中英政治演講之語步及互動標記對比分析

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(1)A Comparative Analysis of Rhetorical Moves and Interactional Strategies in Chinese and English Political Speech.

(2)

(3) 好. ⾝move structure. ⾝interactional markers 因因. 因. ⼩. 6 因. 因. 5. 好. ⾝. 6. 與. 因 4. 與與與因. 17 因. 9. 因. 5 因. 12. 因與. 好. 因. 5. 與. 與. 因因因. 地動. 6. 好因. 好與. 6 與. ⾼了. 與. 與. 與與. 因因. ⾼了. 因. 與. 很. 因. 因. i. 因.

(4) 很我. 因. 了. 因我. 因. 5. 因⾼了因. 因. 17. 因. 我因因本. 網. 與. 與. 好與. ii. 好與.

(5) Abstract This thesis analyzes move structure and utilization of interactional markers in Chinese and English-language political speech, with the goal of providing a comparative Chinese-English move and interactional strategy models for use by Chinese as a Second Language learners and educators. The study uses a series of speeches given by Chinese and American representatives at the United Nations General Assembly General Debate between 2012 and 2017 as its target of analysis, which the author uses to discuss similarities and differences in formal spoken language conventions for the two languages. In the move analysis section, the author first separates each speech into 5 moves, including the introduction, body 1, 2, 3, and conclusion, further breaking each move down into different strategies. By this method, the author deduces 17 different strategies, including 4 required and 9 optional strategies in the Chinese speeches, and 5 required and 12 optional strategies in the English speeches. Strategy variety occurs at a higher rate in the English speeches, with the majority of unique strategies appearing in the introduction and conclusion moves of speeches in both languages. In the interactional markers section, the author is concerned with 5 interactive metadiscourse markers, including hedges, boosters, attributors, attitude markers, and commentary markers. In English speeches, the most commonly used marker is the commentary markers, while in Chinese it is the attitude marker. The author includes also in this section a vocabulary chart presenting common interactive markers for Chinese and English. Finally, the author conducts a cross-analysis using data from the move and interactional strategies sections, looking at interactive marker distribution in 6 strategies commonly appearing across the Chinese and English speeches, including Call to Arms, Emphasizing Nation’s Contributions, Discussion of General Issues, Exposition on International Issues, and Revisiting of a Historical Event, and Greeting. In general, the most common markers in Chinese speech regardless of strategy are Attitudinal markers, while. iii.

(6) in English it is Commentary markers, with the exception of the Greeting strategy, for which Chinese also uses Commentary markers at the greatest rate, and Emphasis on Nation’s Contributions, in which Chinese speeches use Boosters, Attitudinal markers, and Commentary markers at approximately the same rate. Furthermore, strategies in Chinese speeches tend to employ significantly more boosters than hedges, while English speeches lean towards a balance of the two, with the exception of the Call to Arms strategy, in which both Chinese and English speeches employ hedges at at least double the number of boosters. The results of this research are similar in certain ways to previous research, for example in the separation of speeches into 5 moves and in the general distribution of interactional markers in Chinese and English speeches. However, the results also include several unique points, notably the identification of strategies in political speech, as well as the distribution of interactional markers within these strategies. The thesis finishes with a pedagogical application of the research results, including an example lesson plan with explanation of important points and suggested teaching order. The author hopes that this thesis may be of assistance to later research on Chinese and English pragmatics, as well as provide for a better understanding of the differences between Chinese and English political speech for students and teachers of the two languages.. Keywords: Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, pragmatics, move analysis, metadiscourse analysis, Chinese-English comparison. iv.

(7) ........................................................................................................................... i Abstract.................................................................................................................. iii .......................................................................................................................... v .................................................................................................................... vii ...................................................................................................................... x ………………………………………….…....................................... 1 ............................................................................................ 1 ................................................................................ 3 ............................................................................................ 6 .................................................................................................... 8 好. 好........................................................................ 8 好.................................................................................. 20 .................................................................................. 31. 了. .................................................................................. 41 .................................................................................................. 42 .......................................................................................... 42 好. .................................................................................. 45. v.

(8) 好. …………………………………….................. 47. .................................................................................................. 49 .............................................................. 49 .......................................................................... 90 動. 好. ............................................ 100. ........................................................................................ 106 ................................................................................................ 109 ………………………………………………................ 109 我………………………………………………................ 113 …………………………………………….…............................... 119 ………………………………………………................ 119 ………………………………………................ 120 .............................................................................................................. 122 ...................................................................................................................... 130. vi.

(9) -1 BCU. 發. 好. ⾝Biber et al., 2007) ................................... 15 好⾝Upton & Cohen, 2009) ............................ 16. -2 BCU -3 Nwogu⾝1997. ......................................................... 21. -4 Swales⾝1981; 1990; 2004. CARS. ......................................... 22. ⾝Joseph, Lim & Nor, 2013) ............................... 24. -5 -6 Nwogu⾝1997. ................................................. 26. -7. ⾝Liu, 2012) ............................................ 29. -8. ⾝Hyland & Tse, 2004) ............................... 33. -9. ⾝Hyland & Tse, 2004) ............................... 34. -10 Yang⾝2013. 網. ........................... 37. -1. ................................. 44. -2. ................................. 44. -3 為. ⾝2017. ............................. 46 我 ..................................................... 50. -1 -2. -. 網. 覺⾝2014. -3. -. 網. ⾝2014. -4. ................ 64. ........... ... 70. .……………….......................... .. 76. vii.

(10) -5. ..................................................... 77. -6. ............................................................. 78. -7. ............................................................. 80. -8. ⾝. ............................................. 81. -9. ⾝. ............................................. 82. -10. 與. 與. ⾝. 與. 與. ....... 83. -11. 與. 與. ⾝. 與. 與. ....... 84. -12. ⾝. ........................................... 85. -13. ⾝. ........................................... 86. -14. ............................................................... 88. -15. ............................................................... 88. -16. ....................................... 97. -17. ............................................................. 101. -18. ................. 102. -19. ......... 102. -20. ⾼了. ..... 103. -21. ..... 103. -22. ..... 104. -23. ......................... 105 viii.

(11) -1. 我 .............................................................................................. 113. -2. .......................................................................... 117. ix.

(12) -1. ............................................................. 90. -2. ............................................................. 91. -3. ......................................................................... 93. -4. ......................................................................... 94. -5. ......................................................................... 95. -6. ..................................................................... 95. x.

(13) 看. ⾝. 與⾝. ⾝. 看. 因. 因知. 與. 因. 只因. 我與. 因. ⾏. 與. 與. 因. 因. 因⾏因. 因. 再. 因. 因家. 因. 因⾝Katchen, 1987. 因2006 因. 因. 因因因. 因因. 他. 1. 因.

(14) 因我. ⾝Irimiea, 2010. 因. 因我. 與. 因. 與只因. 我. 我因. 因. 因 my ⾝. 三與⽽. 因2010. I. 因. 因⾝Zhu, 2000. 我. 所因Loi & Evans⾝2010. 因. 因因因了. ⾝2017. 網Loi & Evans⾝2010. 好. Li⾝2011 年. 與Li⾝2011 年因. ⾝Hyland, 2000. 因. Xie. 與. 與. 與. 年. 與. 因. 與. Kwan⾝2006. 了. 因Xie⾝2017 好. 了. 因. 因 Kwan⾝2006 再了因. 了. 微. 因. 好因我. 為. 微因. ⾝2017. Liu⾝2012. 2. ⾝.

(15) 因微. 因微. Wang⾝2016 因. 因微. 好. 微. 因. 因. 我微. Kim & Lim⾝2013. 因Hu & Cao⾝2011 因. 因. 把⾝2014 Mai⾝2016 因. 因. 因. 因⾼了. 因我. 了. 因. 好. 好. 好. 微因. 因. 好. ⾝Upton & Cohen, 2009. 動. 因. 好因. 因. 因. 因. 網. 1. 2. 3.. 3.

(16) 好. 因因. 因. 因我. 因. 因我. 我. 因. 因. 好. 網. 因. ⾝move. ⾝Liu, 2012; Wang, 2016. structure 本. 因我. 因. 因地. 因. 因. 因. 因因. 快因. 因. 微. 好都. 因好. 微因因. 了. 好. 開因⾝interactional markers 因. 4. 微⾏.

(17) 因. ⾝Mai, 2016. 因. 因. 他. ⾝. 因因. 微. 好因. 因. 因. 因. 因網⾝1 好因. 因. 因. ⾝2. 只. 因前. 因因因本. 因因因. 因. 現. 5.

(18) 因因. 因. ⾝. 與⾝. ⾝. move ⼩⾝與. ⾝. 與. ⾝Nwogu, 1997. 因. ⾝Connor, Upton. & Kanoksilapatham, 2007; McCarthy, 1991 因我網. 因. 為. 與. ⾝2017 與. 好. 與. 因因. ⾝strategies. metadiscourse. interactional markers. 網 1. 因. Interactive. 與. ⾝Hyland, 2005 2. Interactional. ,. ⾝Hyland, 2005. 6. 與.

(19) 因因. 很⾝Dafouz-Milne, 2008. 因好. 動. 好因. ⾝因微. 好因因. 因. 微. 因. political discourse. political speech. 因. ⼒. 因. ⼼. 因因. 與與. ⾝Van Dijk, 1997 因. 快. 因. 7. 因因因.

