[email protected]
! "#$%& '( )* + ,-./01 234"# 5 -6 7 0./ $8 9 : ; <= '<> ? ' ( @ A 0B C D E F G HI5D J B C K LM N 0O P N Q R 5@ A 0S T UV W X Y $Z 4[ L\ O HI] ^ _ ` abc 8 9 d <0e R f X [ g K - 0h i2$ jAbstract
In wireless ad hoc networks, system performances can not be largely raised when using a medium access control (MAC) protocol that is based on a single-channel model. If multiple channels are available, system throughput can be increased by enabling more concurrent transmission pairs. So far, there are many papers concerning about the design of multi-channel MAC protocols. In this paper, we do a comprehensive survey on this work. We look insight each part of the whole design flow and make comparisons on the existing solutions.
Keywords: Wireless Ad Hoc Network, Medium Access Control, Multi-Channel
1.
k ./l m 0no ) p-qr s t u v wxy z { | a} ~ K 0 R -q + K 0 > $ s . 0 p 0 ./ nw $= ' @ 0 5 D g ¡0 $ ¢ £ g ¤ 0 ¡¥ ¦§¨wx ©ªMobile Ad Hoc Networks,
MANET«$ <0 ¬ wx ® ¯ °KY M ± ¤r s } ² 0y zª³ % ´ µ ¶ · « -q¸ ¹ º » w x ® ,{ < ¼ x0½ ¾ $ ¶ ? ./0½ ¾ ¿[ Lwx ® -qÀ ¼ x0= -Á  à = '(¤0Ä ÅÆ ` F $} LÄ Å§ ªMedium Access
Control, MAC«0@ A $D ÇÈ ¤0É §e Ê
Ë 0Ì Í ¿Î Ï Ä Åq6 Ð 0 $Ñ Ò Ó
ÔIEEE6 X 802.110Õ Ö } × Ø Ù Ú Û ® ªvirtual carrier sensing«aÜ °.Ý Þ ß à 0Çáe Ê Áâ ã 1 2ªhidden terminal problem«0Ä Å$ä åÚ æ s åç è+ 5é ê§Ì Í ® ë s 7  à ì 0Ü & [2][6][7]$ s d í î l m 0no Á '( : ï -w¾ $ '(-q"#* + ,0. /1 24ªtransmission pair« R ð ñ 0Î Ï a ò ó ./ß à 0Ì Í ® ë $%ô '( Á @ A õ±§ L(¤0ö Å$
2.
8 9 IEEE 802.11b÷ ø <ù ú -û * + ./ 0 IEEE 802.11a<12ú -$ü IEEE 802.11 0 ý K þ < 0$ ¤0 ê? * þ0 )'L./1 2* + n w$ '(-q þÎ Ï Â Ã 0 ò ó ./ 0Ì Í ® ë ¿./ 0 + ,$ ./1 2340./ 0} ~ 1 2 -q} ~ 0 ./xK * + ,-q"# '1 240./ ) /X è" #$ @ A '( + HI J Ä ÅR "#N 0 $HI5@ A (2 P %Áj< 0 aî 0 ¤ + ! 1 20 e Ê" # 0Ä Å â ã 1 20Ä Å$ $3.
!
!
!
!
