東方果實蠅 [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] 植物揮發性成分餌劑應用性評估
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(2) 植物揮發性成分餌劑. 海果實蠅對桃樹不同品系之危害程度差異與果 實中揮發性成分與含量有關。上述研究皆顯示 植物中的揮發性成分可有效誘引各種果實蠅類 雌蠅,可開發成雌蟲誘引劑用於果實蠅防治工 作。 Dong & Chen (2013) 證實 2 種東方果實蠅 寄 主 植 物 揮 發 性 成 分 Propyl acetate (Pa) 及 Isobutyl acetate (Iba) 等 比 例 混 合 時, 對 懷 卵 之雌東方果實蠅具誘引效果,且可增加蛋白質 水 解 物 及 賜 諾 殺 濃 餌 劑 對 雌 蠅 的 誘 殺 效 果。 Hwang et al. (2002) 研究番石榴揮發性成分對 東方果實蠅誘引效果,指出除可藉由不同揮發 性 成 分 間 組 合 來 提 升 誘 引 效 果 外, 於 50% 糖 蜜 溶 液 中 添 加 3% ethyl acetate 可 增 加 誘 效 2 倍且誘引效果與新鮮的番石榴無顯著差異。上 述試驗結果顯示利用寄主植物揮發性成分搭配 食 物 成 分, 可 組 成 有 效 的 雌 東 方 果 實 蠅 誘 引 劑。 本 研 究 以 Pa + Iba 搭 配 酵 母 粉 等 食 物 成 分調製成之東方果實蠅植物揮發性成分餌劑 (plant volatile bait; PVB) 為 不 含 毒 餌 劑, 搭 配改良型麥氏誘蟲器使用,探討其對雌東方果 實蠅之誘效持續性和施用密度,同時比較其與 蛋 白 質 水 解 物 (Protein hydrolysate, 嘉 農)、 賜 諾 殺 濃 餌 劑 (Spinosad, 台 灣 道 禮)、 酵 母 球 (Torula yeast, ISCA)、 黃 色 黏 板 (Yellow sticky paper,振詠興業) 等可用於誘殺果實蠅 資材對雌東方果實蠅的誘殺效果。另於枇杷園 測試施用 PVB 餌劑對降低果實被害程度之影 響,以評估 PVB 餌劑之應用性。 PVB 餌 劑 持 效 測 試: 於 戶 外 網 籠 (5 m × 5 m × 2 m) 中釋放 125 對 10–20 日齡未饑餓 東方果實蠅,30 min 後放入 1 個內有餌劑之改 良型麥氏誘蟲器。餌劑為現配之 350 mL PVB 餌 劑, 或 分 別 於 戶 外 懸 掛 經 1、2 及 3 wk 之 PVB 餌 劑, 並 以 只 加 水 之 誘 蟲 器 為 對 照 組, 經 1 d 後計算誘蟲器中死亡雌蠅數目,本試驗 進行 6 重複。 PVB 施 用 密 度 測 試: 於 戶 外 網 籠 (5 m × 5 m × 2 m) 中釋放 125 對 10–20 日齡未饑餓 東 方 果 實 蠅,30 min 後 分 別 放 入 1、2、3、4 個改良型麥氏誘蟲器內加入 350 mL PVB 餌劑. 331. 之誘蟲器,經 1 d 後計算誘蟲器中死亡雌蠅數 目。本試驗共 6 重複。 PVB 餌 劑 等 不 同 資 材 對 雌 東 方 果 實 蠅 誘 效比較:於戶外網籠 (5 m ×5 m × 2 m) 中放入 125 對 10–20 日 齡 未 饑 餓 東 方 果 實 蠅 30 min 後,再放入各誘蟲器。誘蟲器中除黃色黏板直 接懸掛於網籠中,其餘資材皆搭配改良型麥氏 誘蟲器使用 [分別加入 350 mL PVB 餌劑或蛋 白 質 水 解 物; 賜 諾 殺 濃 餌 劑 則 以 10 mL 吸 附 於棉片 (3.5 cm × 3.5 cm × 0.7 cm) 後,懸掛 於誘蟲器內並加入 350 mL 水;酵母球 1 顆放 入改良型麥氏誘蟲器並加入 350 mL 水]。經 1 d 後計算誘蟲器中死亡雌蠅數目,以只加水之 誘蟲器為對照組。本試驗共 6 重複。 田 間 施 用 PVB 餌 劑 於 降 低 果 實 被 害 程 度 試 驗: 於 0.76 ha 枇 杷 園 劃 出 3 小 區 (每 小 區 15 m × 10 m, 約 種 植 35 株 枇 杷, 彼 此 間 隔 10 m),分別為 PVB 餌劑處理區 (改良型麥氏 誘蟲器內加入 350 mL PVB 餌劑,懸掛於處理 區 枇 杷 植 株, 每 5 m 範 圍 懸 掛 1 個 共 6 個)、 賜諾殺濃餌劑處理區 (參考植物保護手冊防治 番石榴東方果實蠅所述,將 0.02% 賜諾殺濃餌 劑稀釋 8 倍後噴施於枇杷下半部葉片,全區每 株枇杷 4 點) 及未處理對照區。於枇杷果實轉 色時開始試驗,賜諾殺濃餌劑每週施用 1 次, PVB 餌劑則每 2 wk 更換 1 次。