(20) 了. 因. 網⾝1. 好⾝3 ⼩因. 好. 好與⾝2. 好. 好. 微好. 好. 因. 好. 微. 微. 了因. 微好. 好. 好. 好. 與微. ⾼了. 好因. 因好. 好因. 因. ⼩. 因. 我. 微. 好. 好. 因. ⾝real language. 好. 微. ⼩因. 我. 微. 1.1.1 好⾝discourse analysis. 好. 最⾝function ⾝. 因⾝Brown & Yule, 1983. 與. 與. 與. 8. 好⾝form 好.

(21) 因. 因. 好. Willis⾝1996 因⾝real spoken and written language in use ⾝p.11 因因因. ⾝. 最. 因. 好. 因. 與. ⾝transactional. 網. ⾝interactional ⾝Brown & Yule, 1983. ⾝. 因本. 因. 地⾝. 與地. ⾝. 與. 與. 因. ⾝. ⾝Lyons, 1977 因我. 因. 因. 因. ⾝. 因. ⾝⾝1934. 因. ⾝representative. ⾝expressive 與Jakobson⾝1960. ⾝referential. ⾝emotive 與Halliday⾝1970b. ⾝interpersonal. Lyons⾝1977. ⾝social-expressive. Buhler. 因最. 9. ⾝descriptive. ⾝ideational.

(22) 2.1.2 好. Kaplan⾝1966. 因. 因因地. ⾝樂. 因2013. 好. Hyland⾝2002 因因我. 因. 因. 再. 因. ⾝因我. 因. ⾝. 與. 與. 因因因. ⾝Li, 2011. 因. 我因Hyland & Bondi. ⾝2006. 地. 因. I 與 my 與 we 好. 我因. 因. 好. 微. 因. 微因我. 因. 因因. John, 1999 ⾝Hyland, 2002. ⾝Hyland, 2001; Tang &. 因. 因因. 好. 因. 10.

(23) 因. Gee⾝1999. ⾝all meaning in local 因⾝. 我. 美. 網. 因. here 與 there 與 over there ⾝. 與嗎. 與. 與⾝. 因. 與放嗎. 因. 因. 著⼼. 只因. 我. 因. 因. 美因. 因. 只. 網D’Andrade⾝1984. Strauss. & D’Andrade⾝1992 ⾝2014. Fazilatfar & Naseri 好. 也. 也. 微. Berman & Slobin⾝1994. 因. ⾝因. 我因. 美. 因. 因因. Bhatia⾝2008 好. 15 因因. 11. 再. 因.

(24) 因. 因. 與. 因. Gee⾝1999 因. ⾝significance 與⾝politics 與. 網⾝1. ⾝activities 與. ⾝identity 與. ⾝connections. ⾝relationships 與. ⾝signs systems and knowledge 網. Bhatia⾝2008 因. ⾝. 與. 微. 好⾝2. 與. 與. 與. 因Schiffrin⾝2001. 好. 網⾝1. ⾝3 最. 快. 好. 好. 好. ⾝動. 因. 因. 因. 好. 好. 好. 微. 因. 因. 好. 因. 好. 好因好. 因. 好. 因⼩. 看好. 12. 好與. ⼩. 好. 因.

(25) 2.2.1 因. ⾝genre. ⾝明. 因1993. 因. 因⼼. 因因. 因. 因. ⾝Bhatia, 1993 ⼩. Bhatia⾝1993 因. 最. 因美. ⾝. 好. 因. 因. 因. 因. 因. 因網⾝1 ⼼. ⾝2 ⼼. ⾝. ⾝Bhatia, 1993 過. Hasan⾝1996 過. Structure Potential ⾝⾝obligatory elements. ⾝Genre. 因過. ⾝optional elements. 因. 因⾝. & 過. 因2011. 因Hasan⾝1996 網⾝1. ⾝2 因. 因. 因. 我⾝3 過. 13.

(26) 好. 因. 因. ⾝⾝我. 因⾝Caballero,. 因. 2007. 好因. 快好. 好. 因. 因發. 因⾝. 好⾝corpus analysis. 因. 發. 好. 知. 好. 知. 好⾝lexical analysis. 好. 好因. Swales⾝1981, 1990. ⾝. ⾝. 知. 動. ⾝top-down approach Biber⾝2007 好. 因. 發. 好因. 因 -1. 發發. ⾝BCU. 好. 好. Upton⾝2007 ⾝. 好. Biber, Connor, Upton. 1. 14. Biber, Connor 好. 好 1. 網.

(27) -1 BCU. BCU Approach. 好. 1.. Biber et al., 2007. 網. ⼼. ⾝communicative/functional. ⾝. 好. categories 2.. ⾝segmentation. 好. 因. 3.. ⾝classification. 好. 因⼼. 好. 4.. 好. ⾝linguistic analysis of each. 知. ⼩. unit 5. ⾝linguistic description of discourse categories 6.. 好. 因. ⼩. ⾝text structure. 好. 7. ⾝discourse organizational tendencies. 15. 說.