"
"
"
"
#
#
#
#
$
$
$
$%
%
%
%
&
&
&
&
U 1 HI58 9 <> '( 0% & G ' ( ) 0Ç KO P $ U 2 HI5'( @ A 0S T U V W X Y ü *+ @ A 0S T ¶ þÁO , Z 4[ - ./ 0Ä Å ] ^ 0` F $0 1 5'(0 2 ® O §3 P 4 Y _ ` @ A '( -q<5 J î 6 D J î 4@ A ' ( 07 8 9 : + ; 0< = -q¶ ô p> ? w @ A B C 07 8
D E 0l m -q F J 9 : 0$ $H I G ¶ D J H g P I " J 0O K )@ A p4 ? '( <M N 0L M R J - N Ã 0@ A O P $ 1
Number of NICsGPS Directional Antenna Hardware support Place of negotiations Channel selection criterion Channel
selection maker SenderReceiverHybrid
Channel state
detection Physical Carrier Sensing / Virtual Carrier Sensing / Busy-tone
Reference based / Non-reference based
Dedicated control channel Common period
Number of NICsGPS Directional Antenna Hardware support Place of negotiations Channel selection criterion Channel
selection maker SenderReceiverHybrid
Channel state
detection Physical Carrier Sensing / Virtual Carrier Sensing / Busy-tone
Reference based / Non-reference based
Dedicated control channel Common period
2
3.1
'(0 Q Á ./34 1 w R F L §./$8 9 <= 'G ' 6 X * R 0® HI-q5D J ® S R nw0T °O §3 P j §U V Þ ªdedicated
control channel« ¢ §W * .,ªcommon period«$ !!!! """" #### % 3 X$$$}$ LY f §Þ } ~ 0§$ <01 2¬ Þ Y ./Þ ß à ´ µ Z [ , \ 0Þ ß à $Þ ß à 0É µ Y ] ^ ¿? w 0Þ $§./0$ ./34 _ Þ R 0Ü & ` a f 0./$b U V Þ 0h 2%Áj 5Þ ß à aß à O c 3 L./ %d-q e d0Ì Í ð ó ß à f g 0h i $- U V Þ e Ê" # 0Ä Å$-q U V Þ + nw R $i2§Þ åj Þ ß à 0 .k .Ý ß à l ± 0m n $ o ./S ès + Þ - l ±p 5S èO 3 [ Lþ$b b 3 !!!! """"
%% %% &&&& '''' (((( )))) ####
W * ., R 0 [ ® ¤<
q + .W * ` a L r ªcommon channel«
> R $êd[ ® ¤ + ,* o s 0t
Q qu { f + .v R 0xK$ S
% & 0G ' -5W * .,4 w O §3 P jW * `
ªcommon frequency hopping« ¿ x + ; ªtwo phases«$ ` §5+ ,y z ± LL$ { 0+ | $[ L + | 1 2 S 0` } ~ 5( N · y a Z [ ´ ./$d£ J + | <1 2 é ` a * > R $.Ý d+ D LW * 0+ | a ( 2 L * 0` } ~ $} ~ 1 2 -dW * + | Z [ n a./4 * 0` } ~ ./0xK$dg ® 0h 2§1 2 ¤ 0 R ® ê§ 1 2µ S o 0` } ~ [ L + | y a f $i2§ n è0+ ,y þ 0y l ±N Ý " # 0 ¿ è0 ¹ f $ + nw R . Ý $ W * + | R * ./ l ±. / $ 0 Á 4[ L1 2 + , * o s 0xK o $ x + ; 0Ü ¡% 4 X L+ , ; O § 3 L.,jÞ + ; a+ ; $Þ + ; .Ý 0 <1 2` a Lf ª% Ch 0) Î Ï ¿ R 0xK$./+ ; _ 1 9 Þ + ; R 0Ü & 5( N · y a H L .Ý $x + ; 0h 2Þ + ; R 0f - + ; ./$x 0 _ > 2 N Þ + ; 0{ c U V Þ 2 N Y $i2§ Q Á * o <¼ x1 20+ , $ + nw R 1 2 $ Þ + ; R * . /0xK l ±./ $
4**** ++++ ,,,,
3.2
