൞ϟਔ໔ޑٰᖏǺႝηኞ൞ϟޑਔ໔གྷႽ
1!
ⓙ⌧䩅ҳグ亀恈
* ዺВයǺ2006 ԃ 1 Д 17 Вǹ೯ၸВයǺ2006 ԃ 10 Д 17 ВǶ * բޣϴоድࣁࠄ٧ৣጄεᏢཥᆪᆶኞᏢଣ 2004 ભኞᏢᅺγࣴزғǴe-mail: [email protected]Ƕբޣआैࣁࠄ٧ৣጄεᏢཥᆪᆶኞᏢଣୋ௲ঋୋଣ ߏǶȠᄔाȡ
ҁЎᇡࣁǴΓᜪਔ໔ᢀۺӧᐕΑԾฅਔ໔ǵដᒮਔ໔ٿ ໘ࢤࡕ҅ӛȨ
൞ϟਔ໔ȩ
ၸǶӧၗૻޗٰᖏޑङඳΠǴដ ᒮਔ໔ςೀܭӒᐒǴԶ༟ཥࠠਔ໔ᢀۺϐҺ୍҅ပӧႝη ኞ൞ϟيǶၸჹΓᜪВதғࢲਔ໔ޑख़ಔǴႝη൞ϟόՠ ᙯ౽ΑΓॺޑਔ໔ୖྣྗǴ٠ΨၸࣽמϷኞϣ༟Α аᕓਔǵ႟ණᆶคׇࣁቻޑȨ
൞ϟਔ໔ȩ
ǴவԶׯᡂΑΓᜪ ޑਔ໔ޕǴ೭ᅿཥࠠਔ໔ᢀᡉஒჹޗวᆶΓᜪғࢲౢғ ၨ㵝ుڅޑቹៜǶ ᜢᗖຒǺ൞ϟਔ໔ǵคׇǵ႟ණǵᕓਔ൦ȃЕِȈਢᢎ܈ंـޟᖃөϸΣġ
܂㻽ֲൄسհહནΔݺଚႜٻ࣍ီழၴࢬᅝྥΔࠀᓿղ،ཏ ຏऱრᆠፖ۞ᢞऱ᥆ࢤΙྥۖڇᖂઔߒՂΔழၴথ᜔ਢᓤᠧۖಮԳΖ ײཎԭΰAugustinus, 395-401бࡌՓߜΔ1963: 242απᣭᙕρհ ܺ༝ܛጠΚψ߷ᏖழၴߒຶਢչᏖΛڶԳംݺΔݺଙ堚ᄑΔڶԳം ݺΔݺუᎅࣔΔঁྥլᇞԱωΔך։ᎅࣔԱழၴᄗ࢚հخ۟Ζ ܀൶ᆬޡൕآೖַΔԳଚൄൕழၴנ࿇༈ބࠡᥓڍհრᆠΖ ڶᣂழၴհᓵ૪ኔױᘯψۀׄךརωۖཋ܉ٺ۞ྥΕषᄎΕԳ֮ᖂઝΔ ڕ۞ྥઝᖂհழၴઔߒམᖵᆖᙥ८ΰStephen HawkingαΕᢅΰ Gerald J. WhitrowαΕཏܓ੍ΰIlya PrigogineαԳհ࿇ཆΔ൶ழ ၴհ᥆ࢤΕֱٻΕছၞፖژڇֱڤΙޫ֚֮ΰ2004: 17αܛམᘯΔψழ ၴઔߒኔࠠڶ۞ྥઝᖂሁᒵհႜٻωΖषᄎᖂհழၴઔߒঞൕῥዿიΰEmile DurkheimαದࡨΔᆖᢅ८ ΰPitirim A. SorokinαΕᚈቅΰRobert K. MertonαԵ൶࣫ۖᎁψ ڶԳᣊթࠠڶழၴᨠ࢚Δࠀലழၴᇞԫጟषᄎࠫ৫ωΰUrry, 1996 б ޕ ൈ Δ 2003: 506 α Ζ Ծ ᆖ ڍ ֱ ֧ ۼ Ε ዝ ᧢ Ε࿇୶ ۟ٳ࿆ ཎΰ Anthony Giddensαհψழၴፖڇω֗৵ז৸ᑪհψழၴᚘᜍωᄗ ࢚Δۖ Urryΰ1996бޕൈΔ2003: 505αٍམኙ 20 ધழၴषᄎᖂհ լན࿇୶ᏅڶპΔᎁψ20 ધषᄎᓵऱᖵ༉ਢழၴᨠ࢚ ؈ऱᖵωΖ ᜔᧯ۖߢΔֱ۫ୃᖂհழၴઔߒڍऎࠟයሁஉസኜۖՂΚԫය㻽ࠅ ߺཎڍᐚढᖂၲ໌ऱψழၴፖሎ೯ωড়ᨠֱٻΔז۞ྥઝᖂऱழၴ რᆠ༉ڼᤉࢭۖࠐΖයሁஉঞऎײཎԭψழၴਢ֨ᨋऱࢤωۖ
ࠐΔࠩွᖂႾዿ࿇୶ऱψփڇழၴωΔ൶ऱਢԳኙழၴऱᨠ᧯ ᧭ΔڕழၴհژڇΕᛳၴፖةਁΰHusserl, 1928/1980бᄘ༄Δ 2000: 7αΖ ྥۖՂ૪ழၴઔߒࢨ᧩ሿཋࢨፖاฒֲൄسઌװΔྫآ౨ല ழၴᄗ࢚֧Եس೯ऱԳᣊषᄎΖ֮֏ᖂऱழၴઔߒঞലࠡፖԳᣊषᄎጹ യຑದࠐΔTylorΰ1929бຑᖫᜢΔ1992: 1αܛམ।قΚψ֮֏Δ ץਔ٤ຝवᢝΕॾٛΕᢌΕሐᐚΕऄ৳Εଅঋࡉ܂षᄎګऱԳຏ መᖂۖᛧऱٚ۶ࠡהթ౨ࡉክऱᓤٽ᧯ωΖངߢհΔழၴԯԳ ৬ዌΔਢڇषᄎ٦سขኔᔌխࢬขسऱᨠ࢚ΔਝዌګԱݺଚኙऱ। ሒΔՈګ㻽ኦ᧩ᆢ᧯ܑऱွᐛΙழၴױᘯਢ֮֏᧩ထైΖ Hallΰ1973бᏥ৬ዊΔ1991: 1αམᎅΔψழၴᄎᎅᇩωΔࠀലழ ၴီլٵ֮֏ၴհรԫጟψྤᜢऱߢωΔᎁࠡψֺڶᜢߢޓࡖ Δ।ሒऱᇷಛॽۖ堚ཐωΖᖞ᧯ۖߢΔ֮֏ፖழၴհઔߒڇ࣍ەኘ լٵچΕጟᆢΕࡲඒழၴᨠ࢚հฆΔא֘ਠլٵ֮֏հणउΔᇞ ᤩ֮֏ᓢડհᄭΔআၞ֮֏հᇞፖٌᘜΖ ழၴᨠ࢚ઔߒऱᖩٻ֊ԵګԱ᠆ጚ࣠ኔΔۖழၴᨠ࢚ઔߒऱ᜕ٻ ֊ԵঞএאᖞଡԳᣊषᄎઔߒኙွΔ֘ਠլٵழזषᄎଅᎎհܑፖ سֱڤհ᧢ᔢΖࢨΔᖵ࠴ءਢஊஊ୶ၲΔ༴૪ᖵᚨୢୢሐ ࠐΔ᜕ٻ֊Եലլױᝩ܍چΕࣳឰچ໊ါᖵऱᥛࢤΔ۟ܧנᣤ ૹऱᖵᆠ്Ζ܀ലषᄎԳ㻽ቤ։ၸऱ֫ऄথױ౨ޓ㻽堚ཐچܧ ԳᣊऱመװΕڼڇΕᣋནΔࠀࣔཐ᧢ᔢऱฉᇾΙངߢհΔषᄎ᧢ᔢ༉ ຝ։چ᧯ڇԳᣊ໌ທऱழၴᨠ࢚հխΖ ψլٵऱषᄎഛ塄լٵऱழၴᨠ࢚ωΰHarvey, 1990бᙝቯΔ 2003: 242αΖڇՠᄐषᄎٻᇷಛषᄎ᠏ীऱመ࿓խΔழၴຍଡᐙषᄎ ऱ ᜕ٻ ֡৫ Ո࿇سԱ ᠏᧢ Ζልᄐष ᄎഛ塄ऱψ۞ྥழၴωΰnature