(28) 因. 好因. BCU ⾝Upton & Cohen, 2009. Upton & Cohen⾝2009 ⾝. -2 BCU. -2. 網. Upton & Cohen, 2009. -1 1. ⾝communicative/functional categories. 1. ⼼ 2. ⼼網. 因. 我. 16. BCU.

(29) ⾝segmentation. 2.. ⾝網因地. 地因. 動因 BCU. BCU. 好. 好好. 因因因. 他. 因. 因. 他因. 微. 因好因. 2.2.2 看. 因. ⼩因. ⼼⾝van Dijk, 1997. 17. 我. 因. ⾝politicians.

(30) 因因. ⾝. 因因我. 與. 與. 因. 與. ⾝van Dijk, 1997 因. Chilton & Schaffner⾝1999 因. 因. 與. 與因. Al-Faki⾝2014 ⼒. 因. 與. 因. 因⾝Al-. 因. Faki, 2014 ⾝Johnson, 2000. 因因. 因. Reisigl⾝2008 因因. ⾝deliberative 讓. 沒. 和. ⾝epideictic. 和. 因. 因. 可. 因. 因. 同. 友. Reisigl⾝2008. 因因因前因. TEDTALK. 因因. 18.

(31) 因. ⾝Cap & Okulska, 2013 因. 因. ⾝Brummet, 2004 ⼩因. 因. 因. ⽚. ⼀(speaking claptrap)因. 因. 分. 因. 分. ⾝As-saaidi, 2015 因我. 因. 與. 因. 因⾧. ⼩網⾝Irimiea, 2010. 因我因. 知. 因. 麼麼. ⾝Shugerman, 2018. 因. 情. -. 因. 2016 因. ⾝Spice, 2016 因因⼩網. 因. 因. 因因. 因. 因. ⼩. 知因. 19. 我.

(32) 好因. ⾝1 ⾝. 好. 好. ⼩. 因. ⾝2. ⾝3. 看. 本. 與. 了. 因⾼了. 開. 開. ⾝move. 因. Nwogu⾝1997 ⼩⾝. ⾝. 與. 因. 因 2007. 與. ⾝Connor, Upton & Kanoksilapatham, 前. McCarthy, 1991. 因. 好. Swales⾝1990, 2004. 因. ⾝establishing territory ⾝establishing a niche 因. 因. 我. 因. ⾝. 因再. 因. 地好我 70. ⾝Yang & Allison, 2003 因因. 因. 因. 因. 20.

(33) 因因網⾝1. Nwogu⾝1997 ⾝inferencing from context. ⾝2. ⾝linguistic clues in discourse ⼼. 因. 因. 網⾝1. ⾝. 因. ⾝我知. ⾝2. 因. ⾝我⾝3. 與. 因. 與. ⾝我. ⾝4. 因. ⾝我因⾝schematic structure. Nwogu⾝1997 地. ⾝. -3. 網. -3 Nwogu⾝1997. 因. 1.. 與. 2. 3.. 與. 因因⾝. 21. 與.

(34) 4. 因. 5.. 好. 因因. 地. 地. 因. 好. ⾝1981; 1990; 2004. 好. ⾝CARS⾝Create a Research Space. 因⾝2017. ⾝. -4. Swales. ⾝. 道. 網. -4 Swales⾝1981; 1990; 2004. CARS. 網. 1網. ⾝Establishing a Territory. 2網 3網. 網. 1A網. ⾝Establishing a Niche. 於. 1B網 1C網 1D網. 22. 們. 為.

(35) 網. ⾝Occupying. 1A網. a Niche. 1B網 2網 3網你. 4網. 因⾝step. 因. Swales⾝1990. 好. Swales. ⾝strategies. Bhatia⾝2003. 好. 因. 好. 好. 因. Crookes⾝1986 與Dudley-Evans⾝1986 與Hopkins⾝1985 與Nwogu⾝1991 Pindi⾝1988. 好. Swales. 好. 地. 因. Nwogu⾝2003 因. 因. ⾝ Bawarshi & Reiff⾝2010. 再. 好. 好⾝English for Specific Purposes. ⾝ Kanoksilapatham,. 2005; Williams, 1999 好. ⾝Posteguillo, 1999. 23. ⾝Williams, 1999.

(36) ⾝Samraj, 2002. ⾝Kanoksilapatham因2005. ⾝Stoller. 因Chang & Kuo⾝2011. & Robinson, 2013. 好. 再. 因. 好. 了因年. 因. ⾝1. ⾝. ⾝2. 因⾝我. 好. ⾝Brett, 1994 與. ⾝Lim, 2006 與. 再. ⾝Amnuai & Wannaruk, 2013. 與. ⾝Joseph, Lim & Nor, 2013 好 5. ⾝Joseph, Lim & Nor, 2013. 我⾝. 網⾝Joseph, Lim & Nor, 2013. -5. A. 24. -.

