 1981 ڣऱ ڣ৫ Playboy ՛ࡦΔࠀڇጻሁՂ๻مګԳጻీΖ੡Աᏺףጻ଄๯ჼ༈ऱᖲ ෷Δࠡڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խࠌشψPlayboyωΕψPlaymateωΕψPlaymate of the Yearω࿛֮ڗΖ଺ܫ Playboy ঞٻऄೃ൳ܫ Welles ॿ୭ࠡ೸ᑑΔࠀٻऄೃع ᓮᆃࠫחΔ૞ޣ๯ܫೖַࠌشຍࠄ೸ᑑΖ່৵ऄೃᎁࡳڂ੡ Welles ᒔኔམ੡ Playboy ՛ࡦΔ׊Ո޲ڶࠡהޓᔞᅝऱֱڤױא।ሒຍႈࠃኔΔڂڼڔڇጻ ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘խࠌشຍࠄ֮ڗΔ׽ਢشࠐ༴૪ড়ᨠՂऱࠃኔΖ׼؆Δ๯ܫբᆖ ڇጻ଄ՂᜢࣔψPlayboyωΕψPlaymateωΕψPlaymate of the Yearω࿛೸ᑑຟ ਢ Playboy ࢬᖑڶΔᇠጻీࡉ Playboy Ո޲ڶٚ۶ᣂຑΔڂڼᎁࡳ޲ڶທګ ጻሁࠌشृ෗෤հᇄ35Ζ ጵՂۖߢΔऄೃڇ Brookfield ூխലኔ᧯׈੺խॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱᔞ 33 Id. 34

Playboy Enters., Inc. v. Terri Welles, Inc., 78 F. Supp. 2d 1066, 1094 (S.D. Cal. 1999).

35

ݤଣӧԜᔠᡍޑाҹ҅ࢂ߻ЎගϷӝ౛٬ҔύޑȨࡰӜԄӝ౛٬ҔȩȐnominative fair useȑǶӧ New Kids on the Block v. News Am. Publ’g, Inc.ਢύǴݤଣࡌҥࡰҢ܄ ӝ౛٬ҔޑΟ؁ᔠᡍǺ1.ऩόᙖҗ٬ҔдΓϐ୘኱Ǵคݤᇸܰᒣձрسݾౢࠔ܈ܺ ୍ǹ2.Ӹӧ୤Ԗ٬Ҕ၀дΓ୘኱ǴБளӝ౛ᒣ᛽рౢࠔ܈୍ܺޑሡ؃ǹ3.٬Ҕޣόள ᙖҗճҔ၀дΓϐ୘኱སҢځౢࠔ܈୍ܺளډ୘኱៾Γޑᜅշ܈ߥ᛾Ƕ

(18)

ش૞ٙΔܛࠟ೸ᑑڶ෗෤հᇄࢨڶԫࡳ࿓৫ऱᣂຑࢤᜤუΔ࣋ᐈ۟լᓵਢܡ ڶ෗෤հᇄΔ׽૞৵ࠌشԳࠌش଺೸ᑑۖທګ௣၄ृऱ᠏ٻΔঁਢᡙॵ೸ᑑ ᦞԳ߬ે৬مऱ೸ᥩΔۖዌګ೸ᑑॿ୭36Ζ܀ૉڶฤٽٽ෻ࠌشऱݼ᥯Δ৵ ࠌشԳսਢױאڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘Ղ֧شࠡהֆ׹ऱ೸ᑑΖ

3.2 ኆၰຜๅኄ֙

ઌለ࣍ጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ᤜᠲ๯ಘᓵ൓आआཆཆΔڇᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫऱञᤜຝ ։ঞႃխڇ೸ᑑॿᦞᎁࡳऱรԫଡዌګ૞ٙΔܛڶྤየߩψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωࡳ ᆠΖڼຝ։ऱ๯ܫՕຟਢറ॰ᔭഇԫጟټ੡ψ್ՂઊωΰSaveNowαຌ᧯հ ֆ׹WhenU37Ζ

ڇU-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc.ூ38խΔ଺ܫU-Haul Int’l ਢᆖᛜ ჺ୮ຄሎᄐ೭հֆ׹Δࠡᎁ੡๯ܫܓشSaveNow ຌ᧯ધᙕࠌشԳՂጻհ฾ࢤ ΰڕᣂ᝶ڗΕൄࠩ๶ጻܿ࿛αΔ٦ᆖመ๯ܫփຝᇷற஄ֺኙհ৵Δ࿇ಬፖᇠ ધᙕઌฤٽᇷಛऱᤁञृᐖܫ۟ࠌشԳհሽᆰᘛኟՂΔທګ଺ܫড়ᄭ֗ᛧܓ ᖲᄎհੌ؈Ζਚ׌്๯ܫࠌش଺ܫհ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗࠐֺኙࠡփຝᇷற஄Δ ၞۖ࿇ಬᤁञृऱᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫΔॿ୭଺ܫऱ೸ᑑᦞ39Ζ 36

See Macaw, supra note 30, at 24. җܭԜࣁಃ΋ঁ፾ҔᆛၡШࣚύ߃ۈᑫ፪షౄচ߾ޑ

ਢٯǴӢԜࡕុ೚ӭᜪ՟ਢҹ೿аԜࣁӃٯԶܫቨ፾ҔǴԶЇଆ೚ӭᏢޣޑץղǶ 37 ќѦǴWhenU ࣁᆢ࡭ځᔼၮǴ໪ӛӚ୘ৎᎍ୧၀೬ᡏϐቶ֋ޜ໔ȐspaceȑϷёૈ஥ ٰϐ୘ᐒǴόၸǴWhenU ٠คݤӛځ࠼Њߥ᛾٬ҔΓ᎙ំ੝ۓᆛઠਔǴ΋ۓ཮࣮ډ ࢌ࠼Њϐቶ֋ǴӢࣁ၀೬ᡏ߯ਥᏵᒿᐒᒧڗБԄȐselected at randomȑ،ۓ៌рԄቶ ֋ϐϣ৒Ƕ၁ಒ௖૸ёୖԵᎄ޼޼ǵቅ܃ԋ฻ǴȨቸၢԄቶ֋ȩޕӭϿǻǴࡹݯε Ꮲ ඵ ች ଄ ౢ ܌ ᆛ ઠ Ǻhttp://iip.nccu.edu.tw/iip/NEW-iip/e-paper/2004/014/iipcase2.htm Ȑനࡕᗺ᎙ਔ໔Ǻ 2007 ԃ 12 Д 25 ВȑǶ 38

U-Haul Int’l, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., 279 F. Supp. 2d 723 (E.D. Va. 2003).

39

চ֋ࡰр೏֋ӧٿঁቫय़٬ҔԾρޑ୘኱Ǵ΋ࣁஒځ୘኱ቪΕځቶ֋ำԄޑำԄዸ ύǴ٬੃຤ޣᗺᒧU-Haul ᆛઠਔቸрቶ֋ǹΒࣁ WhenU.com ӧ U-Haul ᆛઠтฦቶ ֋ǴᗨฅؒԖޔௗ٬ҔډU-Haul ޑ୘኱ǴՠϝԖճҔځ୘኱ޕӜࡋޑཀკǴᔈёᇡ ࣁ଺୘཰΢ճҔǶSee Macaw, supra note 30, at 24.

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ءூխΔऄೃഗ࣍ 4 រ෻طᎁࡳ๯ܫࠀآฤٽψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωऱ૞ٙΔ ਚآॿ୭଺ܫհ೸ᑑᦞΖଈ٣Δ๯ܫ๻ૠຌ᧯ࢬᐘנऱᐖܫီ࿗Δፖ଺ܫጻ ଄ਢᗑم։ၲ׊এױףא೴ܑऱΙรԲΔ๯ܫऱᐖܫፖ଺ܫጻ଄এٵழנ ෼Δᄗ࢚Ղᚨ᥆ֺ࣍ለᐖܫΰcomparative advertisingαऱࢤᔆΔਚឈྥܓش ଺ܫऱ೸ᑑΔ܀ط࣍ࠟଡ೸঴এٵழנ෼Δڂڼլᄎขسኙ࣍ࠐᄭऱ෗ ෤40ΙรԿΔऄೃᇞᤩψ೸ᄐՂܓشωᚨڶᨃࠌشृ៶طᇠ೸ᑑΔۖᙃᢝ೸ ঴ࢨࣚ೭ࠐᄭऱشຜΔ๯ܫऱຌ᧯ႛਢܓش଺ܫऱጻܿፖψU-Haulω֮ڗΔ א܂੡ࠡփຝᇷற஄ֺኙհشΔ᥆࣍໢ొऱᖲᕴຑ࿨פ౨Δࠀآࠠໂᨃࠌش ृ൓אᙃᢝ೸঴ࠐᄭऱ೸ᄐՂࠌششຜΖ່৵Δऄೃᎁࡳ๯ܫۯ࣍ጻሁࠌش ृሽᆰփհຌ᧯Δࠀآࡉ଺ܫհጻీΕۻࣚᕴࢨሽᆰߓอ࿇سյ೯ᣂএΔޓ آޏ᧢଺ܫጻ଄հ؆ᨠࢨॴᐹጻሁࠌشԳຑ࿨۟଺ܫհጻ଄Δ׊ڼຌ᧯এط ጻሁࠌشृ۞۩ڜᇘՀሉ41Ζ

׼؆ΔڇWells Fargo & Co. v. WhenU.com, Inc.ூ42խΔऄೃٍආՂ૪ூ ٙհߠᇞΔᎁ੡ࠀլዌګψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωհࡳᆠΔࠀ׊ᠰ؆چᎁ੡๯ܫऱᐖ ܫઃڶုࣔנ๠א֗௽ܑᜢࣔ๯ܫᐖܫፖ଺ܫጻ଄ࠀ޲ڶٚ۶ᣂຑΔڂڼՈ ޲ڶ෗෤հᇄ43Ζֺለլٵऱਢڇ1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.Com and Vi-sion Direct, Inc.44ூխΔچֱऄೃঞਢᎁ੡ WhenU ڇࠡᇷற஄խࠌشהԳऱ ೸ᑑټጠ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗΔዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱࡳᆠΔ׊լᓵܓشႚอऱ෗෤հᇄ ܒឰਐᑑࢨਢॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞࠐᛀ᧭Δຟᎁ੡๯ܫհ۩੡ᒔኔڶ෗෤հ ᇄΖլመΔՂ္ऄೃথᎁ੡๯ܫܓش଺ܫऱ೸ᑑ܂੡փຝᇷற஄਷ᇬֺኙհ شΔࠀآፖֆฒขسຑ࿮Δڼإڕ๯ܫኙ࣍଺ܫऱ೸ᑑױאڶߏՀऱუऄԫ 40 ӧԜ܌ࡰޑషౄ٠ߚ߯೸ၸషౄϐဤࡰ኱ޑղᘐǴԶࢂӢឦܭȨКၨቶ֋ȩԶޔௗ ёᇡࣁ߯ӝ౛٬Ҕޑל៏Ǵࡺ௨ନ୘཰΢٬Ҕޑ፾ҔጄൎѦǶ 41

See Alicia Gamez, WhenU.com, Inc. & Google Inc.: Parsing Trademark’s Use Requirement,

21 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 403, 414 (2006). 42

Wells Fargo & Co. v. WhenU.com, Inc., 293 F. Supp. 2d 734 (E.D. Mich. 2003).

