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威爾剛在高山運動能力的運用

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威爾剛在高山運動能力的運用

國立臺灣體育運動大學 施錫麟

國立臺灣體育運動大學 陳裕鏞

摘 要

在高海拔活動中,隨著高度的增加,伴隨周邊氧分壓下降、動脈氧壓下降、 肺微血管收縮;嚴重時將出現嚴重高山症如肺水腫、腦水腫等致命危機。另高海 拔運動中由於肺血管收縮,產生肺動脈高血壓,致心輸出量減少而影響到高海拔 的運動能力。威爾剛(sildenafil citrate)特別具有對肺血管擴張的專一性,在六天內 爬到4350 公尺的高山,一天給予 3 次 40 毫克的威爾剛,實驗組明顯肺動脈壓低 於控制組。整體而論,威爾剛確實可以預防、治療高山症的發生,並增加高(低) 海拔急性低氧氣氛壓的運動能力。 關鍵詞:第5 型雙磷酸酯解酉每抑制劑、高海拔急性缺氧、一氧化氮、勃起 No.11, pp. 13~22(2011.12)

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壹、前言與作用機轉

第5 型雙磷酸酯解酶抑制劑(PDE5-inhibitor),學名 sildenafil citrate,商品名稱威爾剛 (Viagria),與犀利士(Cialis)、樂威壯(Levitra)等同屬於第 5 型雙磷酸酯解酶抑制劑成分藥 物,不管是男生或女生,其對於預防高山症的發生都被證明具有相當的效果。 作用機轉(如圖一)說明如下:當人受到一些感官刺激,則經由非腎上腺、非膽鹼神 經促使血管上皮細胞釋放一氧化氮,一氧化氮經由鳥糞素環解酶合成環狀鳥糞素單磷酸, 環狀鳥糞素單磷酸作用於血管造成血管擴張,在持續血管擴張增加血流、充血情況;相對 調節機轉是人體存在的第5 型雙磷酸酯解酶將環狀鳥糞素單磷酸降解。如是,則平滑肌的 血管無法持續擴張。而威爾剛則是抑制第5 型雙磷酸酯解酶的作用;這就是威爾剛的作用 機轉正也是我們想要的結果。

貳、利用威爾剛於高海拔登山活動

高山症出現有可能是幾小時或幾天內出現,出現症狀是多樣且複雜如急性高山疾病 Acute mountain sickness (AMS),高山腦水腫、High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) ,高山 肺水腫High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE)等;對於適應失敗而造成微血管破裂(leakage) 在腦部則造成HACE 而肺部則是 HAPE(Gallagher & Hackett, 2004)。有學者測出高山肺水 腫初始是肺微血管壓增加大於19mmhg(Maggiorini et al., 2001)。 威爾剛在高山症的利用,有學者研究服用威爾剛(3x40mg/day)後 6-8 小時,從海平面 升到高度4350 米高山上 6 天後測量肺動脈壓在安慰劑組增加 29%,而實驗組只增加 21%; 氧分壓方面,在威爾剛組不管休息與運動都有較高動脈氧分壓和較低肺泡動脈氧差,且不 管在休息與運動肺泡動脈壓差比安慰劑組都低,其結果是建議,威爾剛可有效減少高海拔 造成肺部高血壓、增加肺泡與血管氣體交換、更降低因缺氧導致運動能力下降(Richalet et al., 2005)。威爾剛降低肺血管壓力與增加動脈氧分壓表示威爾剛不只增加肺血管的擴張併 改善氣體交換對於高山症與肺部纖維化患者都具有同等效果(Ghofrani et al., 2002)。故威爾 剛對高山症有一定實質預防與治療效果。

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參、威爾剛對高山運動的影響與運用

在高山缺氧時對運動能力的表現又是如何呢?低血氧而造成運動限制有很多因子 如,第一是肺泡的低血氧而造成全身性的低血氧,和周邊肌肉疲勞。第二是一般的低血氧 造成血管縮收和減少氣體交換。第三是肺高血壓會限制右心房的輸出也導致心臟輸出因環 境的改變而身體出現不適當的適應。但每個因子造成的百分比是多少,是不太確定。學者 之所以選擇第5 型磷酸雙脂酶抑制劑,是發現它可以降低肺血管的阻力,之前的研究是使 用血管擴張劑來治療肺纖維化的肺部高血壓,但會干擾氣體交換,而左述的情況,如果使 用威爾剛不僅可以改善肺部高血壓,但全身動脈壓(SAP)是不改變且增加氣體交換 (Ghofrani et al., 2004)。而且得到結果,不管是低海拔的缺氧或在埃佛勒斯峰(Mount Everest ) 的缺氧情況下都有較低肺血管壓,這說明威爾剛可以有效的擴張肺血管;有較高周邊氧分 壓,這又說明威爾剛可以增加肺血管注流與換氣機轉;另增加心輸出量方面是因為減少血 管壓力造成心臟後負載下降同時增加心輸出量;此研究在在證明威爾剛是可以增加低海拔 與高山上低血氧時的運動能力。其實驗所得的結果數據是低海拔缺氧狀況下威爾剛組是 172.5w 安慰劑組 130.6w,高海拔缺氧狀況下威爾剛組是 189.5w 安慰劑組 170.5w 如附圖 三;但另有研究威爾剛增加高山上心輸出量(含每次輸出量)且降低收縮壓並增加周邊氧 分壓但對於正常氧分壓情況下則無統計上的意義,包含運動能力的表現(Hsu et al., 2006); 不過,另有學者在正常氧分壓情況下,給予健康運動員服用20 毫克犀利士的劑量,測試 受試者於無氧運動的能力表現,發現運動員在無氧腳踏車運動後3 分鐘,運動員血液中乳 酸值明顯較低,且運動員達最高力量的時間較短(Guidetti et al., 2008)。