(37) 地. 了 Posteguillo⾝1999 ⾝2005. 因. 網Nwogu⾝1997. 好. 好. 因. 好. Kanoksilapatham. Kanoksilapatham⾝2005 因. 60. 15 與⾼了因. Nwogu⾝1997 ⼥. 30. ⾝. 與. 最因. 與. 與. ⾝IMRD. 11. 因. 因 Nwogu⾝1997. CARS. 好. ⾝. 25. -6⾝. Swales⾝1981, 1990 道. 為. ⾝2017 網.

(38) -6 Nwogu⾝1997 地. 地. 好. 他. 微. 了因. ⾝Holmes, 1997 因. 網與. ⾝Swales, 1981; 1990 與與. 與. 與. 與. ⾝Peacock, 2002; 2011. 與. ⾝Samraj, 2002; 2005. 與. ⾝Basturkmen, 2012 Kanamaru & Tajino, 2015. ⾝Maswana, 好. Maswana與Kanamaru & Tajino⾝2015. 26. Swales⾝1981, 1990 好. 67.

(39) 因. 因 Peacock⾝2002. 好. 因. 252. ⾝. 因⾝finding ⾝⾝73%. ⾝claim ⾝與. 84. ⾝recommendation 微. 與. 90. ⾝reference to previous research ⾝59%. 微了. 因. 因. 了. 網Loi & Evans⾝2010 與Li⾝2011. Xie⾝2017. 好. Loi & Evans⾝2010. Swales⾝1990 因. CARS. 因 Li⾝2011. 好. 年. 年與. 年與. 與. 因Xie⾝2017. ⾝Hyland, 2000. 因. 與. 年. 因. 與了. Kwan⾝2006. 了. 因. 好. 因因. Kwan. ⾝2006 再了. 了. 因. Nwogu⾝1997. ⾝Joseph, Lim & Nor, 2013. 地 Nwogu⾝1997. Nor⾝2013. 27. 因. Joseph, Lim &.

(40) 快. 好. 因. 為. 我. 與Zhan⾝2012. 好. Liu⾝2012. 好. ⾝2017. 因. 為. 與Wang⾝2016. 了⾝2017. 好. 好. 好. 因與. 因. 我. 因. 因. 因. 因為. ⾝2017. 因. 11. 因Zhan⾝2012 網⾝1. 好. 因. ⾝2. ⾝4. ⾝3. ⾝5 因好. Wang⾝2016. 因. ⾝. 因. 因. 我因. 因17%. ⾝. ⾝quotation 因. 因44%. ⾝statement of subject and purpose 22% 因我. Wang⾝2016. ⾝rhetorical question. 17%. 11%. Kaplan⾝1966. Kaplan⾝1966 因. 因. 28.

(41) 因. 果因. 因Wang⾝2016. 因Kaplan 因因我. Kaplan. 好因. ⾝. 35. 1789. 好因. 2009. 好. Liu⾝2012 ⾝. -7. ⾝Liu, 2012. -7. 我網. ⾝salutation. Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief. 因. Justice, Senator Cook, Mrs. Eisenhower, and. ⾯. my fellow citizens of this great and good country we share together. (Nixon, 1973) 網. In taking again the oath of office as President. ⾝Announcing taking of. of the United States, I assume the solemn. office. obligation of leading the American people… (Roosevelt, 1993). 網. ⾝expressing On behalf of our nation, I salute my. sentiments. predecessor, President Bush, for his half⾝. 讓. 與. century of service to America. (Clinton, 1993). 29. 網.

(42) 網. ⾝making. It shall be displayed to the extent of my 因友. pledges. humble abilities in continued efforts so as to administrate the Government as to preserve their liberty and promote their happiness. (Jackson, 1833). 網. It is now three days more than a hundred. ⾝arousing patriotism in. years since the adoption of the first written. citizens. constitution of the United States--the Articles 因我. of Confederation and Perpetual Union. (Garfield, 1881). 網. Under this Constitution our people long ago. ⾝announcing political principles. made themselves safe against danger… the 因. -. Union, with constitution and laws, framed and enforced by their own citizens, to secure the manifold blessings of local selfgovernment. (Garfield, 1881). 網. ⾝appealing. to the audience. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country. (Kennedy, 1961). 網. ⾝resorting. to religious power. God bless you all, and God bless America. (Bush, 2001). 好. Liu⾝2014 ⾝. 30. 因.

(43) 與. 電因⾝. 與. 與. 與微因. 好. ⾼了. 微因因. ⾝1. 因微. 因. ⾝2 ⾝3. 3.1.1 ⾝ interactive 因. metadiscourse markers 好因. Hyland⾝2000. ⾝因. 網. 因. ⾝. ⾝Interactive. 與⾝Hyland, 2005 與. ,. 31. 與.