43

Id. at 769. 44

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౳Δᅝྥլ᥆࣍೸ᑑऄࢬ૞๠෻ڶᣂࠐᄭᙃᢝऱᒤ໮հփΔڂڼᏍڃچֱऄ ೃऱ଺ܒެ45Ζ ਢਚΔڇڼᣊऱ೸ᑑञᤜխΔऄೃܒެԫીࢤऱᎁ੡ૉኙ࣍הԳऱ೸ᑑ ႛਢփຝᖲඳࢤऱࠌشΔۖآڶࠌֆฒ൓אᙃᢝ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ࠐᄭऱפ౨Δࢨ ߻ᡶהԳຑ࿨଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄ழΔ௅ءլዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشΔڂڼՈሚᓵ෗ ෤հᇄऱಘᓵΖ

3.3 ᐗൽኄ֙

ڕᐘנီ࿗ᐖܫԫᑌΔᖩ༏ᐖܫڇጻሁழזՈګ੡۩ᔭऱ׌૞ֱڤհ ԫΔឈྥᖩ༏ᐖܫፖᐘנီ࿗ᐖܫլٵऱਢছृࠀॺ׼؆ᗑمऱԫଡጻ଄Δ ܀ઌٵऱຝ։ঞڇ࣍ࠟृຟױ౨ڂ੡ࠌشृᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗۖנ෼ᐖܫΔڂڼՈ ᄎڶ೸ᑑऄՂऱञᤜΖ

ڇPlayboy Enterprises v. Netscape Communications Corp.ூ46խΔ଺ܫᎁ ੡๯ܫല଺ܫऱ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗנഇ࿯ࠡהᤁञृΔᄎᨃࠌشृڇ๯ܫऱჼ ༈֧ᚯᙁԵψPlayboyω࿛໢ڗழΔᤁञृऱᖩ༏ᐖܫ༉ᄎፖࠡהխمऱჼ༈ ࿨࣠נ෼ڇٵԫጻ଄հՂΖ੷ृΔڶࠄᖩ༏ᐖܫႛᐊထψclick hereωۖྤ堚 ᄑऱࠐᄭᑑقΖਚ଺ܫ׌്๯ܫאࠡ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗנഇऱ۩੡ዌګ೸ᑑᦞ ऱॿ୭Ζ ଺ܫՂ૪ऱ׌്ԫၲࡨᔡࠩچೃऱᏍڃΔچೃᎁ੡๯ܫࢨਢڇ๯ܫጻ଄ Ղע࿆ᐖܫऱᤁञृΔઃآڶܓش଺ܫऱ೸ᑑࠐ।ኦ۞աऱ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭Δਚ ࠀॺ೸ᄐՂࠌشΖ܀Ղ္ᐉழΔऄೃঞଈ٣ᎁ੡ᜤ߶ጥᝤᦞ৬مڇ೸ᄐයཱི ऱژڇΰCommerce ClauseαΔڂڼ૞ጐױ౨ऱװ࣋ᐈᇞᤩࠡᒤ໮Δۖءூ๯ ܫᒔኔڇآᆖ଺ܫٵრՀΔ࣍೸ᄐՂࠌشࠡ೸ᑑۖྤጊᆠ47Ζ٦ृΔՂ္ᐉ ᎁ੡๯ܫࠀྤრ੡Աᑑق଺ܫऱࣚ೭ࢨ೸঴ֱࠌش଺ܫऱ೸ᑑΔۖႛאᇠ೸ 45

1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., 414 F.3d 400 (2d Cir. 2005).

46

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Netscape Commc’n. Corp., 354 F.3d 1020 (9th Cir. 2004).

47

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ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗΔᨃࠡהऱګԳୡᑗขᄐٍױڂۖנ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠ՂΔࠀլฤ ٽਐقࢤٽ෻ࠌشऱรԫଡ૞ٙΖ۟࣍ڇ෗෤հᇄऱᎁࡳՂΔऄೃܒࡳ๯ܫ ܓشᣂ᝶ڗΔࠌ൓ᤁञृऱᐖܫຑ࿨ፖ଺ܫऱጻ଄ຑ࿨๠࣍ٵԫጻ଄ழΔല ᄎࠌ൓ጻሁࠌشृᎄא੡ࠟृڶԫࡳ࿓৫ऱᣂຑΔۖዌګॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤Δܛ ঁࠌشृمܛ࿇෼ᙑᎄΔ܀ᐖܫ׌սྥլֆؓऱᡙॵԱ଺ܫऱ೸ᥩΔۖױ౨ ᨃ଺ܫ؈װᑨڇ௣၄ृऱܓ墿Ζ ऄೃऱຍ྾ߠᇞΔ׍઎հՀࡷڕ Brookfield ூխኙ࣍ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞ ࢬ਍ऱߠᇞΖྥۖΔՂ္ऄೃ堚ᄑऱലຍᑌऱ଺ঞૻࠫᔞشڇآᑑق堚ᄑऱ ᖩ༏ᐖܫՂΔ׊ૻࡳڂᣂ᝶ڗۖขسऱᖩ༏ᐖܫፖ଺ܫհၴႊࠠڶᤁञᣂএ թڶᔞشΰڕᤔ࣠ሽᆰֆ׹ፖກᔄᤔ࣠հᄐृၴ༉ྤᔞشαΖਚᖩ༏ᐖܫૉ ፖ଺ܫၴհ೸঴ྤᤁञᣂএΕࢨڶ堚ᄑᑑقᐖܫᄐृࠐᄭࢨਢ܍ຂᜢࣔΔڇ ءூխࢨױլዌګ෗෤հᇄ48Ζ ଖ൓ԫ༼ऱਢΔڇ༼ࠩ Netscape ூழ࢓࢓լױլ༼ऱਢऄࡴ Berzon ऱ ࠰ٵრߠ஼Ζۖԫ౳Ոຟᎁ੡ڼٝ࠰ٵრߠ஼׌૞ޅေऱঁਢ Brookfield ூ ऱܒࠏΖऄࡴBerzon ऱ׌૞ᓵរഗ៕ڇ࣍ਝྥኔ᧯׈੺Հֺለࢤऱᙇ᝜א֗ ່৵᠏ٻፖࠡהᄐृݙګٌ࣐ຟਢֆؓٽ෻ऱΔঞڇጻሁ׈੺Հٍᚨᇠԫࠓ ᔞش49ΖڇءூՀΔऄࡴ Berzon ᎁ੡ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࠀآڂࠌشृऱ਷ᇬΔۖ ऴ൷ຑ࿨۟ױ౨ፖ଺ܫڶ෗෤հᇄऱጻ଄Δ֘ۖਢ٨נ๺ڍױ౨ऱჼ༈࿨࣠ ፖઌᣂऱഗءᇷಛΖڂڼೈԱࠡהຑ࿨ڶ෗෤հᇄ؆Δࠌشृএ۞۩ᙇᖗຑ ࿨۟ࠡ଺ء඿ោᥦհ؆ऱጻ଄ۖዌګ᠏ٻΔڼፖᨃࠌشृᎄᎁࠡࢬោᥦऱਢ ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄Δ܀ኔᎾՂথ੡ᤁञृऱጻ଄ڶᄕՕऱ஁ฆ50Ζ 48 Id. at 1030. 49 Id. at 1035. 50

See Daniel C. Glazer & Dev R. Dhamija, Revisiting Initial Interest Confusion on the Inter-net, 95 TRADEMARKREP. 952, 969 (2005).

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3.4 ཪ൶Еᔝ

2001 ڣ৵ Google ᖇ៶ထ១࣐ऱࠌشृտ૿Δא֗壄ᄷऱჼ༈֗ጻ଄ေ Ꮭפ౨Δբګ੡٤׈੺່Օऱჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृΖቝ Google ຍᣊऱჼ༈֧ᚯᄐ ृΔࠀլႛਢ໢ొ༼ࠎ܍၄ჼ༈ࣚ೭Δࠡڂޢ֚ฒڍࠌشृࢬ൅ࠐऱጻ଄ោ ᥦ෷ΔՈࠌ൓،ଚګ੡ᐖܫ׌ऱ່ფΖ੡Ա౨ޓ壄ᄷऱܮ֧ኙᇠᐖܫڶᘋᔊ ऱࠌشृΔۖ༼֒ᐖܫរᔹ෷Δჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृංנᄅऱᐖܫ೸ᄐᑓڤΔܛط ᐖ ܫ ׌ ᙇ ࡳ ᣂ ᝶ ڗ Δ ࣍ ࠌ ش ृ ჼ ༈ ழ Δ ൓ ࣍ ጻ ଄ Ղ ༼ ࠎ ᢥ ܗ ृ ຑ ࿨ ΰsponsored linkα۟ᐖܫ׌Δᐖܫ׌٦ࠉࠌشृរᙇհ᙮෷֭בᐖܫ၄Δ٠ ڼႈᄐ೭ڇ 2005 ڣऱᛜگ༉೏ሒ 60 Ꮩભց51Ζ܀ڂჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࢬᔄנऱ ᣂ᝶ڗ࢓࢓௫֗הԳऱ೸ᑑΔڂڼ೸ᑑᦞԳᎁ੡ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृՂ૪ऱ۩੡Δ ലࠌ൓ᤁञृᐖܫᙟ೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄ຑ࿨נ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠ՂΔۖທګ෗෤հ ᇄΕ೸ᑑ෉֏א֗ࠡהլֆؓᤁञ࿛ംᠲΖ

ڇ GEICO v. Google Inc.ூ52խΔ଺ܫ GEICO ੡ԫঅᙠֆ׹Δਐ൳ Google ܓش଺ܫֆ׹ټጠ֗ࠡ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗΔנᔄ࿯଺ܫऱᤁञृբᆖॿ حࠡ೸ᑑᦞΕ௫֗լֆؓᤁञΔ׊࿕ᤩᇠֆ׹ऱ঴ྨᏝଖΖऄೃऱܒެঞਢ ᎁ੡Google ലܑԳऱ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗנഇΔإਢᥞ౨ऄՀࢬᘯኙ࣍೸঴ၞ۩ ψᔭഇΕᔭഇհ૞પΕཋؒࢨᐖܫωڶᣂ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱࡳᆠΔڂڼΔլආ౏ Google ലڼ۩੡੺ࡳ੡໢ొփຝሽᆰᇞᒘΔۖլ੡ֆฒኘᤚऱݼ᥯Ζۖڇ෗ ෤հᇄऱᎁࡳՂΔ଺ܫᎁ੡ႚอऱܒឰਐᑑࠀྤऄᔞشڇڼூٙՂΔਚ׌് ๯ܫڶॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱᔞشΖኙڼऄೃٍא Brookfield ூኙ࣍ॣࡨᘋ ᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱߠᇞΔܛ௽ܑ༼֗ࠌشृ᠏ٻΰdiversionαܛױዌګ෗෤հ ᇄ53Δ൫ऄೃ່৵ᎁ੡ൕ଺ܫءߪᓳ਷࿨࣠խΔࠀآڶߩജऱᢞᖕ᧩ق๯ܫ אڼᣂ᝶ڗ܂੡փຝሽᆰᒳᒘ׊آנ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠྽૿Ղᄎᨃࠌشृڶ෗෤ 51

See Urs Gasser, Regulating Search Engines: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead, 8 YALE J.L. & TECH. 201, 207-08 (2006).