肆、威爾剛禁忌與注意事項

雖然,威爾剛在國內外的文獻都證明對於登山運動中出現高山症,有一定的預防與治 療效果,學者也大多認為威爾剛是安全的藥物,不過,水能載舟,亦能覆舟,使用威爾剛 藥物有一些禁忌如下:第一:正在使用硝化甘油,亞硝化戊烷(Amyl Nitrite)或含有硝酸鹽 的藥物。第二:患有不穩定的心絞痛及嚴重的心臟病。第三:患有嚴重的頸動脈疾病。第 四:患有色素視網膜炎。第五:六個月有心肌缺氧及中風的患者。威而剛的副作用包括頭 痛、臉潮紅、胃痛、肌肉痛、鼻塞及視覺異常、怕光等副作用並不常見,即使發生也不會 很嚴重。(Lim, Moorthy, & Benton, 2002)

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Droma, Y., Hanaoka, M., Ota, M., Katsuyama, Y., Koizumi, T., Fujimoto, K., et al. (2002). Positive association of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms with high-altitude pulmonary edema. Circulation, 106(7), 826-830.

El-Metwally, M. A., Sharabi, F. M., Daabees, T. T., Senbel, A. M., & Mostafa, T. (2007). Involvement of alpha-receptors and potassium channels in the mechanism of action of sildenafil citrate. International Journal of Impotence Research, 19(6), 551-557.

Fu, Z., Jiang, P., Ren, Y., Peng, S., Li, H., Luo, X., et al. (2002). Changes of antioxidative capacity and endothelial function before and after treatment among patients with high altitude pulmonary edema. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi, 25(1), 33-35.

Gallagher, S. A., & Hackett, P. H. (2004). High-altitude illness. Emergency Medicine Clinics of

North America, 22(2), 329-355, viii.

Ghofrani, H. A., Reichenberger, F., Kohstall, M. G., Mrosek, E. H., Seeger, T., Olschewski, H., et al. (2004). Sildenafil increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3), 169-177.

Ghofrani, H. A., Schermuly, R. T., Rose, F., Wiedemann, R., Kohstall, M. G., Kreckel, A., et al. (2003). Sildenafil for long-term treatment of nonoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,

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Hopkins, S. R. (2010). Stress failure and high-altitude pulmonary oedema: mechanistic insights from physiology. The European Respiratory Journal 35(3), 470-472.

Hsu, A. R., Barnholt, K. E., Grundmann, N. K., Lin, J. H., McCallum, S. W., & Friedlander, A. L. (2006). Sildenafil improves cardiac output and exercise performance during acute hypoxia, but not normoxia. Journal of Applied Physiology, 100(6), 2031-2040.

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edema (HAPE). Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 151(2-3), 178-191.

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346(21), 1606-1607.

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圖二、高山肺水腫發生機轉

資料來源:Roach, J. M., & Schoene, R. B. (2002). Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments (Vol. 2): Department of the Army.

加重肺部的高血

無法適應

加重肺泡內的低血氧

血管上皮、內皮容易受傷

血管內部的機械壓

液體囤積

肺泡與間質水腫 (高山水腫肺水腫) 減弱缺氧換氣反 應(HVR) 增加血管張力

快速的爬升

感冒

運動

發炎中間物質 降低肺泡鈉、水分清除 率 基因 減少一氧化氮合成 病毒感染

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圖三 服用威爾剛與安慰劑組運動表現比較圖

圖三 服用威爾剛與安慰劑組運動表現比較圖 縱軸單位:瓦特(W)

資料來源:Ghofrani, H. A., Reichenberger, F., Kohstall, M. G., Mrosek, E. H., Seeger, T., Olschewski, H., et al. (2004). Sildenafil increased exercise capacity during hypoxia at low altitudes and at Mount Everest base camp: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(3), 169-177.

100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 Normoxic Conditions Day 1 Day 2 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 Day 1 Day 2 Placebo first Sildenafil first

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參考文獻

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