文化認同、生態衝突與族群關係：由阿美族都蘭部落的傳統領域論述談起

МϽᇯӣȃҡᄘፐएᇄఊတᜰ߽Ȉ

ҥߡछఊ഍៌ഋဣޟ༈ಛሴ୿፣क़ፙଔ

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ᛳ!શ!ޙ

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!

ᄢ! ौ!

ҏМၐ๿௃ีҡӵݍ੕۬ߡछఊ഍៌ഋဣޟኵԩᕗცתތٱӇюีȂ௤ଆഋဣ ϱᄇܻȶ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼ȷЅȶഋဣӴყȷޟᛲᇧώհȂܚ౰ҡޟӵӴଟ៪ᇄ୰ ᚠޟІ㕞ȄငҥᄇӵӴޟ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼ႆแޟᔮຜȂרঈࣼڗ഍៌ߡछఊܚל ༭ޟཱིޟӴශȂԃդᇄনԤޟޥོМϽቋ঄ᡝفϞ໢౰ҡϣଢ଼ȂՄഋဣϱഋԙষᄇ Ռ٘МϽᇯӣޟᏗᆹȂά࢐ԃդആႆ໱ᡝתތၼଢ଼ޟଢ଼ষȂೝڎᡝϽ֕౪ӵ՗ଢ଼Ϟ ϛȄငᐣႆӰ໠ีՄ౰ҡޟҡᄘકᚽᇄϚӣޥୢԙষတᡝϞ໢७ᄇᕗცငᕊޟϚӣ ෈࡟Ȃ࿋Ӵߡछఊޥོ७ᖝΟ༈ಛҡᄘޣᜋᇄᕗცкဎϞ໢ޟᄇၗ֨ცȂоЅԃդ ᐌӫޥୢϱϚӣಢԙတᡝϞ୰ᚠȄҏंـӌყ௤ଆȂȶ༈ಛሴ୿ȷޟࡦዘᇄȶഋဣӴ ყȷޟᛲᇧώհ໌ΣഋဣޥོϞࡣܚளپޟኇ៪ȂоЅዖӅӵݍഋ੕۬໠ีޟᖐ੏ ϛȂন՞ҕܚ٘೎Ϟࡣόޥོޟ᜞ጢ੫ܒȂџ૖ԙ࣏ڏೝӔԩ᜞ጢϽޟӠᐠȄ 〦⼫઎Ř༈ಛሴ୿ȃഋဣӴყȃߡछఊȃ഍៌ȃ໠ี * ᙱоԪМक܈഍៌ഋဣޟࠉӈᓞҬଽఃࢇ faki ᇄࠉᑪដষឃࠅሜ fakiȂ᜹тঈޟᆠડҗሉ ߝԆȄҏМߑገෆีߒܻ 2008 ԑ 10 Т 4-5 Рϛѵंـ଱ҕఊᏰंـܚȶѮᢊΡ᜸Ᏸᇄҕ ఊᏰᏰོ 2008 ԑོȈΡ᜸ᏰޟࢅᏽᇄၮູȷंଆོȂѮᢊΡ᜸ᏰᇄҕఊᏰᏰོкᒲȂϛ ѵंـ଱ҕఊᏰंـܚڞᒲȄंـ໌՗ႆแौཐᗂ೨ӻ݉Єޟڞօᇄ߬ӈȂԤ഍៌ഋဣޟ ࠉӈᓞҬᇄ୙ᓞҬȃ፝՝ߝՂЅ៫୰ȃՂᓞҬؕЊУ fakiȃឃࠅሜ fakiȃݓғࢌՂৱȃյ ܆୽ՂৱȃӨ઻ԑឭಢཆഋȃܜᡵᗿܚԤԙষȃങڃቈᇄܜϛᐝޟ᎒සМȃጾࢇيȂᗙԤ ፝ӻఊΡޟჂᓾᇄЛࡻȄ྅܈ޟଆ፣ौཐᗂഌڃۣȃѮ٤Θኪؓ୚ȃनғ࡯ȃۢσ୉оЅ ݓઉϦȄڍ՝ୡӪቷࢥΡᄇҏМඪټ೨ӻ᝘ິཎَȂӵԪһ౏౏मᗂȄ፣МእቸႆแϛȂ Мᝦၥਟޟԝ໱ᇄҤഏώհޟ໌՗ौᗂᗂ݂֔Ϧȃ༁ॣগȃᒃ⨹ᖅέ՝ӣᏰޟᔓԔȂМԅ ޟዜႺӻᖫԤдᝉඏӣᏰᇄࢊ݃էӣᏰޟڞօȄҏंـငາഋϷپՌ୽ऋོȶࠒ৬ҕఊޟ Ϸ᜸ᇄᘗඹȈΡ᜸ᏰȃՃѠᏰȃᒸ༈ᏰȃᇭِᏰޟᐌӫंـȷήϞȶМϽᇄఊတޟלԙᇄ ӔഺഅȈѮᢊࠒ৬ҕఊޟंـȷॎหޟ၄օȄѪΙഋϷငາپՌ୽ҳѮᢊσᏰȶࠒ৬МϽ ϛЖΡ᜸ᏰंـတкᚠॎหȷȄ ** ୽ҳᇃᢊσᏰΡ᜸Ᏸفօ౩ఀ௲ȄE-mailȈ[email protected]Ȅ

Cultural Identity, Ecological Conflict and Ethnic

Relations: Discourse on the Traditional Territory by

the ‘

Amis of ‘Tolan

Su-mei Lo

* ABSTRACT

This paper aims to discuss the local response and influence generated by the“Traditional Territory Movement” and “Indigenous Community Mapping” in the Amis society of ‘Tolan on the eastern coast of Taiwan. Through this survey of a series of environmental movements, we see how the new landscape constructed by the local Amis people interacted with their original socio-cultural value system. Moreover, members of the society consolidated their cultural identity during the course of these various mass protests. After experiencing ecological destruction prompted by development projects and conflicts over different environmental management maneuvers within the village community, the Amis society is confronting the dilemmas of traditional ecological knowledge versus environmentalism as well as having to build a consensus on future development. In the end, this paper points to the potential crisis of the re-marginalization of Taitung Houshan and its indigenous people when the call for eastern coast development was at its height.

Keywords: Traditional Territory, Indigenous Community Mapping, Amis, ‘Tolan, Development

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ࠉِȈ௃ٱӇ໠ۖፙଔ

2005ԑ 7 Т 15 РȂߡछఊ഍៌ഋဣᖞ՗ᙴԑಊȞkiluma'anȟޟ಑ΙЈԞΰȂкᒲ ൐՝ёΣΟΙൟӪ࣏ȶ้࡟РюȷޟڐᙄȂҥᓞҬᗜ፜ߝՂЅ៫୰ࠉ܁՝ܻ഍៌ቅ੕᜞ Pacifalanޟ഍៌ᢊኄൟȞtaloanȟȞ୤َყ 1ȟ໌՗ߔઠ᡹ቈԒᇄ༈ಛሴ୿ޟࡇҰȄณՄ ࣀଢ଼౪ൟю౪ΙএȶඨԢȷȂഋဣϛк஻༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼ӻԑޟଽϛՂৱȂ໱ӫڏӣ ԑឭಢԙষЅ഍៌ਡѕӣ໐ོޟၥߜȂॏᇧΟΙ৴ȶߡ࡙៌༈ಛሴ୿ᄲิചྦྷ਺क܈࿬ȷ Ȟ୤َყ 2ȟȂӵԪਢζᗜ፜ᓞҬ࣏೻এक܈࿬հතถቈԒȄ೻༵क܈࿬ޟ࿬Мਖ਼Ѕӑࠉ ഋဣԙষ୤ё༈ಛሴ୿ࣺᜰॎห፡ࢥޟϱৠȃഋဣϱȶ༈ಛሴ୿ڷՌณк᠌ȷޟк஻Ȃ оЅ໱ᡝᄇתҺ೽ഋݍഋ੕۬୽ড়ॳශୢᆓ౩೎ 1_{໠ี഍៌ቅਰޟࡇҰȄӣΙတΡζӵ} ᎬߖπӴሚ՗ݓൟήПޟ഍៌ᒸ֭ߣߖȂ፩ҳΟѪΙএүړȶߡछఊีྛӴक܈࿬ȷȞ୤ َყ 3ȟȄ

Pacifalan

ຟᥞᏗ

Kamod

ףئ՗᨜

Fulafulak

ࠨ௏ຝᆵ

Pa’anifon

ᘋ࣑ຝᆵ

‘Tolan

ຟᥞຝᆵ

ყ 1 о Google Earth ᇧհ኿Ұ഍៌ߡछΡڍএ१ौ༈ಛሴ୿תތӴᘈ PacifalanȞ഍៌ ቅȟᇄ KamodȞёҔυᢊȟȄ

ყ 2 ՝ܻ഍៌ቅ Pacifalan ޟȶԈ៖༈ಛሴ୿ȷҳ࢘ᇄȶߡ࡙៌༈ಛሴ୿ᄲ ิചྦྷ਺क܈࿬ȷȞᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 4 Т 5 Рȟ

೻এٱӇڏᄂ࢐഍៌ഋဣႆўඁԑپȂΙ೿՛ᇄݍᆓ೎໠ีਰתތޟ՗ଢ଼ϞΙȄՌ 2002 ԑתތ՗ଢ଼໠ۖϞࡣȂȶ༈ಛሴ୿ȷڷȶҡᄘȷޟᢎ܈ᇄដᚠӵ഍៌ϐԙ࣏ငலೝ ඪюζ҆໸ೝଆ፣ޟ୰ᚠȂЕี೻ٲٱӇޟ࢐ݍᆓ೎ӵ഍៌ቅॎหᑹ࡚Ιএ BOT ޟσ ࠮୽ሬ࡙୅ϛЖȄӣਢ෈ޟѪΙ໶ี৤Ȃ࢐ӒѮᢊন՞ҕഋဣσӻෆ୤ᇄޟഋဣӴყᛲ ᇧॎหȄӵ೻Ι೿՛ޟٱӇϛȂଶΟӵӴߡछఊΡޟ୤ᇄϞѴȂڏ໢ᗙ౞ਖ਼ڗМѬώհ ޱȃंـޱȃоЅ࿋ӴᅕΡᇄߡछఊΡϞ໢ޟϣଢ଼ܖፐएȄҥܻ໠ีਰޟ໌՗Ȃٺு؆ ϱনӑٮҐԤߒ७ፐएޟఊတᜰ߽ȂζӰཱི୰ᚠޟ౰ҡՄю౪ᄇҳȈΙ᜞࢐к஻МϽȃ ҡᄘᢎӎޟߡछఊΡȂ஼፡ఊတޟкᡝܒᔖೝ१ຜȂٮӰՄ౰ҡ໱ᡝܖႭ࢑ޟתތ՗ ଢ଼ȇѪΙ᜞ࠌ࢐к஻ငᔼ໠ีޟᅕΡȂкौ࢐оငᕊ୦۹ȃᓡᢈᇄҕஜ࣏кޟ؆ҕ 2_Ȃ ᚖП౰ҡϴ໠ޟܖؽήޟፐएȞԃᅕΡೝኇৢฏྒ࿋ӴߡछఊΡܚҳޟȶЈէ഍៌ቅȷ क܈ҳ࢘ȟȄȶҡᄘ߳ىȷޟк஻ᇄ౪Ϭߡछఊ໌՗ޟҡࣀПԒڏᄂԤٲϚӣȂШԃᇳȂ ౪ӵଶΟоॵҢ࣏ҬޟՄ໌՗੕ϛҡސ௴໱ϞѴȂζԤоԪᕊցޱȂՄ࿋Ӵޟ࢚ٲധٔ ᜸ȃџॵܒ᝽᜸ζϐငູپູใЍȄณՄ࿋Ӵޟߡछఊཎَሴ೟ᇄޣᜋϷυȂխнһᡝ ᇯڗ୲Ԥк஻ȶҡᄘ߳ىȷޟҳൟȂϗ૖ᄇѴᆰ៖ڏᇯӣᇄఊတӴ՝Ȅ೻࢐Ιএϫӵࡻ ៉ี৤ޟٱӇȂծЕีޟ୰ᚠΪϷ঄ு౏ࡦȄ 2006ήјԑȂഋဣϱάีҡΟΙӇؽΡᢎӎ໠ีਰЕีޟתތٱӇȄ՝ܻഋဣࠒᆒ ޟёҔυᢊȞKamodȟ࢐഍៌ഋဣߡछఊΡငலᖞ՗ᅣኣಊȞpakelangȟ3_{ޟൟܚȂζ࢐} ᎑ߖഋဣఊΡРலڥҢ੕ࢷҡސၥྛޟӴПȂծ࢐ӵёҔυᢊ௃ٱ໠ีиॎหငᕊ੕ΰ ၽ᏶ࣀଢ଼ޟཾޱȂࠓ஠੕۬൜ଔȂᗙ៮ሂӵ࿋Ӵ໌՗ᅣᘸڷ௴໱ࣀଢ଼ޟఊΡȄள๿ݍᆓ ೎ਯটޟᕊཾ೨џȂཾޱᖐᆎ௰ኄЫΰၼଢ଼џоᡱܚԤΡپԪᇯᜋݍ੕۬ޟछԁශՓȂ ծ഍៌࿋ਢޟᓞҬଽఃࢇࠌߒҰȂႆўौϚ࢐ߡछఊΡߝ෈ᆰ៖ᇄ߳៖೻এ༈ಛሴ୿Ȃ ঺၇ོԤԃԪछԁޟՌณශՓȉՄ࿋Ӵҳۏфߒᗶณк஻ӵȶন՞ҕஅҏݲȷޟࣺᜰೣ ۡήȂഋဣོដϐငୈԙؚដȂϚӣཎཾޱޟ໠ีҧ፜Ȃџ࢐ӵࣺᜰݲхۦҐׇ๡ॏҳ ϞࠉȂ՗ࢇ଱ন՞ҕఊۏষོ 4_{фߒᇄݍᆓ೎೎ߝζѫ૖ߒҰौȶ൵१ȷഋဣޟཎ᜹Մ} ϐȄശࡣڞ፡ོដޟ๖፣Ȃѫ౎࣏஠ҏਰތដϛԤᜰȶন՞ҕஅҏݲȷޟనМᆠડȂҺ ҥনҕོ၌ភ5_Ȅ оΰޟٱӇᡱרঈࣼڗႆў೻ΪԑپȂѮᢊݍ੕۬Ӱᕗცᇄᢎӎ໠ีЕଔޟѼσ׽ ᡐȂЎڏ೻ٲᡐϽᄇ࿋Ӵߡछఊন՞ҕޥོܚளپޟޢ௥ኇ៪ᇄፐᔞȄڗۻӵငᔼี৤ ᇄᕗც໠ีޟႆแϛȂ࿋ӴޟശԞ՞ҕຝۡ҆໸ငᐣȶӔԩ᜞ጢϽȷޟஜڼ 6Ȃܖ࢐ӵ ӴఊတޟՌีܒкᡝᄇתႆแϞϛȂԤΙٲ঄ுѴࣨ౩၌ᇄᜰݧޟ౏ቹొཎȂ࢐ਪቸ೻