52

Gov’t Employees Ins. Co. v. Google, Inc., 330 F. Supp. 2d 700 (E.D. Va. 2004).

53

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հᇄΔڂڼऄೃᎁ੡ႛڶ๯ܫጻ଄Ղऱᢥܗृຑ࿨խऱᐖܫᑑᠲΔࢨփ֮ڶ נ෼଺ܫ೸ᑑऱڗᑌழֱڶ෗෤հᇄ54Ζ

ۖڇGoogle Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.55ԫூΔூࠏ ࠃኔՕીઌٵΔAmerican Blind ׌് Google ᔭഇࠡ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗऱ۩੡Δ ലᄎڂᐖܫऱ෗෤ۖᣯኲ଺ܫऱᑨڇড়֪Δທګኙ࣍଺ܫ೸ᑑᦞΕᔭഇ֗೸ ᥩ࿛႞୭Ζۖ Google ս٣ᜰנՂ૪ WhenU ூխऄೃऱߠᇞΔ׌്ࠡܓشᣂ ᝶ ڗ ऱ ۩ ੡ ࠀ آ ฤ ٽ ೸ ᄐ Ղ ࠌ ش ऱ ࡳ ᆠ Δ ܀ ऄ ೃ ঞ א ร ԰ ߲ ಱ ऄ ೃ ڇ Netscape ூऱ٣ࠏΔᎁ੡ Google ऱ۩੡ྤጊዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشΔటإऱംᠲᚨ ᇠਢڶ෗෤հᇄऱᎁࡳΖऄೃࠀ֧ Netscape ூհܒެ෻طΔ׽૞ᅝࠌشृᙁ Եᣂ᝶ڗ৵Δჼ༈࿨࣠مܛ᧩قנࠐᄭᑑقլ堚ᄑऱᐖܫΔঁױאᢞࣔڶॣ ࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱᔞشΖ ൕՂ૪ࠟூױवΔऄೃഗءՂᎁࡳჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृກഇᣂ᝶ڗऱ۩੡Δฤ ٽ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱࡳᆠΔ׼؆ΔՈᎁ੡ႚอ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰਐᑑࠀլߩאᔞش ڇڼᣊऱூٙΔਚઃආ౏ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞ܂੡ܒឰΖྥۖΔڇࠠ᧯ᔞش ՂΔথڶ෻ᓵլԫીհᇄขسΖࠏڕΔࢬᜰऱ Brookfield ூխኙ࣍ॣࡨᘋᔊ ෗෤଺ঞऱኪ৫Δਢ࣋ᐈ۟׽૞ጻሁࠌشृڶ᠏ٻោᥦࠡהᤁञृऱጻ଄ױ ౨ழܛዌګΰڼՈإਢ੡۶๯ܫլ൓א MovieBuff ܂੡ࠡጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ऱ଺ ڂαΔ܀ࠟூ່৵ऱܒެຟႛᎁ੡׽ڶᅝGoogle ऱᢥܗृຑ࿨խᤁञृऱᐖ ܫᑑᠲΔࢨփ֮ڶ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᑑ֮ڗழֱڶॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤Δۿ׏Ծլආ ᠏ٻհߠᇞΖ 54 Id. at 26. 55

Google Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc., 2005 WL 832398 (N.D. Cal. 2005).

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4. !"#$%&'()*+,-.

4.1 ȶ୦ཾΰٺҢȷޟ१ཱིࡦᆰ

4.1.1 ጄൎᘉε

ڇཏຏऄא֗ڰཚᜤ߶೸ᑑऄය֮խΔຟല೸ᑑॿᦞऱᄗ࢚ૻࡳ࣍ψ৵ ࠌشԳല೸ᑑᑑق࣍೸঴Ղࠌֆฒ൓אᙃᎁࠡ೸঴ωΔۖ৵ኬኬឩՕࠡᒤ ໮Ζឈྥڇኔ᧯׈੺ՀΔ೸ᑑᦞऱ೸ᄐՂࠌشլਢૹ૞ऱᤜᠲΔࠌ൓ຍᑌऱ ឩՕࡳᆠࠀྤڍ֟ञᤜΔ܀ڇጻሁ׈੺ࢬ࿇୶ٺጟᄅীኪऱ೸ᄐᑓڤՀΔࠌ شהԳऱ೸ᑑឈྥլߠ൓ፖ܂੡ᔭഇ೸঴ࠐᄭऱᑑقڶᣂΔথՈ࢓࢓ᄎᓢᚰ ࠩ଺ܫऱ೸ᑑᦞΔڼՈإە᧭ထऄೃኙ࣍መװ೸ᄐՂࠌش૞ٙऱ࢙ီࢬທګ ऱᐙ᥼Ζ ڇՂ૪ऱூࠏխױ࿇෼ऄೃኙ࣍ጻሁ׈੺Հ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱࡳᆠڶထᑓᒫ ऱኪ৫ΔឈྥՕڍᑇऄೃઃᎁ੡೸ᄐՂࠌشᚨᇠሂๅ࣍ႚอऱࡳᆠΰܛ๯ܫ ૞ڶܓشᇠ೸ᑑװ।ኦࠡ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ऱࠐᄭαא౨ڂᚨٺڤٺᑌऱᄅীኪࠌ ش۩੡ΔࠏڕΔጻ഑ټጠऱࠌش࿛Δ܀ኙ࣍փຝ໢ొᖲඳࢤΰpure machine linking functionαࠌشΔۖլ௫֗ፖֆฒኘᤚऱࠌشਢܡٍฤٽ೸ᄐՂࠌشঞ ڶլٵߠᇞΖڇ WhenU ூխΔऄೃᎁ੡ WhenU ႛਢലڼᣂ᝶ڗ܂੡փຝᇷ ற஄਷ᇬհᖲඳࢤࠌشۖլ௫֗ֆฒኘᤚΔਚլዌګ೸ᄐࠌشΖྥۖΔڇ Brookfield ூխΔऄೃᎁ੡ࠌشהԳऱ೸ᑑ܂੡۞աጻ଄ऱጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘Δ ༉ቝਢڇ۞୮ࢋছ၀ՂܑԳऱᑑ᧘Δܮ֧הԳছࠐٌ࣐ۖዌګॣࡨᘋᔊ෗ ෤Δ࿛࣍ၴ൷ࢭᎁ๯ܫฤٽ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱ૞ٙΖ ܀ംᠲਢࠌشृڇჼ༈֧ᚯᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗऱٵழΔཚৱऱࠀլ׽ڶ଺೸ᑑ ᦞԳऱጻ଄ΰڇ෼վݾ๬ՀΔڶڍ֟Գཚৱჼ༈֧ᚯऱᣂ᝶ڗჼ༈࿨࣠׽נ ෼ԫ࿝ᇷறΛૉటऱ׽נ෼ԫ࿝ᇷறΔஎࢢჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृՈྤऄسژαΔਚ ๯ܫऱᐖܫࢨጻ଄ຑ࿨ܛঁፖ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄ຑ࿨נ෼ڇٵԫჼ༈࿨࣠ጻ ଄ՂΔࠌشृսྥࠀॺڂ੡๯ܫጻ଄փຝאהԳ೸ᑑࢬ๻ࡳऱጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘

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ۖڶኘᤚ๯ܫፖᣂ᝶ڗऱᣂຑ56Δڂڼፖ೸ᄐՂࠌشࠀྤᣂຑΖ ጵՂۖߢΔኙ࣍೸ᄐՂࠌشऱࡳᆠᚨᇠղא࣋ᐈ۟ፖᙃᢝ೸঴ࠐᄭྤᣂ ऱࠌش۩੡ՂΔאڂᚨጻሁழזٺጟᄅীኪࣚ೭ऱ࿇୶Ζ܀ਢڇຍᑌ࣋ᐈऱ ৸ፂՀΔথױאਢܡ੡໢ొᖲඳࢤࠌش੡ࠡ੺ૻΖ೸ᑑऄऱࠟՕؾᑑڇ࣍অ Ꮍ௣၄ृፖ೸ᑑᦞԳΔૉਢ޲ڶᔞᅝऱ੺ૻΔലᄎࠌ൓ᦞܓԳ࠹ࠩመ৫ऱঅ ᥨۖ݋ᡶؑ໱ᤁञΔ֘ࠌ൓௣၄ृ࠹ࠩլܓᐙ᥼Ζ

4.1.2 ӭ໘ࢤՉࣁ୔ձϐѸाᆶჴ੻

ڇᣂ᝶ڗਢܡዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشऱຝ։Δࡸڶԫរᖂृࠀآ༼֗܀থחԳ न࠺հ๠ΔܛՂၲூࠏխࠡኔץਔڍၸ੄ऱࠌش۩੡57ΔڼՈທګऄೃܒެ ழ࿨࣠ऱլԫીΖૉ౨ലڼᄗ࢚ղאቤ։Δࢨ๺ױូ౏נᣂ᝶ڗઌᣂூࠏऱ ܒެ᧤ᙀΚ 4.1.2.1ʳ ᐖܫ׌ࢨ࿓ڤ༼ࠎृຝ։ ଈ٣ڇጻ଄౉֧ᑑ᧘ΰBrookfieldαא֗ᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫΰWhenUαऱூ ٙխΔூٙऱ๯ܫ։ܑ੡ጻ଄ᖑڶԳא֗࿓ڤᇷற஄ࣚ೭༼ࠎृۖॺჼ༈֧ ᚯᄐृΔڂڼ։࣫ઌኙ໢ొΖࠟூऱ଺ܫᎁ੡լᓵ๯ܫലࠡ೸ᑑএ܂੡փຝ ࿓ڤᇷற஄ᒳඈᙇ࠷ࢨਢጻ଄౉֧ࠌشΔຟڶທګ଺ܫᑨڇ᥽ড়ऱ᠏ٻࢨᡙ ॵ଺ܫऱ೸ᥩΔਚዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞΖ ࠃኔՂΔ๯ܫڇڼࢬױ౨ᄎ௫֗೸ᑑऱψࠌشω۩੡ױ։੡ࠟၸ੄Κร ԫၸ੄ਢല଺ܫऱ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗۖᆜ࣍ጻ଄౉֧ࢨփຝᇷற஄խΙรԲၸ ੄ঞਢڇ๯ܫऱጻ଄ຑ࿨Εփ୲ࢨᐘሂᐖܫհխࠌشઌٵࢨ२ۿ࣍଺ܫऱ೸ ᑑۖࠌהԳڶ෗෤հᇄΖଈ٣Δᇢუૉ๯ܫႛൕࠃรԫၸ੄ऱࠌش۩੡Δ࿨ ࣠ጻ଄ຑ࿨נࠐऱਢፖ଺ܫ೸ᑑԫរຟ޲ڶᣂএऱຑ࿨ࢨਢᐖܫΔ๯ܫਢܡ 56

See Margreth Barrett, Internet Trademark Suits and the Demise of “Trademark Use”, 39

U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 371, 429 (2006).