timeαΕՠᄐषᄎഛ塄ऱψᤪᙎழၴωΰclock timeαΔإլપۖٵچᨃ ۯ࣍ᄅऱழၴᨠ࢚Ζ ԫࠄቃߢբڇֱ۫षᄎᖂ୮ऱ֮ີᇙሿਣנΖڕ Levineΰ1997б ᒤࣟسΕঊልΔ2000: 112αܛམ।ሒጊ༝ΚψழᤪழၴऱՀԫޡዝ ֏Δױ౨ᄎᖄીݺଚኙόዠԳύऱᡖ࢚ႯΛݺଚᝫᄎڃࠩழಾࡉ։ಾ ࢬז।ऱటኔழၴႯΛωڼڍ֟ᄆقԱᄅழၴࠩࠐऱॾᇆΖUrryΰ 1996бޕൈΔ2003: 522-523αঞאլ֜ᒔॾऱՑܭ༼נψܛழࢤழ ၴωΰinstantaneous timeαΚψᖕጠᤪរழၴڇԫࡳ࿓৫Ղإࢬᘯ όܛழࢤழၴύࢬ࠷זΔຍጟܛழࢤழၴױאᄗਔόᙕᐙழၴύΰ video timeαωΔຍഗءՂ൷२Աழၴ᠏᧢հءᔆΖ ڼ؆ΔBaumanΰ1999бᑛၺནΔ2002: 185αٍམ༼נψຌ᧯ ழၴωΰsoftware timeαԫဲΚψԫ؟Գଚ౨ജאሽॾᇆऱຒ৫ሀ။ ़ၴ၏ᠦΔழၴ٦Ոլਢόᛧਬጟࣟ۫ऱ߮ಱڴމύΔόຌ᧯ழၴύ ऱ ό ൷ २ ᛳ ழ ύ ቃ ٢ ထ ό ़ ၴ ऱ ၈ ଖ ύ ωΖ ٖၵᖂ୮ Googale ፖ Godbeyΰ1995бګైමΕ್༡ΕࡱΕ႑මΔ2000: 148αঞ༼ ֗ψૠጩᖲழၴωΰcomputer timeαΚψૠጩᖲլਢԫጟՠࠠΔ،ᑑ ထԫଡᄅऱழၴࡳٻΔૠጩᖲऱຒ৫ਢԼᏙޢઞΔ၌נԳऱტव ᄕૻΔڇڼհছΔຒ৫ൕآ၌נԳऱრᢝᒤωΖ ڇ௯ᡤڕᄿ௧ऱषᄎᓵ૪խΔᄅழၴऱࠩࠐڂۖᖑڶך։ᢞᖕ᧩ق ࠡऱᒔᙟထषᄎ᠏ীۖஓྥޏ᧢ΖՂ૪ψܛழࢤழၴωΕψᙕᐙழ ၴωΕψຌ᧯ழၴωΕψૠጩᖲழၴωڂۖױီਢտழၴઔߒऱದ រΔ։ൕլٵߡ৫༿قԱᄅઝݾኙᤪᙎழၴऱࠥᓢᚰΖ ܀ழၴᨠ࢚ऱ᧢֏ਢܡొྥ࠹ࠩઝݾᐙΛء֮ᎁࠀլጐྥΖ ψտழၴωհࡎټܛਢڇࢭᎁઝݾኙழၴႿݮऱެࡳࢤছ༼ՀΔԫֱ ૿ലႿທழၴհઝݾΰૠጩᖲΕጻᎾጻሁΕ֫ᖲΕᐖᐾሽီαូ
տᒤᡱΔֱ૿ঞൕຍࠄտփ୲ထ֫Δઔߒאሽտ᧯ऱՕ ฒႚᐾտڇழၴ᠏ীመ࿓խऱ܂شΖངߢհΔᄅऱழၴᨠ࢚إਢሽ տઝݾፖՕฒႚᐾտփ୲٥ٵ܂شऱ࣠Δۖψտழၴωհψ տωՈץܶထࠟᐋڂైΔਝױ܂ਢઝݾΔԾױီਢԫࢤऱ֮֏ᖲ ዌΖ ቫᇢװಳ༈ழၴߩᇾڇ᜕ٻᖵஆᑑՂழၴੌ᧢Δᚨᅝߩא ֘ਠسհၞ֏ፖषᄎհ᧢ᔢΖழၴᨠ࢚ᐙԱݺଚڕ۶ᎁवΕᇞᤩ ۟ኙषᄎආ࠷۩೯Δۖլٵழזࢬᔡሖऱழၴᨠ࢚հ᧢֏Δࠡޏ᧢ऱਢ سۖԳऱᆖ᧭Ζڶ堚ᄑᛵᇞழၴऱ᠏ীࠃኔא֗ᅝՀषᄎऱழၴ ࢤΔԳଚթ౨ޓᎁवषᄎሎ᠏ऱֱڤΔࠀၞۖኙषᄎආ࠷ᔞ࣍۞ߪऱᇞ ᤩࡉ۩೯Ζ
ຯȃՌณਢڗមᒼਢȈΡਢᢎ܈ޟᐣѬആຜġ
ದᄭംᠲٻࠐᑓᒫΔ۶उψழၴਢԳᣊ༓ጟ່ॣᆖ᧭ֱ૿່ᣄא ࡉ່壀ఽऱԫጟωΰBoorstin, 1983бᣤឯड़ΕܨࠕΕޕګᏚΕܦ ٍতΔ1992: 1αΖڇልᄐ֮ࣔࠩࠐհছΔط࣍ழၴࡉԳऱॣࡨسژᣂ এլജയ֊Δڂ،٣֚ࢼွΔழၴᨠ࢚ࡨึ࣍ᒷኬ࿇୶ऱᨈण ኪΖWhitrowΰ1972б֮౸ۂΔ1982: 4αམᎅΚψኙؾছࡸژऱࡨ ຝᆵऱઔߒࠌݺଚڶך։ऱᢞᖕઌॾΔԳᣊᏁבנ؎ՕऱܘԺΔթ౨ ឭๅቝ೯ढԫᑌسڇጿլឰऱኔխऱ۞ྥႜٻωΖ ደ९ऱࡨषᄎฅຶᗨีԱለ᠆༄ऱழၴᆖ᧭Δ٣اຏመ໎೯Ε ֚֮ᨠኘא֗壀ఽऱ৸ፂ೯Δழၴ֮ࣔऱॣڻࠩࠐࡳԱഗ៕Ζڇ ࡨ໎೯խΔආႃΕድ៊ኙွऱࡱᆏࢤ೯ףൎԱ٣اኙ༛ᛩழၴऱტ ᤚΖڕ࣐ᏑԳΰIroquoisΔקભٱรڜԳऱԫ֭αऱආႃ೯ڰբ୶قԱԫጟઌኙګᑵऱழၴრᢝΚψආႃڇ࣐ᏑԳऱᆖᛎسխڶૹՕ რᆠΔޢڣൕࡱࠩટΔഡՖଚᏆࠝ࿙ආႃ౻๘Εມ᥎࣠ٺጟᑠ ࣠Δ፹ګଇढΔࠡխԫຝ։ᚏ៲ದࠐመמωΰࣥᤌဎΔ1984: 223αΖ ڼ؆Δࡨᖦైऱ֚֮ᨠኘՈං೯Աழၴٻઝᖂֱٻ࿇୶Ζཎ ΰFriedrich Engels, 1873-1883/1925бխ٥խ؇್܌৸ΕཎΕ٨ኑΕ ཎՕࣥထ܂ᒳݝб1972: 523αᎅΚψؘႊઔߒ۞ྥઝᖂٺଡຝ॰ऱ ࿇୶Ζଈ٣ਢ֚֮ᖂЁሏडاගࡉልᄐاගԱࡳࡱᆏΔ༉բᆖኙᏁ ،ωΖୗ֗Գބ़֚ࠩխ່ࣔॽऱ֚ਣ܂㻽ᑑڣٝऱᇾွΔࠡޢ ڣႛԫڻڇڰՂ֒ದழፖ֜ၺګԫऴᒵΖBoorstinΰ1983бᣤឯड़ Δ1992: 5αঞຏመߢᖂەኘԱψִॽωڇৰڍߢխፖψྒྷၦωԫ ဲऱဲઌٵΔڂۖᎁ㻽ΚψִॽਢԳᣊຏشऱรԫጟૠழᕴωΖ ᅝልᄐ֮ࣔ૾ᜯΔ،ڇढᔆࡉ壄壀ՂኙԳऱޏທࠌԳڶߩജཕԺװ ৸ەழၴΖઌኙࡳऱልᄐ೯—ਞౙΕౘΕટگΕמ៲—ഛ塄Աለ ৳ࢤऱழၴტᤚΔףհኙ֚֮ွዬ൜Δᑑထழၴᨠ࢚ګᑵऱૠ ழՠࠠᖟऄᓭسΖᔤ֚ໃΰ1971: 3αኙᖟऄᓭسऱᄗਔᎅࣔॺൄᕩᒭΚ ϼђਔжǴΓॺ܌ԖޑྣܴπڀǴВǵДǵࢃΟӀԶςǶ ВǵДǵࢃᆶΓॺғࢲԖஏϪޑᜢ߯ǶȬВ۳߾ДٰǴД۳߾ ВٰǴВД࣬ǴԶܴғోǹൣ۳߾පٰǴൣප࣬ǴԶྃԋ ోȭǶԜԾฅຝǴΓᜪᐕߏਔ໔ᢀჸǴᒵځᆶఀڹܴ སǴዊНᅍပǴЕᄪޑᜢᖄǴ٠ൻӚᅿόӕޑਔǴவ ٣ܭᅕށǵ࣍ᘪǵહᅿፏࢲǴၱᄽԋΑݤǶ إਢ۞ྥຘऱ৳ࢤᇷಛΰڕච࡙ࣔᄆΕᑪֽይᆵΕ౻ֵਯ ዊα܂ႚᐾտᔆၞԵԱԳᣊऱᨠ࢚Δழၴթ৬ዌԱ،ऱॣڻ֮ ࣔΖ۞ྥழၴਢא֚֮৳Εࡱᆏੌ᠏Εཬढس९۞ྥွᅃᑑ
ᄷऱழၴ᧯ߓΔ،ਢልᄐ֮ࣔऱขढΔڶልᄐषᄎᒷኬ᧢ᔢΕࡳؓ ᘝऱૉեᐛΖ ᙟထषᄎ࿇୶ΔᖟऄࡳհழၴۯΰڣΕִΕֲαყ࿇լ౨የߩ Գᣊ೯ऱޣΔኙࠠ᧯ࠃ೭壄ᒔૠழऱᏁআࠌԳଚԫऴ໌ທழၴ ۯޓ՛ऱૠழՠࠠۖܘԺΖֲབྷΕֽᤪࡉޥዥየߩԱຍጟᏁޣΔڇᤪ ᙎᓭسছΔ،ଚԫऴਢऱᜯழࢤૠழՠࠠΖ ܀Ղ૪ૠழՠࠠະ֜ڍΔڕֲབྷᏁၺ٠ΔֽᤪࡉޥዥᏁԳՠ ࣚࠊΔڂۖທګԱ،ଚऱመྀࢤߡۥΖൕխધଥሐೃᇙψאዕᚰᤪω ࠩ ࿇ ࣔ ᤪ ᙎ փ ऱ ψ ൳ ࠫ ឭ ω Ι ൕ ᆠ Օ ܓ ढ ᖂ ୮ ۺ ܓ ฃ ΰ Galileio Galileiα࿇ψឭωऱழࢤ৳Δࠩ๛ᥞढᖂ୮༡ޓཎΰChristiaan Huygensα1657 ڣ࠷Աᤪឭ࿇ࣔറܓΰWolf, 1935бࡌ࣑࢘Ε્א ႉΕ׆ዊΔ1991: 127αΔᤪᙎڇᖲඳݾՂᛧԱડధΖ൷ထΔൕ ᤪᙎ່ॣ܂ഝࠔࠩޅၦسขߨၞཏᢅՕฒΔൕழၴᑑᄷऱ႖լ ࠩ Լ ધ أ ཚ ᒔ م ᑑ ᄷ ழ ΰ Whitrow, 1972 б ֮ ౸ ۂ Δ 1982: 54αΔᤪᙎழၴึڇֲൄسխດዬཏ֗Ζ ᤪᙎழၴፖ۞ྥழၴኲྥլٵΔ܂ԳທழၴΔ،Գᣊऱֲൄس ࡉ৸უᏆࠐԱࠥ᧢֏Ζڇ۞ྥழၴழཚΔԳଚऱ۩೯ਊᅃࠃٙ ऱᏁڜඈΔຍጟڜඈࣚൕ࣍ߪ᧯࿇נऱॾᇆΙ܀ᤪᙎழၴޏ᧢Աຍԫ ֊ΖMcLuhanΰ1964б۶ሐᐈΔ2004a: 188αਐנΚ ដᒮբࣁמೌǴࢂᅿᐒᏔǴѬࡪྣးଛጕኳԄғౢ ޑࣾǵϩǵਔൂՏǶၸ೭ኬޑуπǴਔ໔൩வΓޑ ᡍࡓύϩᚆрٰΑǾǾǶόঁΓᐱޑᡍीໆਔ໔ǴԶ ࢂҔܜຝޑൂՏٰीໆਔ໔ǴȜаȝ೭ᅿБԄीᆉޑਔ໔ ߾ᄌᄌᅖΑϪགޕғࢲǴόπբǴԶЪႽӞᅵ ᅌᔈΑដᒮޑሡाԶόࢂғނᡏޑሡाȐబуᇟѡрԾҁ
ЎբޣȑǶ ط࣍ᤪᙎழၴቤ։ऱழΕ։ΕઞࠠໂױૠጩᐛΔৰݶګՠᄐس ขऱิ៣ृΖᤪᙎਢՠᄐषᄎڶයլేऱᣂΚڜඈՠԳՠ܂Εپ堩Ε ٖஒऱழၴΔޣՠԳࣚൕ࣍ࡐࡳऱழࠥ।Ιຍጟֱڤ߰ຒޏ᧢ԱԳଚ ኙऱᎁवΕᇞᤩΔ۟ࢬආ࠷ऱ۩೯ΖHarveyΰ1990бᙝቯΔ 2003: 289αམڶ壄ᒔᎅࣔΚ πቷπΓॺޑಃж೯ၸԾρޑЬᔉளΑਔ໔ޑख़ा܄ǹಃ ΒжΓ߾ԋΑԾρޑ 10 λਔၮޑอਔ໔πբہǹಃΟ жπΓࣁΑຬਔ܈уπၗԶጝπǶдॺௗڙΑԾρЬޑӚ ᅿጄൎǴᏢΑӧব٤ጄൎϣՉܢלǴдॺමԖၸߚதు څޑ௲૽Ǵջਔ໔൩ࢂߎᒲǶ ឈྥᤪᙎழၴսڇषᄎᖲዌሎ᠏խފዝထૹߡۥΔ܀،থإ०ࠐ ٲᖲΚଈ٣Δཙזࢤऱૠழᕴإא၌መᤪᙎڍऱཏ֗ຒ৫ឩཋΔࠡڻ ਢԳଚኙᤪᙎழၴऱኪ৫Ոطᦟ०᧢ګඈ؞Δၲࡨࣄৼࠡኙسऱ൳ ࠫΖ2005 ڣ 4 ִ࿇سऱԫߓ٨٤٨߫ๅ૩ࠃਚխբڶԳ֘৸ᤪᙎழ ၴऱٲ୭ΔڕԫᒧټτਅښழၴՈڶᙑ—ֲء٨߫נ૩ऱ֘৸υ֮ີ ༉ലࠃਚ࿇سऱ֮֏ڂូψኙ壄ᒔழၴऱመ։ਅښωΖ2
ȃមᒼڗႫυ൬ϭȈਢনϞᙽಋЅڏኇġ