(44) ⾝. ⾝Interactional 好. ⾝Hyland, 2005. 因. 因我. 我. ⾝Bunton, 1998 與. 因. Hyland⾝2004 因. ⾝Crismore & Farnsworth, 1990 因. ⾝Schiffrin, 1980 因. Dafoune-Milne⾝2008 因. 因. 前因. must 因因. 很. 因. 因. 因. ⾝. 因. 只. 喜. 因. 因 Intaraprawat & Steffensen⾝1995 因. ,. 因. 也. 因. ⾝TOEFL 因Pérez & Macià. (Gholami, Nejad & Pour, 2014) ⾝2002. 因因因. 只. 最. 3.1.2 了 Tse⾝2004. 因. 因. Hyland & Hyland & Tse⾝2004. 32.

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(65) 因. 因⽣. 因我網. 網. 因因. ⾝. 覺因2017 網“In Mali, we supported both the French intervention that successfully pushed back al Qaeda, and the African forces who are keeping the peace. In Eastern Africa, we are working with partners to bring the Lord’s Resistance Army to an End.” (Obama, 2013) 2. 9. 8. 因真. 最. 因因. 因因. 網. 要. 我網因. 博. 因. 對. 也⾝. 覺因2013 網“When Iran agrees to accept restraints on its nuclear proram…We can’t combat a disease like Zika that recognizes no borders…We can only eliminate extreme poverty if the sustainable development goals that we have set are more than words on paper.” (Obama, 2016). 53.

(66) 因我. 因. 網. 愛 9/19. 9 ⾝. 12. 因. 19. 覺因2017. 網“First, the terrorist organization know as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant must be degraded and ultimately destroyed. It has terrorized all those whom it has come across in Iraq and Syria…” (Obama, 2014) 3. 8 因. 8. 因因. 因前. 與. ⽤. 與. 因. 我網網. 因與⾝來. 頭因. 家因. 因. 幾因2012. 網“We have taken these positions because we believe that freedom and selfdetermination are not unique to one culture. These are not simply American values or Western values—they are universal values.” (Obama, 2012) 國. 國. ⾝. 網國. 網. 因. ; 話因. 會. 網. 因 ;. 因. 因. 54.

(67) 因因. 因. 因. 因. 因因. 因. 國. 因. 因. 因. 因. 國. 1. 因國. 因我網網. 因. 與⾝. 因. 與. 與. 與. 覺因2017 網“…an assault on the very ideals upon which the United Nations was founded—. the notion that people can resolve their differences peacefully; that diplomacy can take the place of war…” (Obama, 2012) 4. 7. 我. 因. 因⾼了因只. 網 9. 3. 因. 因因. 70 次因. 1. ⾝. http://www.un.org/zh/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html. 55. 就 3500 因2015. 5.

(68) 網“One hundred years ago, a World War claimed the lives of many millions, proving that with the terrible power of modern weaponry, the cause of empire ultimately leads to the graveyard.” (Obama, 2014) 因因因. 因. 點. 因. 我網網. 因. 70. 與. 出因. 因. 與. 因. ⾝. 因2015. 網“The shadow of the Second World War that existed at the founding of this institution has been lifted, and the prospect of war between major Powers reduced.” (Obama, 2014) 5. 6 因所. 最. 每. 每的. 6. 因. 因因網. 因. 因我網網. ⾝. 因2015. 網“Mr. President, Mr. Secretary-General, fellow delegates, ladies and gentlemen.” (Obama, 2012). 56.

(69) 6. 5. 8. 真因. 網. 2. 與. 與. 5 因. 快. 因我因. 因網. 與. 我網與. 與. 與⾝. 與. 因因2015 網“We…have not invested adequately in the public health capacity of developing. countries…we have failed to enforce international norms when it has been inconvenient…we have not confronted forcefully enough the intolerance, sectarianism, and hopelessness that feeds violent extremism in too many parts of the globe.” (Obama, 2014) 7. 5. 7 因. 因因. 因. 因⾝. ⼦. 因. ⾝. 我網網. 與. 因⾝. 覺因2013. 57. 因還.

(70) 網“Understand that America will never retreat from the world. We will bring justice to those who harm our citizens and our friends. We will stand with our allies and are willing to partner with countries to deepen ties of trade and development.” (Obama, 2012) 8. 4. 14. 因因. 微因. 因網. 10 才. 因. 因還. 因. ⾝. 因2015. 網“It is time to marginalize those who—even when not resorting to violence—use hatred of America, or the West, or Israel as a central principle of politics.” (Obama, 2012 9. 4. 1. 因因. 和. 因網. 與. 我網 13 學. 個. ⾝. 因2015 網“The greatest in the United States Constitution is its first three beautiful words. They are ‘We the people.’” (Trump, 2017). 58.

(71) 10. 1. 4 被. 我. 因. 下. 因. 因我網. 網. 真因. ⾝來. 幾因2012. 網“No one has shown more contempt for other nations and for their own people than the depraved regime in North Korea. It is responsible for the starvation deaths of millions of North Koreans, and for the imprisonment, torture, killing, and oppression of countless more.” (Trump, 2017) 11. 2. 7. 因與因. 與. 網. 上. 與. 因. 與. 我網. 因. 因. 因⾝. 覺因2017 網“President Kennedy put it well: ‘Terror is not a weapon. Throughout history it. has been used by those who could not prevail either by persuasion or by example.’” (Obama, 2014). 59.