@ A '( 0+ î 0 ý ʦ *0@ A $%ô î ± a ¦ , L 2 µ @ A þ 08 Õ $î 3z09 : þ<( N · LC Ç ¾ ¡ ¿¢ £ ¤ 0& è$( N · 0LC "# ¥X-q3zH L0C è ¦ ' ./ë 6 § $ä y z¦ '( N · n ' è î ± ¨ k 6 Ð $ Ç ¾ ¡ 0h 2§ð © * 0ª "#04 N 6 Ð "#.Ý 0« ¬ 1 .Ý ¤0® ¯ $i2§ - ê° <± c Ǥ 0¡ l ± t 0ß à ² ³ ( ´ µ Ä Å¶ · ( 04Ç K¤ $ 3 ¸ ¢ £ ¤ µ * o + , 0 y z$¢ £ ¤ 0¢ LÉ §-q 1 2 8 9 0¤ z d¹ ½ ¾ #þÇ ¾ ¡ -q)Ç ¾ ¡ 0 M ¢ N º $ 1 2 c » 4¢ 2.Ý -q Z 4 Ǥ ± c Ç ¾ ¡ .Ý 0¼ , [22]$
3.3
[ L1 2§× â ã 1 20Ä Å l ±a} ² 1 20Ì Í u ÷ ½ Þ [ L 0 ¾$Y D E Lµ ¿ À Y ¤< ù g Çáj÷ Ú Û D E Ø Ù Ú Û D E ¿Á  $ 5---- .... //// 0000 1111 ---- .... //// 0000 1111 #### ÷ Ú Û D E µ ; ¶ ® Ã Û 0 è Ä µ ¿ <} ~ 1 2 $÷ Ú Û D E 0h 2 §-q¸ ¹ 0Ä µ ¿ Y i2§ .Ý Å Æ Ç E R È É ( l ±0 â ã 1 2Ä Å$% 5 X 1 2E¶ ? 1 2A0./ ¦ £ êdR Ch 1À Y <- Ch 1 N Ý ß à l ±B0 ( O P $d£ ( N · LC © ? C + y Ê Ë l ± 0 f Ä Å$ %% %% 2222 3333 .... //// 0000 1111 #### Ø Ù Ú Û D E §G ¶ ./34ed.Ý Þ ß à > Ì ! 1 20$% 6 X 1 2Aa1 2B./$[ LÍ @ ( N · 0 Á A a B -.Ý 0¯ N Ý RTS aCTSÞ ß à $./34Å Æ 01 2 C D a E G ¶ @ 0 3z èªNetwork Allocation Vector, NAV« d
$Ø Ù Ú Û D E 0h 2§-; ¶ ß à 0Î â ã 1 2Ä Å ® ¯ Ï c ÷ Ú Û D E © $i 2§ Ð þ 0Ñ ¶ $ÒÞ ß à t N Ã Ì Í - l ±¦ *( ) ¢  à · (0Ì Í $%1 2EÒ* + ( B1 2 N Ý 0CTS¿F1 2N Ý 0RTSÂ Ã Ì Í 1 2E¦ *Ó <- 9 : aA B1 234 * 0 ./Ô B1 20 ( $ 62222 3333 .... //// 0000 1111 # ## # 44 44 5555 6666 #### Á  § Õ N Ý 0ª §Ö Ù × Ø Ì Í D E 0w§$ D L® §[ L 3z Þ $./34Å Æ 01 2-G ¶ Þ þµ ¿ [ Á  Y Ä 4 Ù 0µ ¿ À Y $ %7 X c » o 1 2A.Ý Ú B é 1 N Ý RTSÞ ß à Ú B$ÒBÅ Æ 0 §¼ Û Ü Ý CTS * + Þ ± c Á  v ( M 0+ ,2þ > Þ $A v ( CTS¦ * Þ ± c Á Â ß .Ý Å Æ 01 2À ./0 v .Ý M * > Þ d$ Á  0h 2§-qà + , µ ¿ t ? Á á $¶ ? Á  µ G ¶ Z [ Y Ä µ ¿ §¼ Û êd é <Þ ß à ed,0Ì Í l ±P Ä 0 $ Á  -ð â ¼ x¾ 0Ä ÅN à %F1 2 Ò ã ü ä nB1 20.Ý -¸ ¹ À Y $ Á  0i2§êÕ å 0N
Ý l ±0 ® è ¶ ? N Ý d l ±N q ./s T æ N Ý dl ±0 m n $ê§dR ° <ç v À ô } ~ ê dN Ý Á  0Þ aZ Þ 0 q340 X d Ò 'ú f C 0è O ¦ æ .Ý Á  $ 75555 6666
3.4
'(0 Q Á D E D Lx KM ±¦ * õ¤n o é S ê 0> 9 : ° ë 0./$QF þ¤f ì í 3 L` 0í î * 0 é N à ¯ 0Ä Å$HI59 : 0Ç O §3 LP , $ %U 8 X L§ ¤% & P , ¢ L§ % & P , $ ¤% & P , § ¤ % & J #qï N 9 : X ú °ë 0./$HI ¤% & P , Q Á O §% & ¼ Û