ழၴীܛૠழࢬࠉಜհՠࠠΔᅝਢԫؾԱྥհࠃΔڕൕ۞ྥழၴ ࠩᤪᙎழၴΔݺଚᖵᆖֲִਣ߭Εཬढ೯ढΕֲᖟΕֲབྷΕޥዥΕᤪ ឭΕᖲඳᤪᙎΕᑇۯ֫ᙎழၴীΙۖழၴᨠ࢚հޏ᧢ൄ؆֏ழၴীհ᠏ฝΖᅝ۞ྥழၴٻᤪᙎழၴឭ৫ΔԳଚൕլ壄ᒔऱ۞ྥढ᧯ խᇞ࣋נࠐΔٻ壄ᒔড়ᨠऱᖲඳᤪᙎ᠏ฝΔٵᑌڇտழၴࠐᜯհᎾΔ ᤪᙎழၴՈإஓྥᆖᖵထழၴীൕᤪᙎٻሽտऱ᠏ฝΖ Castellsΰ2000бᦷΕ׆ݳؖΔ2001: 530αམᎅΚψڇጻሁ षᄎ㠪ΔຍጟᒵࢤΕլױಭ᠏Εױא৫ၦΕױאቃྒྷऱழၴإڇᔡሖ މωΖהࢬጠհψމωբڇֲൄسխ᧯נࠐΔٍܛ֫ᙎऱᔭഇሖ ࠩԱছࢬآڶऱܺᣄΔཙזࢤऱૠழՠࠠբᆖཏ֗Ζृኙ 100 ټՕᖂ سၞ۩ᙟᖲᓳ৵࿇Δٵழᖑڶ֫ᖲࡉ֫ᙎऱڶ 68 ԳΔ܀ൄࠕᚮ֫ ᙎऱڶ 34 ԳΖ ངߢհΔᤪᙎழၴऱীإڇڤპΔۖሽտךᅝԱཙז֫ᙎऱ ߡۥΖาᑇݺଚسխൄߠऱཙזࢤૠழՠࠠ༓ຟױូ۟ሽտ ऱᒤᡱΔ່Օऱ᠏ฝ᧩ྥੌٻԱ֫ᖲΔڂࠡڇזسխբլױࢨ Δ܂ૠழՠࠠऱ᎖ܗפ౨ՈᛧԱ၌መ֫ᙎऱཏ֗ࢤΔڂۖګᐙ ֫ᙎࠕᚮऱ່ՕڂΖ ڼ؆Δط࣍ሽႚᐾտڇֲൄسխऱཏሙሎشΔሽီᘛኟՂऱ ᖞរፖתរழၴ᧩قΕଡԳሽᆰழၴऱຑᥛࢤ᧩قΕᐖᐾޢሶԫࠥᤪऱ ழΔՈດޡګԳଚᛧழၴऱֱڤΖMorleyΰ1992бڜΔ 2005: 314αലຍଡွ༴૪ψ٤ഏᑑᄷழၴऱ୮அ֏ωΚ ךॺёаགྷΠǺӭቶኞႝᆵӧᗺǵъᗺ܈څដޑਔ ংǴाගᒬ᠋ਠჹਔ໔Ǵᗺډ൩ኞൔᗺཥᆪǴԶ ӧፏӵԜᜪޑሺԄ܌ࡌᄬޑᇟნΠǴӭԏॣᐒ᠋Ψಞᄍ Ϻ໒ԏॣᐒǶךॺᗋᅌཀډǴჹӭ᠋ٰᇥǴԏॣᐒ നЬाޑфૈϐǴߡࢂкΑӄ୯܄ޑȨᇥ၉ޑਔដȩǶ ឈྥሽտ᧩قհழၴս᥆ᤪᙎழၴऱᥛΔ܀ࠡ᧩قֱڤፖႚ
อᖲඳᤪᙎژڇထ᧩ထฆΚႚอᖲඳᤪᙎψ12 ଡᑇۯ൷ᔣඈ٨ڇԫ ದΔ٦ףՂࠟլೖߨ೯ऱਐᑑ᧩قழၴऱੌຓωΰLevine, 1997бᒤ ࣟسΕঊልΔ2000: 112αΙሽտ᧩قழၴऱֱڤথᣊٵᑇۯૠ ழᕴΔ౨᧩قਬଡᛳၴΖLevine ᎁຍᐙԱݺଚኙழၴݮኪऱტ वΚ ȜჹᐒఓដᒮȝǴ൩ёаޕၰ 12 λਔޑӄၸำǴᕇԾρ ӧ҅ӧ೯ၸবঁਔࢤǴ೭ኬޑЋᒮࢂҗख़ཥӼ௨٣ނӧޜ໔ ύޑՏٰෳໆਔ໔ǶǾǾኧՏដᒮࠅคݤගٮ೭ᅿૻ৲ǶѬ ॺࢂᅿԖલᏬޑπڀǴԛѝૈ߄ٗঁᕓ໔ޑ٣Ǵךॺ คݤགڙډԜਔԜڅ܌วғޑ٣Ǵᗋхࡴၸѐک҂ٰȐబ уᇟѡрԾҁЎբޣȑǶ ழၴীൕᤪᙎੌٻሽտհࠃኔᑑထᤪᙎழၴऱಐᆵΔᏅڶ ψଗৡᝫᏒωհრ࠺Δࠡ।ሒऱழၴݮኪբਢᤪᙎழၴ࿇୶ऱᄕીΖຍ ጟൕψழωٻψᛳၴω᠏᧢հტ࠹Δ৾ړࢭ൷ထطሽႚᐾտႿທ ऱழၴᨠ࢚ԳᣊऱছࢬآڶऱტवΖ
ဓȃ൬ϭਢޟپᖝȈႫυ༈ኬ൬ϭޟਢདġ
ڕՂᆏࢬ૪Δழၴᨠ࢚հ᠏᧢ൄ؆֏ழၴীհ᠏ฝΖٚ۶ԫጟ ழၴᨠ࢚ೈႊڶઌᚨऱழၴী؆Δᝫႊࠠໂᒔࡳழၴܛࡳழΰto timeαհפ౨Δڕڼֱ౨ࡳچژڇ࣍ԳଚऱֲൄسΖտழၴԯএ אሽႚᐾտຘመኙֲൄسऱࡳழפ౨ࠀၞۖԳᣊ٤ᄅऱழၴ ტवΔޏ᧢ထԳଚኙषᄎسऱᎁवΕᇞᤩΕ۟ࢬආ࠷ऱ۩೯ΖΙȃоႫຜ࣏ਯЖޟႫυ༈ኬ൬ϭᄇРலҡࣀޟۡਢ
ڇֲൄسխΔݺଚტ࠹հழၴ༉ਢԫጟࡳۯֱڤΔྤᓵ۞ྥழၴ ࢨᤪᙎழၴઃ༼ࠎԱઌᚨऱࡳழֱڤΚڕڇ۞ྥழၴၸΔ٣اຘመ֚ ᧯ሎ᠏ΰֲִਣ߭հۯᆜαΕཬढणኪΰᐾጟࢨګᑵαࡳழΙڇᤪᙎ ழၴၸΔԳଚঞຘመࢼွऱழၴۯΰழΕ։ΕઞαࠐࡳழΖط࣍ष ᄎሎ᠏սᏁմྥڶݧΕ壄ᒔٵޡΕؓሎ۩ऱழၴᅃߓอΔࠠໂ壄 ᒔࡳழפ౨ऱᤪᙎழၴսല۾ᖕषᄎߓอऱૹۯᆜΖ ψශྤጊംΔڶୌጟཕᐝመࠃൣऱܫึፖದࡨᒔࡳழၴωΰ Elias, 1998бᏥࠋࣥΔ2005: 238αΔڕڼ،༉ႊڇደ९ऱזᖂຘ መᆖ᧭ףא࿇୶Κψڇ۞ྥழၴၸॣཚΔࡳழਢ೯ऱΔԳଚڍ֟ᄎ ᖕ۞ա೯ढᓢ೯ऱᚘ૰ࠐၞ۩ࡳழΚ塍Ա༉پΔپԱ༉ጕωΙᅝຍጟ ೯ࡳழ࿇୶ࠩለֽᄷழΔ༉ᄎ᧢ګψֲנۖ܂ΔֲᆵۖஒωΖᙟထ Գທૠழᕴऱ࿇୶Δࡳழດዬط೯ऱسᓢ೯Ε۞ྥ৳ດዬګ ೯ऱཕԺ೯ΔஓྥྤஒၴՈ壄ᒔऱᑇۯࢬ൳ࠫΙۖᅝሽႚᐾտ ڇֲൄسխཏሙሎش৵Δࠡփ୲ΕݮڤՈႉګີچګᄅऱࡳழՠ ࠠΖ ڇሽႚᐾտߓอխΔሽီփ୲ለᐖᐾΕጻᎾጻሁΕ֫ᖲޓױ ༼ࠎࠢীऱࡳழפ౨Ζאሽီு֨ऱሽႚᐾտਢຘመൕଡᆏ ؾΕᆏؾᒳඈ।