ጕМണޟкौଢ଼ᐠȄณՄҏ፣МӵंـПݲΰԤ҆໸ِ݂ϞనӇ३ڙȄҥ๋ܻޱႆўΪ ԑ໢ӰؑᏰȃώհܖڏтএΡӰશҐ૖୤ᇄМϛܚਖ਼ЅϞ໠ีٱӇϞתތႆแȂၥਟޟ ڥு܁܁҆໸ٷᒦࡣ೩ϞҤഏ೤ፙȃӣΙҤഏӴϞᆈρ፣МᇄڏтंـޱϞοक़ȃࣀଢ଼ Мࡇᇄॎგਪȃཱིᆸ൬ᡝᇄᆩၯଉ਀ޟൢᏲȄծ࿋ЕҢၥਟپՌ൬ᡝܖᆩၯൢᏲਢȂ֯ ᅾ໔оҤഏ࿋Ӵ೤ፙጂᇯȂԪᘈӵМϛ஠ϚӔᙵक़ȄՄҥܻٱӇޟఃཐܒȂഋϷۢПၥ ਟޟڥுһࣺᄇၶ࣏֨ᜲᇄٜଟȄծԤڍএনӰϫߴٺ๋ޱእቸҏМȂΙ࣏Ԫ᜸୰ᚠϐ ငԙ࣏࿋ӴߡछఊΡРலҡࣀϛϚுϚғຜޟ१ौҡԆࡄ૏ȂѪΙࠌהఖ૖௃Ρ᜸Ᏸϐ ԤޟंـПݲᇄ౩፣پᚄ఼Ȃӵᕗც໠ีࢇ๊ஈ՗ႆแϛೝ᜞ጢϽޟఊတܚ७ᖝޟӠᐠ ᇄ୰ᚠȄ 1997ԑۻȂ๋ޱ಑Ιԩ፽ΰݍ੕۬ߡछఊഋဣޟҤഏ፽ࢥϞਡȂ൶ײΙএᎌӫ໌՗ ിρ፣Мߝ෈ҤഏᢎᄆޟӴᘈȂ࿋ਢෆငᔖӴПႫຜѮᗜ፜୤ᇄΙൟ௤ଆѮݍᢎӎี৤ ޟ৴ፙོȄ๋ޱװՌϏٖႆݲ୽ጷᙢ੕۬ޟငᡛᇄѮݍ੕۬ޟछශհ࣏ᄇྱȂඪюՌϏ Ϛ૖౩၌࣏դጷᙢ੕۬џоԙ࣏ᖞжޣӪޟᢎӎශᘈȂӣኺछᝋޟѮݍ੕۬ࠓᘀЍᕕு ᢎӎࡊޟߧ࿛Ȅ࿋ਢȂഋဣϱᄇܻ֜Еᢎӎࡊپ୤ᢎᇄੑາӣኺڎԤ෈࡟Ȃᇯ࣏೻࢐ள ໌ཱི଒ྛᇄ׽๡ഋဣҡࣀޟΙএ१ौ࠶ᐠȄ໐ϴܚᇄ഍៌୽ϛϷտᖞ՗ഋဣ༈ಛ׬᛺ ੲȂо࡮ඈඁнϛᘞޟ༈ಛጡᙑᇄᙑҀ׬೚ޟ༈ܛ࣏۠ԟȂΙП७ఀ௲ϛֵԑஏτᇄԑ ሆᏰҡ१ࢃ༈ಛ݈ႺޟᇧհȂΙП७ζо༈ಛ׬᛺ޟഺཱི೩ॎᇄᇧհώ᛺୦࣏ࠢҬ኿Ȃ ෈ࣾӵҐپᢎӎࡊ໌ΣഋဣਢԤੑາޟџ૖ȄՄ഍៌հ࣏ݍ੕۬Ροၶӻޟߡछఊഋ ဣȂഋဣϛ᏾ߝᅈᇆޟՂΡȂԙ࣏᎑ߖޟ؊ন੕ЫੜൟۏѴငᕊᓡᢈᗜ፜ޟߒᅋᄇຫȂ Մݍᆓ೎՝ܻ഍ᐣޟߒᅋϛЖ࢐тঈѪΙএڧᗜޟൟ୿Ȅ؆ϛһӵ࿋ਢԙҳΟȶߡछМ Ͻღȷᇄȶᙢ࢑МϽ᛺೚ღȷ7_{้оᄇѴߒᅋ࣏кޟஏτᇆᗐღᡝȄӵ٥ኺޟݥ൜ήȂ} ᢎӎᇄ໠ีᔖ၎࢐࿋Ӵߡछఊഋဣܚ෈࡟ޟȂդоӵ഍៌ቅ໠ีਰπӴځᗊׇԙϞࡣ౰ ҡΟᄇתޟᖐॱȉܖ೨רঈ҆໸஠೻ٲٱӇٮညܻѮᢊᐌᡝޥོᕗცᇄন՞ҕкᡝܒ ၼଢ଼ޟ૕๜ήپ౩၌Ȃӣਢ҆໸؁౏ΣӴᢎᄆᇄ௤ـȂӵ೻ٲ૕๜ϞήȂӵӴޥོ७ᄇ ޟ୰ᚠᇄࣺᄇޟІᔖȄ

ंـधශ

Ӵ౩՝ညᇄޥོ྅ݷ

഍៌Ȟ‘Tolanȟ՝ܻѕጜ 22 ࡙ 52 ϷȂݍင 121 ࡙ 13 ϷϞ೎Ȃᔻ੕ϴၯȞѮΪΙጣȟ

ऎႆᆹဣޟݍ୏Ȅᆹဣ՝ӵ੕۬ό૕ࠒࢲശଽ৫ޟ഍៌όݍ୏੕໦ҁনΰȂݍᖝЊҁ ࢷȂधআ੕۬ό૕Ȅ՗ࢇΰᗵ឴ܻѮݍᑪݍݬ໐഍៌؆Ȅ؆ϱԤ഍៌୽ωᇄ഍៌୽ϛڍ ܚᏰਮȂࣂюܚȃፏҡࡉȃ؆ᒲϴࡉȃݍݬ໐໐ҳყਪᓢȂЅݍݬ໐ၻོһ೩ܻԪȄ഍ ៌؆՗ࢇጒ൜ӓѓ֤Ԥ഍៌ȃཱི៌ȃଥ้ࣨᆹဣȂЅඹۨޟѲጣȃϤጣȃ٥้ࣨόୢȄ ਲ਼ᐃ 2000 ԑޟۢПಛॎၥਟȂ഍៌؆ޟۨҕӓԤ 942 ИȂ3,137 ΡȂڏϛ 425 И࣏ ߡछఊȂӓ 1,486 Ρȇ513 И࣏ሦࠒȃࡊড়ЅѴࣸᝲଝמॖΡȂᅕΡᖂΡοኵ࣏ 1,631 ΡȞݍݬ໐Иࢇٱ୛ܚ 2000ȟ8_{Ȅਲ਼ᐃ഍៌؆ᒲϴࡉޟಛॎȂ഍៌؆ҕ} 9_{ޟᙛཾϷշԃ} ήȈ36ʦޟ؆ҕ୛ၻȂ30ʦ௃ٱॖϴఀᙛȂ23ʦ௃ٱώ୦ཾȂ9ʦ௃ٱᅣཾȄծΙૡߡ छఊΡޟᙛཾᗙ࢐оၻȃώȃᅣཾ࣏кȄ഍៌؆ϛޟߡछఊᇄᅕΡΡοШٽࣺ࿋ȂӰԪ ᄇѴфߒ؆ဣޥୢޟȶ഍៌ޥୢี৤ڞོȷ҆໸ঙ៫ڗϚӣఊတޟሯؑᇄၥྛϷ଩ȄԤ ᠦܻԪϚ߯Ȃഋဣϱ๊߯ଢ଼оસ࣏ߡछఊԙষЅо഍៌МϽ௰ଢ଼࣏Ҭ኿ޟಢᙑȂܻ 2000 ԑԙҳΟȶѮݍᑪߡ࡙៌ߡछ඼МϽڞ໌ོȷȂ౩ٱߝҥ഍៌ᓞҬᐊӈȂ၎ོၿԙ࣏༈ ಛڙ࡙ሠ௥౪фᡝڙޟ१ौᐠڙȄ ഍៌؆ϛޟࡊড়ΡӻኵپՌऻਸ೽ᎨȂሦࠒΡࠌоѮࠒΡۨӻȂЍഋϷپՌՙഋڏ тᑪѿᇄݍѕഋۣ៌ȃ߆ጸΙளȄሦࠒΡϛᗙ֤ԤΙഋӋᆦ৬ಋҕȂघΜΪИȂ໱ϛۨ ՞ӵཱིݍᑥኅѕ୏ᇄϴၯҁ՗ޟӣΙనၯΰȄڏᎷሦࠒΡࠌၶ໱ϛӵࣸϴၯڍਠЅ᎑ߖ ޟທၾȂЍഋϷඹܻۨߡछఊΡޟᆹဣ໢ȄϤጣΙளࠌӻ࣏հόޟࡊড়Ρۨ՞Ȅࣸၾݼ ጣޟཱི៌ᆹဣоᅕΡᆹ࣏ۨкȂѴࣸଝמॖΡघΙԻΡȂഋϷᇄߡछఊΡ೽ஔȂ໱ϛۨ ՞ܻଥࣨΙளȂႭ࢑ඁИࠌ՝ܻҏᆹဣϱȄѪѴ഍៌ᗙԤႭ࢑ޟѲИ࢐όӴন՞ҕȞ௶ ᢊఊȃ໯छఊȟȂёΰᇄߡछఊΡ೽ஔޟόӴন՞ҕȂΡοӓԤΠΪΡȄ ਲ਼ᐃѮݍᑪࢇۺ 1998 Ս 2007 ԑ໢ޟಛॎȂ഍៌ܚӵޟݍݬ໐឴ܻΡοٷԑሎ෵ޟ ѴಋΡοӴୢȂڏΡοᖂኵҥ 1998 ԑޟ 12,036 Ρή६Ս 2007 ԑޟ 9,729 ΡȂՄন՞ҕ ΡοޟಛॎһᡗҰΪԑ໢෵ЍޟΡοኵ஠ߖ 1,119 ΡȂڏϛюҡ౥ޟή६ᇄΡοޟѴಋ ֯σܻ᎐Σ࣏кौনӰ10Ȅ഍៌؆ޟᖂИኵӵݍݬ໐Иࢇٱ୛ܚᆩॲ 2008 ԑ 10 Тޟಛ ॎकᓃϛ࣏ 970 ИȂՄΡοᖂኵ࣏ 2,653 Ρ11Ȅࣺၶܻ 2000 ԑޟಛॎၥਟȂᖂИኵቨё Ο 28 ИȂծΡοኵࠓ෵ЍΟ 464 ΡȄՄᄇྱоήѪΙ໶Ӓ୽ܒޟΡοಛॎኵԅȂһџ оएᡗюႆўኵԑ໢Ροࢺଢ଼ᇄন໐Ρο໢ޟᜰ߽Ȃᇳ݂ۨ՞ܻ഍ѿޟߡछఊΡοඁϐ ้ӣۨ՞ܻন໐ޟߡछఊΡοȄ೻এ౪ຫ௃ 1960 ԑф໠ۖȂҥܻѮᢊᐌᡝငᔼี৤ሯ ौσ໔഼ώȂՄন໐ۨ՞Ӵીм૖ඪټೲᄌԝΣޟώհᕗცȂٺுഋϷߡछఊΡംᅚ܁ ഍ѿ᎐ಋȂڏϛശӻ໱ϛӵݍѕഋޟஅ໪ᇄࠒഋޟଽ໰ڍσю੕෫οȂо௃ٱሉࢷᇄߖ

੕ᅣཾ࣏кȇՄѮѕᑪѿڷੀ༪ᑪࠌԤၶӻ௃ٱϚӣ՗ཾޟߡछఊΡᆹ໱Ȅਲ਼ᐃ 2007 ԑϛ๼ҕ୽ࢇۺϞΡοၥਟಛॎȂҬࠉߡछఊޟᖂΡοኵ࣏ 175,583 ΡȂլѮᢊন՞ҕ Ροޟ 35.85%Ȟ՗ࢇ଱ন՞ҕఊۏষོ 2008ȟȄڏϛۨ՞ӵন໐ޟߡछఊΡघѫլڏᖂ Ροޟ 50.90%Ȃһ։஠ߖΙјޟ၎ఊΡοۨ՞ӵѴӴȄӵᄂሬޟҤഏ፡ࢥϛһџཐڧڗ ΡοംᅚѴࢺޟᔆΨȂծӣਢȂܻۨ഍ѿޟন՞ҕΡοኵޟቨёȂоЅᎌᔖ഍ѿᕗცޟ ন՞ҕԙষȂһ஠ཱིޟࡦᆰளӱഋဣȂ౰ҡཱིޟږᐭᇄኇ៪Ψ໔Ȃ೻ٲζ࣏ন໐ݧΣϚ ӣޟϯશᇄᡐϽޟӰυȄٽԃȂ഍៌ഋဣᆩમܻ 2001 ԑ೩ҳࡣȂຎᔣޟᆩમ࣏ඹۨӨ Ӵޟ഍៌ߧֵԑȂඪټΙএᓍਢϣଢ଼ᇄΟ၌ഋဣੑ਀ޟཱི൬ϭȄആႆᆩၯएકਢުΰޟ ३ڙȂζٺுଉ਀ޟࢺ೽ᇄӱᔖ؁ё։ਢȂᏗᆹΟඹۨӨӴώհᇄؑᏰޟ഍៌ߡछఊΡȄ ߡछఊΡޟᆹဣ໱ϛӵ഍៌ҏᆹဣȂоཱིݍᑥኅ࣏ࣨȂоѕ࣏РҏΡೣგޟϢԅל ທၾȂоࠒࠌ࣏ၶఏՌณלԙޟᆹဣ࠮ᄘȂՄᔻ੕ϴၯޟݍ୏ࠌкौ࢐ၶఏϗച៉ᑹ࡚ Ϟ໱ӫԒ՞ԉȂۨ՞ӵԪୢޟߡछఊΡȂӻ࣏ҥѴӴ᎐ӱޱᇄҥҏড়ϷюϞড়ИȄѪԤ ΙഋӋඹܻۨᆹဣՙ୏ϞѲጣȃϤጣόୢȄ؆ဣࠒᆒޟࠒཱི៌ᗶ࣏Ιএωᅣ෫Ȃծ࢐ᐠ ૖ϚٗȂ഍៌௃ٱᅣཾޟۨҕӻᗙ࢐܁؁ࠒ᜞ޟ൲۫ᅣ෫Ꭼ۬Ȃӣਢџ፲ധೲȄ ഍៌ຽᚔѮݍѿୢघΠΪϴ٨Ȃۨҕޟҡࣀȃ൷Ᏸᇄώհ഍ᇄѮݍԤߨல஝ϸޟᜰ ߽ȄζԤΡᒵᐅѕΰȂՍຽᚔ഍៌घέΪϤϴ٨ޟԙђᚊᗊސܖࣼ੾ȄоΰڍӴຽ഍៌ ഍ѫԤέΪՍѲΪϷមޟٙแȂؐЈԤჁݍࡊၼȃ߆ጸࡊၼᇄѮءϴٙۡਢ՗Ꮋܻᔻ੕ ϴၯΰȄюሉߞਢȂࠌ܁ѮݍѿᙽསЬٙܖॴᐠȄӵ՗ࢇΰȂݍݬ໐ϴܚᇄИࢇٱ୛ܚ ܚӵޟݍݬ؆Ȃһ࢐؆ҕࠉ܁ᒲٱޟӴᘈȄծ࢐ӵРலҡࣀᐠ૖ΰȂ഍៌ທΰ։Ԥӻড় ຺୦ȂᆹဣϱѪԤኵড়ᚕೲ۹Ȃڏϛڍড়࣏ߡछఊΡܚငᕊȄݎຊ՗ȃϤߜ՗ȃωӬ۹ȃ Ԟᓡ۹Өኵড়ȄΙૡҡࣀҢࠢӵ഍៌ທΰ഍ײுڗȂѫԤ੫տሯौ௴ᗊਢϗོࠉ܁Ѯݍ ܖԙђ௴ີȄՄ೿ᚇ຺୦ӵ 2003 ԑܻ഍៌೩ҳਢȂһ࣏ҥѮݍѿՍԙђᚊϞ໢ޟݍ੕ ۬ጣΰȂ಑Ιড়ΠΪѲωਢᕊཾϞ୦۹ȄՄনԤޟȶЫ܁ΰࢺȷॳශᘈȂζӵݍᆓ೎ޟ ᆓ౩ή໌՗ު໢१ᐌȄ೻ٲ׽ᡐ֯ᡗҰȂ഍៌ӵѮݍ੕۬ጣΰڧڗ୦ཾငᕊޱޟߧ࿛ᇄ ෈࡟Ȅ ߑڗ഍៌ޟΡ࡞ৠܾೝᆹဣࠒ᜞Σοՙ୏Ѽσޟཱིݍᑥኅᙟ֭ܚ֜ЕȄ1990 ԑфᑥ ኅୄώࡣȂ೻৴ኀణޟऔᑥώኅȂӵᑥኅငᕊޱȃӵӴᇄѴپޟ᛺೚МѬώհޱޟֆΨ ήȂܻ 2002 ԑғԒิᓃ࣏ѮݍᐣѬ࡚ᑞȂٮ೩ҳѮݍӴПМѬᓢή឴Ϟȶ഍៌औᑥМ Ͻ᛺೚ᓢȷȄᑥኅင౩ᗙငᕊҕஜȂѴનᑥኅᒲϴࡉ໠೩ڪ୫ᓢᇄᓡᢈȂՄں൜ު໢ζ ுоᐌ౩ԙ࣏᛺М৤Ұު໢Ѕ᛺೚؆ȂҥӵӴ᛺೚ড়ᇄഋဣϛ᏾ߝᅈᇆޟՂΡড়ӓӣಢ