將每小區分為 5 段, 每 段 每 週 隨 機 摘 取 10 顆 已 轉 色 大 小 相 似之枇杷,帶回室內檢查果實上產卵孔數目並 調查被害率,試驗共進行 8 wk。 上 述 試 驗 所 得 各 項 資 料 以 SAS-EG (Version 4.1, 2006) 統 計 分 析 軟 體 進 行 變 方 分 析 (analysis of variance; ANOVA) 及 最 小 顯 著 差 異 性 測 驗 (least significant difference test; LSD test)。 試 驗 結 果 顯 示 PVB 餌 劑 對 未 饑 餓 懷 卵 雌 東方果實蠅誘殺效果有隨餌劑調配後時間加長 而 下 降 之 趨 勢, 誘 殺 率 從 現 配 的 85.3% 下 降 至 第 2 wk 的 60.3% 後 維 持 穩 定, 第 3 wk 誘 殺率為 62.1% 與第 2 wk 無顯著差異,但仍顯 著高於對照組的 4.2% (表 1)。於 5 m × 5 m × 2 m 網籠中,PVB 餌劑對未饑餓懷卵雌東方果 實 蠅 誘 殺 率, 從 1 個 誘 蟲 器 處 理 的 86.9% 增.
(3) 332. 台灣農業研究 第 64 卷 第 4 期. 加 至 2 個 的 96.0%, 但 再 增 加 PVB 餌 劑 誘 蟲 器的數目對誘殺效果並無影響 (表 2)。PVB 餌 劑對未饑餓懷卵雌東方果實蠅 1 d 平均誘殺率 為 81.3%,高於蛋白質水解物的 74.0%,及賜 諾殺濃餌劑的 72.9%,但三者間無顯著差異, 且 皆 顯 著 高 於 酵 母 球 的 50.3% 及 黃 色 黏 板 的 49.5%。上述 5 種資材對未饑餓懷卵雌東方果 實蠅 1 d 平均誘殺率均顯著高於對照組的 6.8% (表 3)。於枇杷園施用 PVB 餌劑,果實被害率 均低於對照組,其中第 2–7 wk 有顯著差異; 與賜諾殺濃餌劑處理區相較,除第 8 wk 被害 率相同外,均低於賜諾殺濃餌劑處理區,其中 第 3 wk 與第 6 wk 有顯著差異 (圖 1)。PVB 餌 劑處理區枇杷果實平均產卵孔數除第 8 wk 外 均顯著低於對照組,與賜諾殺濃餌劑處理區相 較整個調查期間枇杷果實平均產卵孔數均較低 且第 3 wk 及第 4 wk 有顯著差異 (圖 2)。 使用果實蠅雌蟲誘引劑具有防治上的優 勢, 可 防 除 雌 蟲 及 潛 在 的 子 代 (Jang & Light 1996)。蛋白質水解物等食物餌劑對饑餓狀態. 之 果 實 蠅 有 良 好 誘 殺 效 果, 但 對 於 已 取 食 進 入園內產卵雌蠅誘殺效果較差 (Prokopy et al. 2003),引起學者自寄主果實揮發性成分中尋 找並研發雌蟲誘引劑,以補單純食物餌劑之不 足。 本 研 究 評 估 農 業 試 驗 所 研 發 的 PVB 餌 劑 的應用性,於枇杷園的試驗結果顯示 PVB 餌 劑能有效降低東方果實蠅對枇杷的危害,效果 優於植物保護手冊推薦的賜諾殺濃餌劑。網籠 試驗結果顯示對未饑餓懷卵雌東方果實蠅誘殺 效果優於現行使用防治資材。雖然 5 m 範圍內 使用 2 個 PVB 餌劑對雌蠅誘殺效果高於 1 個, 但 考 量 施 用 成 本 仍 建 議 每 5 m 使 用 1 個 PVB 餌劑即可。PVB 餌劑對未饑餓懷卵雌東方果實 蠅誘殺效果於 2 wk 內顯著降低然後維持穩定, 推測有效的植物揮發性成分已揮發,僅剩食物 成分的誘引效果。雖然試驗結果顯示 PVB 餌 劑具有作為東方果實蠅防治資材的潛力,但仍 需進一步改良其誘效包括持續性與穩定性。. 表 1. PVB 餌劑懸掛於戶外經不同時間後對雌東方果實蠅之誘殺效果。 Table 1. Trapping effectiveness of PVB bait to female oriental fruit fly after exposing outdoor for different times. Duration of bait hung outdoors. 85.3 ± 2.3 az. 1 wk. 72.0 ± 3.0 b. 2 wk. 60.3 ± 2.3 c. 3 wk. 62.1 ± 4.0 c. Control z. % mortality of fruit fly attracted and killed (Mean ± SE). Fresh. 4.2 ± 1.5 d. Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fisher’s protected LSD test; SAS-EG, Version 4.1, 2006). Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis.. 表 2. 