Εտࠃٙऴ۟ႿທᨠฒऱᏚڤ֏၄ດዬԵऱመ ࿓ൕۖݙګኙֲൄسऱࡳழΔࠀኔኙֲൄسऱழၴڜඈขسዌ ࢤᐙ܂شΖ ଈ ٣ ਢ ଡ ሽ ီ ᆏ ؾ ऱ ழ ၴ ࡳ ۯ ܂ ش Ζ Bryce ΰ 1987 Ι ᠏ ֧ ۞ Morley, 1992бڜΔ2005αམᎅࣔຍԫွۖല୮அ։ψٻࡳ ழ ω ΰ monochronic orientation α ፖ ψ ڍ ٻ ࡳ ழ ω ΰ polychronic orientationαࠟᣊΚ3ڕڍٻࡳழ୮அএאሽီழၴীΔሽီਢݮګ ழၴਮऱ᧯Δࠡה೯ঞ៥ထሽီᆏؾࠐᒔࡳழၴΖࠏڕΔੑᖹ ழၴڜඈڇψຍଡሽီᆏؾޔழωΔଚՂݩழၴ༉ൄᒔࡳ ਬଡᆏؾΰڕഏհμ౻՛ৢναᐾנ৵Ζڇຍᑌऱ୮அխΔሽီழ ၴ।࠷זԱழᤪழၴګ୮அփࠡה೯ऱழၴᑑᄷΖ ࠃኔՂΔԫᣊᆏؾऱ९ཚၲؘྥᄎഛ塄ᨠฒऱگီክΔܛࡳழ ፖᆏؾψપᄎωհ۩ΔڕՕຬխ؇Գاᐖᐾሽፕޢ֚ඣၴ 6Κ30 ऱ μᄅፊፖኴνΕխ؇ሽီፕխ֑ 12 ழऱμᄅፊ 30 ։νΕඡၴ 19ழऱμᄅፊᜤᐾνΕ࡙ၴ 22 ழऱμඡၴᄅፊᖄνઃբګڍᨠ ฒದݩΕΕپ堩Ε֑ٖΕጕᤚऱழၴᅃᑑᄷΖ ᢏێᖠΰ1985бᓐࣥ௧Δ1987: 15αٍམ༼ֲ֗ءऱઌۿွΚ ψڇֲءΔࢬᘯόإழύΔਢਐழᤪ९ಾਐٻ 12 ऱழଢ༉ၞ۩ᄅፊᐖ ᐾΔຍբᆖݮګԱࢬᘯऱόᄅፊክύΖຍ।ࣔΔൕإழၲࡨऱਬଡழ ࠥࠠڶόᄅፊழၴύऱრᆠωΖ ઌለ࣍ࡰمΕሿཋچലؾ٠ᆜ࣍ਬଡᆏؾΔሽီᆏؾᒳඈኙֲ ൄسழၴڜඈขسऱᐙޓՕՈޓឆᓈΖSilverstoneΰ1994бຯᐜ මΔ2004: 109αࠠ᧯ۖპچ։࣫Ա୮அഡگॅߌᏣऱൣउΚψᆏ ؾࡉழၴ।ਢԫଡׂឰΔሽီᆏؾ।ፖॅߌᏣऱຑࢤਢధᅷऱΔ܀، ଚ۞ߪऱ㵮૪ࢤዌΔ٥ٵޢԫ֚ऱழၴዌ༼ࠎԱஆᑑωΖ Silverstoneΰ1994бຯᐜමΔ2004: 22αᝫאઠຘኔᔆऱณ٠ေᏝ ದሽီዌ৬ழၴऱ౨ԺΚψሽီ༉ਢຏመ،ऱᆏؾ।Εᆏؾऱ᧯ဪࡉ㵮 ૪ֱڤࠐኔਬጟ࿓৫ऱࠉᘸΕڜ٤ፖࠉॵऱ౨ԺΖሽီਢԫጟၜཚࢤ ऱွΔ،ऱᆏؾڜඈᙅ༛ԫࡳऱ၄ঞΖॅߌᏣΕ֚ቃΕᄅ ፊΔױ౨ࢬڶຍࠄףڇԫದΔ༉ނԫڣא՛ழΕ֚ᑇࡉਣཚዌದࠐ
ԱωΖ ྥۖΔሽီᆏؾᒳඈ।ኙֲൄسழၴऱ৬ዌਢ९ཚ܂شऱ࣠Δ ኔᔆՂឆܶԱኙֲൄࠃ೭ፖᨠฒՑ࠺ऱ०ٽΖڇڰඣழၴΔሽီᄅፊጻ ൄڶԫࠄאψᙌڰඣωΕψվֲωټጠऱᄅፊᇷಛᆏؾ۾ᖕထԳ ଚՂఄছऱ߷រױᐧऱழ٠Ιڇ֑堩ழၴΔᄅፊࡉୡᑗᣊᆏؾױא חԳᗣழ٠ΙۖࠩԱՀఄא৵Δٺጟᆏؾᣊীຟృᕠ࿆ΰץਔ೯ ׂΕᄅፊΕሽီᏣΕጵᢌᆏؾαΔऴ࡙۟Ζ ១ࠐᎅΔሽီᆏؾ༉ਢຘመۭᜤದسխऱڶၵழၴഗءਮ ۖჸ৬Աᆏؾ ழၴ।Ζ ሽီ۶ ലԳ᧢ ψޥ࿇ ್ርωΰcouch potatoαΔ༉ڇ࣍،ਢਊᅃس৳ڜඈړޢֲழၴၞ࿓ࠀ᎖אլٵՑ ࠺Ζ ڼ؆Δտࠃٙਢႚᐾտܮ֧ᨠฒऱክشݾକΖࢬᘯψտࠃ ٙωܛਐՕฒႚᐾࢬᐾಬऱฐՕᆏֲΔਢኙψሽီऱᆏֲࢤگΔܛਢ ᣂ࣍߷ࠄחഏԳԯ۟ԳৠஒᕋߩऱሽီऴᐾऱᖵࠃٙωΰDayan & Katz, 1992бञΔ2000: 1αΖႚᐾտኔᔆՂຘመտࠃٙݙګ Ա९ழழၴᅃᑑᄷऱ᠏ฝΔࠌࠡΰտࠃٙαګਬጟრᆠՂऱֲ ᖟΕࡌᖟΕ۟ڣᖟΖឈྥ،ψࠠڶॺൄࢤऱᐛΔਢኙክൄऱե ឫωΔ܀Օฒႚᐾտط࣍ޢֲຟᏁܮ֧ᔹᦫԳࣹრԺΔൄൄຘመࠥრ ᣂࣹΕឩՕᖄΕᇥՕࠡဲΕտֆᣂ֫໌ທנၜཚΕֲൄ֏ऱ ֧ԳᨫؾࠃٙΙᥛլឰऱտࠃٙڂۖݙګԱኙֲൄسழၴऱ৬ ዌΖ ຍጟ৬ዌڇسᇙژڶᐖऑᢞᖕΔڕ᧯ߛֺΕᆏֲᐜࠢΕઝݾડ ధΕ۞ྥ߀୭ຟڂտመ৫ፖۖᄎඊದگီᑷᑪΔۖழၴ༉ലຍࠄ ൷ຑլឰ࿇سۿཋ႖܀ኔᔆՂথ༄ڶ৳ऱࠃۭٙᜤದࠐΖထૹष ᄎွᇞᤩऱ Tofflerΰ1970бٚ՛ࣔΔ1985: 440αܛམტ࠹ࠩႚᐾ