ԙޟȶ഍៌όቑღȷ12_{॒೰ȂٮܛનᇄငᕊԪМϽᓢȄМϽ׋ڧڗԪӴՌีޟন՞ҕ᛺} ೚ഺհࣀଢ଼ȶཎᜋഋဣȷ้ܚ֜ЕȂӵ 2002 ԑкଢ଼ඪюоԪൟӴᖞᒲȶ഍៌ό᛺೚࿽ȷ ޟӵӴ᛺೚ࣀଢ଼Ȟሁ‟ 2006Ȉ40-54ȟȄԪࣀଢ଼ቨёΟ഍៌ޟ൬ᡝ૖َ࡙Ȃζ֜Е؁ӻᇃ ݍӵӴΡܖѴӴΡپڗԪӴȄ ՍԪࣼپȂ഍៌ഋဣޟМϽߒ౪խнڧڗۢПᇄҕ໢ޟᢙҬȂՄӴПޟี৤ζᔖ၎ ᓍ๿Ѯᢊӄ໣౰ཾѿൟޟᘗσЕ໌؁ӻၥྛȂծഋဣܚ෈࡟ޟี৤࢐ϧቄȉӵӴΡώհ ޟᐠོԃդϗོቨёȉ

ȶ഍៌ቅၽ᏶ୢBOT໠ีਰȷޟתތᇄ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼

Ռ 2003 ԑоپȂ഍៌ഋဣߡछఊΡІᄇݍᆓ೎௰ଢ଼ޟȶ഍៌ቅၽ᏶ୢ BOT ໠ีਰȷ ޟתތࡻ៉໌՗๿Ȅ2003 ԑζ࢐՗ࢇ଱নҕོσೣ዁௰ଢ଼ȶন՞ҕఊ༈ಛπӴᇄ༈ಛሴ ୿፡ࢥंـॎგȷޟਢړȂনҕོആႆ໐ᚊϴܚȂӵӒ୽ѲԻӻএഋဣӒ७໌՗ഋဣӴ ყޟᛲᇧώհ 13_{Ȅ഍៌ߡछఊഋဣތڥ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈޟၼଢ଼಑Ιԩϴ໠Ȃ࢐ 2001 ԑᙴ} ԑಊᖞ՗ϞሬȂҥ࿋ਢ឴ܻԑឭಢᙑϛᖂᆓಢ mikomoday ޟଽϛఀৱܚีଔȂӵငႆᓞ ҬᇄڏߝՂ៫୰ღޟӣཎࡣȂีଔ഍៌ߡछఊΡ߳៖༈ಛሴ୿ޟ೿ဍങ௑ਪȂՄи೿ဍ ਪ࢐ٷྱԑឭಢᙑ࣏൐՝ٷוΙಢΙಢ܁ή༈ሎ᛫ӪޟȄݍᆓ೎ޟ഍៌ቅೣგਰȂ࢐ញ ีԪԩ೿ဍޟ໠ᆒȂᗙԤѪΙনӰ࢐پՌѴӴޟᅕΡȂџ૖ີή഍៌όߣߖπӴও࡚ኂ ԇܖҢհڏтҢഊȞጾࢇي 2004Ȉ8ȟȂ೻ڍএনӰ֯ᡱഋဣఊΡཐڧڗπӴк᠌ࢺѶ ޟࡄ૏ȄՄ഍៌ቅӵߡछᇭϛӪ࣏ PacifalanȂငலհ࣏ഋဣᙴԑಊശࡣΙЈᖞ՗੕ಊ ȞmiksiȟᐅڥޟӴᘈȂζ࢐ҁРఊΡᒵᐅή੕௴໱ᇄৢധޟӴПȄϚ፣࢐ቈԒ෈໢ܖР லҡࣀȂ഍࢐ഋဣఊΡࣀଢ଼ޟ१ौൟ୿Ȅ ݍᆓ೎Ռ 2000 ԑࠉࡣ߯໠ۖᒲ౩኉ԝπӴȂ෈໢ζ֯ӫܻݲೣۏଊ៫୰ϴѧ໌՗ Ȯ഍៌ቅၽ᏶ୢᐌᡝ໠ีॎგᕗცኇ៪ᇳ݂ਪȯޟ፡ࢥᇄእቸȄծࠓӵ 2003 ԑܻ؆ϛ ᖞ՗ᇳོ݂ਢᛖีቑ੨ތដȂ೻ζएᡗюᐌএ໠ีਰᒲ౩ႆแޟಗᕹȂᇄ܇౱ӵӴন՞ ҕఊတޟ᠌ઉᇄҡԆޟ୰ᚠȄ2003 ԑ 8 ТȂݍᆓ೎ܻ഍៌୽ωᖞᒲ഍៌ቅ BOT ໠ีਰ Ϟᇳོ݂Ȃҥ࿋Ӵߡछఊন՞ҕҳۏкࡻȂӵོដϛൢ֙໠ีਰޟ໌࡙Ȅࡸྱ࿋ਢޟ໌ ࡙ൢ֙Ȃᐌএ໠ีਰϐငȶٱӑȷᇄȶ؆ҕȷྜ೽Ȃ໌՗ᕗცኇ៪ຟեȂζϐငᑹ࡚೽ ܁഍៌ቅޟҺ೽ौၾȂٮႱॎӵ࿋ԑۻ໌՗ܣ኿ีѓώแȄծӵ౪ൟकᓃޟഋဣԙষޟ ཎَϛȂࠓ఼ཿӴആ៩юᄇܻ༈ಛሴ୿ҢӴࢺѶޟฐኌȃҡᄘ஠ᎏકᚽޟࡨϸ୰ᚠȂᇄ ᄇܻܚᒝளଢ଼ӴПငᔼܚ஠ளپޟ׽ᡐϞᅸኌȞങڃቈ 2007Ȉ113-115ȟȄٽԃȂഋဣૅ ՂඪюޟȈ「ךॺࡐ᎜ᡋǵό౛ှ……PacifalanȐ೿ើሷȑࢂךॺШШжжਂങޑӦБǴ

வךޑߓϦǵ઒ӃǴдॺ΋ޔ೿ӧ္ٗǴࣁϙሶ཮ᡂԋ୯ৎޑǻȐҔٰȑᇂ໭۫ǻωȂ Ѫڍ՝ఊΡࠌϷտങक़དݲȂᇯ࣏ᇐΟ໻۹ϞࡣȂӵ Pacifalan ᖞ՗ޟ miksiȞ੕ಊȟ஠ Ϛޣԃդ໌՗ȇζᇯ࣏ᐌএᕗც഍ོೝ׽ᡐȃકᚽȂϚ૖Ռҥ໌ю PacifalanȂϚޣў঺ ၇׺ധȄՄఊΡһඪю഍៌Ӵୢհ࣏ೝᕗცғဎܚᒸןޟ᜞ጢϽӴୢޟᐣѬஜڼȈψ೿ ើሷӧΜӭԃ߻೏ೕჄࣁڱ֣൑ϐࡕǴ᡼ϣޑ࣑ྴ೿қϯΑǴੇύޑങᜪΨ෧ϿࡐӭǴ ೭൳ԃόॹڱ֣ϐࡕǴғᄊωᄌᄌࡠൺǴؒགྷډ౜ӧΞԖ΋ঁ໒วਢाٰઇᚯךॺޑੇ ୱωȞങڃቈ 2007Ȉ124ȟȄ ՌԪٱӇϞࡣȂഋဣޟଢ଼ষϚᘞȂՄ 2003 ԑনҕོσΨ௰ଢ଼༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥȂо࿋ ਢᓞҬ࣏ॶȂഋဣఊΡһԙҳΟ፡ࢥωಢȂٮᗜ໱ૅՂᇄඁ՝ϛᏰՂৱ୤ᇄȂᄂӴ໌՗ ഍៌ഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿ጒ൜ȃӴӪϞ፡ࢥᇄकᓃȂശࡣଶΟཊᐌҺڗϛѵޟഋဣӴყ፡ࢥღ ໥ޟၥਟϞѴȂڏ๖ݎһእቸԙΟȮ഍៌ߡछഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥൢ֙ਪȯȞؕЊУ้ 2003ȟȂਪϱߣΰΟҥღ໥ᛲᇧޟ഍៌ഋဣӴყȂϱৠၐყొᇐഋဣጒ൜ϱ१ौޟ༈ಛ ӴӪᇄࣺᜰϞᐣѬοक़Ȅ 2003ԑһีҡΟȶЈէ഍៌ቅȷҳ࢘ฏᐶٱӇȄቑൟ᛺೚ড়ߡϗȞങ݂଒ȟӵ഍៌ ቅၰ੕ՌᅾȂՌᅾࠉтෆ׹ਪڳᢱ१ຜ഍៌ቅ໠ีਰޟ୰ᚠȄҥߡϗӵ഍៌ᑥኅޟ᛺೚ ড়ЄΡкᏲȂᇄ഍៌ഋဣޟഋϷԙষȂӓӣܻ഍៌ቅ೩ҳΟȶЈઝ഍៌ቅȷޟҳ࢘क܈ ߡϗȂծϚδࡣ၎ҳ࢘ೝᐶྒσјȂԪٱ༈ِ࢐ҥ؆ϛЛࡻ BOT ޟᅕΡܚ࣏ȄҥԪџ ࣼю؆ϛӰ࣏ݍᆓ೎ޟ໠ีਰՄ࿽࿽ЀଽޟఊတᄇҳȄ ѪѴȂഋဣϛԙষีଔӵ഍៌ቅᑹ࡚Ι৴Уᓞᇄल૩ᇐԙޟȶᆹོܚȷȂоߡछᇭ ᆎڏ࣏ taloanȂһԤఊΡᆎϞ࣏ȶ഍៌ᢊኄൟȷȄᑹ࡚ႆแҥܻᗵ឴ܻݍᆓ೎ᗒήπӴٺ Ң᠌ޟތដȂᡱਖ਼ٱޟኵ՝ఊΡᎏڗឌᄆ׋घፙᇄᇧհ๋ᓃȄ၎ٱӇܻ 2004 ԑ 6 Т 26 РҥϴӓႫຜᇧኬޟȶন՞ҕཱིᆸᚕᇬȷൢᏲȂ኿ᚠ࣏Ȳߔ੕ಊ៦߯ၾȂᎏӴк௡֙ᕀ ᏪȳȂӵԪӴкܚࡾ։࣏ݍᆓ೎Ȅ၎ൢᏲࡾюȂѮݍ഍៌ഋဣ࣏ߔ௥ΜТӋޟ੕ಊȂ6 Т 15 Р໠ۖӵ഍៌ቅ੕ᢊསᇐᆹོܚȂծ࿋ЈࠓЕีߡछఊΡᎽᎻ܏Йӵ឴ܻݍᆓ೎ ޟπӴΰ໠ࡷ߯ၾȂᎏӴкө഍៌ࣂюܚᔮᖞᕀᏪޟ՗࣏Ȅҥܻ࿋ԑޟ੕ಊ๖ӫΟМ࡚ ོᖞᒲޟԙΡন՞ҕᔛቑᕊࣀଢ଼ȂఊΡ҈ᆗװࣀଢ଼ၯጣܜޢȂᗗջΡတᔠӵᎬߖӠᓎ᝚ நޟၾၯΰȂӰԪ҈ᆗ໠៦Ιనཱིޟ߯ၾȄ଄ޱһ೤୰Οݍݬ໐ϴܚȂ၎൐՝ߒҰҥܻ ԪӴ឴ܻόۃӴȂܚоѫौଢ଼Ңڗ१ᐠడȂٷݲ഍ᔖඪюҧ፜Ȅਢӈݍݬ໐໐ߝޟݓݍ ݂һߒ݂։ٺҧ፜Ȃζᗙ҆໸ငႆ౪ӵޟӴкݍᆓ೎ӣཎϗџ೽ႆȄᗶณϞࠉ 6 Т 3 Р ݍᆓ೎ᇄ࿋ӴఊΡෆငѢ໠ڞ፡ོȂοᓞܛᒛ࿋ӴΡџо࡚ᇐᖝਢޟᆹོܚȂծҥܻؠ

ԤғԒϴМȂܚоӵསᇐᆹོܚޟႆแ࿋ϛȂ౰ҡΟݍᆓ೎ᇄ഍៌ߡछఊΡᇯޣ৯౴ޟ ፐए୰ᚠ14_{ȄծרঈһᢎᄆڗȂӵ೻ٲፐएϞࡣȂ၎ᆹོܚತـᗙ࢐᝷៉ᡫҳӵ഍៌ቅ} ΰȂٮՌٱӇีҡޟ࿋ԑଔȂᙴԑಊശࡣΙЈ੕ಊޟቈԒӴᘈ։ھۡӵԪȂ௥๿Ⴄԑ Ȟ2005 ԑȟ၎Ӵᘈһԙ࣏ᖞ՗ᙴԑಊ಑ΙЈԞΰޟߔઠ᡹ቈԒϞܚӵ15_Ȅ ഋဣϱᇄ༈ಛሴ୿ࣺᜰޟתތٱӇٮҐ௃ԪୄྐȄԃࠉܚक़Ȃ2006 ήјԑȂഋဣࠒ ᆒёҔυᢊᛖีޟؽΡᢎӎ໠ีਰٱӇȂڏܒ፴ڷࠉक़ఊΡ७ᖝޟ֨ცႪӣȂѫ࢐תތ ᄇຫҥۢПޟݍᆓ೎඲ԙΟೝۢПȶӫݲȷ߳៖ޟؽΡ໠ีޱȄѪѴȂ᎑ߖ഍៌ޟڏт ߡछఊഋဣһ೎ܻ᜸խޟ֨ცϛȄ՝ܻ഍៌ഋဣࠒ᜞ޟږ਽ഋဣȂఊΡӵႆўኵԑࡻ៉ ७ᄇپՌۢПᑖྃ௰ଢ଼ޟ໠ีਰڷҕ໢ޟᕗც߳៖ᖐ੏ήȂᚖ१ޟᕗცҡᄘٱӇϞᔆ ΨȂڏনӰ࣏Ȉ՝ܻഋဣጒ൜ϱϞ؊ন੕Ыੜൟछᝋᢊ෮୅໻۹ȂҐငᇄഋဣྜ೽։ഃ ՗ଢ଼ώȂׇӒฒຜ࿋ӴۨҕᇄԪа੕୿Ϟ໢ޟٷԆᜰ߽16_{ȄՄӵԪٱӇϛپՌᕗც߳ى} ღᡝᇄᏰ೚ࣨޟІᄇ໠ีϞΨ໔һҐᇄ࿋ӴߡछఊΡ໌՗шϷޟྜ೽Ȃ2005 ԑȶ൲ό࿱ ᅣୢȷӵѴپᇄ࿋ӴоᅕΡ࣏кಢԙޟᕗ߳ღᡝЅᏰ೚ࣨޟ௰ଢ଼ήԙҳȂ၎࿱ᅣୢ࢐ҥ Ѯݍᑪࢇۺၻཾ׋ϴҀᄂࢊȂጒ൜ѓࢂѮΪΙጣዘپᐝՍ 154 ϴ٨೎ޟݼ۬੕୿Ȃҥҁ ֯ଽዘጣөѴ۽ժ 500 ϴЏޟ੕୿ϱȂଶϰ೨Ы౰ၐᡛंـѴȂҐငᑪۺ೨џϚுоӈ դПԒ௴ਐЫ౰ଢ଼ේސ17_{ȄծԪ࿱ᅣୢޟϴ֙ȂᄂҐшϷՃ໔ୢ୿ϱږ਽ഋဣߡछఊΡ} ҁР໌՗ᅣᘸ௴໱Ϟ᠌ցȂϴ֙ࡣЎڏ३ڙΟӵӴఊΡٽ՗ܒ໌՗ޟ੕ࢷࣺᜰಊቈȄತ ܻӵ 2008 ԑᙴԑಊᖞ՗෈໢Ȃᛖี࿋Ӵҡᄘ߳ى௰ଢ଼ޱᇄഋဣఊΡ໌՗੕ࢷৢധࣀଢ଼ ޟቑ੨ፐए18_{ȄԪٱһញี഍៌ഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼ԙষޟ஼੨ІᔖȂᑖྃ՛ᖒӨഋ} ဣΨ໔ᇄݍഋӨ઻ߡछఊࢇݽΡސڷӴПᏰޱȂӓӣᖞᒲΟȶ಑Ι۩ߡछఊўୀТņᖒ ӫ੕ࢷ pakelang σོȷ19_{Ȃ၎ࣀଢ଼۠ԟϞ಑Ιన߯ቸ๿Ȃȶ࣏ؑҗ៉ߡछఊ༈ಛМϽ༈ܛȂ} ᙤ๿ pakelang20_{ᏗᆹߡछఊҕఊཎᜋȂࡇҰՌณкȞ੕ȟ᠌}21_{ȄȷՄ 2008 ԑۻһีҡᑪ} ដষభҽਝ൲ό៖ᅣޟ዁ԒȂඪюӵږ਽ഋဣࠒ᜞ޟёၯ៌ഋဣ೩ҳ៖ᅣୢȂоӰᔖҐ پี৤ҡᄘਡၽᇄᢎӎȂࠓҳ։ᎏڗ؆ဣོដ֏ؚϞٱӇȄӵӴޟন՞ҕߡछఊΡϐ఼ ཿӴҥႆўኵԑ໢ܚีҡޟٱӇϛีឈȂആႆᢎӎี৤ौ၌ؚӵӴငᔼᇄҡԆޟ୰ᚠȂ ٮؠԤԃԪᙏ൐ᇄ໷ցȄ