於 5 m × 5 m × 2 m 網籠內懸掛不同數目 PVB 餌劑對雌東方果實蠅誘殺效果。 Table 2. Trapping effectiveness of different number PVB bait to female oriental fruit fly in 5 m × 5 m × 2 m netcage. Number of PVB bait. z. % mortality of fruit fly attracted and killed (Mean ± SE). 1. 86.9 ± 2.2 bz. 2. 96.0 ± 2.5 a. 3. 94.3 ± 1.9 a. 4. 92.9 ± 1.7 a. Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fisher’s protected LSD test; SAS-EG, Version 4.1, 2006). Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis..
(4) 333. 植物揮發性成分餌劑. 表 3. 不同資材於 5 m × 5 m × 2 m 網籠內對雌東方果實蠅誘殺效果。 Table 3. Trapping effectiveness of different bait to female oriental fruit fly in 5 m × 5 m × 2 m net-cage. Bait. % mortality of fruit fly attracted and killed (Mean ± SE). PVB. 81.3 ± 2.4 az. Protein hydrolysate. 74.0 ± 3.4 a. Spinosad. 72.9 ± 5.0 a. Torula yeast. 50.3 ± 7.6 b. Yellow sticky paper. 49.5 ± 5.2 b. Control z. 6.8 ± 0.9 c. Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fisher’s protected LSD test; SAS-EG, Version 4.1, 2006). Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis.. Average fruit damage (%). 100. a. a. 50. a. a. ab. ab. b. a. a b. 2. a a a. a ab b. Control. b. a 1. b. a. b. b. a 0. a. 3. 4. PVB Spindsad. 5. 6. 7. 8. Week after treatment 圖 1. 枇杷園施用 PVB 餌劑及賜諾殺濃餌劑對果實被害率影響。各平均值示以相同字母者為 5% 顯著水準下 經 LSD 測驗未達顯著性差異。 Fig. 1. Effects of using PVB bait and spinosad on fruit damage rate in loquat orchard. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fisher’s protected LSD test; SAS-EG, Version 4.1, 2006). Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis.. Average number of fruit puncture. 1.6. a a a. 0.8. 0.0. ab. a ab b. b. 1. 2. a a. b. 3. b. b. c. b. 4. 5. a ab b 6. a ab b. a a a Control PVB Spindsad. 7. 8. Week after treatment 圖 2. 枇杷園施用 PVB 餌劑及賜諾殺濃餌劑對果實產卵孔數影響。各平均值示以相同字母者為 5% 顯著水準 下經 LSD 測驗未達顯著性差異。 Fig. 2. Effects of using PVB bait and spinosad on fruit puncture number in loquat orchard. Means with the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fisher’s protected LSD test; SAS-EG, Version 4.1, 2006). Percentage data were arcsine transformed prior to analysis..