տڼԫឆᓈפ౨Κ ӧऍ୯Ǵჹεӭኧࠤѱۚ҇ԶقǴࡾϺޑډٰόࢂаЕँฅ วޑცࣁᇞ—ӧୗࠖႥࡐϿـډᆘՅ—Զࢂаౚᖻۑ ޑ໒ۈࣁᇞǶಃౚҗᕴ܈ޣځдޕӜΓγѻрǴฅࡕ ኧԭۚ҇ߡဂଆਏЀǶ೭εೕኳޑሺԄВൺВӦՉΠ ѐǶӕኬǴহۑޑ่״όаԾฅඳຝࣁᇞǴԶϝฅࢂаԃ ࡋޑౚ،ᖻޑჴݩډঁৎǶᡏػཥᆪкѾӚৎ ൔરǴౚޑඳӧךॺޑཀύᄬԋΑ൯ङඳǴᅿόё લϿޑॣՔࠩǴคፕچҬܰ܌ǵШࣚࡹֽکৎғࢲύว ғΑϙሶ٣Ǵӄ୯ᖄکऍ୯ᖄाӧ೭дॺයࡑςΦޑ ၮύ᎔ؽ៛ǶӚКᖻޑ่݀όӕǴӚ໗ᖂఈԜଆ۶ҷǶ ՠࢂ೭Ꮅቃϝฅࡪܴዴޑᝄޑߏයᛙۓޑೕ߾ՉΠѐǶ ڂۖݺଚऱֲൄسழၴᅃᑑᄷհ᠏᧢Δױᘯ༉ਢאሽီு֨ ऱႚᐾտຘመଡᆏؾΕᆏؾᒳඈ।Εտࠃٙኙسழၴऱޏທ ࣠Ιڶऱࣔ᧩Δ܀Օຝ։ឆᓈچᨃݺଚྖྥլᤚΖ ۖڇழၴޏທऱመ࿓խΔݺଚ၄տऱֱڤՈ᧢Ꮪڤ֏Ζ Silverstoneΰ1994бຯᐜමΔ2004: 250αམאݛᨠီມፖ֮ᖂऄ᜔ ਔԱֲൄسऱழၴዌګΖڼழΔሽီழၴ࠷זֲᖟழၴګڜඈֲൄ ழၴऱᑑᄷΚ Вதғࢲҗೱុ܄ޑǵёႣقޑکόёႣقޑسӈᙯඤࣁ ᇞǴ೭٤ᙯඤวғӧԖᇞޑکคᇞޑǵઓဃޑکШ߫ޑғ ࢲϐ໔ǶሺԄ܄ޑਔڅکޜ໔ᢃ൪ӧВதғࢲϐύǶԶВதڬ
Զൺۈޑ፺୲όᏮӦӧځ໔ـᕳකଞǶӧႝຎᐒǴਔ໔ ०ೳǶаҗВӼ௨ӳޑीฝǴӧҗႝຎȐቶኞȑҞ ႣжമǶ
Πȃ൬ϭਢޟלԙȈऋڷϱৠޟհҢ
ڕছ૪Δழၴᅃᑑᄷऱ᠏ฝਢழၴᨠ࢚᠏᧢ऱ؆ڇ।ሒΔۖտ ழၴհࢬאܑ࣍ᤪᙎழၴΔԯਢࠡࢬ໌ທऱழၴᐛኔፖᒵࢤΕױૠ ጩΕլױಭऱᤪᙎழၴࠠڶءᔆܑΔຍࠄܑএطڇԳᣊسխཏ ሙሎشऱሽտઝݾፖᐙ؎ՕऱՕ㽬ႚᐾտփ୲ࢬ٥ٵ܂شݮႿ ۖګΖȐȑᕓਔ܄Ǻႝη൞ϟࣽמჹਔ໔ޑᓸᕭ
១ࠐᎅΔޢጟઝݾຟז।ԱਬጟழၴمΔאᚘᜍழၴΕ១֏መ ࿓֚ࢤऱזઝݾኔՈ०ٽԱԳᣊᆏપழၴऱᏁޣΖሽտઝݾԯ זઝᖂݾխᚘᜍழၴΕ១֏መ࿓հࠢᒤΔ۞ሽᓭس৵Δሽႚᐾ տ༉ڇᚘᜍழၴՂ࣍Ꮖ٣ۯᆜΖ ሽڇሽտ୮ගխᖣक़ԫথࠠໂૹ᠏މრᆠΔຑ൷Ա֮ڗ ፖሽࠟଡழזΔၲ໌ԱᛳழຏಛऱψೂሽڤႚᐾᒵሁωΖCzitromΰ 1982бඦᙩسΕ႓ۦكΔ1991: 14αམᘯΚ ܌ԖൔરѸճҔႝൔཥᆪ٠٩ᒘܭѬǴց߾൩ి؎Ǵ ཥᆪຏۓКа۳׳ԖቹៜǴϷਔൔᏤޑཥᆪஒ๏εޑཀ ٰ׳ӭޑࢲΚǶख़ε٣ҹޑِೲኞஒӧޗޑဂύЇଆ ჹϦ٣୍ޑமਗ਼ᜢݙ—ঁ୯ৎӧӕਔ໔ϣᜢݙӕ٣ނǴவ୯ৎޑύЈډᜐໞஒߥӕᅿགکӕঁཛǶ 1873 ڣᓭسऱሽᇩࠌຏಛຒ৫ፖࢤᔆ࿇سԱ᧢֏Δࠌشሽᇩ܍ೈ Ա࿇ሽழऱጟጟჄᐊΕࣁ࿇ΕދᎠழၴΔױאऴ൷ኙᇩࠀمܛࠩ ڃଃΔᜍԱᇷಛᄷໂፖৱڃ༚ऱழၴΔለሽኙழၴऱ၌။ޓၞԫ ޡΖ១ߢհΔឈྥሽᇩਢψԫ֊տխᠦᄅፊ᧯ߓݮڤ່ऱտωΔ ܀ψ،༚ԱՑڇሽຏಛխऱኙழזωΰMcLuhan, 1964б۶ሐ ᐈΔ2004a: 332αΖ ᖵհࣾੌ්ࠩݺଚᑵ൜ऱᆬՀΔଈ٣ਢྤᒵሽᐖᐾழזऱࠐᜯ— 1920ڣ 11 ִ 2 ֲΔKDKA ᐖᐾሽፕऱᐾנܫԱᐖᐾழזऱၲࡨΖᐖ ᐾലᇷಛႚᎠऱழၴၞԫޡᚘᜍא۟࣍ሒࠩᛳၴױܛΔլႛਢቝሽ߷ ᑌऱᛳၴႚᎠΔޓڇ࣍ࠌᇷಛ౨ജᛳၴࠩሒ࠹ฒ૿ছΖՑฤᇆ܍װԱ ֮ڗฤᇆᐊ܂ΕٱࠧΕሎᙁΕ࿇۩Ε၇ऱመ࿓ΔᏁ᎘᎘ඝၲਊၨΔ ᄅፊࠃٙঁܛழႚᙁ۟ณছΖ ᄅፊᖄΕ൷گፖࠃٙऱٵޡ֏ڂۖԱԳଚছࢬآڶऱ֨ტ ࠹ΔMcLuhanΰ1964б۶ሐᐈΔ2004a: 377αܛᘯΚψᐖᐾࠌᇷಛႚ ᐾףݶΔᇷಛףຒऱٵழԾףݶԱࠡהտΖ،ᒔኔނ᧢ګ՛՛ऱ ޘᆵΔທګԱޘاະԵᣄאჄؓऱၵΕႚߢࡉԳߪސᚰऱᚙωΖ ᐖᐾբലᇷಛႚᎠऱຒ৫ංٻᄕૻΔᄅፊࠃٙፖᄅፊᖄၴբ२ ሿழၴΔࢬאሽီ֗ᐖᐾא৵ᓭسऱጻᎾጻሁΕ֫ᖲڇழၴ၌။Ղৰ ᣄڶࢬ܂Δ౨ޏၞᇷಛႚᙁऱᔆΔ༼ࠎլٵฤᇆࢨਢኙᛳழႚᎠ ڶࢬؓᘝΖ ፖᐖᐾઌለΔሽီऱᐙԺޓՕΔףᏣԱԳଚኙᇷಛੌ೯ףຒऱ֨ ტ࠹Δܑਢڇऴᐾګൄኪࢤᖄ֫א৵Δψటኔቹནωऱ ᛳழႚᐾኙᨠฒऱ֨ᓢᚰբլױگਕΖ