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ཱིޟӴශ኿଄ᇄఊတМϽᇯӣޟᏗᆹ

፩ҳ๿ȶߡ࡙៌༈ಛሴ୿ᄲิചྦྷ਺क܈࿬ȷޟ഍៌ᢊኄൟȂᇄȶߡछఊีྛӴȷ क܈࿬ޟ഍៌ᒸ֭ߣߖӴᘈȂғфߒഋဣሴ୿ޟڍএ᜞ࣨᘈȄӵ 2006 ήјԑޟёҔυ ᢊ໠ีਰٱӇϞࡣȂఊΡӵࠉࡣӈᓞҬளሴήȂӵёҔυᢊάҳΟѪΙএࡇҰᆰ៖༈ಛ ੕୿ȃྩࢺȃՌณҡᄘޟ֙ҰถȄ೻ٲӴᘈೝ኿Ұޟཎဎᇄᜰ೿ܒ࣏դȉ՝ܻ੕᜞഍៌ ቅޟ഍៌ᢊኄൟᆹོܚȞtaloanȟ࣏ഋဣᇄݍᆓ೎תތႆแϛཱི࡚ҳޟഋဣࣀଢ଼ު໢Ȃ ၎Ӵᘈԙ࣏Ҭࠉഋဣ໌՗༈ಛಊቈࣺ࿋१ौޟཱིӴᘈȂڏཎဎᇄনӑೝҢپфߒ໱ོܚ Ȟsfiȟޟഋဣࣀଢ଼ϛЖ౰ҡΟୢႤȂ഍៌ᢊኄൟζԙ࣏഍៌ഋဣཱིޟӴශȄӵ഍៌Ȃظ υԑឭಢᙑϞ༈ಛ໱ོܚᆎ࣏ sfiȂtaloan ࠌԤҤ໢ωࡐᇄ໠ܹԒߪυޟཎࡦȂծൢᏲΡ һߒҰ࡞఼ཿ taloan Ιԅӵϛഋߡछᇭࡾޟ։࣏ȶ໱ོܚȷȄ၎࡚ᑞ࠮Ԓ࣏ήⲵ೩Ыݫȃ ΰᇐल૩Ϟ໠ܹԒߪ޾Ȟ୤َყ 4ȟȄ၎࡚ᑞӵђ૖ᇄ࠮ᄘΰᇄೝᆎ࣏ sfi ޟ໱ོܚԤ࡞ ఼ཿޟୢᒱȂѫ࢐հ࣏੕᜞ቈԒࣀଢ଼ܖΙૡࣀଢ଼ٺҢޟళߪȄ ѪѴȂՌ௃ 2005 ԑ໠ۖȂ഍៌ቅζԙ࣏഍៌ഋဣھۡᖞ՗੕ಊޟӴᘈȄ๋ޱܻ 1998 Ս 2000 ԑ໢໌՗Ҥഏ፡ࢥਢȂ༈ಛᙴԑಊ๖؂ޟ੕ಊӴᘈٮϚھۡȂՄ࢐ӵ၎ԑᙴԑ ಊ಑ΠЈήϿȂӵ໱ོܚആႆᅈԢ֥୮ȂࡇҀႤЈԞΰӵ੕᜞ޟ໱ӫӴᘈȂܖҥᙴԑಊ ၼհޟ᠌ΨਯЖᖂᆓಢ mikomoday ӵ಑ΠЈήϿσོ๖؂ࠉኄኬࡇҀȄӵቈԒᖞ՗ޟ૕ ๜ϛȂಋଢ଼ᇄھۡޟӴᘈΠޱџоԤࣺ࿋ϚӣޟཎొȂՄӵԪٽϛቈԒު໢ޟھ๿խн ౰ҡΟཱིޟཎဎᇄ၌ភȈՌԪȂഋဣھۡӵ੕᜞ޟ഍៌ቅᖞ՗੕ಊȂӵ೻এ஼੨ຫ኉Ԉ ៖༈ಛሴ୿ޟٱӇีҡӴᘈȂഋဣ໱ᡝӴࡇҰΟ၎ӴᘈޟቈԒܒӴ՝Ȃ၎Ӵශζ؁ڎᡝ ӴܛၷΟഋဣᏗᆹ໱ᡝᇯӣޟཎဎȄࣺၶܻڏтഋဣആႆᖞᒲ൶ਲ਼Ϟਡо೿๖ᇄᙟޥޟ ᜰᖒȂԃ௶ᢊఊҁڷ؆22_{ܖ࢐Ҁၻఊϱҏപޟٽυ}23_{Ȃ഍៌ޟߡछఊΡࠓᒵᐅѪѴΙᆍ} ၯ৷ȂоӵӴު໢к᠌ޟࡇҰȂᇄࢇۺ൐՝ڷѴپ໠ีޱתᒋȄᗶณഋဣ౪֭ζ࢐᎐ಋ ႆࡣޟӴᘈȂծ഍៌ٮҐᒵᐅ໌՗൶ਲ਼ϞਡȂӱڗᙟޥᄇтঈپᇳխнؠԤЊ१ौޟཎ ొȄ

ყ 4 ՝ܻ഍៌ቅ Pacifalan ΰޟᆹོܚȞtaloanȟȞᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 7 Т 15Рȟ ყ 5 ഍៌ᒸ֭ΰПϞᆹོܚȞᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 4 Т 5 РȂཐᗂݓғࢌՂ ৱڞօܯីȟ ᜰܻࠉक़ޟᙟޥ൶ਲ਼ȂѪѴԤএӣӵߡछఊഋဣีҡޟඨԢџټ୤ՃȄ๋ޱӵߝᔻ ໐໌՗೤ፙਢȂுޣ࿋Ӵഋဣߧԑඪដ໌՗ᙟޥޟ൶ਲ਼ϞਡȂהఖ૖ள୽ωᏰ็Ιଔΰ όᡝᡛԞ෈ҡࣀȂณՄഋဣૅՂࠓԤϚӣޟཎَȂϚЍΡк஻ौӑၭȶՂΡড়Ȟࡾઠӑȟȷ ྜ೽Ȃծᄇܻԃդྜ೽ࠓؠԤЊӻ࡚ដȄޢڗ൶ਲ਼Ϟਡ࿋ЈȂޥୢี৤ڞོᖂཆٱڗΟ

ࣀଢ଼໱ӫ౪ൟȂี౪ۨณؠԤӈդΡ౪٘Ȅтޟ၌ភ࢐ȂҐၭઠӑྜ೽ԁϞࠉȂ።මື ณӱڗᙟۨӴȉ೻এٽυ࡞ԤཎࡦȂרঈџоӔ໌Ι؏ၚ୰Ȃ࢐֏Ӱ࣏ӵᙟޥෆငีҡ ੽੾ܖཎѴޟጢ࢈Մٺ࿋Ӵഋဣ᎐ۨ౪֭ȄԃԪȂȶᙟޥȷӵπӴᜰ߽ޟ௑ཐ೿๖ΰȂ ٮϚѫ࢐ԃ࢚ٲ൶ਲ਼Ϟਡܚ೩ۡȂшᅖᛄ܈ᙟۨӴϞ଄ᏹՄϐȄо഍៌ߡछఊޟ௑לپ ࣼȂπӴܚܛၷޟМϽᇯӣȂᇄ७ᄇѴپ໠ีٱӇЕีޟπӴк᠌ࢺѶӠᐠȂܖ೨Шᛲ ᇧഋဣӴყܖᙟޥ൶ਲ਼้᜸࠮ޟࣀଢ଼Ȃளپ؁஼੨ᇄ؁ޢ௥ޟҡԆፐᔞڷఊတᇯӣཐޟ ᏗᆹȄӰԪȂӵ഍៌ݓൟΰП࡚ҳ᜸խ༈ಛ໱ོܚޟ࡚ᑞȞ୤َࠉॲყ 5ȟȂЅ੕᜞ཱི࠮ ᆹོܚ഍៌ᢊኄൟޟ೩ညȂܖ೨џоຜ࣏Ιᆍߡछఊആႆ࡚ࡐپࡇҰᇄ၎аπӴ࡚ҳᜰ ߽ޟПԒȄӵѪѴڍএߡछఊഋဣޟ༈ಛሴ୿ၼଢ଼ϛȂӵӴ՗ଢ଼ޱһᒵᐅ࡚ࡐپࡇҰπ Ӵ᠌ȂڏϛΙٽ࢐߆ጸᑪჰᙴ໐ޟБᏍ໯ՂȄ2002 ԑ 12 Т 2 РȂӵ߆ጸᑪჰᙴ໐឴ܻ ߆ጸၻൟסᏰࢲޟ୽ԤπӴΰȂپՌ߆ݍӴୢޟߡछఊΡоȶᗙרπӴȂ१ߕᙟሴ୿Б Ꮝ໯Ղȷ࣏ວؑȂऄଶᚕ૩Ȃ୼ӴᇐࡐȄ12 Т 9 Рתތޟ಑ΤЈȂ՗ࢇ଱ആႆনҕོี ҀཱིᆸገߒҰȂ՗ࢇ଱அܻғဎনࠌȂЛࡻ஠༈ಛሴ୿ޟπӴᘪᗙ๝࿋Ӵন՞ҕఊȄ೻ ໶๡ཎӱᔖᗗջΟΙൟџ૖ޟᐭ੨תތࣀଢ଼Ȃ၎՗ଢ଼ޟ๖ݎӵনҕོȃন՞ҕҳݲۏষ Ѕ߆ጸᑪࢇۺۨϛڞ፡ήȂଝሄོ߆ጸၻൟඪټᖂ७ᑖѲΪΤϴദޟπӴȂڷ࿋Ӵন՞ ҕоӓӣငᕊ዁ԒپംΙ᛫ॏ࠶घ24_{ȄՄ࡚ҳ᜸խȶ໱ོܚȷ࠮ᄘޟഋဣϴӓٺҢު໢Ȃ} ؁࢐஼Ͻഋဣ໱ᡝᄇܻު໢к᠌ޟ՗ٺȂԃ߆ጸᑪӎඈ໐ޟ Karowa ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼ ଢ଼Ȃһ࢐ᒵᐅࡸྱ༈ಛώݲ࡚ᇐ໱ོܚȂоЅӵོܚں൜ᆍේωԽ้༈ಛհސޟПԒپ ٺҢ၎πӴ25_Ȅ ӵ༈ಛሴ୿ΰҳ࿬ܖҳ֙Ұถޟ՗ଢ଼ȂᙤҥМԅᇄӴᘈޟ๖ӫȂڎᡝࡇҰᄇӴ୿ޟ ՗ٺ᠌ȂՄถМޟϱৠਖ਼Ѕȶᆰ៖༈ಛ੕୿ȃྩࢺՌณҡᄘȃᝒ࿱ࢳധȃࣔധЅՌณҡ ᄘકᚽငᕊ՗࣏ȷȂήߣ༈ಛሴ୿Ϟ੕ӪᇄݬӪȞ୤َყ 6 ᇄყ 7ȟ26_{Ȃһ֕౪ӵӴߡछ} ఊ༈ಛሴ୿ၼଢ଼ޱ஼፡ȶ༈ಛሴ୿к᠌ȷᇄȶҡᄘȷӓӣቋ঄ޟк஻ȄӵӴၼଢ଼ޱᒵᐅ ӵ഍៌ݓൟϱ഍៌ᒸ֭ߣߖȂоЅ੕۬᜞໌՗੕ࢷၥྛցҢঙቈԒᖞ՗ޟު໢Ȃհ࣏ڍ ᜸ҳ࿬ӴᘈȂ഍ڳᔖ༈ಛΰԑ໊࡙෈ቈԒ໌՗෈໢Ȃငҥஈ՗ቈԒޱ໢ޟޥོಢᙑᜰ߽ ᄇᔖڗ೻ڍএӴПު໢᜞ࣨܚளԤޟ१ौޥོМϽཎొȞᛳશޙ 2005ȟȄծМϽཎొޟ Ӕ౪ᇄӔၛភȂࠌӵၼଢ଼кᏲޱആႆ೿๖၎ު໢ᇄఊတีྛӴڍޱȂ஼ϽӵӴഋဣު໢ ޟٺҢ᠌ᇄ༈ಛሴ୿Ϟ໢ޟᜰ߽ȄζӰԪȂ၎ߡछఊีྛӴ࿬МϱৠਪቸԃήȈ ᏵαॊᐕўϷЎўԵ᛾ 3500 ԃ߻ᛣદआഏਔයςԖߓऍ௼ӧߓࡋើ೭༧βӦ ΢Ǵ྽ਔӦӜᆀࣁ Cigalasan ୷ь܎ξǴࡕයωᆀ’Tolan ߓࡋើȐᇟཀࣁҡᓐ ୴ᑈϷӦ᎜ᓎᕷϐཀȑǴҡᏔਔж݈༧ၮ୏ۘ҂ᛙڰ܌ठǴᐕ࿶εӦ᎜Їଆੇ

ቖӄ׸ᙟݕǴӢԜ೽ပவ PacifalanȐ೿ើ᡼ȑᎂ౽ԿӦ༈ၨଯ CiwuwayanȐ೿ ើ݅൑ȑǴ௼Γӛӈ઒ӈے࠹֋βӦԾฅЬ៾Ǵᜫ΢ࡆߥՙߓऍ௼ηη৊৊ޔ ډ҉ᇻǶ

ყ 6 ёҔυᢊȞKamodȟ֙ҰถȞᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 4 Т 5 Рȟ

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༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥᇄഋဣӴყᛲᇧȈ໌՗፡ࢥϞࡣ

ӵ 2005 ԑ Annual Review of Anthropology ԤᜰഋဣӴყᛲᇧޟᖂ፣МണϛȂChapinȃ Lambᇄ ThrelkeldȞ2005ȟέ՝հޱඪюΙ೿՛୰ᚠȂтঈк஻ᗶณӴყᛲᇧޟώڎᄇ ഋဣޥོளپ१ौཎဎȂࠓζЕี؁ӻ҆໸७ᄇޟ୰ᚠȂѓࢂଉ਀ޟ᏿Ԥᇄᗴؽޟ൵१