57

ፎݙཀӧҁ࿯ύϐȨ٬Ҕȩࣁ΋٣ჴ΢ϐཷۺǴԶߚ௦Ȩ୘཰΢٬Ҕȩϐݤࡓ΢Չ ࣁཷۺǶ

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ᄎທګᡙॵ଺ܫऱ೸ᥩࢨਢ྇֟଺ܫᑨڇ೸ᖲΛࠏڕΔڶԫሏᚭຌ᧯ A ᐗ೸ אψNIKEω੡ᣂ᝶ڗΔᎁ੡໛ᦟ NIKE ऱᕀ՗Օڍᑇ᥆࣍ფሎ೯ऱڣ᎘ԳΔ ڂڼՈᄎ໛ᦟࠡංנऱሏᚭຌ᧯Ζᅝࠌشृڇჼ༈֧ᚯᙁԵ NIKE ৵Δڇჼ ༈࿨࣠Ղ઎ࠩԫ࿝ຑ࿨׻ψA ຌ᧯ֆ׹ܛലංנᄅሎ೯ሽनຌ᧯ωΙԾࢨထ ࠌشृڇڜᇘSaveNow ຌ᧯৵ᙁԵ NIKEΔڇנ෼ NIKE ጻ଄؆Ոᐘנ Puma ऱᐖܫ৙ጠψPuma ऱሎ೯ᕀڇઌٵයٙՀֺ NIKE ঁࡵ 30%ωΖڇรԫଡࠏ ՗ՀΔࠌشृױאᠰ؆ᛧ൓ઌᣂऱᇷಛΔኙ࣍଺೸ᑑᦞԳࠐᎅՈྤٚ۶ᑨڇ ᥽ড়ऱٌ࣐ჾ؈ࢨ೸ᑑ๯ᡙॵΔא೸ᑑऄऱمऄࠟՕؾऱࠐ઎Δຟլᚨᇠᎁ ੡ਢ೸ᑑॿᦞΖ۟࣍ڇรԲଡࠏ՗խΔڇࠌشृ۞ߪװڜᇘຍᑌऱֺᏝຌ᧯ ছ༼ՀΔᚨᎁ੡ࠌشृءߪڇᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗऱٵழঁڇၞ۩ֺᏝ਷ᇬऱ೯܂Δ ۖྤᒔࡳٌ࣐ኙွΖڂڼ່৵ຌ᧯լ܀ܧ෼נ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄Ոܧ෼נᤁ ञृऱᐖܫΔ᥆ֺ࣍ለᐖܫऱࢤᔆΔլ౨ᎁ੡এᡙॵ଺ܫऱ೸ᥩࢨਢኆ࠷ᑨ ڇऱ᥽ড়58Ιۖࠌشृ൓אڇࠟ೸঴հၴֺለ۞աڶܓऱֱڤװᙇᖗٌ࣐ऱ ኙွΔ۞ྥՈਢ೸ᑑऄژڇऱؾऱΖ ܀ڕ࣠վ֚ೈԱรԫၸ੄ऱࠌش؆Δጻ଄ᖑڶԳࢨ࿓ڤ༼ࠎृԾڇࠡጻ ଄փ୲Εຑ࿨ࢨਢᐖܫՂࠌش଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᑑΰܛรԲၸ੄ऱࠌشαۖທ ګ෗෤հᇄழΔ۞ྥ༉ױאዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞΖࠏڕΔٵᑌᙁԵ NIKE ᣂ᝶ڗΔ ܀ਢA ሽᆰֆ׹ڶԫ࿝ψ໛ᦟ NIKE ༉Ո૞᝜၇ A ሏᚭຌ᧯ωհຑ࿨Δٍנ ෼ڇઌᣂჼ༈࿨࣠ऱጻ଄ՂழΔԾࢨထ SaveNow ऱᇷற஄ሂנԫ࿝ψᨃ NIKE ሎ೯ᕀޓঁࡵΛᓮរຍΜωऱᐖܫΔڼࠄᐖܫࢨጻ଄ຑ࿨֮ڗխנ෼ הԳऱ೸ᑑۖڶױ౨ທګ෗෤հᇄழΔঁױאڼ۩੡ࠐܒឰਢܡॿᦞΖ ൕՂ૪։࣫ױवΔױ٦ڻᢞࣔႛਢ໢ొऱ܂੡փຝᖲඳࢤࠌشۖྤፖֆ ฒኘᤚऱൣउհՀΔྤऄዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞΖڃࠩছ૪ூࠏᨠኘΔWhenU ூխऄ ೃ堚ᄑऱ।قփຝᖲඳࢤࠌشլዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشՈױࡅᚨڼጟߠᇞΔฅຶڇ ֶ౒รԲၸ੄ऱࠌشழΔ௣၄ृ௅ءྤऄტ࠹࿓ڤփຝऱሎ܂Δۖ໢ొᖲඳ 58 Կܭቶ֋ࢂցόჴǴ٠όࢂ୘኱ݤ܌ाೀ౛ޑୢᚒǶ

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ࢤࠌشՀऱ೸ᑑΔլࠠڶٚ۶რᆠՈլᄎ൅ࠐٚ۶ऱჾ୭Ζૉאڼ଺ঞࠐૹ ᄅᛀီ Brookfield ூऱᇩΔՈױאᛵᇞᖂृ੡۶ኙ࣍ऄೃႛڂรԫၸ੄ऱࠌ شঁᎁ੡ዌګॿᦞڶထൎ௺ऱޅေ59Ζ 4.1.2.2ʳ ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृຝ։ ۟࣍ڇPlayboy ூא֗ Google ூխΔࠟூխ଺ܫ൳ܫऱຟլਢױ౨ऴ൷ ທګ෗෤ऱጻሁᐖܫ׌Δۖਢലڼຑ࿨ࢨᐖܫܧ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠ጻ଄Ղऱჼ༈ ֧ᚯᄐृΖڇڼΔݺଚՈױאലჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृ༉೸ᑑऱࠌش۩੡೴։ࠟଡၸ ੄ΚรԫΔჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृലהԳ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗۖກᔄ࿯ᐖܫ׌ΔรԲଡࠌ ش۩੡ঞਢڇࠡᇷற஄փຝലᣂ᝶ڗ೚ֺኙۖᅝࠌشृჼ༈ழܧ෼ࠡჼ༈ऱ ࿨࣠Ζ ֺለྤጊऱຝ։ڇ࣍รԲଡࠌش۩੡ऱၸ੄Ζჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृڇڼຝ։ႛ ਢ๯೯ऱ಻ٽࠌشृհჼ༈Δۖ໢ొ༉ᇠᣂ᝶ڗၞ۩փຝᖲඳࢤऱֺኙ೯ ܂Δਢਚլᚨዌګ೸ᑑऄՂऱψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωհࡳᆠΖڶጊംऱᚨᇠڇ࣍ Google ലᣂ᝶ڗᔄ࿯ࠡהᐖܫ׌ࠌࠡ൓אנ෼ڇჼ༈࿨࣠ጻ଄Ղհ۩੡ਢܡ ዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشΖլᓵ༉Google ᒔኔ࠷൓೸ᄐՂܓ墿Εᐖܫ׌ᎁवࠡᐖܫല ᄎᙟထᣂ᝶ڗۖנ෼Δࢨᐖܫ׌ٍڂڼۖኙᇠᣂ᝶ڗᓿղ೸ᑑ଺ڶհრᆠ ΰאڼᣂ᝶ڗ।ኦਬጟ೸঴ࢨᏝଖۖሒࠩፖࠡהᣂ᝶ڗࢨ೸঴ऱ೴ܑפ ౨αΔGoogle ᒔኔฤٽ೸ᑑऱ೸ᄐՂࠌشΖྥۖΔዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌش৵ΔᝫᏁ ૞ᛀီਢܡڶ෗෤հᇄթ౨ܒࡳਢܡॿᦞΖ܀ኔᎾՂΔ෗෤հᇄऱຝ։থլ ਢGoogle ࢬ౨ؐ׳ऱΔۖਢڇ࣍ᐖܫ׌ءߪΖٍܛᅝᐖܫ׌ءߪڇᐖܫࢨຑ ࿨ऱ፹܂ࢨਢጻ଄ऱփ୲խנ෼חԳ෗෤ऱփ୲ࢨ֮ڗழΔᚨطᐖܫ׌۞۩ ࢭᖜΔՈ༉ਢছ੄ࢬᓵ૪ᐖܫ׌ࠌش۩੡ऱรԲၸ੄Ζ ៶طڼጟᇞᤩֱڤΔֱױ᧤ᙀԫીچᎅࣔ੡۶ڇGoogle א֗ Playboy ூ 59 ᗨฅᏢᇥ΢ࢂаȨᙯӛȩբࣁץղǴՠ٣ჴ΢Ψ൩ࢂᇡࣁޭᇡషౄϐဤӸӧޑཀ ကǶԶӧಃ΋໘ࢤਥҁόੋϷ٬Ҕޣག۔ᇡޕޑރݩΠǴԾฅό཮Ԗషౄᆶցޑղ ᘐǶԶషౄϐဤԖค٣ჴ΢ᔈӧಃΒ໘ࢤޑ٬ҔՉࣁբ௖૸ǴӢԜ໻ஒԜᇡۓࣁ୘ ཰΢٬Ҕҭ಄ӝᏢޣჹܭݤଣޑץຑаϷځдਢҹύݤଣȐWhenUȑޑـှǶ

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ऄೃڇᎁࡳழΔຟႛૻᜍ Google ऱຂٚڇ࣍ࠡᢥܗृຑ࿨խᐖܫࠐᄭᑑقʳ ࢨᑑᠲΕ֮ڗܶڶ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᑑழթᏁ૤ॿᦞհຂΔۖॺ׽૞ڶກᔄʳ ᣂ᝶ڗऱࠌش۩੡ԫ৳ຟ᥆೸ᑑॿᦞΖ܀ࡸڶጊംऱਢΔૉএڂᐖܫࠐᄭᑑ ق࿛ທګ೸ᑑ෗෤հᇄழΔڼழॿ୭೸ᑑᦞऱᚨᇠਢᐖܫ׌ΔۖॺGoogle ᄐ ृ60Ζܛঁ Google Ꮑ૞ኙڼ૤ຂՈਢ᥆࣍᎖ܗॿᦞऱᄗ࢚Δਚऄೃ༉ڼհᓵ ૪սڶլߩΖ

4.2 ߑۖᑹ፸౅౒নࠌޟӱ៫ᇄ׳ຟ

଺٣ᥞ౨ऄڇร 32 ය๵ࡳΔ೸ᑑऱࠌشԳڇآᆖုםԳऱٵრհՀΔ ψլ൓ࠌش࣍೸঴ࢨࣚ೭Ղۖ੡ກᔄΔࢨ੡ກᔄۖຫ٨ΔཋؒࢨᐖܫΔߩࠌ ᝜၇Գΰpurchaserαױ౨࿇س෗෤ᎄᎁΕࢨ੡ུीृωΖ܀৵ࠐᥞ౨ऄڇ 1962 ڣലร 32 යऱψ᝜၇Գωԫဲܔೈհ৵Δ༉ऄය֮რᇞᤩՂঁױឩ֗ অᥨࠩٚ۶Գ܍࠹ࠩ෗෤հᇄΔਚܛঁਢᑨڇऱ௣၄ृࢨਢ᝜၇ছΰpre-saleαழཚΔٍڶլ࠹෗෤հᇄऱঅᎽΔڂڼ৵طऄೃດዬ࿇୶נॣࡨᘋᔊ ෗෤଺ঞ61Ζ ܀ᙟထছ૪ூࠏױवΔऄೃբലॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞᔞشڇጻሁ׈੺৵ऱ ૞ٙ࣋ᐈΔܛඍඵ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰΔڂۖ๺ڍऱऄೃ֗ᖂृഗ࣍ؑ໱ᤁञא ֗ߢᓵ۞طঅᎽऱנ࿇រኙڼ༼נᤞܫΚૉॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞլ٦Ꮑ૞෗෤ հᇄڼ૞ٙழΔࠡ׽ਢឩՕ೸ᑑᦞԳءࠐڇ೸ᑑऄՀࢬ޲ڶऱᦞܓ62Ζڼ ؆Δ਍֘ኙم໱ऱᖂृՈរנ೸ᑑᦞԳፖ௣၄ृၴऱܓ墿ࠀլ᜔ਢԫીऱൣ उΖࠏڕΔڇྤ෗෤հᇄऱছ༼ՀΔᨃ௣၄ृڶޓڍऱᙇᖗழΔრ࠺ထ೸ᑑ ᦞԳڇ೸໱Ղऱܓ墿ലᄎ྇֟Ζۖൕᥞ౨ऄऱمऄᖵ׾ᨠኘΔᅝ඿অᥨऱࠟ 60

࣬ӕـှǶSee Handy, supra note 2, at 584.