0¿% & S è0$ % & P , % & } ² 0 dP , ð ® Ç á$% & ¼ Û Á HI ñ X ú ò Û z0 ./0xK$- S 0< ó ô + ,´ µ ÷ Ú Û D E 0Ü & $% & S è S P , Á HI ñ X ú S èc 0 ./ -% & 0< B C $ 8 7777 8888 9999 :::: ;;;; <<<< ==== >>>> ???? @@@@ #### % & P , ¶ ? ¤% & } ~ 0 9 : êd Þ ß à Å #õ £0 l ±ß à 0åö -¸ ¹ 0 R R ./$ wx¹ c § ¹ 0 Á-ð dP , 0 $ê§%& ð R c { 0 <- À R + ; x Çõꧬ c ed0./ l ± R g ÷ $ ® 9 : µ f ð ® 0Çá9 ú c » ./$o 1 2./ c » Þ Î Ï Ò±É 0Î Þ ß à RTSaCTS ø ®  à y 0} ~ ¦ * õ _ d} ~ ` a f $ù ü ` * 0 0ò ó Ì Í 0® ë ä ú <- <} ~ ./4 ` a * û 0$êd (Ì ` a 0 þ4 Î Ï B -./$dg Çá h 2§./4x Ç ¤ü ý s '0 ¿{ ; Y þ -q5S èO H L e þ0p $i2§° < S o + 0 x 03z åÚ è 1 2 S ® 0Çá<- ¢ \ ` a * l ± Ì Í aÎ Ï 0 $ %% %% ;;;; AAAA <<<< ==== >>>> ???? @@@@ ¤% & P , µ G ¶ Þ ß à 0.k b 4.Ý a ( Å Æ ( ) 0 ; ed0 R O K Ä 9 : X ú §°ë ./0$ o -0C 8 ¦ ' Å #0 "# " #Þ ß à .Ý 0åö $ä -¶ Å #0> - N à 0Ì Í ¨ Î Ï n+ X °ë 0q ./$ <1> BBBB CCCC DDDD EEEE ++++ )))) G ¶ Þ ß à ç v 0H L0ó ô + , - 8 9 4Ç5 ú ¤'© + ,* é ó ô ´ µ : ; t ? ¼ Û êd-4 < 0 $[11][19]6 Ò° <¼ Û 0 - d] ^ ó ô + , ¦ q1 ./+ ,$ Ì ! 1 2ó ô + ,0 S ] < = < * Ì d N 0 6 § = '$ <2> BBBB CCCC ---- .... //// 0000 1111 FFFF GGGG HHHH ÷ Ú Û D E ÒÇ E §¼ Û ./0xK$MCSMA[1] Nú þ3z NL( N · ÷ Ú Û D E $.Ý + Ò ( N · Ç E §¼ Û 3 z 0 þ. /$h 2§ + ; M ÷ Ú Û D E * Î Þ ß à õ- ./0xK$i 2§î ± Ø 7 ú ü ° <e Êâ ã 1 2Ä Å$
<3> BBBB CCCC IIII CCCC JJJJ KKKK B C ¥1 2Å Æ 0B C $Å #d- 0 ¾ n c c p 0 åÚ 08 Õ $¥ 1 N Q * 9 : ú 0bc $ L L L L17777 8888 MMMM NNNN OOOO PPPP
Method Advantages Drawbacks
R an do m 1. 2. ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , -. / 0 1 R ele as e t im e 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ;< = > ? ! @ 1. A B C D E F 2.D G H I J K L 3.Release time ) M H N O + , P Q Ph ys ica l c arr ier se ns in g R S T U V W 7 8 ! X Y Z [ \ ] 6 7 8 9 : ^ _ ` S , a C ha nn el us ag e t im es b c d e f g h i j k l m n 1. A B C D E F 2. L L L L2 QQQQ MMMM NNNN RRRR JJJJ KKKK FFFF
3.5
9 : Êpf 0µ ¶ ô p> * 9 : 0xK$D O §ù LP , j¶ .Ý
ʪSender Based) ¶ ʪReceiver
Based« ´ µ x 0¶ .Ý ´ µ . Ý Ê ªHybrid«$ _ R ÇáaB C -O §Á~ g j .Ý 3 B @ A Ê0 ( 3 B @ A Ê0 ( ù B @ A Ê0 °P I @ A ¥2 [ g Çáý K0Çáa- 0Ä Å$ W * .,¦ ` 0 ´ µ U V Þ 0 R ¤ç v 0 3 B @ A -M ± R $ ¥3 HI~ X 8 9 '( 0 R ½ ¾ $ L L L L3 FFFF OOOO PPPP
4
.
'
'
'
'
(
(
(
(
HI6 X @ A '( Ì 0Ä Å¿ $R S % & G ' 58 9 '( #qO P M N 0@ A S T U X H L q - 0Ä ÅR #q] ^ 0 ` F qV W X LM N @ A 0 U < 0\ - N Ã 0O P ¸ ¹ 0n^ dB C / $)
*
)
)
*
*
)
*
B C A ; n ¶ Ñ é ! A " §NSC 94-2213-E-259-016+
,
-
.
+
+
,
,
-
-
.
.
+
,
-
.
[1] A. Nasipuri, J. Zhuang, and S. R. Das, A Multi-Channel CSMA MAC Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks, IEEE WCNC, pp.1402-1406, Sept. 1999.