ौԃդঙ៫ȉӰഋဣӴყՄంଢ଼ޟഋဣ᜞ࣨ१᠒ܚЕีޟތដԃդᗗջȉ࣏դτܒޟ ᖐॱӵഋဣӴყᛲᇧϛխнೝ܇౱ȉՄӵࣥቄኺޟПԒܖ௑ݷήȂഋဣӴყџо࣏ন՞ ҕഋဣ፭᠌Ȃܖ࢐ԙ࣏᜞ጢϽন՞ҕޥོޟώڎȉ೻ጕМണඪҰΟӴყᛲᇧ׬೚ᏲΣন ՞ҕޥོܚഅԙޟ೨ӻ१ौ୰ᚠȂծ࢐ᗙԤѪѴඁএᔖ੼ཎޟ୰ᚠȂ։ഋဣޟޣᜋԃդ ೝᙽឍȉܖ࢐ᇳȂഋဣޟ༈ಛሴ୿ȃπӴᇄҡᄘޣᜋȂ࢐֏ᔖ၎Ԥ؁ӻϚӣܻӴყޟӔ ౪᜸࠮ᇄПԒȉоΰ୰ᚠȂӵѮᢊഋဣӴყᛲᇧ໌՗ႆแϛȂһԤ೨ӻ᜸խޟਰٽᔮଆ ޟ౰ҡȂٽԃӵۢσ୉ᇄݓઉϦȞ2008ȟȲϧቄ༈ಛȉ።ޟሴ୿ȉȈ௃੎໯ఊ଻٨ӎࢺ ୿༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥငᡛፙު໢ޣᜋޟᙽឍȳМണϛܚፙڗޟȂѧ଻৲඼ᇄڏܚ឴ޟ଻٨ӎ တЅڏ᎑௥ഋဣᄇܻӴყหࣨ౰ҡϞھ๿ࣨጣޟᐭ੨ІᔖᇄތដȄ 2003ԑӒѮᢊӨন՞ҕഋဣ໌՗ഋဣӴყᛲᇧޟਝᔖڏᄂ৯౴ࣺ࿋᝚੆Ȃ೻࿋ϛԤ டড়Ᏸޱߝ෈ਖ਼ΣޟഋဣȂᡗณၶ૖ඡණӴყᛲᇧޟᆠጂܒᇄϚӣޣᜋߒႀޟၛភު ໢ȇծٮߨܚԤഋဣ഍ԤԃԪᐠጢȄӵޣᜋᇄ׬೚ဣ৯౰ҡܻഋဣӴყᛲᇧॎგޟӣ ਢȂԤΙএ୰ᚠζᔖ၎ೝඪюپІࣸȈ࣏ࣥቄौौؑ᏾ߝᖿक़༈ಛሴ୿ϛᇄڏࣺᜰޟડ ၗ༈ᇳᇄᐣѬ଄ᏹޟন՞ҕૅՂȂᏰಬᛲᇧӴყپ֙ວרঈࣥቄ࢐тঈޟ༈ಛሴ୿ȉӵ ޣᜋ᠌ΨޟُΨΰȂGIS29_{ޟ׬೚ᇄ༈ಛᄛಬᄇܻު໢ࣨጣޟೣጒᇄᄂ፺ᔖ၎ೝ้ӣຜ} Ϟ༝ȉ ഋဣϱഋᇄѴഋޟࢇݽ᠌Ψϣଢ଼ᜰ߽ȂӵഋဣӴყհ࣏Ιএཱི׬೚໌ΣϞࡣȂ౰ҡ ঺ٲӰᔖᇄᄇ๊ޟᡐϽȂζ঄ு੼ཎᇄΟ၌Ȅ୅षӴყᛲᇧԤօܻߒक़༈ಛޣᜋȂٮи ૖ᡱѴࣨ౩၌ഋဣМϽϱొᇄቋ঄Ȃܖ೨ཱི׬೚ਖ਼Ѕޟࠌ࢐ȶԃդೝٺҢȷՄߨȶ࣏դ ೝٺҢȷޟ୰ᚠȄӵ 2003 ԑۻׇԙޟȮ഍៌ߡछഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥൢ֙ਪȯȂਪϱߣΰ ҥღ໥ᛲᇧޟ഍៌ഋဣӴყȞ୤َყ 8ȟȇӵ 2008 ԑޟᙴԑಊ౪ൟȂю౪ΟΙ஻ҥӵѕ ഋऋ׬ϴѧώհޟ഍៌ߧԑ୤Ճਪϛܚඪټޟ༈ಛӴӪȂо Google Earth নყ१ಢᛲᇧ юȶO nasa lipa’an ita a seraȞרޟπӴרޟড়ȟȷޟ༈ಛሴ୿σ௮ყȞ୤َყ 9ȟȄԪ௮ ყӵӣԑ 8 Тȶᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelangȷ౪ൟܚᖞᒲޟȶՌณ੕᠌፣क़ོដȷϛԙ࣏१ौޟ धශȂڎຫϽޟӴყӵԪ૕๜ή׸ᅋΟᏗᆹฐᘈᇄ஼፡ᢎᘈޟ१ौ൬ϭȄ ӵѮᢊȂন՞ҕȶഋဣӴყȷᛲᇧᇄҡᄘၼଢ଼ޟ๖ӫȂڷжࣨڏтӴୢШၶᗶߨ੫ ٽȞѮ٤Θኪؓ୚ 2001ȇݓઉϦ 2001ȟȂծڏधࡣᗴ֤ޟМϽᇄҡᄘفಛ໢ޟ᠌Ψᜰ ߽ȂٮϚ҆ณᄇন՞ҕഋဣளپᓺ༖ȂІՄ࢐ᄇӨএϚӣᐣѬधශήี৤ޟഋဣҡࣀ׹ ΣᡐኵȂζளپ؁ፒᚕޟᙽᡐᇄฒݲႱ෈ޟڏт୰ᚠȄϚ፣࢐Еีᄇȶ༈ಛȷᕗცᢎᇄ ቈԒޟ१ཱིၛភܖ༭അȇܖ࢐ӰᢎӎѿൟΰМϽᇄҡᄘ߳៖ϞሯؑȂԙ࣏࿋Ӵཎَሴ೟

ڷМϽώհޱᒵᐅޟк҈໶Ҭȇ׻ܖ࢐ӵཱིޟࢇݽငᔼ༖Ψ໌ΣࡣȂԃդᇄনӑഋဣϱ ഋ᠌Ψᜰ߽ϣଢ଼ٮ౰ҡᡐϽȂ഍঄ுࡣ៉ߝ෈ӴᜰݧȄѪѴӵ഍៌ഋဣҡᄘᕗცΰܚЕ ีޟ᠌Ψ୰ᚠȂᔖϚѫีҡӵ࿋фȂႆўРҏΡᇄᅕΡಋҕள໌ཱིޟၻે׬೚ᇄհސȞግ ԽȃҠጵȃॷलᇄቃ఩้ȟȂӵ࿋Ӵऔᑥኅ࡚ኅࡣȂоЅҕ୽ѲΪԑѾѡσ໔ᅕΡ໠ۖ ಋΣϞࡣȂᔖ၎഍Ԥႆ׽ᡐȄ೻ϛ໢౞ਖ਼ڗ؁ፒᚕи঄ு໌Ι؏௤ଆޟΡᇄᕗც໢ᢎ܈ ᇄቈԒޟᡐ᎐ȃМϽᇄఊတᇯӣޟϚӣלᇼᇄ໦ࢲཎဎȃఊတᜰ߽ޟ׽ᡐȂоЅᕗცޟ ࢇݽငᔼᏰϞ७ᇼ้้ޟ୰ᚠȄ ყ 8 ഍៌༈ಛሴ୿ӴყȞᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 4 Т 5 Рȟ ყ 9 о Google Earth १ᛲϞ഍៌༈ಛሴ୿Ӵყ Ȟᛳશޙីܻ 2008 ԑ 7 Т 15 Рȟ

༈ಛҡᄘޣᜋᇄᕗცкဎޟᄇၗ

༈ಛޟᕗცগ౩ϛһԆӵএΡࣺᄇܻ໱ᡝޟցઉȂծζџ૖࢐Ιᆍ᠌Ψᜰ߽ȂӰ࣏ ڏϛ౞ਖ਼ڗϚӣޟМϽᇄޥတ൐՝Ȃ७ᄇᕗცਢϚӣޟցҢПԒᇄٷԆ዁ԒȂάܖ࢐Ԇ ӵԃӣࢇݽငᔼҡᄘᏰܚ೎౩ޟϚҁ้᠌Ψ୰ᚠΙኺȄMoranȞ2006Ȉ128ȟӵ People and NatureΙਪϛඪЅȂᜰܻᕗცၥྛޟϷ଩Ȃ҆໸Ճኌڗԃդ࡚ҳΙএ໱ᡝޟ྅܈Մߨএ տ᠌ցޟٴҢ୰ᚠȂՄ։ٺӵ༈ಛޥୢϛȂ܁܁ϐငԆӵΙৈࢋۡޟ໱ᡝᇄএտ᠌ցޟ МϽೣጒȄӵ༈ಛ഍៌ߡछఊԤᜰ໱ᡝࣛᘸᇄᅣኣޟࣀଢ଼ϛȂ։݂ጂആႆԑឭಢᙑܖᒑ ఊӓٴޟᐠڙپׇԙȇծএΡޟࣛᘸᇄᅣኣࣀଢ଼һ࢐ԆӵޟȄиޢڗϬЈȂᅣኣࣀଢ଼Ϛ ፣࢐РலҡࣀޟॵҢܖ࢐ቈԒܒޟᅣኣಊȞpakelangȟᇄ੕ಊȞmiksiȟȂᄇڏޥོᜰ߽ᇄ МϽᢎ܈ޟ۽៉پᇳ഍ߨலӴ१ौȄ ۨ՞ܻݍഋ੕۬ޟߡछఊӵۢПᇯۡΰ឴ܻҁӴন՞ҕȂтঈઠӑܚ੼ήޟπӴٮ ՝ڧڗόӴ߳੼Ӵࢇ๊ޟ߳៖ȂӰԪϚӣܻόӴন՞ҕȂՍЍᗙԤόӴ߳੼Ӵޟࢇ๊ᇄ ೣጒߢႤܻయฒ߳੼ޟ໠ܹີ፲πӴϞ໢Ȃ։ٺಀܚࣱޣȂᗙ࢐ԤϚЍӴήޟનၩᜰ߽ ӵόӴ߳੼Ӵ໢ࢺଢ଼๿Ȅݍ੕۬Ӵୢࢋฒ᠌ڧڗ୽ড়ᄇন՞ҕπӴޟ߳៖Ȃ౪ӵάौӣ ਢ७ᄇ଒ღܖҕ໢ငᔼᓺ༖ᇶඋήޟີ፲ȂᇄپՌᑪ઻ࢇۺܖ࢐ϛѵࢇۺޟ୽ড়༖Ψк Ᏺೣგޟ໠ีॎგȂᏲम࿋ӴఊΡ७ᄇᚖ१ޟπӴࢺѶ኏ኌȄоҬࠉϐีҡޟߡछఊ༈ ಛሴ୿ࣺᜰπӴތដȂϚӣഋဣӵ७ᄇϚӣቹ઻ޟࢇۺ᠌Ψ൐՝һԤϚӣޟџ૖ܒȂԃ ߆ጸӎඈ໐ Karowa ༈ಛሴ୿ၼଢ଼ޟٽυȂ։кଢ଼ތڥڗনҕོϞငາȂөѮᑥܛનٺ Ңڏ༈ಛπӴޟ᠌ցȞ༁໯ᘄ 2003ȟ30_{Ȃܖԃӵᇃݍ଻៌ഋဣѪԤΙࠌ༈ಛሴ୿ᇄഋဣ} Ӵყᛲᇧࣺᜰޟี৤ᄂٽȞ؃ҝ߇ 2007ȟȄծӵѮݍ੕۬ޟ഍៌ഋဣȂЅڏࠒ᜞ޟ൲ό ޥୢږ਽ഋဣᇄёၯ៌ഋဣȂિિᎏႄڗڏ༈ಛٺҢޟ੕୿Ȃ७ᖝۢПᇄؽΡӌཾо໠ ี࣏Ӫܚ໌՗ޟ߭қȂѪѴᗙԤپՌҡᄘ߳ىღᡝ೻಑έПޟᔆΨȄ Anna L. Tsingӵӟѻё٨୥ϝԤᜰ᜞ጢܒᇄᕗცӒ౨Ͻ፣क़ޟ௤ଆȂܖ೨࣏೻এ֨ ᜲޟ೎ცඪټΟΙএϸӫޟШൕȄӵ TsingȞ2005ȟശߖཊᐌႆўኵԑپंـܚׇԙޟ ๿հ Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection ϛȂ௤ଆӒ౨ϽкဎϞήȂၥҏкဎȃ ऋᏰޣᜋᇄᕗცၼଢ଼ܻё٨୥ϝޟ Meratus ন՞ҕޥོܚ౰ҡޟհҢᇄӵӴϽޟІଢ଼Ȃ ԂඪюȶֶᖁȞGapȟϛޟন՞ҕ༈ಛޣᜋȷޟϷݙȄ1980 ԑфࡣ෈໠ۖԤᕗ߳ღᡝȂ ԃߦݓ՗ଢ଼ᆩȞRainforest Action NetworkȟആႆরগШٳ U’wa ӟӴԊΡޟࡇِȂ஼፡ ᕗ߳҆໸ᇄ࿋Ӵন՞ҕӫհϗ૖ׇԙȂծ࢐ᄂሬΰ໌՗ӫհޟ௑לࠓ࢐֨ᜲ११Ȅॶ ӑȂᐣѬΰෆԤႆޟϚඛפकᓃ࢐ڏΙȂӰ࣏೻ኺޟӫհҐ҆ள๝ন՞ҕԤઉޟี৤Ȃ