61

See Rothman, supra note 31, at 160. 62

ᏢޣᇡࣁǴ୘኱៾٠όӵ஑ճ៾܈ࢂ๱բ៾΋૓ǴჹܭЎӷ܈಄ဦॄԖᜪ՟ᐱэ଄ ౢ៾ޑཷۺǴځচӢӧܭ୘኱៾ޑ೛ҥ٠όࢂࣁΑ๏ϒ៾ճΓബբวܴޑᇨӢǴԶ ࢂࣁΑᗉխ҂࿶௤៾ޑ٬Ҕ೷ԋϦ౲ޑషౄǴԶቚуཛྷ൨ԋҁаϷ֫ᛖϦѳᝡݾǴ ࡺ୘኱៾ޑ๏ϒᆶߥៈሡԵໆϦ౲ճ੻ǶSee Barrett, supra note 56, at 377.

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ृขسᓢડழΔऄೃᚨᇠీڇֆฒܓ墿ऱԫֱۖॺଡܑऱ೸ᑑᦞԳ63Ζ հࢬא֧࿇ຍᏖՕऱञᤜΔೈԱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞءߪ࿇୶ழၴ࿍א֗ ᑓᒫऱ෻ᓵᢰ੺ΔᖄીऄೃឈྥױאᐘࢤᔞشΔ܀ٵழᏺףլᒔࡳࢤ؆Δ່ ᣂ᝶ऱ๕መ࣍ Brookfield ூխࢬ᤭૪ऱ᠏ٻᄗ࢚ΖڇᇠூխΔऄೃ੡Աᎅࣔ ኔ᧯ፖጻሁ׈੺ࠟृᚨ࠹ࠩԫીऱ๵ᒤΔऄೃ௽ܑᜰԱ֧࿇ֲ৵ᖂ੺ൎ௺ޅ ေऱ೏ຒֆሁܫقྨࠏ՗܂ᎅࣔΚ೗๻ West Coastΰܛ Brookfield ூऱ๯ ܫαऱᤁञृBlockbuster ڇ೏ຒֆሁலਮ๻ܫقྨΔփ୲ඖ૪ڇԮᇆנՑ๠ ॵ२๻ڶWest Coast ᙕᐙ൅ࢋΔۖኔᎾՂএ Blockbuster ۞աऱࢋ૿Ζᅝ௣၄ ृ઎ࠩຍ༏ᐖܫۖటऱՀԮᇆנՑথބլࠩ West Coast ऱ೸ࢋழΔ᥽ড়੡Ա ᝩ܍຾ᅀΔ່৵ױ౨ڇல઎ࠩBlockbuster ऱ೸ࢋழঁ᠏ۖٻٌ࣐ࠡ64Ζ ऄೃאڼֺ໧ᎅࣔ੡۶ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞڇጻሁ׈੺ٍڶᔞشΔྥۖΔ থ๯๺ڍᖂृޅေࠟृڶ壆ڍऱլٵհ๠ۖ੡ᙑᎄᣊֺΖଈ٣Δڇኔ᧯׈੺ ՀΔ௣၄ृਢઌॾሁலܫقྨࢬ༿قऱᐖܫΔᎁ੡ࠡࢬ૞ჼ༈ऱ೸঴༉ڇՀ ଡנՑΙ܀ڇጻሁ׈੺խΔࠌشृܓشהԳ೸ᑑ܂੡ᣂ᝶ڗ༈ބ೸঴ழΔࠌ شृႛ઎ࠩჼ༈࿨࣠ऱຑ࿨ඈ٨ۖॺᣂ᝶ڗΔਚࠌشृૉរᙇᇠຑ࿨ࠀॺএ ڂ࠹ࠩᣂ᝶ڗऱᐙ᥼Δ۞ྥլ᥆࣍ڂᤁञृࠌش೸ᑑۖᎄᎁ65ΖࠡڻΔڇኔ ᧯׈੺Հ௣၄ृױ౨ڂ๯ᎄᖄࠩࠡהᤁञृऱ೸ࢋΔۖ৵ڂ੡ழၴࢨ壄Ժक़ ၄ګء֜ՕΔ່ۖ৵ޏ੡ፖᤁञृٌ࣐Ι܀ڇጻሁ׈੺ՀΔࠌشृૉ࿇෼ࠡ ࢬຑ࿨հጻీࠀॺ଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻీழΔࠡႛ૞រᚰଙಯ᝶ΰback buttonα ঁױאڃࠩ଺ࠐऱጻ଄ΔਚڇڕڼֱঁऱൣݮՀΔࠌشृլᄎ๯૰ፖᤁञृ ٌ࣐Ζ່৵Δऄೃࢬᜰऱֺ໧խΔࠌشृڇ઎ࠩܫقྨழբᆖެࡳ૞ፖ௽ࡳ 63 Id. 64

Brookfield Commc’n, Inc. v. West Coast Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1064 (N.D. Cal. 1999). 65 Ԝೀ߯ࡰ၀ೱ่܈ᆛ।٠҂ԖҺՖᆶচ୘኱࣬ᜢೱϐ٣໨܈٬Ҕ୘኱ܭځᆛ।΢Ǵ ठ٬Ҕޣᇤаࣁځᆶচ୘኱៾ΓԖ΋ۓำࡋޑᜢೱǶԿܭԜጄൎаѦԶёૈᄬԋష ౄϐဤޑᆛ।ೱ่܈ቶ֋ǴځჴаࡽԖޑղᘐࡰ኱ߡёೀ౛ǴԶค໪߃ۈᑫ፪షౄ চ߾ޑ፾ҔǶ

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ᐗ೸ٌ࣐Ι܀ڇ෼վጻሁ׈੺խΔࠌشृאᣂ᝶ڗჼ༈ऱழଢΔཚৱऱথਢ ڍ࿝ऱᇷறᨃהኙ࣍೸঴ऱᇷಛࢨࠡהઌᣂေᏝڶޓڍऱᛵᇞΔۖ࢓࢓ॺႛ ໢ొᏁ૞ຑ࿨ࠩ೸ᑑᦞԳऱጻ଄66Ζ ጵՂΔऄೃڇ Brookfield ூխࢬᜰऱֺ໧ࠀྤऄᎅࣔኔ᧯׈੺Հऱॣࡨ ᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞڕ۶ᔞشࠩጻሁ׈੺ՂΔՈྤऄᎅࣔܛঁڶڼᔞشΔലڼ૞ٙ ࣋ᐈऱإᅝࢤഗ៕੡۶Ζڂڼڕ۶ᔞشॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞΔאঅᎽ೸ᑑᦞԳ ऱ೸ᥩլᄎڂ੡ࠡהᤁञृऱנ෼Δۖ࠹ࠩऄ৳Ղܓ墿ऱჾ୭א֗࿯ղ௣၄ ृޓڍऱᇷಛᙇᖗᖲᄎΔא྇܅ٌ࣐ࠡګءհၴΔؘႊ૞ڶޓݙᖞ֗าᒯऱ ᓵ૪Ζ

4.2.1 షౄϐဤӸӧޑѸा܄

ଈ٣Δൕऄ๵ᒤ᧯ߓࠐ઎Δԫଡڇኔ᧯׈੺բᆖᔞشऱ଺ঞΔૉڇጻሁ ׈੺խࠠໂઌٵऄေᏝऱ۩੡ۿ׏ৰᣄᇞᤩ੡۶ڶլᔞشᇠ଺ঞऱ़ၴΖڂ ڼ٣լᓵڼ଺ঞᔡ࠹ࠩᖂ੺ऱޅေ੡۶Δڇྤ௽௘णउհՀኔ᧯ᇿဠᚵ׈੺ խऱூٙᚨᇠઃڶᔞشऱ़ၴΖ۟࣍ࠠ᧯ூٙՂΔط࣍ॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ءࠐ༉ ׽ਢܒឰ෗෤ፖܡऱᑑᄷհԫΔࠡ௫֗ࠩ۩੡ऱኪᑌא֗࠹ࠩ෗෤հᇄऱழ ཚΔਚऄೃڇᘝၦࢬڶ೶ەਐᑑ৵լԫࡳᄎᔞشڼ଺ঞΖ ࠡڻΔࠉᖕᥞ౨ऄร 45 ය๵ࡳऱ֮რᇞᤩΔૉዌګ೸ᑑᦞऱॿ୭Ꮑࠠ ໂڶ෗෤հᇄΖ܀ऄೃڇڶᣂጻሁூٙᔞشॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞழΔথႛ׽ਢ ௅ᖕ௣၄ृױ౨๯ࠡהᤁञृࢬܮ֧Ε᠏ٻΔۖྤႊەၦ෗෤հᇄΔڼሔ֘ ᥞ౨ऄऱ֮ڗ૞ٙΖڂڼؘႊބࠩጻሁ׈੺խױאലࠌشृ᠏ٻዌګॿᦞऱ ٽ෻إᅝ֏෻طΔࠀ׊ฤٽᥞ౨ऄऱࠟՕمऄؾᑑΔܛᒔঅ௣၄ृլ࠹ུी א྇֟ჼ༈ګءΕঅᎽ೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᥩ֗ፂᥨؑ໱ֆؓᤁञΔթڶ࣋ᐈॣࡨ ᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞᔞشऱ塒چΖ ଈ٣Δ༉অᎽ೸ᑑᦞԳ֗ፂᥨؑ໱ֆؓᤁञຍរᨠኘΔֶ౒෗෤հᇄऱ ᠏ٻኙ೸ᑑᦞԳױ౨ທګऱ႞୭ץਔΚ1.ૉࠟृၴڶᤁञᣂএΔലࠌᑨڇऱ 66