(72) 12. 1. 1. 在. 因. 因. 因因. 我網網. 因⾝. 因. 因. 因2016. 網“In a summer marked by instability in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, I know the world also took notice of the small American town of Ferguson, Missouri, where a young man was killed and a community was divided.” (Obama, 2014 13. 1. 因. 9. 微. 我. 因因我. 與. ⼼. 也與. 因因我. 2016. 天. ⼦. ⼦. 因. 因. 網因. 微. 因因. 因 70. 60. 因增⾝. 覺因2017.

(73) 網“Today, whether you live in downtown Manhattan or in my grandmother’s village more than 200 miles from Nairobi, you can hold in your hand more information than the world’s greatest libraries. Together, we have learned how to cure diseases and harness the power of the wind and sun.” (Obama, 2014) 1-17. 18-23 因. 我. 14. 6 與因因. 我網. 網“I would like to begin today by telling you about an American named Chris Stevens. Chris was born in a small town…Chris went to Benghazi…Chris loved his work...Chris Stevens embodied the best of America.” (Obama, 2012) 美. 因. 因我網網“After nearly six years as President, I believe that that promise can help light the world. I have seen a longing or positive change—for peace and for freedom and for opportunity and for an end to bigotry—in the eyes of the young people whom I have met around the globe.” (Obama, 2014). 61.

(74) 15. 2. 太剛. 因我網. 網“The United States is one out of 193 countries in the United Nations, and yet we pay 22 percent of the entire budget and more… The United States bears an unfair cost burden.” (Trump, 2017) 16. 1 因因. 於. 因. 因網“I know that some now criticize the action in Libya as an object lesson… No one is more mindful of these problems than I am, for they resulted in the death of four outstanding U.S. citizens who were committed to the Libyan people…” (Obama, 2013) 17. 1. 國. ⽂國. 因. 去1因. 因我網. 1. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/. 70.6%. 22.8. Pew Research Center. 5.9%. 62. 如.

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(83) 好好. 因. -3. 地. 我網網. -3. ⾝2014. Mr. Secretary-General, fellow delegates, ladies and gentlemen: ⾝ The shadow of the Second World War that existed at the has been lifted, and the prospect of war between major powers reduced. The ranks of Member States have more than tripled, and more people live under Governments that they have elected. ⾝. 網. 兩. Today, whether you live in downtown Manhattan or in my grandmother’s village more than 200 miles from Nairobi, you can hold in your hand more information than the world’s greatest libraries. We have learned how to cure disease and harness the power of the wind and the sun. ⾝ An outbreak of Ebola overwhelms public health systems in West Africa and threatens to move rapidly across borders. Russian aggression in Europe recalls the days when large nations trampled small ones in pursuit of territorial ambitions. The brutality of terrorists in Syria and Iraq forces us to look into the heart of darkness. ⾝. 71.

(84) Fellow representatives, we come together as United Nations with a choice to make. ⾝ All of us—big nations and small—must meet our responsibility to observe and enforce international norms. ⾝. 網. Recently, Russia’s actions in Ukraine have challenged that post-war order. Here are the facts: After the people of Ukraine mobilized popular protests and calls for reform, their corrupt president fled. Against the will of the government in Kiev, Crimea was annexed.. ⾝. ⾝⾝ 1) America is deploying our doctors and scientists, supported by our military, to help contain the outbreak of Ebola and pursue new treatments.⾝網⾼了. ⾝ 2) America is pursuing a diplomatic resolution to the Iran nuclear issue, as part of our commitment to stop the spread of nuclear weapons and pursue the peace and security of a world without them. ⾝⾝3) America is a will continue to be a Pacific Power, promoting peace, stability, and the free flow of commerce among nations.⾝⾝ 4) America is committed to a development agenda that eradicates extreme poverty by 2030.. 72.

(85) ⾝⾝ 5) America is pursuing ambitious reductions in its carbon emissions, and we have increased our investments in clean energy. ⾝. President Kennedy put it well: “Terror is not a new weapon. Throughout history it has been used by those who could not prevail either by persuasion or by example.” ⾝ Collectively, we must take concrete steps to address the danger posed by religiously motivated fanatics and the trends that fuel their recruitment.⾝. 網. ⾝. 下. ⾝1) First, the terrorist group known as the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant must be degraded and ultimately destroyed.⾝⾝2) The second challenge is that it is time for the world, especially Muslim communities, to explicitly, forcefully and consistently reject the ideology of organizations such as Al-Qaida and ISIL. ⾝⾝3) Thirdly, we must address the cycle of conflict, especially sectarian conflict, that creates the conditions that terrorists prey on.⾝. 73.