Մ༈ಛޣᜋһџ૖Ӱ੼ήМԅ଄ᓃՄৠܾೝڥுٮ༒ᡅȂฒᖐฒ਀Ӵԙ࣏тΡຝыิ଄ ޟසኋ଒౰31_{ȄѪΙএনӰȂپՌרঈ࡞ৠܾഞΣȶ഍ѿ੏ᅞ௑ᛄȷȂՌଢ଼஠ন՞ҕᇄഏҡ೿} ๖ӵΙଔȂӣਢȂζຜন՞ҕ࣏ᇄ഍ѿޟೣጒȃፏҡȃ଒౰ȃਝ౥ڷցઉޟ౪фҡࣀᄇ ҳޟѪѴΙᆍҡࣀӴශȂ஠ন՞ҕޥོད჋ԙѫڎԤഋဣᒸ੼ܖડထܒȂܖ࢐ᇄഏҡՌ ณޟᝯތཀྵାȂ׻ܖ࢐ΙаಈڷޟᛧۡȞTsing 2005Ȉ58-160ȟȄ೻ٲ୅ຫٺுন՞ҕᙴ ൲ޟҡᄘޣᜋȂ௃ՙПࡦᆰήࣼ࡟ࠓԙ࣏ϭܻȶᆍේᇄഏҡȷȃȶҡཾᇄѿൟငᔼȷȃȶၻ ҤᇄිݓȷȃȶᆹဣᇄϱӴȞhinterlandȟȷ೻ٲᄇҳಢϞ໢ޟֶᖁȞGapsȟϞϛȂᡐԙᜲ оೝᘪ᜸ᇄೝ௥ڧޟ୰ᚠȄMeratus Ӵශᄇ໠ีޱܖᕗ߳Ρρ഍࢐ฒݲ౩၌ȂӰ࣏ᄇ໠ ีޱՄِȂිݓϛฒΡۨ՞ޟӴளೝຜ࣏ഏҡՄฒΡၬޟ૤Ӵ Ȃᄇᕗ߳ΡρՄِȂි ݓϛޟ՞ҕޟࣀଢ଼ளپޟһ࢐ᄇڏ࣢ຜޟഏҡՌณޟᘙଢ଼Ȅ೻ٲֶᖁΙө࢐ӰୢႤՄ౰ ҡȂ໠ีഺഅΟۨ՞ୢᇄၥྛୢޟϸസȂՄ Meratus Ӵශ߯࢐ӵ೻ኺޟϸസήဣΣᔪ࢏ Ϛ݂ޟԸՓӴளȞTsing 2005Ȉ176-202ȟȄ оΰܚᒝޟֶᖁܒਿғю౪ӵߡछఊ഍៌ഋဣ७ᄇ୽ড়ȃѴپޟ୦ཾ໠ีᇄ࿋фޟ ҡᄘᕗ߳፣क़Ϟ୰ᚠϛȄӵό੕Ϟ໢ҡԆӻԑޟߡछఊՌԤڏ༈ಛҡᄘසኋᇄᕗცᎌᔖ ޟΙৈޣᜋᡝفȂณՄԃդᙽឍ೻ኺޟޣᜋᡱѴپޟМϽுо౩၌ڷ௥ڧٮϚৠܾȄӵ Ԫ३ܻ૖ΨᇄጕൽȂବᄇߡछఊޟ༈ಛҡᄘසኋᇄᕗცᢎٮҐ૖ӻё๿ᏎȄႆўࣺᜰޟ ҕఊᇬंـһࣺ࿋Ԥ३ȂӰԪҏМӵМᝦЕҢΰϫฒݲ؁шϷӴёо፣ᜌȄߡछఊޟ༈ ಛު໢ᇄҡᄘසኋᇄࠒ৬ӴශंـᗶԤ೨ӻџоࣺϣШၶϞ೎Ȃծһԃӣഌڃۣ Ȟ2008aȈ1-2ȟӵȲȶ࿋фࠒ৬ޥོޟӴශ׳րंـȷடဴᏲِȳϛܚ஼፡ޟȂӴශ࢐ࠒ ৬ᇭఊМϽϛΪϷ१ौޟΙᕗȂᇄҡॎȃπӴȃᒑ឴ȃઠӑȃᐣѬ้७өޟᜰ߽ΪϷᆧ ஝ȂณՄȂΡᇄӴශޟᜰ߽ӵ७ᄇ୽ড়Ψ໔ȃၥҏкဎȃݲࡡڙ࡙ȃоЅ۠ఀ߬Ӊᡝف ਢȂζ౰ҡΟ೨ӻፐएȃᙽϽᇄӔഺഅޟ౪ຫȄၖԃ၎டဴܚԝᓃϞनғ࡯ȞHu 2008ȟ Мണܚ௤ଆޟȂ࿋фѮᢊࠒ৬ޥོலၼҢҡᄘ߳ىڷഋဣӴყȂୈ࣏ᇄ୽ড়ڷၥҏкဎ תᒋޟޣᜋᇄ፣क़ώڎȄՄഌڃۣМണࠌඪюȂᗶณ୽ড়ҳݲȶ߳ራȷΟ༈ಛπӴڙ࡙Ȃ ௴ҢՙПݲࡡᡝفϐငᡱ༈ಛ׽ᡐΟȄՄ௃МϽᡝف௤ଆϞȂџоَڗӴශ྅܈ҥႆแ ԒȞprocessualȟᙽ࣏ሜړԒȞinscriptiveȟȂһ։ࠉޱᗴ֤ԤΙৈΡᇄӴශȃઠӑڷ᡹Ψ ᆧ஝೿๖Ȃшᅖኆܒᇄڞ୦ޟ྅܈ȂՄࡣޱȂࠌѫ࣏ΡᇄӴශϞ໢кࡊᡝϷᚔȂһᙽ࣏ ൐Ιжف᝷ܛȂπӴԙ࣏௶Ѻܒ᝷ܛޟ଒౰Ȟഌڃۣ 2008bȟȄߡछఊܚۨ՞ޟѮᢊݍഋ ᇄ Tsing МϛܚඪޟȶϱӴȷȂӵ೎ცΰԤ࢚ᆍแ࡙ޟ᜸խȄӵѮᢊޟӴ౩ୢგ၇Ȃȶϱ ӴȷџоࣺၶܻেᏍ݂ϷݙϞݍഋೝຜ࣏ȶࡣόȷޟᢎ܈ȞHsia and Yorgason 2008ȟȄȶϱ ӴȷȞhinterlandȟޟཎొԤࣺၶܻ੕۬ȃݬ้۬ࡣПޟधࡣӴୢȞ࣐֔ᗩȃങҏҳЅឃ

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оޥୢ࣏அᙃޟҡᄘ߳ىȉޥୢ൐՝Ϟ୰ᚠӔ௤ଆ

ӵ 2003 ԑȶЈէ഍៌ቅȷҳ࢘ฏᐶٱӇϛȂӵӴΡޟ༈क़ࡾөᜓԙ໠ีޟᅕΡȂ џ૖ਖ਼༼ฏᐶྒᚽΟຫ኉ߡछఊΡᄇת໠ีਰޟ੕᜞Уᇧҳ࢘ȇՄږ਽ഋဣ 2008 ԑᙴ ԑಊਐധፐएٱӇȂ؁एᡗΟӵᕗ߳፣क़ήо࿋ӴᅕΡ࣏кܚ໌՗ޟ࿱ᅣୢϞგۡȂᇄ ӵӴߡछఊഋဣҡԆሯؑЅቈԒܒࣀଢ଼ު໢Ȃ౰ҡΟޢ௥ޟፐएᇄᫌਿ34_{Ȅ೻ڍଔٱӇ} ᡱഋဣϱޟఊတᜰ߽ᆧ஻ٮਗ਼ΰᘨ७Ȅо഍៌ޥୢ࣏ٽȂߡछఊᇄᅕΡޟޥတΡοӨћ ΙјȂӵؚដޥୢٱ୛ᇄ؆ϛࢇݽਢȂఊတ໢ޟ৯౴ᇄӨՌк஻ޟތដȂ҆໸ആႆդᆍ ᐠڙپ၌ؚᇄྜ೽Ȃӵݍᆓ೎ޟ໠ีਰ໠ۖϞࡣԙ࣏ߨலफ़ϸޟ୰ᚠȄӨఊတधࡣӨՌ ԤϚӣҡཾ࠮ᄘᇄᕗცЅπӴၥྛցҢޟᢎ܈Ȃڍޱԃդϣࣺ൵१ȃྜ೽ᇄΟ၌ȂՄߨ ѫ࢐ആႆཎᜋ࠮ᄘܖࢇݽُΨޟПԒȂڷᄇПڼၼ໌՗ᄇؚȂ೻ٲ഍ሯौᚖП౰ҡӓᜋ ϞࡣȂ࡚ҳΙৈᐠڙپׇԙȄӵۢПޟ՗ࢇᡝفϞήȂޥୢೝຜ࣏࢐ࣺӣи֯፴ޟ՗ࢇ

൐՝ȂณՄԃ഍៌ޟ௑לȂޥୢϞϛѓ֤ԤϚӣޟఊတ൐՝ȂϚӣޟఊတ൐՝άӨՌԤ ڏ७ᄇᕗცᇄ໠ีϚӣޟ෈࡟ᇄሯؑȂ௃ܚᒝޟоޥୢ࣏൐՝ޟՌณၥྛᆓ౩ᐠڙ ȞCommunities-Based Natural Resources ManagementȂᙏᆎ CBNRMȟپၼհᡗณ஠Ϛџ ᗗջོᎏႄڗ୰ᚠ 35_{ȄԪΙ྅܈ӵ 1980 ԑфඪюࡣȂᕕு೨ӻᕗ߳ღᡝȃӵӴޥတȃ}

Ᏸޱᇄࢇݽၼଢ଼ޱޟЛࡻᇄᄂ፺Ȃծҥ J. Peter BrosiusȃAnna L. Tsing ڷ Charles Zerner Ȟ 2005 ȟ έ Ρ ӫ ጡ ޟ Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management36ΙਪϛȂࠌඪюΟ၎྅܈ӵႆўΠΪԑ ໢໌՗ޟᄂٽᡛᜌᇄᔮଆޟު໢Ȅоޥୢ࣏൐՝ޟՌณၥྛᆓ౩ᐠڙޟौӇѓ֤ΟȈȞ1ȟ оӴПΡတȞlocal populationȟޟցઉ࣏ӑϞ୤ᇄȇȞ2ȟӴПޥୢȞlocal communityȟᄇ ӴПҡᄘޟ༈ಛޣᜋுоᐌӫΣᆓ౩ᐠڙϛȂӰԪࢋ஼፡ޣᜋޟپྛ࢐ӴПޟȂζ࢐༈ ಛޟȇȞ3ȟהఖ೿๖ᕗცޟકᚽᇄޥོϚҁ้ޟ୰ᚠȂ෈ఖоޥୢ࣏൐՝ޟՌณၥྛᆓ ౩հ࣏ϭΣޟᐠڙȂՄ NGO ღᡝһהఖ૖ᙤԪ࣏ᐣѬΰೝ᜞ጢϽޟတᡝளΣޥོғဎ ޟដᚠȄณՄ೻ٲौӇޟᄂ፺ȂӵᄂٽϛζࣼڗΟоήϞ୰ᚠȈࣥቄ࢐Ιএޥୢȉࣥቄ ά࢐ၥྛᆓ౩ȉޥୢ࣏դи࣏።Մᆓ౩ȉཱིޟӌყளپཱིޟࢅᏽȂޥୢȃӴ୿ȃӴП้ ྅܈оЅ߳ىЅಬᄛݲ้୰ᚠӵϚӣᄂٽϛೝඪюȄՄငᔼี৤ȃ፭᠌ȃᕗც߳៖ȃӴ ПΡ᠌ȃྃ᠌้Ȃ഍ӰԪԤΟཱིޟၛភᇄۡဎޟሯौȇ೻ٲᄂٽζᡱᏰޱঈ໌Ι؏ࡦՃȂ ޥୢޟ྅܈࢐֏ઍ૖ԙ࣏ޥོғဎᄂ፺ޟஅүȉᗙ࢐ѫ࢐໐؆੏ᅞкဎᇄఊတϛЖк ဎȂ׻ܖ࢐ࡔ୽৚ڙޟфӪຠȞBrosius, Tsing and Zerner 2005ȟȉ

௃ႆўΪԑپ഍៌ޥୢϛনᅕఊတᜰ߽ޟᐭϽȂоЅߡछఊޥတϱഋఊတཎᜋᇄМ Ͻᇯӣޟ஼ϽȂݍᆓ೎ޟ໠ีਰᇄҡᄘፐएٱӇ֯׸ᅋΟࣺ࿋१ौޟᙽ׷ᐠڙȄӵݍᆓ ೎໠ีਰתތ໠ۖϞࡣȂ؆ဣϛھۡᖞ՗ޟ؆ҕσོȂю౪ΟনᅕᄇܻϚӣޟᕗცցҢ ᇄ໠ีПԒޟᐭ੨៝ތȂՄҡᄘፐएٱӇ؁ЕีᚖПᄇࡑޟൟ୿Ȅ௃ٱ୦ཾࣀଢ଼࣏кޟ ᅕΡ෈࡟໠ีਰџ૖ளپޟ୦ᐠȂՄߡछఊޥတתដ໠ีਰϚஊ൵१ӵӴ༈ಛሴ୿к᠌ ᇄၥྛٺҢ᠌ȇ೻ΙП७לԙᢎᘈޟᄇҳȂѪΙП७ࠌᐭϽΟনӑᗴՄҐ౪ޟఊတፐ एȄ൷჋ࠉМЕक़ޟंـܚ׳ຟޟȂޥୢޟ྅܈ሉߨΙএᓗХޟ྅܈ܖ੏ᅞޟད჋Ȃڏ ϛᗴ֤ԤϚӣМϽՌ٘ᇄȶՌณȷޟᜰ߽ȂһٺԪ୰ᚠ؁לፒᚕȄғԃӣ TsingȞ2005ȟ ӵ Friction ΙਪϛፙڗԤᜰন՞ҕ༈ಛҡᄘޣᜋȂڷоޥୢ࣏୤ᇄᐠڙޟ߳ىк஻Ϟ໢ ҺོޟࢲဣȂᄇڏശӑӵ 1998 ԑМണϛܚᔮଆᇄ׳րޟЕक़Ȉȶרঈ࢐֏ӣਢႆ࡙ᙏϽ ΟȺޥୢȻᇄȺՌณȻޟ྅܈ȉȷȞTsing 2005Ȉ161ȟ37_{ߡछఊΡᄇܻڏܚӵᕗცᇄӴශ} ޟޣᜋȂоЅڏМϽᐣѬȃޥོᜰ߽ڷӴශᢎޟ൸೿Ȃ؁࢐ࡣپޟၻཾಋҕޱܖо୦ཾ ࣀଢ଼࣏кौᙛཾޟಋҕฒݲ౩၌ڷϷٴࣺӣޟޥୢ໠ีᢎᘈޟкӰȄ

ѪѴȂഋဣ໢ޟ๖࿗ӵ؊ন੕Ыੜൟछᝋᢊ໠ีਰᇄᕗცٱӇีҡࡣȂߴԙΟ഍៌ ഋဣᇄږ਽ഋဣᚖПޟӫհȂѓࢂ 2008 ԑ 6 Т໢ӵѮѕҳݲ଱ᖞ՗ޟछᝋᢊ໠ีਰϴ ᠙ོȂ഍៌ᓞҬଢ଼ষΟഋဣૅՂࠉ܁ЛධȂ2008 ԑ 8 Т 1 РՍ 3 Рޟȶᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelangȷ ࠌ؁໌Ι؏೿๖ΟҥѮݍѿୢޟ଻៌ഋဣတȃږ਽ഋဣȃёၯ៌ഋဣȃ൲۫ഋဣᇄүό ഋဣȂጒ൜ొᇐΟѮݍѿୢоѕڗ഍៌Ϟ໢ޟߡछఊӨഋဣȄഋဣ໢ޟ೿๖࢐֏ཎڨ๿ ၮഋဣ໢ӣΙఊတ᠌Ψᜰ߽ޟᐌӫȉՄԪΙ᠌Ψᜰ߽ޟᐌӫȂᇄӓӣӵԈ៖༈ಛሴ୿ޟ ដᚠΰีᖐȂоЅആႆ௰ଢ଼ᇄ࡚ҳҕఊដོޟՌݽݲਰޟᐠڙȂ഍஠ٺ഍៌ޟ༈ಛሴ୿ ፣क़ڷၼଢ଼໌ΣѪΙএ؁ኄσӵӴΨ໔໱๖ޟਢ෈Ȃ೻࢐Ґپ҆໸᝷៉ᢎᄆޟഋϷȄ

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MiltonȞ1996ȟޟंـ஠Ρ᜸Ᏸ౩፣ϛᜰܻΡᇄᕗცޟᜰ߽ȂоЅᕗცкဎंـध ࡣܚᗴ֤ޟМϽᡝفޟ࢜ᄺ఼ཿතҰȄ೻ζڳᔖӵᐌএ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈၼଢ଼Ȃ഍៌ߡछఊ ל༭ޟཱིޟӴශԃդೝ൸ΣڗনԤޟޥོМϽቋ঄ᡝفϞϛȂΙП७၎ഋဣ໱ᡝആႆ၎ ު໢ቈԒܒӴٺҢڷھ๿Ӕ౪ΟМϽቋ঄ᡝفϛڏܚڎԤޟཎဎȂѪΙП७Ȃ၎໱ᡝһ १ཱིഺഅю၎ӴශܚڎԤޟཱིޟᇯӣཎొȂоᄇתѴپ໠ีᔆΨᇄᏗᆹϱӵఊတღ๖Ȅ ඲ѯၗᇳȂ഍៌ቅ Pacifalan ӴශޟӔഅȂ஼ϽΟ၎ӴПܚڎԤޟޥོМϽϱొȂһٺ ڏԙ࣏၎ഋဣཱིޟᇯӣ኿଄Ȅ ࣺၶܻഋဣϱഋ໱ᡝޟתތࣀଢ଼ᇄМϽᇯӣޟᏗᆹȂഋဣӴყޟᛲᇧӵԪளپޟཎ ဎࠌሯौӔᔮຜȄRhoades ᇄ NazareaȞ2007Ȉ250ȟޟंـ։ᡗҰȂӵӴყᛲᇧΰܚ֕ ౪юپޟӴПසኋڷӒ౨ܒऋᏰޟ৯౴ӵܻȂऋᏰড়஠πӴޟٺҢܹӵܪຫޟቹԩΰȂ װၥਟޟ༘໱ᐌӫڗΙᆍӒ౨ܒடཾޟቋ঄ϞΰȇณՄ࿋ӴΡࠌ஠πӴޟٺҢຜ࣏࢐Ι ᆍȶӴПȷȞplaceȟȂӣਢ࢐ܛၷтঈҡԆᇄޥတޟӴПቋ঄ϞܚӵȄܖ೨ӵ഍៌ߡछఊ Ԥᜰ༈ಛሴ୿፣क़ᇄҡᄘޣᜋޟМϽӔ౪ϞࣺᜰٱӇᇄࣀଢ଼ϛȂπӴޟٺҢζڎԤ᜸խ ࠉक़ޟཎဎȄՄҏंـӌყ௤ଆޟ୰ᚠ࢐Ȃ༈ಛሴ୿ޟࡦዘᇄഋဣӴყޟᛲᇧώհ໌Σ ഋဣޥོϞࡣȂٮߨԃ՗ࢇᡝفད჋ޟΙૡȂџоפഀӴׇԙন՞ҕޥོՌݽޟᙢყȂ ܖ࢐၌ؚন՞ҕޥོӵᐣѬႆแϛȂӰπӴլҢלԙޟఊတᇄ୽ড়໢ޟᆧ஻ᜰ߽Ȅ