ጻᎾጻሁऱנኙᇷಛຒႚᎠၞ۩ԱԫࠄؓᘝΖឈྥጻᎾጻሁᄅ ፊለሽီࢨᐖᐾኙᄅፊࠃٙऱ֘ᚨޓݶΔথ༼ࠎԱԫጟᙈᑓڤΔࠌ ᄅፊጻױאለ९ழၴچঅژΙሽၡٙፖጻሁเ֚ऱݮڤඈೈԱሽ ᇩٌੌܛழڃᚨऱྡྷᐞΖCastellsΰ2000бᦷΕ׆ݳؖΔ2001: 561αኙڼམڶՀ٨༴૪Κ ႝတҸϟޑ೯ߞ٬ளջਔჹ၉ԋࣁёૈǴਥᏵӚΓޑᑫ፪ஒΓ ॺᆫӧଆǴவ٣ϕԄޑӭᜐ໕ፋǶӣᙟޑਔ໔ৡёаᇸܰ լܺǴཥ೯ߞמೌගٮΑլܺਔ໔ምᛖޑҥջགǴ൩Ⴝႝ၉ ኬǴՠࢂቸ܄׳εǴᡣ೯ߞޑӚБёаۯᔖ൳ࣾដ܈൳ϩដǴ аߡௗԏځдၗૻǴᘉ೯ߞޑጄൎǴࠅؒԖႝ၉όܭߏΦ ؈ᓨޑᓸΚǶ ֫ᖲᘜٽԱࢬڶڶܓ࣍ףຒᇷಛႚᎠऱᚌរΚڕڇ़ၴۯᆜՂΔ، ऱྤᒵ᎘؏ױא۴ᙟ᧯ࡉٌຏՠࠠੌ೯ΔۖڇᇷಛႚᙁՂΔሽઝݾ ܗ،ԫᜩհԺΖ֫ᖲٽԱאছࢬڶտኙሉ᧯ऱሎشֱऄΔڇ၌။ழ ၴΕףݶᇷಛੌ೯Ղ༓ሒࠩᄕીΔڇาპհၴᜍ՛Ա࿇ಬᇷಛࠩ൷گ ᇷಛհၴऱழၴᄮᚙΖ Levinsonΰ2003б۶ሐᐈΔ2004b: 57αམᨬཆᎅΚ ӧঁЎӷࢂࠤໂᇻᆄ೯ૻၯᔍޑШࣚ㚊Ǵᒨᅉࢂคೀό ӧǵᜤаᗉխޑǶႝ၉วܴаࡕǴډၲҞޑӦ—܊ηǵᒤϦ ࠻ǵߐǵຉف—ᒨᅉޑਔ໔൩ࢂѺႝ၉ाޑਔ໔Ƕӕኬޑ ᒨᅉຝҔܭԏॣᐒǴΨҔܭႝຎکᆵԄႝတǶฅԶډΑ ϞϺǴЋᐒ҅ӧِೲуǴ०זӦଳၸѐٗ٤ۯᒨኞޑН ֞ǴЋᐒǴςుΕډךॺޑޗǴޔௗ܄ک൞ϟޑᜢ߯ςԋ
ࣁϞϺޑ٣ჴǶΒޣϐ໔ޑҟ࣯ջஒᑲฅคӸǴډΑٗঁਔ ংǴ൞ϟᆶޔௗ܄൩ࢂӕኬΞӕޑܿՋΑǶ ൕሽΕሽᇩΕᐖᐾΕሽီΕጻᎾጻሁࠩ֫ᖲΔኙᛳழႚᎠऱլឰ ಳດإਠᢞԱ Virilioΰ1995бຬցᷞΔ2004: 7αࢬ໌ທऱຒ৫ᖂΰ dromologyαհψຒ৫ऱެࡳࢤऱૹࢤωΚψܛழຏಛऱႚᐾࡎ࠷ ԱࢬڶऱழၴᥛΕ࠷ԱஒΕቹቝႚᙁऱࢬڶᙈΔຒ৫Δ֠ࠡ ਢवᢝࡉᇷಛᄮຏऱຒ৫բᆖ፹ທԱԫଡחԳಮ႖ऱΕᓅऱቹቝ ωΖຍጟᛳழࢤᐙԱᖞଡտᛩቼኙழயࡉݶຒऱಳޣΔՈءޏ ᧢ထԳᣊᔡሖऱழၴᆖ᧭Ζ
ȐΒȑ႟ණϯǺႝηኞ൞ϟϣϩപჹਔ໔ޑ༟
ᙟထઝݾኙழၴऱᚘᜍΔԳᣊழၴ։ֲ墿ܧሿᅷऱٻΖሽ ႚᐾտუቝࠀ࣋ՕԱ࠹ฒኙழၴऱሿཋ։Δտփ୲Ոດዬܧנ ሿཋ૿ᎎΔ૰ࠌ࠹ฒڇ၄տழലݙᖞழၴ֊໊։۟壆ڍլٵᏆ Ζ ሽီփ୲ऱሿཋ֏।נࠟଡᐛΖଈ٣ਢሽီᆏؾႜٻڇࡐ ࡳழၴႾၞޓڍᇷಛΔທګሽီᠲऱ᧢֤լࡳΙࠡڻਢᐖܫ༺ᐾኙݙ ᖞሽီᆏؾክࠏࢤऱؚឰΖ ۞ሽီᓭسאࠐΔঞሽီᄅፊऱ९৫᧢֏ൕآ֧ದૹီΔאીኙ ࠡᆏףݶऱઔߒԫऴೖఎڇ।૿༴૪Ζृኙխഏխ؇ሽီፕμᄅፊ ᜤᐾνፖμᄅፊ 30 ։νᙟᖲᓳ࿇Δޢঞؓ݁ႛ९ԫ։ڍᤪऱሽီ ᄅፊኔྤऄࢭሉᓤᠧࠃٙΔޢ༓։ᤪ༉ױګᗑمցۖྤऄၞ۩ݛՕ 㵮ࠃᎅࣔΔᨠฒৰ֟ᏁലՂԫழၴᇙऱ৸უࢨൣፃࠩՀଡழၴ ΔԳଚऱࣹრԺլឰ᧢֏ऱᠲࢬ։ཋΖᅝྥΔᐖܫਢሽီᄅፊᆏؾឰឰᥛᥛऱૹڂΖኙሽီտۖ ߢΔᐖܫԫऴਢଡؿએΔਝᏁᔾࠡઆܓথԾൄڂࠡੌ؈ৰڍᨠฒΔሽီ ڂڼؘႊᖕᨠฒࣹრԺᥛհᐛړࠟृؓᘝΔ壄֨ᒳࠫᐖܫڇ ᆏؾխऱᔞᅝۯᆜΖ ڇխഏՕຬऱሽီᘛኟՂΔೈԱμᄅፊᜤᐾνΕխ؇ԫ႓८ழၴ ᐾנऱሽီᏣΕૹՕীࠃᄕ֟ᑇᆏؾ؆Δᐖܫ༓ਢྤ֞լԵΖԫ ଡޢڃٽႛ 3 ։ᤪΕڃٽၴٖஒ 1 ։ᤪऱஜᚰञΔڇޢଡڃٽၴຟ ڶߠᜓ༺ಾچڜඈᐖܫΖۖμᄅፊᜤᐾνፖμ֚ቃνၴ߷ԫររױ ᐧऱழၴޓ֊։ 5 ઞᤪԫଡۯנഇլٵᐖܫΖᐖܫڇሽီՂ ޢሶ༓։ᤪ༉נΔޢڻᥛ༓։ᤪΔຍጟणउທګԱԳଚ᙮چޓང ᙮ሐΔኙᆏؾऱტवޓڶᖞ᧯ױߢΖ ሽီᆏؾءߪ᧢֤լࡳऱᠲፖᐖܫլၴឰྤ৳چեឫΔࠌ ݺଚڇ၄ຍଡ່ൎՕտழךየԱլڜࡳტᤚΔࣹრԺৰᣄೖఎڇԫ ଡ૿ΕԫٙݙᖞࠃٙΔᖞଡگီመ࿓᧩֭ᠦధᅷΖBagdikianΰ 1983бࣥੱΕ׆خΕᒤࣟسΕ׆ݳᘋΕՊဎΔ1986: 318α༉ڼሽ ီ၀Աଡψᑑ᧘ωΚ ႝຎࢂڂࠠޑอයኞ൞ϟǶႽ៥ೌৣኬǴႝຎޑғڮӄӧ ᕓ໔ǶѬᆶᢀޑᜢ߯൩ࡌҥӧ೭٤Ѝᚆઇ࿗ޑТᘐǾǾǴ ȜჹԏຎޑȝᜢЈ߈ЯᅭئǴ่݀ߡࢂᇙբٗᅿࣀҞܭਔ ޑҞǴԶόࢂзᢀΦόבޑǵӝЯΓၰޑϣȐቚబᇟ ѡрԾҁЎբޣȑǶ ጻᎾጻሁءߪਢԫጟሏᚰᖏञᑓڤΔܛٺঞᄅፊၴઌյᢸΔᖞ᧯ Ղឈྫ౨অᜤᢀΔ܀։ᣊፖᢸՈլױᝩ܍چࠌٺයᄅፊະԵሶण
ኪΖጻᎾጻሁᄅፊڇਬጟ࿓৫Ղਢᑑᠲ֏Εቹׂ֏Εܛழ֏ऱΔڇ ࠡଈՂጤנऱൄਢᇡጐऱؾᙕڤᑑᠲΔޢଡᑑᠲ৵૿ຟឆ៲ထᄕࠡ าᒯΕශྤᖞ᧯ტۖߢऱփ୲ΖຏመរᚰؾᙕڤᑑᠲܛױၞԵਬଡᄅፊ ψຏሐωΰchannelαΔ߷Ոრ࠺ထፖࠡהྤᑇຏሐऱሶΔܛࠌᢸ ྤլ٦Ζ אሽီு֨ऱሽႚᐾտڇၸऱ؎ՕᐙբᛧԱࡳᆠᄅ ፊژڇݮڤऱԺၦΔࠀՈެࡳԱԳଚڕ۶ಾኙᄅፊᖄփ୲נ֘ᚨΙ ሽီڇലᄅፊ᧢ګᠧհᎾΔՈ֧ᎈࠡהտຍᑌթ౨የߩ࠹㽬ऱ൷ گ֨ΖሽီࡳᆠᄅፊऱֱڤբᆖٻዶຘΔ࣍ਢڇעؑՂΔᄅ ፊփ୲ऱሿཋբᆖګګפऱऄᣪհԫΖᖵႛ 20 塒ڣऱπվֲ ભഏρΰThe USA Todayα౨ജګભഏ࿇۩ၦ່ՕΔ༉ڇ࣍،ኙ ᄅፊၞ۩ऱ֊ֱ໊ڤګפچದԱᑌ܂شΖ