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௣၄ृ᠏ۖٻࠡᤁञृٌ࣐Ι2.ૉࠟृၴྤᤁञᣂএΔঞ৵ࠌشԳലኆ࠷ছ ೸ᑑᦞԳ߬ે৬مऱ೸ᥩࢨ྇ჾᇠ೸ᑑհᢝܑࢤΖ༉ร 1.រࠐᎅΔᒔኔ೸ᑑ ᦞԳױ౨ᄎڂࠌشृऱᙇᖗ᧢ڍۖᛜگՀ૾Δ܀থৰᣄᎅࣔຍᑌऱჾ୭ਢऄ ৳ՂࢬঅᎽऱᦞܓࢨܓ墿ΔฅຶᆖᛎՂऱܓ墿լਢऄ৳ࢬ૞অᥨऱড়᧯Ζ۟ ࣍ร2.រΔભഏഏᄎբ࣍ 1996 ڣૡࡳᜤ߶೸ᑑ෉֏ऄ༉ထټ೸ᑑڶࢬঅᥨΔ ኔլࡵ٦ش᠏ٻհᄗ࢚װᇞᤩऄයբ֮ࣔ֏հ๵ᒤΖڂڼႛᔾ໢ᗑऱ᠏ٻᄗ ࢚এྤऄٽ෻֏೸ᑑᦞԳڂڼ࠹ࠩऱऄ৳Ղჾ୭Δऄೃլᚨאॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ ଺ঞܒࡳዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞΖࠡڻΔૉჼ༈֧ᚯࢨጻ଄Ղႛ౨ඈ٨נ೸ᑑᦞԳऱ ጻ଄ຑ࿨ࢨਢᐖܫΔڼലॴᡶࠌشृᛵᇞࠡהᤁञृ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ᇷಛऱᖲ ᄎΔᖄી௣၄ृྤऄ࠷൓ٽ෻Ꮭ௑հ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭Δإڕڇ WhenU ூխΔઌ ᣂ࿓ڤএطࠌشृ۞۩ڜᇘۖܓشΔਚז।ထࠌشृڶڼֺᏝհᏁޣΔଣૉ ૻࠫࠡהᤁञृऱᐖܫᖲᄎΔലࠌ൓ؑ໱ྤऄሒࠩך։ᤁञΖਚԫ࠺ऱૻࠫ ᣂ᝶ڗࠌشۖլەၦ෗෤հᇄΔࠀլฤٽ೸ᑑऄऱمऄؾᑑΖ

4.2.2 ߃ۈᑫ፪షౄচ߾ޑख़༟ᆶፓ᏾

ਝྥॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱขسএ 1962 ڣऄයଥإ৵Δലᔞشኙွܔೈ ψ᝜၇ृωԫဲऱؘྥ࿨࣠Δঞڕ۶ࠌ଺ঞ౨ڇ೸ᑑॿᦞܒឰՂޓ੡ݙ࿳ऱ ᔞشΔঞᚨᇠਢรԫ૞೭Ζ௅ᖕՂ૪֘৸Δૉᤁञृհ۩੡ႛທګ᠏ٻۖྤ ௫෗෤հᇄழΔլᓵਢൕऄය֮ڗࢨਢمऄؾऱᨠኘΔৰᣄუቝ༼ࠎ࿯௣၄ ृޓڍऱᙇᖗຶᄎທګ೸ᑑॿᦞΔڂڼॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ऱ૞ٙխΔኙ࣍෗෤հ ᇄऱܒឰս៱լױࢨ౒Δ׽ਢઌለ࣍ࠡהऱܒឰਐᑑΔࠡழၴរױא༼ছ۟ ᝜၇հছΖ۟࣍ᤁञृऱ۩੡ૉڶ௫֗ࠩ෗෤հᇄழΔط࣍ჾ୭௣၄ृऱᦞ 墿א֗ڂኆ࠷೸ᑑᦞԳऱ೸ᥩۖڶլֆؓᤁञհൣࠃΔਚڇᥞ౨ऄխլᓵழ ၴរ੡۶ຟױऴ൷ዌګ೸ᑑॿᦞΖਚڶᖂृᎁ੡Δॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱ৬م ׽ਢڇ༴૪ᥞ౨ऄխܒឰ෗෤հᇄऱழၴរΔڂڼ੡Ա֮რՂऱլ堚Δ৬ᤜ ڼ଺ঞޓ壄ᒔऱࠐᎅᚨ੡ψ᝜၇ছ෗෤ωΰpre-sale confusionαΔڇຍᑌऱଥ إհ৵Δױאࠌऄೃറࣹڇ෗෤հᇄऱܒឰۖլᄎ๯ψॣࡨᘋᔊωऱොᆠࢬ

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։ཋࣹრԺΔലྡྷរ࣋ࠩ᠏ٻࢨਢᤁञृڂ࠷൓הԳ೸ᥩۖڶլֆؓᤁञ࿛ ൣࠃ67Ζ ط࣍ႚอ೸ᑑऄࢬ๠෻ऱூٙਢ௣၄ृ๯೯چڇ᝜၇ழ൷࠹ࠩ೸঴હ৵ ࢬ।ኦऱࠐᄭಛஒΔۖڇጻሁՀࠌشृঞਢ׌೯چᙇ࠷ᣂ᝶ڗ൷࠹೸঴ᇷ ಛΔڂڼڇᒔࡳ෗෤հᇄ੡೸ᑑऄխܒឰॿᦞऱؘ૞૞ٙհഗᓳՂࡸڶԫࠄ ಻୚ᨠ࢚ᚨղᇖךΖଈ٣Δ಻ٽऄය֮რᇞᤩΔऄೃڇܒឰ෗෤հᇄழΔլ ᚨലኙွ࣋ᐈ۟ԫ౳ՕฒΖᇨڕ1962 ڣଥऄழΔ௽ܑൎᓳࠡឈྥܔೈψ᝜၇ ृωԫဲΔ܀սྥല࠹অᥨհ׌᧯ૻࡳڇψᑨڇ᝜၇ृωΰpotential purchas-ersαΖڂڼڇጻሁ׈੺ՂΔऄೃᚨᇠەၦऱਢ෻ࢤऱᑨڇ᝜၇ृ૿ᜯࠩߓञ ூٙࠃኔ֨ᇙࢬუऱ੡۶Δ۟࣍ॣڻ൷ᤛጻሁऱࠌشृڂՕڍᑇլᄎऴ൷ڇ ጻሁՂၞ۩ٌ࣐۩੡Δਢਚڼ࿛ॣڻࠌشृਢܡڶ࠹෗෤հᇄլࡵ܂੡ܒឰ ऱ೶ەΔࠀ׊ᙟထࠌشृኙ࣍ጻ଄ោᥦઌᣂᆖ᧭֗ݾ๬ऱᏺףΔऄೃٍᚨᙟ ழࠉᖕࠃኔᓳᖞࠡ֨ᢞΖ รԲΔڇܒឰ᝜၇ছ෗෤ழΔऄೃᚨەၦጻ଄փ୲ፖᣂ᝶ڗऱᣂຑࢤΔ ૉֶ౒ڼ࿛ەၦڂైΔऄೃऱܒެ༉ᄎᖲඳࢤऱᎁ੡ጻ଄փ୲ፖᣂ᝶ڗܛঁ ྤᣂ܀սዌګ෗෤հᇄΔࠏڕΔBrookfield ூխ๯ܫᒔኔམڇࠡ೸ᑑՑᇆխ ࠌشመ moviebuff ໢ڗΔڂڼࠡאᇠ໢ڗ܂੡ጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ࠠڶإᅝࢤۖ༉ լᚨᎁ੡ڶॿᦞ68Ζ ່৵Δڇᣂ᝶ڗऱ෗෤ܒឰழΔࡸؘႊەၦ֮ڗՂऱࠡהࡳᆠΖڇኔ᧯ ׈੺խΔലٵԫ೸঴ਢܡᄎທګ෗෤ᎄᎁऱܒឰΔٌطױ౨࠹෗෤ऱٽ෻᠃ შ௣၄ृԳᑇڍኒ܂੡೶ەڂైࠀྤംᠲΔڂ੡Օ୮ຟ౨઎ࠩኔᎾऱ೸঴ࠀ ڶઌٵऱᎁवΖ܀ڇჼ༈֧ᚯխᙁԵᣂ᝶ڗழΔࠀլਢޢଡԳኙ࣍ࢬᙁԵऱ ᣂ᝶ڗຟڶઌٵऱࡳᆠΖࠏڕΔٵᑌᙁԵψAppleωΔڶऱԳࢬ૞༈ބऱਢሽ ᆰΔڶऱঞਢ૞ၞԵ໴౐ࢨᠧ፾ऱጻ଄ΖڇڼൣउհՀΔ෗෤ፖܡૉᝫଘᘸ ᑇڗࠐܒឰΔ່৵ലᄎທګޢጟ֮ڗ׽౨ࠠڶՕڍᑇԳࢬᎁवऱრᆠΔᥔ੪ 67

See Rothman, supra note 31, at 180. 68

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֟ᑇԳऱᦞ墿ۖሔહጻሁᇷಛ൅࿯Գᣊڍց֏֗։௓֏ऱᏁޣ69ΖኙڼΔឈ ྥ Playboy ூխऄೃམٞቹאਢܡࠟᄐृၴࠠڶᤁञࢤࠐܒࡳਢܡዌګॣࡨ ᘋᔊ෗෤Δ܀ᖂृՈޅေڼڶଙ࣠੡ڂऱ᠄ᎄΖڂ੡ٚ۶ԫٙ෰௫ॣࡨᘋᔊ ෗෤଺ঞऱூٙΔૉ૞ᛵᇞࠟᄐृհၴਢܡڶᤁञᣂএΔঞؘႊ૞ך։ᛵᇞ ࠩᠨֱऱ೸঴թڶᙄऄေឰΔۖຍრ࠺ထ௣၄ृؘႊຑ࿨۟ᤁञृऱጻ଄հ ৵թױא೚ေឰΔۖڼՈ௅ءሔહॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ऱؾऱ70Ζ

4.3! ר୽ݲΰޟంҰ

4.3.1 ٬Ҕϐۓက

ڇݺഏࠫ৫ՀΔ೸ᑑᆖုםঁ࠷൓೸ᑑᦞΔۖॺڕભഏආ࠷ψࠌش׌ ᆠωലψ೸ᄐՂࠌشω܂੡࠷൓೸ᑑᦞհ૞ٙΖԾݺഏᣂ࣍೸ᑑऱψࠌشω ཋߠٺऄයհխΔ༉֮რᨠኘࠠڶࡳᆠࢤऱ๵ࡳਢร6 යΕร 57 යร 1 ႈร 2 ཱི܀஼Εร 58 ය֗ร 59 යร 3 ႈ71Δۖط࣍৵Կृ௫֗೸ᑑᦞਢܡژᥛ ऱംᠲΔਚร 6 යհࡳࢤ੡۶ঁ᥆ૹ૞Ζร 6 ය๵ࡳψءऄࢬጠ೸ᑑհࠌ شΔਐ੡۩ᔭհؾऱΔല೸ᑑش࣍೸঴Εࣚ೭ࢨࠡڶᣂհढٙΔࢨܓشؓ૿ ቹቝΕᑇۯᐙଃΕሽ՗໾᧯ࢨࠡה໾տढߩאࠌઌᣂ௣၄ृᎁᢝࠡ੡೸ ᑑωΔਚڶᖂृᎁ੡ࠉร 6 ය֮რױല೸ᑑࠌش։੡Կႈ૞ٙΚ1.೸ᑑࠌش Գᚨࠠڶ۩ᔭ೸ᑑုםழࢬਐࡳհ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭੡ؾऱΙ2.ᚨڶല೸ᑑش࣍೸ ঴Εࣚ೭ࢨࠡהڶᣂհढٙΔࢨܓش໾տढհ۩੡Ι3.ߩאࠌઌᣂ௣၄ृᎁ ᢝࠡ੡೸ᑑ72Ζࠉ֮რᇞᤩΔᇠࠌشࡳᆠᚨᔞش࣍೸ᑑऄխऱԫ֊ࠌشΔץ ਔ੡Ա೸ᑑᦞऱ৬مΕ࠷൓Εፂ਍ࢨഗ࣍ᇠᦞ墿ࢬسհݼ᥯Δࢨॿ୭۩੡Գ 69 Id. at 586. 70