[2] B. P. Crow, I. Widjaja, J. G. Kim, and P. T. Sakai, IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 116-126, Sept. 1997
[3] C. S. Wu and V. O. K. Li, Receiver-Initiated Busy Tone Multiple Access in Packet Radio Networks, ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 336- 42, Aug. 1987. [4] C. Y. Chang, H. C. Sun and C. C. Hsieh,
MCDA: an efficient multi-channel MAC protocol for 802.11 wireless LAN with directional antenna, IEEE AINA, pp.64-67, Mar. 2005. [5] F. A. Tobagi and L. Kleinrock, Packet
Switching in Radio Channels: Part IIThe Hidden Terminal Problem in Carrier Sense Multiple-Access and the Busy-Tone Solution,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.23, no.12, pp. 1417
1433, Dec. 1975.
[6] G. Anastasi and L. Lenzini, QoS Provided by the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN to Advanced Data Applications: a Simulation Analysis, Wireless Networks, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 99-108, Mar. 2000. [7] G. Bianchi, Performance Analysis of the IEEE
802.11 Distributed Coordination Function,
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, vol. 18, no. 3, Mar. 2000. [8] H. Koubaa, “Fairness-Enhanced Multiple Control
Channels MAC for Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp.1504–1508, Jun. 2005.
[9] H. Zhai, J. Wang, Y. Fang, and D. Wu, A dual-channel MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks,IEEE GlobeCom, pp. 27-32, Dec. 2004.
[10] J. Chen, S. T. Sheu, C. A. Yang, A new multi-channel access protocol for IEEE 802.11 ad hoc wireless LANs, IEEE Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp.7-10, Sept. 2003.
[11] J. H. Chen and Y. D. Chen, AMNP: Ad Hoc Multichannel Negotiation Protocol for Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks, IEEE International Conference on Communication, pp. 3607-3612, 2004.
[12] J. S. Pathmasuntharam, A. Das, and A. K. Gupta, Primary channel assignment based MAC (PCAM) - a multi-channel MAC protocol for
multi-hop wireless networks, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 21-25, Mar. 2004.
[13] J. So and N. Vaidya, Multi-Channel MAC for Ad Hoc Networks: Handling Multi-Channel Hidden Terminals Using A Single Transceiver, ACM Mobihoc, pp.222-233, May 2004.
[14] N. Choi, Y. Seok, and Y. Choi, Multi-channel MAC protocol for mobile ad hoc networks, IEEE VTC, pp. 1379-1382, Oct. 2003.
[15] N. Jain, S. R. Das, A. Nasipuri, A multichannel CSMA MAC protocol with receiver-based channel selection for multihop wireless networks, Computer Communications and Networks, pp. 15-17, Oct. 2001.
[16] P. Bahi, R. Chandra, and J. Dunagan, SSCH: Slotted Seeded Channel Hopping for Capacity Improvement in IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks, ACM MobiCom, pp.216-230, 2004. [17] P. Kyasanur and N. H. Vaidya, “Routing and
Interface Assignment in Multichannel MultiInterface Wireless Networks,” IEEE WCNC, 2005.
[18] R. Maheshwari, H. Gupta, S. R. Das, “Multichannel MAC Protocols for Wireless Networks, SECON, Sept. 2006.
[19] S. L. Wu, C. Y. Lin, Y. C. Tseng, and J. P. Sheu, A New Multi-Channel MAC Protocol with On-Demand Channel Assignment for Multi-Hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Intl Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks, 2000.
[20] S. L. Wu, Y. C. Tseng, C. Y. Lin, J. P. Sheu, “A multi-channel MAC protocol with power control for multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks”, Computer. J. vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 101-110, 2002.
[21] W. C. Hung, K. L. Eddie Law, A. Leon-Garcia, A Dynamic Multi-Channel MAC for Ad Hoc LAN, 21St Biennial Symposium on Communications, Apr. 2002,
[22] Y. B. Ko, V. Shankarkkumar, and N. H. Vaidya, Medium Access Control Protocols Using Directional Antennas in Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 1, pp. 13-21, Mar. 2000. [23] Z. Huang, C. C. Shen, C. Srisathapornphat, and C.
Jaikaeo, A Busy Tone Based Directional MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE MILCOM, Oct. 2002.
[24] Z. J. Haas and J. Deng, Dual Busy Tone Multiple Access (DBTMA)A Multiple Access Control for Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Trans. Commun, vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 975-985, Jun. 2002. [25] Z. Tang and J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves,
“Hop-Reservation Multiple Access (HRMA) for Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE INFOCOM, vol. 1, pp. 194-201, Mar. 1999.