(5) 334. 台灣農業研究 第 64 卷 第 4 期. 引用文獻 Chen, C. C. and Y. J. Dong. 2000. Attraction of the oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] (Diptera: Tephritidae), to leaf extracts of five plants. Chinese J. Entomol. 20:37–44. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chen, C. C., Y. J. Dong, and L. L. Cheng. 2001. Evaluation of trapping effectiveness of the improved McPhail trap for oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Formosan Entomol. 21:65–75. (in Chinese with English abstract) Dong, Y, J. and C. C. Chen. 2013. Evaluation of the attractiveness of plant volatiles to female oriental fruit fly. Formosan Entomol. 33:308. Hwang, J. S., Y. P. Yen, M. C. Chang, and C. Y. Liu. 2002. Extraction and identification of volatile components of guava fruits and their attraction to oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Plant Prot. Bull. 44:279–302. (in Chinese with English abstract). September 30–October 1, 1988. Chiayi, Taiwan. Entomological Society of the Republic of China, Taipei. (in Chinese with English abstract) Liu, Y. C. 1981. A review on studies of the Oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel in Taiwan. Bull. Soc. Entomol. (NCHU) 16:9–26. (in Chinese with English abstract) Liu, Y. C. 1991. Current status and control of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalic Hendel of Taiwan. p.81–86. in: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology and Control of Fruit Flies. September 2–4, 1991. Ginowan, Japan. Food and Fertilizer of Technology Center, University of the Ryukyus, and the Okinawa Prefectural Government, Ginowan. Lu, F. M. 2002. Ovipositional preference of the melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) (II): Analysis of extracted chemicals from fruits of the muskmelon. Formosan Entomol. 22:163–170. (in Chinese with English abstract). Jang, E. B. and D. M. Light. 1996. Olfactory semiochemicals of tephritids. p.73–90. in: Fruit Fly Pests: A World Assessment of Their Biology and Management. (Mcpheron, B. A. and G. J. Steck, eds.). St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach. 608 pp.. Maria, R. T., D. Fiorini, E. Marcantoni, S. Materazzi, M. Delfini, F. D. S. Roberto, and S. Musmeci. 2013. Impact of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata on different peach cultivars: The possible role of peach volatile compounds. Food Chem. 140:375–381.. Jayanthi, P. D. K., C. M. Woodcock, J. Caulfield, M. A. Birkett, and T. J. A. Bruce. 2012. Isolation and identification of host cues from mango, Mangifera indica, that attract gravid female oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. J. Chem. Ecol. 38:361–369.. Prokopy, R. J., N. W. Miller, J. C. Piñero, J. D. Barry, L. C. Tran, L. Oride, and R. I. Vargas. 2003. Effectiveness of GF-120 fruit fly bait spray applied to border area plants for control of melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1485–1493.. Lee, W. Y. 1988. The control programme of the oriental fruit fly in Taiwan. p.51–60. in: Proceedings of the Symposium on Fruit Integrated Pest Management.. Siderhurst, M. S. and E. B. Jang. 2010. Cucumber volatile blend attractive to female melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). J. Chem. Ecol. 36:699–708..
(6) 植物揮發性成分餌劑. Evaluation of Plant Volatile Bait in Trapping Oriental Fruit Fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] Yaw-Jen Dong1 and Chien-Chung Chen2,*. Abstract Dong, Y. J. and C. C. Chen. 2015. Evaluation of plant volatile bait in trapping oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)]. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 64(4):330–335.. Evaluation of the applicability of oriental fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] plant volatile bait (PVB bait) was conducted in 5 m × 5 m × 2 m net-cage and 0.76 ha loquat orchard, respectively. Results of net-cage test showed that 1 d average attracted and killed mortality of fresh new and exposing outdoor for 1, 2, and 3 wk PVB bait to non starvation and gravid female oriental fruit fly were 85.3, 72.0, 60.3, and 62.1%, respectively, and decreased with time. One day average attracted and killed mortality of using 1, 2, 3, and 4 PVB bait were 86.9, 96.0, 94.3, and 92.9%, respectively, and using more than 2 baits did not show higher effectiveness. One-day average attract-and-kill mortality of PVB bait, protein hydrolysate, Spinosad, Torula yeast and yellow sticky paper were 81.3, 74.0, 72.9, 50.3, and 49.5%, respectively. Attract and kill effectiveness of PVB bait is better than those of currently materials used for oriental fruit fly control. Evaluation of PVB bait control effectiveness was conducted in loquat orchard, and the results showed that average fruit damage and number of oviposition puncture number were the lowest in PVB bait treatment plot than in Spinosad and control plots. Although PVB bait has potential to use as oriental fruit fly control substance, further improvement of the persistence and stability of PVB bait is required. Key words: Bactrocera dorslais, Plant volatile bait, Attractiveness, Fruit fly control.. Received: March 3, 2015; Accepted: March 20, 2015. * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 1 Assistant Research Fellow, Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 2 Research Fellow, Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.. 335.
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