See Rothman, supra note 31, at 184. 71 ᇳਕݍǵቅϾύǵ໳ሎണ฻Ǵ୘኱ݤ᏾ᡏݤڋᄤڀᡏঅݤࡌ᝼ϐࣴزǴ࿶ᔮ೽ඵች ଄ౢ៾ֽہૼࣴزǴ।58Ȑ2005ȑǶ 72 ጰܴ၈ǴȨ୘኱ݤ΢୘኱٬ҔϐཀကȩǴДѿ଄࿶ݤᚇᇞǴಃ 4 යǴ। 34-35 Ȑ2006ȑǶ

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հࠌش73Δឈྥᖂृኙ࣍೸ᑑऱࠌشψ۩੡ωઃႜٻආᐈᠾհኪ৫լ܂۩੡ ኪᑌૻࠫΔ܀ૉࠉร 6 යԫ᧯ᔞشհ૞ٙথՈທګ່ૹ૞ऱംᠲΔܛྤऄො ።ଫ᥽ٺጟࠌشψൣݮωΖࠏڕΔݺഏ່೏۩ਙऄೃ 87 ڣ৫ܒڗร 1296 ᇆ ܒެঁᎁ੡ψ଺ܫհԳࠃᐛթᐖܫΔॺ੡আᔭࠡ೸঴Δࡸᣄᘯ੡೸ᑑऄࢬጠ հࠌشΔܛլߩאᢞࣔᖕאฆᤜᑑີ࣍ߓञ೸ᑑعᓮုםழΔࠡࢬ।ኦհᛜ ᄐ֗ॾᥩբլ੡ԫ౳௣၄ृࢬᑵवΖωڼܒެঁਢᎁ੡ᐖܫᐛթॺ੡۩ᔭ೸ ঴ࢨࣚ೭Δਚլฤٽร 6 යհ૞ٙۖྤᔞش74ΖڃࠩՂ૪ભഏઌᣂூࠏࠐ ઎Δط࣍ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࢨਢጻ଄ࢬڶԳࠀآലהԳऱ೸ᑑش࣍೸঴Εࣚ೭ࢨ ڶᣂհψढٙωՂΔ׊ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृല௽ࡳᣂ᝶ڗנഇ࿯ࠡהᤁञृհ۩ ੡Δٍլฤٽऄය֮ڗհዌګ૞ٙΔਚڇݺഏऄՀՈലլዌګ೸ᑑऱࠌشΔ ۖࠌ൓ኙ࣍଺೸ᑑᦞԳऱঅᥨڶࢬլߩΖ إڂڕڼΔڶᖂृ৬ᤜᚨലร 6 ය։੡ԿጟൣݮΚรԫጟ๵ࡳ່ᐖ৫հ ࠌش۩੡ΔՅԫ֊୶෼೸ᑑࢨᑑ፾ृ݁ዌګࠌشΔନࠡ౨ᔞش࣍೸ᑑ࠹ࠩॿ ୭ழհࠌشΰ࣋ᐈ੡۩ᔭؾऱհ૞ٙαΖรԲጟ֗รԿጟঞ։ܑಾኙࠌشʳ ፂ਍೸ᑑᦞ墿א֗৬مΕ࠷൓೸ᑑᦞ墿ࢨഗ࣍ᇠᦞ墿׌്آॿ୭הԳ೸ᑑʳ ᦞ75Ζ܀ڇรԫጟऱࡳᆠՀΔսᚨ೶ەભഏூࠏࢬ૜سऱփຝᖲඳࢤࠌشΔ լᚨᎁ੡᥆࣍೸ᄐՂࠌشऱ壄壀Ζ

4.3.2 ࡰӜԄӝ౛٬Ҕޑࡌҥ

ڇছ૪ભഏூࠏհխΔլ׎ڶ๯൳ॿᦞԳএאਐټڤٽ෻ࠌش܂੡ݼ ᥯Δۖඈೈψ೸ᄐՂࠌشωհᔞشΖڼጟהԳא೸ᑑᦞԳհ೸ᑑᎅࣔࢨ।ق ೸ᑑᦞԳհ೸঴Εࣚ೭ࢨࠡהࠃႈΔאࠌઌᣂ௣၄ृव൜ᇠהԳ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ ऱփ୲Εࢤᔆࢨ௽ࢤΔ࢓࢓נ෼ڇֺለڤᐖܫࢨ೸঴ፂଥࣚ೭76Ζ܀ڼጟൣ 73 ᇳਕݍǵቅϾύǵ໳ሎണ฻Ǵ߻ඟຏ71Ǵ। 58-59Ƕ 74 ӕ߻ຏǴ।39Ƕ 75 ӕ߻ຏǴ।60Ƕ 76 ӕ߻ຏǴ।131Ƕ

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ݮڇݺഏ෼۩೸ᑑऄයՀ۩੡Գথྤऄ׌്࿳რݼ᥯ΔڇݺഏऄհՀΔ඿׌ ്ร 30 යऱٽ෻ࠌشݼ᥯Δؘႊਢ૞א࿳რ׊ٽ෻ࠌشհֱऄΔ।قψ۞ աωհࡩټΕټጠࢨࠡ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭հټጠ࿛Δ׊ॺ܂੡೸ᑑࠌشृΖطֺ࣍ ለᐖܫ࢓࢓।قऱਢψהԳωհ೸ᑑΔਚፖऄය֮ڗլٽΖ ط࣍଺٣ร 6 යല೸ᑑऱψࠌشω۩੡բᆖ܂Ա堚ᄑऱࡳᆠΔਚڇݺഏ ऄՀΔᙁԵࢨਢກഇᣂ᝶ڗຟլી࣍ዌګ೸ᑑऱࠌشΔۖྤॿᦞംᠲΖ܀լ ᓵਢ׈੺᝟Ⴈࢨਢছ૪ᖂृ৬ᤜᨠኘΔല೸ᑑࠌشऱ۩੡ᒤ໮ղאឩՕհ ৵Δ༉ڶױ౨ขسছ૪ூٙխհञᤜΔڇڼൣݮՀᏺףਐټࢤٽ෻ࠌشऱ๵ ࡳঁڶؘࠡ૞ࢤΖڼរڇཕᐝತขݝऱଥإਙ࿜Ղᚨբګ٥ᢝΔڇࠡጻీՂ ֆؒᚵଥإร30 යร 2 ႈය֮੡ψ੡ᢝܑהԳုם೸ᑑ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭հؾऱΔ ۖڶؘ૞ࠌشהԳုם೸ᑑشאᎅࣔ۞ա೸঴ࢨࣚ೭հشຜृΔլ࠹הԳ೸ ᑑᦞயԺࢬࣅޔΖ܀ࠡࠌشؘႊฤٽԫ౳೸ᄐᇨॾ଺ঞΔլ൓լֆؓᡙॵࢨ ჾ୭ုם೸ᑑհᢝܑࢤࢨॾᥩωΖ൫ය֮խᄅᏺψԫ౳೸ᄐᇨॾ଺ঞωא֗ ψլ൓լֆؓω࿛ڗᑌឈྥױאᇞެᡙॵࢨᝩ܍෉֏հംᠲΔ܀ࠡፖءයছ ੄խհؘ૞ࢤᣂຑ੡۶Δਢܡ֘ۖലᄎ࠷זؘ૞ࢤऱᐉ਷ຟڶৱە᧭Ζ

4.3.3 ߃ۈᑫ፪షౄޑ፾Ҕ

ೈԱڇ೸ᑑࠌشՂא֗ਐټࢤٽ෻ࠌشऱᏺૡᤜᠲ؆ΔໍՀৱ᠖堚ऱࠃ ႈ༉ڇ࣍ݺഏ೸ᑑऄՀ௫֗ᣂ᝶ڗऱூٙਢܡڶᣊۿભഏॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞ ऱᔞش़ၴ77Ζݺഏ೸ᑑऄխڶᣂॿᦞ۩੡ऱኪᑌ๵ࡳץਔร29 යร 2 ႈ֗ ร62 යΖ౿։૪ڕՀΚ 4.3.3.1ʳ ร 29 යร 2 ႈ ૉᇞዌร29 යร 2 ႈऱٺཱི֮ڗᨠኘΔױ࿇෼ٺཱིऱ೴ܑএࠉᅃΚ1.ਢ ܡ੡ٵԫ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭Ι2.ਢܡࠌشઌٵհ೸ᑑΙ3.ਢܡીઌᣂ௣၄ृ෗෤ᎄᎁ հᇄऱԿጟլٵ࿨࣠Δۖඈ٨ิٽլٵऱॿᦞኪᑌΖૉፖભഏऄ๵ࡳψࠌش 77 ҁЎӢ૸ፕख़ᗺӧܭᆛၡᜢᗖӷ܌ੋϷޑ୘኱ݾ᝼Ǵࡺӧځд୘኱ݤ࣬ᜢਢҹύࢂ ցҭԖᜪ՟߃ۈᑫ፪షౄϐཷۺӧԜ٠όᙧॊǶ

(36)