ӵেᏍ݂ᇄ Ethan Yorgason ӫቸޟ“Hou Shan in Maps: Orientalism in Taiwan’s Geographical Imagination”ΙМϛ఼ཿӴक़Ѕࡣόޟᢎ܈࡚ᄺႆแȞHsia and Yorgason 2008ȟ38Ȅӵ໠ีޟ፣क़၇Ȃࡣόޥོޟ᜞ጢܒԤਢһԙ࣏ೝ᜞ጢϽޟѪΙএ౩ҥȄ൷

ԃݓ໠жȞ2003ȟӵȲΤශޟלԙڷМ݂ޟ࡚ҳȈΪΞжकۣ៌ޟএਰȳМϛܚ௤ଆޟȂ ۣ៌Τශޟ࡚ҳڏᄂཎڨ๿໦઻ڷު໢Ϸ᜸ཎᜋޟ፛ҡȄՄΤශޟϷ᜸ᇄႽ݈ں൜όЫ ޟМϽࣀଢ଼ϛȂᄂሬӴᘈޟᒵᐅᇄၑཎޟΤශӪᆎ၇ȂڏᄂԆӵ๿ϱഋޟᆧ஻ᜰ߽Ȅӵ ݍഋ੕۬໌՗໠ีޱ஠ளپᢎӎၥྛᇄငᔼԝΣޟӟຫधࡣȂ୽ড়ࢇ๊ஈ՗ޱᇄ໠ี୦ ೃϚζள๿М݂Ͻݍഋ೻༵೎τӴᇄՌณ૤Ӵޟད჋ȉ൷ԃӣ഍៌ᇄႤ᎑ޟږ਽ڍএ ߡछఊഋဣȂӵ७ᄇݍᆓ೎഍៌ቅ໠ีਰᇄछᝋᢊ෮୅໻۹໠ีਰޟ௑לΙኺȄ؁ࣥ ޱȂרঈζџоࣼڗȂӵ೻ڧᒸןᇄ܇ຜޟ᜞ጢϽႆแϛȂϚ༉࢐ު໢ᇄࢇ๊ޟ᠌Ψᜰ ߽ϞᄇתՄϐȂᗙѪԤఊတୢႤᇄ৯౴ᄇ࡟ޟ୰ᚠϞԆӵȄ഍៌όήȂΙ໢௥๿Ι໢ᡫ ҳޟտხȃҕஜᇄӄ໣೩ࢊߑڎᚗלȂᡱ഍៌ுڗȶѮݍѿޟࡣ߆༪ȷޟࡌဴȄ഍៌ത ԙΟѮݍȶࡣόȷޟȶࡣ߆༪ȷȂ೻Ιএࣺ࿋ᒞږޟཱིࡌဴȂζएᡗ഍៌Ӱ࣏МϽΰϚ ೝ౩၌ȂՄ؁ৠܾ౎࣏ೝϴӓࢇ๊ᇄᕗცၼଢ଼ܚӓӣᒸןޟȶтޱȷޟȶӴПȷ39_Ȅ ӵ೻ٲٱӇᇄٱӇᘈᐽޟ༈ಛሴ୿߳៖ڷငᔼ໠ีޟፐएϛȂרঈζࣼڗӵӴޟఊ တ໢ӰϚӣޟҡཾПԒȂᄇπӴᇄ੕ࢷޟᜰ߽ॊҡϞ৯౴Ȃܚ౰ҡޟఊတፐएӠᐠᇄޥ ୢϱϞᆧ஻ᜰ߽Ȅ೻ζЕี࿋ӴഋဣޥོϛȂᄇܻՌ٘ఊတޥོᇄМϽ۽៉ޟӠᐠᇯ ӣȂڏᇄӰᕗც፣क़ܚளپޟӠᐠཐϞ໢౰ҡΟёॸޟਝݎȄEscobarȞ1995ȟᇯ࣏ȶี ৤ȷ࢐Ιᆍȶ፣क़ޟᄺԙȞdiscursive formationȟȷȃȶ፣क़ޟᡝڙȞregimes of discourseȟȷ ᇄȶߒ኉ȞrepresentationȟȷȂ։Ѻ౰ҡΟΙৈୢտޟޣᜋȂՄ೻ኺޟޣᜋᗴ֤๿فಛܒ ޟ᠌Ψᜰ߽Ȃٮ໌Մኇ៪ᄂ፺ᇄкᡝޟל༭ȄEscobar ᗙᇯ࣏Ȃȶี৤ȷϚѫ࢐፣क़Ȃڏ ᄂ፺ζ༭അΟȶ಑έжࣨȷ࢐ԃդೝᇯᜋޟȄтᗙࡾюȂ၌ᄺȶี৤ȷࡣޟӔ࡚ᄺࣺ࿋ १ौȂΝ࢐ҥܻ೻ਖ਼Ѕٮኇ៪Ο಑έжࣨ୽ড়ΡҕޟҡԆ୰ᚠȄӰԪȂтၐყᆹฐӵޥ ོၼଢ଼ޟ໱ᡝ՗ଢ଼ΰȂՄ೻ኺޟ௳КȂϚѫ࢐࣏ΟҡԆܚሯौޟΙϸȂζѓ֤Οтঈᄇ Ռ٘МϽᇄᇯӣޟ௳КȂζ൷࢐тঈ࣏Οᙽ඲ܖ׽ᡐ౪ᄂޟ໱ᡝࢇݽᄂ፺Ȅܖ೨Ҭࠉߡ छఊ഍៌ഋဣӰ໠ีᇄҡᄘፐएܚЕีᇄܚ७ᖝޟ֨ცғ࢐ԃԪȄ

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1 оήᙏᆎݍᆓ೎Ȅ 2 ծһԤЍഋϷѴپҕஜငᕊޱᒵᐅᇄ࿋ӴߡछఊΡၶΙमޟҳൟȄ 3 ᅣኣಊܖᆎ࣏ಳထਐധȞ٪ܿᎠ 1969ȟȂӵڏтߡछఊंـМᝦϛһࡹ࣏ paklang ȞПః़кጡ 1986ȇ༁ࡇፏᇄᛳશޙ 2001ȟȄӵԪ࣏ᗗջࠉࡣМϚΙमȂಛΙ௴

Ң pakelang ޟࡹॱȄ࣏ؑࠉࡣМΙमᇄ౩၌ΰϞሯؑȂҏМٺҢϞߡछᇭࡹॱоন ՞ҕۏষོႵҀϞࡹॱݲࠌ࣏ྥȂ஠ЕՌϚӣМᝦϞࡹॱਮॏ࣏ࣺӣޟࡹॱПԒȄ 4 оήᙏᆎনҕོȄ

5 ЕՌԞ࿲Ȟ2006ȟȲёҔυᢊތដࡻ៉ ഋဣཾޱ७ᄇ७ȳȄȶԞ࿲ޟഋဣਿȷ (˻̇̇̃ˍ˂˂˵˿̂˺ˁ˻̂˻˴̌˴́ˁ́˸̇ˁ̇̊ˍˋ˃ˋ˃˂˵˿̂˺˂̇˸̀̃˅ˆ˂̃˴̃˸̅˲˿˼̆̇˲̂́˸ˁ˴̆̃˒̀˸̀˵˸̅˼˷ːˈˌ˅ˇˋʹ˼˷ːˇˋˆ)Ȅ 6 Ԥᜰȶ᜞ጢϽȷޟۡဎȂӵԪධЕ TsingȞ1993Ȉ5, 7ȟӵ In the Realm of the Diamond

QueenϛޟۡဎȈΙএМϽᇄޥတԃդӰڏڎԤϞ᜞ጢܒ፴Մ࡚ᄺڏМϽܒᇄࢇݽ ܒޟӴ՝ȄѪѴҥΡᇄᕗცޟᜰ߽௤ଆԤᜰМϽ౩፣ޟ୰ᚠȂӵ MiltonȞ1996ȟϞ Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental DiscourseȦϛឍҏ࣏Ȯᕗცؚۡ፣ᇄМϽ౩፣ȈᄇᕗცၗᇭϛޟΡ᜸ ᏰُՓޟ௤ଆȯȞԽᅭႳ 2007ȟȧΙਪϛȂԤࣺ࿋ׇᐌϞ౩፣ี৤ϭಝȄࣺᜰ౩፣ ӵࡣ७Мᝦ௤ଆਢ஠؁఼ཿӴ၏क़ϞȄ 7 ȶߡछМϽღȷԙҳܻ 1994 ԑȂғԒҳਰิ଄ܻ 1997 ԑȇȶᙢ࢑МϽ᛺೚ღȷࠌ ԙҳܻ 2001 ԑȞങڃቈ 2007Ȉ148, 150ȟȄଶЍኵԙষ१ፒϞѴȂࠉޱоᗵ឴அ࿜ ఀོޟஏτԙষ࣏кȂࡣޱоЈкఀོޟஏτԙষ࣏кȄ 8 ၥਟپྛȈݍݬ໐Иࢇٱ୛ܚ 2000 ԑ 6 Т 1 РޟಛॎȄ 9 ֤ߡछఊΡᇄᅕΡȄ 10 ၥਟپྛȈȶѮݍᑪಛॎᆩॲȷȄ 11 ၥਟپྛȈȶѮݍᑪݍݬ໐Иࢇٱ୛ܚΡοಛॎᆩȷȄ 12 ԙҳܻ 2001 ԑȄ 13 ԤᜰԪॎგϞ၏ಠี৤धශᇄ೩ॎ౩܈Ȃџ୤Ճۢσ୉ᇄݓઉϦȞ2008ȟȲϧቄ༈ ಛȉ።ޟሴ୿ȉȈ௃੎໯ఊ଻٨ӎࢺ୿༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥငᡛፙު໢ޣᜋޟᙽឍȳȂѐ ܻȮՃѠΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ69 Ϟȶ࿋фࠒ৬ޥོޟӴශ׳րंـȷடဴΰȄ၎Мһ௤ଆΟ ڍ՝հޱᒑ٘୤ᇄ੎໯ఊ଻٨ӎࢺ୿༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥႆแϛȂܚᎏႄޟ༈ಛন՞ҕު ໢ޣᜋ፣ᇄ୽ড়ۢПࣨጣЅ࿋фӴყޣᜋޟஅҏ৯౴Ȅ 14 оΰϱৠЕҢՌϴຜཱིᆸӀਪڋΘჟᐣȞ2004ȟޟ௴೤ൢᏲȲߔ੕ಊ៦߯ၾ ᎏӴ к௡֙ᕀᏪȳȄ 15 ፜୤ՃҏМϞࠉِȄ 16 оΰϱৠЕҢՌϴຜཱིᆸ۟ٳЉΘჟᐣȞ2008ȟޟ௴೤ൢᏲȲ࿱ᅣୢҐ֙ޣѮݍ൲ ό؆ЕތដȳȄछᝋᢊ෮୅໻۹໠ีਰᄇ؊ন੕۬ᕗცޟኇ៪Ȃӵ 2007 ԑۻҥѮᢊ ᕗცၥଉڞོкᒲޟȶ2007 Ϊσᕗცཱིᆸಉᒵࣀଢ଼ȷϛȂԙ࣏಑ѲӪޟᕗც१ौཱི

ᆸȄ၎ࣀଢ଼ҥ Peopo ϴҕཱིᆸҁѮȃHemidemi ӓٴਪᡆᆩમڞᒲȇٮԤϴӓႫຜ ȶרঈޟ৬ȷȃѮᢊҳൢȃΡ໢ፏຜȃકൢȃGYSD ߧԑסώ՗ଢ଼ᆩȃTaiwanNews ໊ѐȃѮᢊᕗ߳ᖒ࿗ȃѮᢊᆦឩȃᢍഏЖٗҡᄘڞོȃ૤ഏ߳៖ڞོȃᆦՓϴҕ՗ ଢ଼ᖒ࿗ȃᆦՓଲጣڞ้ོღᡝӓӣ୤ᇄȂ࢐Ѯᢊॶ࡙๖ӫӨ᜸࠮ᐿҳ൬ᡝȃweb 2.0 ҁѮᇄᕗ߳ღᡝޟᕗცཱིᆸಉᒵࣀଢ଼Ȟ؃ىฤ 2008ȟȄ2007 ԑᇄ 2008 ԑϴӓႫຜ Ѯȶרঈޟ৬ȷ࿽ҬϷտᇧհኬюȮю፲؊ন੕۬ȯᇄȮ؊ন੕۬׾٩ȯڍԩடᒮȂ ବᄇᑹ࡚छᝋᢊ໻۹ޟ BOT ਰȂᇄڏᄇݍഋ੕۬ᕗცΰޟકᚽୈΟٱӇӱ៫ᇄ౪ ݷᅋᡐޟடᚠൢᏲȄ 17 ၥਟپྛȈЕҢ଄ޱ஻ԆᖨȞ2007ȟൢᏲȄ 18 оΰԤᜰږ਽ഋဣᙴԑಊᇄᕗ߳ដᚠϞፐएࣺᜰϱৠȂЕҢՌϴຜཱིᆸȲ࿱ᅣȂौ ϚौȉȳȞϚ๿እΡ 2008bȟȄ 19 оήᙏᆎȶᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelangȷȄ 20 Мϛনࡹॱ࣏ pagerlanȂӵԪಛΙ࣏ȮσོЙыȯΰϞࡹॱПԒ pakelangȄ 21 Ȯ಑Ι۩ߡछఊўୀТņᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelang σོЙыȯ಑ 7 ॲȂࢂဴ࣏নМܚߣȄ ཐᗂጾࢇيඪټтܚԝ໱ޟࣺᜰМࡇᇄᓃኇकᓃȄ 22 ୤ՃଽՍၖȞ2008ȟȮΡȃު໢ȃᇯӣȈΙএ௶ᢊఊഋဣޟᄂ፺ȯȂ୽ҳѮݍσᏰࠒ ৬МϽंـܚᆈρ፣МȄ 23 ୤Ճү࠰ޢȞ2005ȟϞȲഋဣӴყ፡ࢥϞࣸࡦȈоҀၻఊϞϱҏപ፡ࢥ࣏ٽȳȂȮݍ Ѯᢊंـȯ10Ȉ37-63Ȅ 24 оΰᄂٽЕҢՌϴຜཱིᆸȲ१ߕБᏍ໯Ղ Ӕࡦ༈ಛሴ୿ȳȞϚ๿እΡ 2003ȟȄ 25 оΰᄂٽЕՌϴຜཱིᆸȲӱڗઠ༈ӴȳȞϚ๿እΡ 2008aȟȄ 26 ȶ഍៌ഋဣҡᄘ߳ىՌݽۏষོȷϞԙষ։࣏к஻ഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈϞၼଢ଼୤ᇄ ޱȄоีଔΡ؆ϛଽϛఀৱᇄࠉӈᓞҬ࣏ਯЖȂծѫौਖ਼Ѕ༈ಛሴ୿ӱඈϞដᚠȂ ҥ౪ӈᓞҬሴᏲϞȶѮݍᑪߡ࡙៌ߡछ඼МϽڞ໌ོȷһଢ଼ষԙষӓӣ୤ᇄȄ 27 ٽԃ๋ޱԤΙԩ୤ᇄဩᙄȂҥܻൊড়ᒑ௝Ϟ໢ᄇܻቈԒޟ໌՗ԤܚތដȂᄇܻႤЈ ࢐֏Ιଔᖞ՗ᅣኣಊٮҐհюۡ፣ȄႤЈȂ๋ޱၭ๿ΙഋӋ஀ࡻᅣኣಊΙۡौ໌՗ ޟᒑΡՍ੕᜞ȂһுޣڏтᒑΡζӨՌ൶ײӴᘈ໌՗ᅣኣಊȂൢᏲΡ၌ភȂ୅ԃؠ ԤհᅣኣಊȂ࿲ΙีҡϧቄٱȂ።ौ॒೰ȉҥԪһџَᇄᅣኣಊࣺᜰޟᢎ܈ϫณԆ ӵȄ 28 ᖞ՗ਢ໢џ૖ӵ 8 Тܖޱ؁ఏȄཐᗂጾࢇيඪټࣺᜰଉ਀Ȅ 29 Geography Information SystemӴ౩ၥଉفಛޟᙏቸȄ