(86) ⾝4) My fourth and final point is a simple one. The countries of the Arab and Muslim world must focus on the extraordinary potential of their people, especially the youth. ⾝. ⾼了. 網. So this is what America is prepared to do: take action against immediate threats, while pursuing a world in which the need for such action is diminished. ⾝ I know the world also took notice of the small American city of Ferguson, Missouri, where a young man was killed and a community was divided. ⾝ After nearly six years as President, I believe that that promise can help light the world. I have seen a longing for positive change—for peace and for freedom and for opportunity and for an end to bigotry—in the eyes of the young people whom I have met around the globe. ⾝ Eleanor Roosevelt, a champion of the United Nations and America’s role in it, once asked, “Where, after all, do universal human rights begin?” In small places, close to home—so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world.” I ask that the Assembly join us in this common mission, for today’s children and tomorrow’s.⾝. 74.

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(112) 我網. On the other hand, if we succeed, it will send a powerful message that the use of chemical weapons has no place in the 21st century, and that this body means what it says. (Obama, 2013). 5. 網我網. ⾝. 因. 我網. 115 是給. ⾝. 覺因2014. 網I⾝. 1522. I want everybody to understand, I am not neutral in that context—I believe in a liberal political order. (Obama, 2016). 好動. 好. 好. 好6 6. 因. 因因. 因因. 6 好. 因. -17 網. 100.

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(129) 5-2. Structuring a Speech in Chinese A formal speech in Chinese is structured in approximately the same way as in English, including an introduction, body, and conclusion. Take a look at the following model: 1. Fill in the model below with information contained in the speech. What specific strategies does the speaker use to present/support their argument?. 2. Listen to the speech again. What are some of the markers that the speaker uses throughout their speech? Sort the markers into the categories below:. Move: Introduction: 看. Strategies: 1. __________. 頭_______________. 2. __________. 頭_______. 1. __________. 頭_____. 2. __________. 頭_____. 1. __________. ⾼了頭_____. 2. __________. 頭___________. 頭. Body 1: 頭. Body 2: 頭. Conclusion: 1. ___________. 頭____. 2. ___________. 頭______. 頭. 117.

(130) 我網. 我網. 我網. 我網. 我網. 頭. 頭. 頭. 頭. 頭. 3. Think about the specific functions of each of the different markers. Which markers might be useful in your own speech? Circle them.. 118.

(131) 好與. 動. 因. 好. 因因感. 5 與與. ⾝. ⾝為. ⾝. 與. 與與⾝. 因2017. 好. 23. 因因. 2 因. 與⾼了. 與. 因. 與. 因. 5 與. 與. 因因. 2. 與與. 與. 8 因. 6 因. 2. ⾼了因. 5 因好我與. 與與. 因. 與. 因. 與因. 119. 我. 因.

(132) 我因. 很. 因. 因. 因. 因我因. 因. 他. 我我. 因. 好. 因. 因. 好. 因. 因因動. 因因本. 因我因. 道因因. 因. 因. 網. 120. 12.

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(148) ·. ⾝2014. 9. 24. 因. Mr. President, Mr. Secretary General, fellow delegates, ladies and gentlemen: We come together at a crossroads between war and peace; between disorder and integration; between fear and hope. Around the globe, there are signposts of progress. The shadow of World War that existed at the founding of this institution has been lifted, and the prospect of war between major powers reduced. The ranks of member states has more than tripled, and more people live under governments they elected. Hundreds of millions of human beings have been freed from the prison of poverty, with the proportion of those living in extreme poverty cut in half. And the world economy continues to strengthen after the worst financial crisis of our lives. Today, whether you live in downtown Manhattan or in my grandmother’s village more than 200 miles from Nairobi, you can hold in your hand more information than the world’s greatest libraries. Together, we’ve learned how to cure disease and harness the power of the wind and the sun. The very existence of this institution is a unique achievement -- the people of the world committing to resolve their differences peacefully, and to solve their problems together. I often tell young people in the United States that despite the headlines, this is the best time in human history to be born, for you are more likely than ever before to be literate, to be healthy, to be free to pursue your dreams. And yet there is a pervasive unease in our world -- a sense that the very forces that have brought us together have created new dangers and made it difficult for any single nation to insulate itself from global forces. As we gather here, an outbreak of Ebola overwhelms public health systems in West Africa and threatens to move rapidly across borders. Russian aggression in Europe recalls the days when large nations trampled small ones in pursuit of territorial ambition. The brutality of terrorists in Syria and Iraq forces us to look into the heart of darkness. Each of these problems demands urgent attention. But they are also symptoms of a broader problem -- the failure of our international system to keep pace with an interconnected world. We, collectively, have not invested adequately in the public health capacity of developing countries. Too often, we have failed to enforce international norms when it’s inconvenient to do so. And we have not 136.