࣍೸঴ࢨࣚ೭Ղۖ੡ກᔄΔࢨ੡ກᔄۖຫ٨ΔཋؒࢨᐖܫΔߩࠌ᝜၇Գױ౨ ࿇س෗෤ᎄᎁωઌֺΔભഏऄլ೴։ٵᣊࢨઌۿ೸঴Εࣚ೭ΙՈլ೴։ઌٵ ࢨ२ۿհ೸ᑑΔۖऴ൷א෗෤ᎄᎁհᇄ੡ܒࡳᑑᄷઌለհՀΔለݺഏհ๵ࡳ ១໢Ζ ڃࠩร 29 ය๵ࡳΔط࣍ጻሁᣂ᝶ڗհञᤜڇ࣍ലהԳऱ೸ᑑ֮ڗऴ൷ ܂੡ 1.ጻ଄౉֧ᑑ᧘Εᖩ༏ᐖܫࢨਢ 2.ᅝᣂ᝶ڗກഇ࿛ࠌش۩੡ਢܡॿᦞΔ ছृ۩੡Գױ౨ਢ৵ၞऱᤁञृΔۖ৵ृऱ۩੡Գঞਢჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृΔ׊௫ ֗ऱᚨ੡ψઌٵω೸ᑑΔਚፖࠡઌᣂऱਢร 1 ཱི֗ร 2 ཱིΖڇร 1 ཱིऱൣउ ՀΔছृױ౨ऱൣݮਢ৵ၞᤁञृፖ೸ᑑᦞԳᆖᛜٵԫࣚ೭Δۖࠌش೸ᑑᦞ Գऱ೸ᑑ੡ᐖܫփ୲ࢨਢጻ଄౉֧ᑑ᧘ΰࠏڕΔছ૪ऱ Brookfield ூαΔط ࣍ऄය֮ڗխࠀآڶ෗෤ᎄᎁհᇄऱ૞ٙΔڂڼۿ׏׽૞ዌګ೸ᑑࠌشֶۖ ౒ٽ෻ࠌشऱݼ᥯Δ༉ዌګॿᦞΖਚ࣋ᐈร 6 ය۩੡૞ٙ৵Δܛঁ٦᎖אਐ ټࢤٽ෻ࠌشऱݼ᥯Δսലࠌ൓ψലהԳ೸ᑑ܂੡ጻ଄ᐖܫۖܮ֧הԳຑ࿨ ၞװωऱ۩੡ऴ൷ዌګॿᦞ78Δਚࠀྤॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞױᔞشհ๠Ζ۟࣍ ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृກᔄᣂ᝶ڗऱࠌش۩੡Δঞലڂऄය๵ᒤ׌᧯ૻ࣍ψٵԫ೸঴ ࢨࣚ೭ω༼ࠎृΔܛঁ࣋ᐈร 6 ය۩੡૞ٙՈᄎڂჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृፖ଺೸ᑑᦞ Գ༼ࠎऱ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ࠀॺٵԫۖྤร1 ཱིऱᔞشΖ ڇร 2 ཱིऱຝ։Δऄය๵ࡳࠌشψઌٵωऱ೸ᑑૉψڶીઌᣂ௣၄ृ෗ ෤ᎄᎁհᇄωঁዌګॿᦞΔਚۿ׏༉ڶॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞױᔞشऱ़ၴΖ܀ ࠡኔຍথະԵଙ࣠੡ڂऱ᠄ᎄհխΖᇨڕॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞڇભഏ࿇୶৵ࢬ ᔡીऱޅေԫ౳Δലࢬᘯऱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞૻࠫڇٵᣊࢨઌۿᄐ೭Հࠀآ ڶٚ۶ऱრᆠΔڂ੡ຍຟؘႊ૞ઌᣂ௣၄ृរᙇၞװհ৵թ౨ܒࡳਢܡٵᣊ ࢨઌۿऱࣚ೭Δ׊ԫ؟ઌᣂ௣၄ृរᙇၞװհ৵Ոຟױᛵᇞڼॺ଺ࠐ೸ᑑᦞ Գࢬ༼ࠎऱࣚ೭ࢨ೸঴Ζڂڼءཱིխψ࣍ᣊۿհ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭ωհૻࠫ֘ଙਢ 78 Կܭӧᆛ।઩Ї኱ᠸޑ೽ϩǴऩஒಃ 6 చޑܫቨࣚጕज़ۓӧϣ೽ᐒఓ܄٬ҔϐϣǴ ߾ёа௨ନ୘኱΢ޑ٬ҔۓကǶ

(37)

ױאᎅࣔऄය֮რՂΔ඿๵ᒤऱਢઌᣂ௣၄ृటऱڇᣊۿհ೸঴ࢨࣚ೭᝜၇ ழڶ෗෤ᎄᎁհᇄΔۖլץਔॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞऱᔞشΖ 4.3.3.2ʳ ร 62 ය ෼۩ร 62 යီ੡ॿ୭೸ᑑᦞհ๵ࡳএലءॺॿ୭೸ᑑᦞհ۩੡Δຘመ ऄ৳ᚵࠫհ๵ࡳΔലࠡီ੡ॿ୭೸ᑑᦞΔڂڼڇᔞشՂޓᚨ᠃შۖլ൓ٚრ ឩՕᒤ໮Ζ༉෼۩ร62 යร 1 ཱི֗ร 2 ཱི๵ࡳࠐ઎Δፖء֮ᣂএ່യ֊ऱᚨ ਢലהԳऱထټ೸ᑑࢨုם೸ᑑ܂੡ጻ഑ټጠࠌشΔ܀ط࣍ᣂ᝶ڗፖጻ഑ټ ጠऱࠌشࢤᔆսڶઌᅝऱ஁ฆΔ׊ร62 යऱԲཱིઃڶאᇠ೸ᑑ܂੡।ኦءߪ ᛜᄐ׌᧯ࢨࠐᄭհᑑ፾Δڼፖჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࢨਢጻ଄ᤁञृࠌشᣂ᝶ڗऱؾ ऱٍڶࢬլٵΔਚॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞڇร62 යՈྤऄᔞشΖ ጵՂࢬ૪ΔભഏऄՂऱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞڇݺഏᚨྤױᔞشհ़ၴΖਚ ܛঁ࣋ᐈร 6 යࠌشऱ۩੡ኪᑌ৵Δਢܡॿᦞսྥ૞ࠉᅃร 29 ය֗ร 62 ය հ๵ࡳࠐܒࡳΖྥۖΔ଺ءݦඨ៶طലร 6 ය࣋ᐈאڂᚨᄅীኪ೸ᑑॿᦞऱ ኪᑌΔૉսፂ਍ਝڶܒឰᑑᄷਢܡᝫ౨ሒګ଺٣հؾऱஎଖ൓Գ෡৸Ζ

5. !"

5.1 ୦኿ݲᄇܻᆩၯᜰᗤԅٺҢᔖԤ؁໠ܹϞᄘ࡙

ڇભഏऄՀΔࡤ׊լᓵࠡࢬ૜سऱॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤଺ঞਢܡᚨղאᐒೈࢨ ٦าᒯ᠖堚Δഗءऱم໱ᚨᇠਢڇኔ᧯׈੺Հᔞشऱ଺ঞڇጻሁ׈੺Հઌٵ ऄေᏝऱ۩੡ٍᚨڶࠡᔞشΖྥۖΔڕ۶੺ࡳऄေᏝՀऱ۩੡թਢംᠲऱு ֨Ζൕભഏઌᣂூࠏױवઌᣂऱጻሁ೸ᑑञᤜխΔॿᦞԳױ౨ਢጻ଄ᖑڶ ԳΕᐖܫע࿆Գא֗ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृΔۖܒឰॿᦞፖܡรԫޡঁᚨᇠਢބנॿ ᦞԳΖ ڇጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ऱᣊۿூٙխΔܓشהԳऱ೸ᑑᅝጻ଄ᛀ౉ᑑ᧘ࠀլਢ ჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृΔۖਢጻ଄ᖑڶԳΖڂڼ೸ᑑᦞԳૉ૞׌്೸ᑑॿᦞΔᚨ૞ᢞ ࣔऱਢጻ଄ᖑڶԳڶ೸ᄐՂࠌشᇠ೸ᑑࠀ׊ڶທګ෗෤հᇄΖۖᆖطছ૪։

(38)

࣫ፖᛀಘΔጻ଄ᖑڶԳ٠ܓشᣂ᝶ڗ܂੡౉֧ᑑ᧘ऱ۩੡Δط࣍׽ਢ໢ొփ ຝᖲඳࢤࠌشΔڂڼᚨᇠլ᥆࣍೸ᄐՂࠌشΖ۟࣍ࠡጻ଄ࢨઌᣂຑ࿨հխ׼ ؆ڶࠌشהԳऱ೸ᑑۖທګ෗෤հᇄΔڼঁፖॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ྤᣂΔۖױشႚ อऱ෗෤հᇄܒឰਐᑑࠐܒឰΖ׼؆Δଖ൓ࣹრऱਢܛঁشႚอऱ෗෤հᇄ ܒឰਐᑑΔՈ૞ەၦጻ଄ᖑڶԳፖᇠᣂ᝶ڗऱᣂຑࢤΔࠀ׊ࣹૹᣂ᝶ڗऱڍ ૹრᆠΖۖء࣍ٵᑌऱሐ෻Δڇᐘሂီ࿗ᐖܫூٙՂΔᄐृٍਢאᣂ᝶ڗ܂ ੡փຝ࿓ڤᇷற஄ऱᒳඈ༈ބհشΔڼፖאֆฒኘᤚۖ।ኦࠡ೸ᑑհᏝଖྤ ᣂΔਚլዌګ೸ᄐՂࠌشΖ ۟࣍ڇᖩ༏ᐖܫא֗ჼ༈֧ᚯऱઌᣂூٙՂΔჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृءߪກᔄ೸ ᑑᦞዌګ೸ᑑՂऱࠌشΔ܀ೈॺჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृࣔवࢨױ൓ۖवࠡઌᣂᐖܫࢨ ጻ଄ຑ࿨ڶીԳ෗෤հᇄۖᏁ૤᎖ܗॿᦞհຂ؆Δࠡ塒ᚨطᐖܫ׌ࢨਢጻ଄ ᖑڶԳ૤ຂΔۖፖჼ༈֧ᚯᄐृྤ௫ΖڂڼΔऄೃڇەၦଡூਢܡڶ෗෤հ ᇄழΔٍᏁᘝၦࠌشृኙ࣍ጻሁᄅݾ๬ऱᑵ൜৫א֗֨ኪΔᅝࠌشृຟױא ך։ᛵᇞჼ༈֧ᚯࢬඈ٨נऱ࿨࣠ᄎץܶ๺ڍᐖܫழΔທګ෗෤ऱױ౨ࢤ۞ ྥঁ՛ࠄΔۖኙ࣍ጻሁᣂ᝶ڗױڶޓၲ࣋ࢤհኪ৫Ζ ڃࠩഏփΔܛঁ׌ጥᖲᣂኙ࣍ਐټڤࠌشऱᏺૡڶࢬ٥ᢝΔ܀ڼኙ࣍ਢ ܡࢭᎁݺഏٍڶॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ऱᔞشսآڶإ૿ڃ࿠Δႛ౨ᎅᇠႈࢨױᇞެ ຝ։ዌګॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ऱञᤜΖᖂृٍڶᎁ੡༉෼۩೸ᑑऄร 62 ය๵ࡳࠐ ઎Δۿᣄᎁ੡ڶ๵ᒤॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤հ塒چΔڕֲ৵ኔ೭౨ᎁٵڼ෻࢚ழΔঞ ױຘመኙ࣍෗෤ᎄᎁհܒឰ܂ޓڶᐘࢤհᇞᤩΔאಳףኙ೸ᑑᐖܫ৙ႚפ౨ հঅᥨ79Ζ Ղ૪ߠᇞۿ׏्ᎁॣࡨᘋᔊ෗෤ڂࠠڶঅᎽ೸ᑑऱᐖܫ৙ႚפ౨ۖڶؘ ૞ףאආ౏Δ܀༉ছ֮ࢬ٨հભഏ௫֗ጻሁᣂ᝶ڗհઌᣂூࠏխΔথױ࿇෼ ڼ࿛ᣂ᝶ڗऱࠌشΔԫֱ૿ءլࠌ௣၄ृ࣍᝜၇ழขس෗෤ࢨڶ෗෤հᇄΔ 79 ໳ሎണǴȨࠔจѠ᡼ว৖ीฝᆶ୘኱ݤڋӢᔈϐၰ ຬຫ WTO/TRIPS ೕጄǵؕڗ Ծҗຩܰᡏسനεճ੻ȩǴཥШइඵ৤ፕᏝǴಃ42 යǴ। 68Ȑ2008ȑǶ