30 ԃࠉМඪڗޟ߆ጸᑪჰᙴ໐БᏍ໯Ղޟ༈ಛሴ୿ၼଢ଼Ȃҥ߆ጸၻൟඪټπӴȂᇄ࿋ Ӵন՞ҕоӓӣငᕊ዁ԒംΙ᛫ॏ࠶घȄӵ༈ಛሴ୿ࣺᜰݲхۦҐ࡚ညׇԙȂڏ଩ ৈ௩ࢊάۦҐׇരϞሬȂԪᆍо᛫घПԒӓӣငᕊپӫݲڥுπӴޟٺҢ᠌Ȃζ࢐ ౪໦ࢲন՞ҕޥོޟΙᆍ׷૿ԒޟȶᗙרπӴȷޟПԒȄၥਟپྛӣຝ 24Ȅ 31 2007ԑেࡄӼޟȶٌᓞᏽތȷζ࢐Ιএڐ࠮ޟፐएਰٽȄ 32 ೻ኺޟ֨ცܖ೨นԃ഍៌ഋဣᆩમΰޟ഍៌፣ᏫԤᜰȺ؊নޟȶॳᆚүȷތដȻȂ ᎒සМȞCawanȟܚቸޟΙࢲཐნȈȶԤਢདདרঈζ࢐࡞ബྮȂΙήυ᎑ߖȞഋဣ ޟȟন՞ҕڷᆦՓಢᙑ๖࿗Ȃ࣏Οछᝋᢊ໻۹پᄇת଒ღȂႤؠӻδȂ࣏ौᆰᛮ༈ ಛࣛᘸȞޟ᠌ցȟՄή੕ৢധڷᆦՓಢᙑᕗ߳ღᡝᏃޟȞுȟϚඛפȞ࿱ധୢٱӇȟȂ ೻ήυȂάӰॳᆚүၛភ᠌άڷෆΙଔܹ੬ྭޟശᒑ஝ҿբȞڠࠒఊȟᙚᖛϚᇯΡȂ רᄚᄚϚޣौમӵ٥Ι᜞Ο……ȷȞ᎒සМȈ2009ȟȄȞ኿ᘈಒဴᇄࢂဴϱМԅ๋࣏ ޱܚёȟȄ 33 ѮᢊᏰࣨᜰܻᕗცғဎޟंـȂџ୤ՃकᗿറȞ1998ȟоЅकᗿറᇄд߸ؾȞ1998ȟȄ ࠉޱବᄇࠒѕј౨୽ড়ᇄఊတӵӒ౨ܒᕗცࢇ๊ᇄࡦᆰήȂܚ७ᖝޟϚӣڼၼᇄ֨ ცඪюӒ७ܒޟᔮଆȂࡣޱࠌବᄇন՞ҕᇄ୽ড়ϴ༪ޟԙҳᄂٽ໌՗௤ଆȄ 34 ᗶณ࿱ᅣԤڏඈىၥྛΰޟཎဎȂծӵؠԤቷབՃ໔ߡछఊΡٺҢπӴᇄ੕ࢷၥྛ ޟ᠌ցήȂϐငࣺ࿋஼੨Ӵፐᔞڗ࿋ӴഋဣޟРலҡࣀᇄМϽቋ঄Ȅ 35 Ԥᜰޥୢ྅܈ӵѮᢊޟี৤ᇄ፣क़፜୤Ճ֖ݠܑȞLu 2002ȟȂՄоޥୢ࣏அᙃϞ߳ ىᐠڙޟᔮଆ፜୤Ճ Brosius, Tsing and Zerner, eds.Ȟ1998ȟᇄᑋၾݕȞLu 2002ȟȄ 36 ၎ਪҥέ՝ጡޱӫቸϞᏲ፣Мണॶӑีߒܻ 1998 ԑޟ Society and Natural Resources

෈ѐ಑ 11 ෈ȞBrosius, Tsing and Zerner 1998ȟȄ

37 ԤᜰȶՌณȷޟМϽ྅܈ϞᔮଆȂѪџَݓઉϦȞ2004ȟବᄇ଻֙୽ড়ϴ༪ႱۡӴ ޟंـȄӵ MiltonȞ1996ȟϞ Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the Role of Anthropology in Environmental DiscourseΙਪϛޟ಑ΠണᇄέണȂࠌׇᐌӴବᄇϚ ӣޟΡ᜸Ᏸᕗცкဎ౩፣ϛܚᗴ֤ޟМϽޟ྅܈ϞϭಝȄ

38 Ԥᜰ഍៌ު໢ޟ࡚ᄺႆแȂ፜୤Ճങڃቈ፣МܚհޟᐣѬႆแޟ௤ଆȞ2007ȟȄ 39 कᗿറȞ1998ȟȇ༁໯ᘄȞ2003ȟȄ

Ϛ๿እΡ 2003 Ȳ१ߕБᏍ໯Ղ Ӕࡦ༈ಛሴ୿ȳȄȶϴຜཱིᆸᆩॲȂন՞ҕཱིᆸᚕᇬȷȂ http://www.pts.org.tw/php/news/abori/view_abori.php?HTENO=86&HBENO=69& DETAIL=1&TB=ABORI_SUBJECTNEWSȂ2008 ԑ 12 Т 15 РΰጣȄ 2008a Ȳ ӱ ڗ ઠ ༈ Ӵ ȳȄȶ ϴ ຜ ཱི ᆸ ᆩ ॲ Ȃ ন ՞ ҕ ཱི ᆸ ᚕ ᇬ ȷȂ http://www.peopo.org/portal.php?op=viewPost&articleId=14746Ȃ2008 ԑ 12 Т 15 РΰጣȄ 2008b Ȳ ࿱ ᅣ Ȃ ौ Ϛ ौ ȉ ȳȄȶ ϴ ຜ ཱི ᆸ ᆩ ॲ Ȃ ন ՞ ҕ ཱི ᆸ ᚕ ᇬ ȷȂ http://web.pts.org.tw/php/news/abori/view_abori.php?HTENO=348&HBENO=399 &DETAIL=1&TB=ABORI_SUBJECTNEWSȂ2008 ԑ 12 Т 15 РΰጣȄ Пః़ጡ 1986 Ȯߡछᇭ᜝ڐȯȄᇃѕȈ଒ღݲΡϛ๼ҕ୽ထငϴོȄ ү࠰ޢ 2005 ȲഋဣӴყ፡ࢥϞࣸࡦȈоҀၻఊϞϱҏപ፡ࢥ࣏ٽȳȄȮݍѮᢊंـȯ10Ȉ 37-63Ȅ Ѯ٤Θኪؓ୚ 2001 ȲหΙ஻ོᇳ࢈ٱޟӴყ—ᏇഷఊഋဣӴყޟငᡛȳȄѐܻȮװΡײӱپȈӵ Ӵ୤ᇄՌณၥྛᆓ౩ȯȄ؃ऍ޿ጡȂॲ 85-100Ȅ߆ጸȈϱࢇഋᕊ࡚ဍЊᏇሧ୽ ড়ϴ༪ᆓ౩೎Ȅ 2008 Ȳ༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥޟນ၌ᇄ१ᄺȈkucapungane ΡӴყᜊᇄު໢ᡐ᎐ޟӔᔮຜȳȄ ȮՃѠΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ69Ȉ9-44Ȅ ՗ࢇ଱кॎ೎ 2008 Ȳ ؆ ٨ ᎑ И ኵ ᄲ Ρ ο ኵ Ȟ Ρ ο ቨ ё ౥ ȟȳȄȶ ՗ ࢇ ଱ к ॎ ೎ ᆩ ॲ ȷȂ http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/month/m1-01.xlsȂ2008 ԑ 7 ТΰጣȄ ՗ࢇ଱ন՞ҕఊۏষོ 2008 Ȳন՞ҕΡοኵಛॎၥਟņҕ୽ 97 ԑ 7 Тϴ֙ȳȄȶϛ๼ҕ୽՗ࢇ଱ন՞ҕۏষ ོᆩॲȷȂ http://www.apc.gov.tw/chinese/docDetail/detail_TCA.jsp?docid=PA000000001993

&linkRoot=4&linkParent=49&urlȂ2008 ԑ 9 Т 1 РΰጣȄ ӀਪڋΘჟᐣ 2004 Ȳߔ੕ಊ៦߯ၾ ᎏӴк௡֙ᕀᏪȳȄȶϴຜཱིᆸᆩॲȂন՞ҕཱིᆸᚕᇬȷȂ http://www.pts.org.tw/php/news/abori/view_abori.php?HTENO=133&HBENO=14 83&DETAIL=1&TB=ABORI_POINTNEWSȂ2008 ԑ 12 Т 15 РΰጣȄ Ԟ࿲ 2006 Ȳ ё Ҕ υ ᢊ ތ ដ ࡻ ៉ ഋ ဣ ཾ ޱ ७ ᄇ ७ ȳȄȶ Ԟ ࿲ ޟ ഋ ဣ ਿ ȷȂ http://blog.hohayan.net.tw:8080/blog/paper_list_one.asp?memberid=59248&id=48 3Ȃ2007 ԑ 3 Т 30 РΰጣȄ ٪ܿᎠ 1969 Ȯσ෫οޟߡछఊȯȄѮѕȈϛѵंـ଱ҕఊᏰंـܚȄ ؃ҝ߇ 2007 ȮੑѶϛޟ഍ѿഋဣȉѮݍѿ଻៌ޥߡछఊҡࣀު໢ޟלԙᇄᙽᡐȯȄଽ໰Ȉ ᝋММϽȄ ؃ىฤ 2008 Ȳ 2007 ᕗ ߳ σ ф ᇬ ឃ ߆ ଽ ѕ ྃ ӕ ᒊ ȶ ۦ σ న ȷȳȄȶ ᕗ ც ၥ ଉ ϛ Ж ȷȂ http://e-info.org.tw/node/29464Ȃ2008 ԑ 7 Т 21 РΰጣȄ ؕЊУȃᄑও፱ȃឃࠅሜȃ༁ߜྱȃݓғࢌȃ᎒੎پЅյ܆୽ 2003 Ȯ഍៌ߡछഋဣ༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥൢ֙ਪȯȄҐюގȄ ۟ٳЉΘჟᐣ 2006 Ȳ࿱ᅣୢҐ֙ޣѮݍ൲ό؆ЕތដȳȄȶϴຜཱིᆸᆩॲȂন՞ҕཱིᆸᚕᇬȷȂ http://web.pts.org.tw/php/news/abori/view_abori.php?HTENO=243&HBENO=267 0&DETAIL=1&TB=ABORI_POINTNEWSȂ2008 ԑ 12 Т 15 РΰጣȄ ݓઉϦ 2001 ȲഋဣӴყ྅܈ี৤ޟޥོ૕๜ᇄཎဎȳȄѐܻȮװΡײӱپȈӵӴ୤ᇄՌณ ၥྛᆓ౩ȯȄ؃ऍ޿ጡȂॲ 85-101Ȅ߆ጸȈЊᏇሧ୽ড়ϴ༪ᆓ౩೎Ȅ 2004 ȲȶՌณȷޟМϽ࡚ᄺȈތដ଻֙୽ড়ϴ༪ႱۡӴޟȶිݓȷȳȄȮ୽ҳऋᏰിސ

ᓢ۟ѐȯ18Ȟ2ȟȈ25-38Ȅ ݓ໠ж 2003 ȲΤශޟלԙڷМ݂ޟ࡚ҳȈΪΞжकۣ៌ޟএਰȳȄȮѮᢊΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ1Ȟ2ȟȈ 1-38Ȅ ۢσ୉ᇄݓઉϦ 2008 Ȳϧቄ༈ಛȉ።ޟሴ୿ȉȈ௃੎໯ఊ଻٨ӎࢺ୿༈ಛሴ୿፡ࢥငᡛፙު໢ޣᜋ ޟᙽឍȳȄȮՃѠΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ69Ȉ109-141Ȅ कᗿറ 1998 ȲרঈؠԤӓӣޟҐپȈՙПкࢺȶᕗ߳ȷᜰᛄޟࢇݽငᔼᏰȳȄȮѮᢊޥོं ـ۟ѐȯ31Ȉ141-168Ȅ कᗿറᇄд߸ؾ 1998 ȲᕗცғဎȈন՞ҕᇄ୽ড়ϴ༪ፐएޟϷݙȳȄȮό੕МϽᚖТѐȯ19Ȉ86-104Ȅ ࣐֔ᗩȃങҏҳЅឃᑟϦጡ 2003 Ȯσചᙏ़݂ᅕ᜝ڐȯȄѮѕȈσചਪ۹Ȅ ଽՍၖ 2008 ȮΡȃު໢ᇄᇯӣȈΙএ௶ᢊఊഋဣޟᄂ፺ȯȄ୽ҳѮݍσᏰࠒ৬МϽंـܚ ᆈρ፣МȄ רঈޟ৬ᇧհတ 2007 Ȯю፲؊ন੕۬ȯȄ಑ 406 ໱ȄѮѕȈ଒ღݲΡϴӓႫຜМϽٱཾஅߜོȄ 2008 Ȯ؊ন੕۬׾٩ȯȄ಑ 467 ໱ȄѮѕȈ଒ღݲΡϴӓႫຜМϽٱཾஅߜོȄ ಑Ι۩ߡछఊўୀТ˕ᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelang σོ 2008 Ȯ಑Ι۩ߡछఊўୀТ˕ᖒӫ੕ࢷ pakelang σོЙыȯȄҐюގȄ ஻Ԇᖨ 2007 Ȳ൲ό࿱ᅣୢ ΜТ੕ಊਢ໠ܹȳȄȶՌҥႫυൢȷȂ http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2007/new/apr/19/today-south1.htmȂ2008 ԑ 9 Т 17РΰጣȄ ഌڃۣ

2008a Ȳȶ࿋фࠒ৬ޥོޟӴශ׳րंـȷடဴᏲِȳȄȮՃѠΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ69Ȉ1-8Ȅ 2008b Ȳ࿋ӴශႄڗݲࡡȈၐ፣ܚᛳߞတ৬πӴޟݲࡡϽЅڏ֨ცȳȄȮՃѠΡ᜸Ᏸѐȯ 69Ȉ143-182Ȅ ങڃቈ 2007 Ȯߖф഍៌ഋဣޥོᡐ᎐ᇄӴПՌкܒี৤ȯȄ୽ҳݍ๼σᏰఊတᜰ߽ᇄМϽ ंـܚᆈρ፣МȄ ഷΘԽᅭႳȞMilton, Kayȟ 2007 Ȯᕗცؚۡ፣ᇄМϽ౩፣ȈᄇᕗცၗᇭϛޟΡ᜸ᏰُՓޟ௤ଆȯȄ଀ӣഷᇄں ཱི࡚ឍȄѕٵȈҕఊюގޥȄ ༁ࡇፏᇄᛳશޙ 2001 ȮᇃݍᑪѬȅߡछఊጕȯȄᇃݍȈᇃݍᑪࢇۺȄ ༁໯ᘄ 2003 ȮтޱϞ໐Ȉ௃ު໢៧᠌፣क़ፙ Karowa ন՞ҕޟࢺᚔᇄкᡝܒၼଢ଼ȯȄ୽ҳݍ ๼σᏰఊတᜰ߽ᇄМϽंـܚᆈρ፣МȄ ሁ‟ 2006 ȮѮݍ഍៌ό᛺೚࿽ࣀଢ଼ᇄন՞ҕ᛺೚ޥတᜰ߽ϞंـȯȄ୽ҳԙђσᏰ᛺೚ ंـܚᆈρ፣МȄ ᎒සМȞCawanȟ 2009 Ȳ؊নޟȶॳᆚүȷތដȳȄȶ഍៌ഋဣȷȂ http://www.atolan.com/cht/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=1281&forum= 29&post_id=3594#Ȃ2009 ԑ 7 Т 1 РΰጣȄ ጾࢇي 2004 Ȳ଄ᏹհ࣏ΙᆍၥҏȈ഍៌ߡछΡޟޥོ଄ᏹӔҡ౰ਰٽȳȄȶFuturu AnthropologyȷȂ http://www.oz.nthu.edu.tw/~d929802/anthropology/austronesian/final-term-paper-2 0040629.pdfȂ2008 ԑ 9 Т 18 РΰጣȄ ᛳશޙ

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