Ritzerΰ1996б৬٠Δ1999: 14αམᆖਐנΚ
ȠϞВऍ୯ȡޑԋфᏤठӄ୯ࡐӭൔર௦ҔΑอλᆒ৶ޑൔ ᏤکறՅϺ༈კޑԄǶȠϞВऍ୯ȡޑቹៜΜϩܴᡉӦ ᡏӧȠറьႥཥᆪൔȡȐBoca Raton NewsȑύǴ೭ࢂҽ ᚛ߢλൔǴඔॊࣁȨᅿ໒गλӞȩǴѬעཥᆪϪപԋࣁК ȠϞВऍ୯ȡޑཥᆪ׳λޑλ༧ǴᗺᆚаறՅკТک፪٣Ƕ൩ ႽȠϞВऍ୯ȡኬǴȠറьႥཥᆪൔȡޑൔᏤ೯தόவ ।ុډќ।ǴѬॺ໒ᓐک่׀ӧӕ।Ƕࣁᅈى೭ ኬޑाǴߏԶፄᚇޑЎകൔᏤ೯தϩപࣁ൳ঁТᘐǶӢ ԜǴ೭٤ൔᏤޑङඳ܄ϣΏԿԖ٤ѸाᇥܴޑЬाϣǴ ΨεεӦߺࣶǴࣗԿࢂֹӄ࣪ౣΑǶ
طՂ૪ಘᓵᨠհΔՕฒႚᐾտփ୲ऱሿཋ֏ᐛؘྥᐙࠩԳᣊ ৸ፂֱڤࠀທګᖞ᧯वᤚऱಯ֏Δٍܛݺଚ٦ՈྤऄႃխࣹრԺᣂࣹ ᥛࢤऱࠃٙΔۖਢክ࣍֏՛ऱΕጅᅷऱΕ១ऱ֮ڗፖቹቝΔՈ ክ࣍ൕԫٙࠃൣડྥ᠏ฝࠩٙࠃൣΙຍ༉ਢழၴܓشሿཋ֏ऱ। Ζ
ȐΟȑคׇ܄Ǻႝηኞ൞ϟϣ่ᄬჹਔׇޑྐ
ྤݧࢤࡉሿཋ֏ਢኙᦘسכݬΚሿཋ֏რ࠺ထലݙᖞࠃٙ֊։ԫ ߓ٨ᜳׂΔྤݧࢤঞஓྥലຍࠄᜳׂऱۯᆜᓳངΔࠌࠃٙ؈װءس խऱᒵࢤழၴ૩ᇾΖץਔሽտڇփऱՕฒႚᆖመ९ཚ৵Δ࿇ Աૹᄅڜඈழݧዌਢܮ֧ᨠฒऱૹ֫ΖࢬאΔݺଚࢨױലྤݧ ࢤီ㻽ཏሙᎁٵऱ֫ΔਜףڇԳᣊ৸ፂՂࠀ㶷سᐙΖ ଙ८ڗჃዌ༉ਢႚᐾտ༈ऱ֫Δڇٺᣊտऱᄅፊᖄխ ຟڶࢬ᧯ΔᨃಖृԺޣࠌش១ᑥ֮ڗፖቹቝࠐᇞᤩࠃٙΔຍጟ֫ ऄፖଙ८ڗჃዌઌٽګվ֚Օຝ։ᄅፊᖄऱᐊᅃΔࠡመ࿓ױא ᑇڗڤμቹԫν᧩قΖ ʳ إൄسऱழݧΚ { 1Δ2Δ3Δ4Δ5Δ6Δ7Δ8Δ9 } Ц ᄅፊᖄऱᙇᖗΚ { 1Δ3Δ5Δ7Δ9 } Ц ଙ८ڗჃڤऱᄅፊᖄΚ { 7Δ5Δ1Δ3Δ5Δ9 } ʳ ⢑ύ薷㜫凙⦬ⶉ䟿䚚䚝㺼䮆ポ巜⢑ ᇷறࠐᄭΚءઔߒʳՂቹ୶قԱֲൄسऱڶݧࠃٙڕ۶ᆖመᙇᖗࢤسข᧢ګྤݧऱᄅ ፊ܂ΖڇֲൄسխΔݙᖞࠃٙ—ץਔݧኟΕದڂΕ࿇୶ΕᑪΕ ݝፖݠᜢ—ࠩԱಖृ֫խழΔ٣ലᑪຝ։༼ছאທګ೯ய࣠Δ طڼؘྥࠐࠃٙழݧऱᓳᖞΖᙟ৵༉ਢψܔ༉១ωΔװൾ߷ࠄශྤ ؘऱહནտฯፖլᐙࠃٙၞ࿓ऱൣᆏΔאᔞᚨڶૻۖᣪ၆ऱऱழ ࢨठ૿Ζຍጟ֫ऄᣌԱݺଚֲൄسᆖᖵࠃٙழऱᒵࢤΕႉݧழ ၴტΖ Metzΰ1979бᤕ८ླΕኑΕੋ֚ഏΔ1983: 64αམൕᄅፊዌ ፖ࠹ฒ֨ᣂএߡ৫ಘᓵڼࢤΚ Ꮓᆅॹߎӷ༣่ᄬԖӭБय़ޑሽॶǴΨڙډΑӭΓޑߚ ᜤǴᇡࣁѬၸܭྗϯکલЮӭኬ܄ǶຨեѬޑΓᇥǴ೭όࢂ ᅿԾฅޑ㯎ॊБԄǴӢࣁ໒ۈ൩рଯዊǹдॺ ᇥǴ೭ᅿԄ٬ΓёаႣෳஒाวғޑ٣Ǵ٠ЪࢂԴ ޑǶ ೈԱሽီᚭᏣ֏Εଙ㵮ڤऱᄅፊֱڤ؆Δሽီᄅፊᆏؾऱᒳඈ Ոլױ౨ەᐞழၴऱᒵࢤঞΔൕ່ૹऱၲࡨאᙅ༛ᄅፊᏝଖൕ ۟܅ऱঞඈ٨Ζຍጟֱڤ࢙ီԱᄅፊࠃٙ࿇سऱழၴݧ٨Δۖਢא ़ၴऱΕچऱΕᄅፊᏝଖ܅ႉݧิګऱֱڤףא၀ΔڂۖທګԱ ழၴݧ٨ऱ؈Ζ Baumanΰ2002бỪ৬مΔ2005: 179αམಾኙሽႚᐾտڕ۶ ᄰழݧၞ۩Ա၌။ԫࢤփ୲ዌऱઔߒΔထณڇ᧯ิ៣փ୲ऱֱ ڤΖڇπܺऱषᄎρΰSociety under siegeαԫխᐊࠩΚψ᧯ऱ ֱڤ༉ਢނޏທԫߓ٨ࠃٙΔޢԫଡࠃٙຟߩא֧ದࣹრΔ܀Ծ
߰ຒऱ؈Δຍࠄࠃٙᔞٽ່ՕऱᓢᚰࡉᛳၴऱᙊݱωΖຍࠄ ࠃٙऱඈ٨ิٽਢೝྥऱᜤᢀΔۖॺؘྥऱփڇ᧤ᙀΚ ٣ҹޑวғޑԛׇ٠όख़ाǴШࣚࣨϐࡕ൩ࢂᔎӼিЦӲޑ ԝǴᔎӼিЦӲԝࡕ൩ࢂКᅟǸլ݅Ⴅޑ܄ᗒᆪǴ܄ᗒᆪϐࡕ ൩ࢂ༞ᅟᆢ٥࠼ᐒᛈࣆǴᛈࣆϐࡕ൩ࢂವΟКլޑࢫНǶׇ ࡐܰᜬॹ܈ׯಔǺׇ٠ߚ҅ख़ाǴӢࣁଽฅޑᖄᛠ܈ ᡄᒠ٠όࢂѸฅޑǴ࣬ϸǴԛׇޑଽฅ܄کᒿᐒ܄ႣҢΑШࣚ ޑᡂЄವෳǶ Castellsΰ2000бᦷΕ׆ݳؖΔ2001: 561αፖছ૪ Bauman լ ᘩۖٽچലڍ᧯၌֮ءऱྤழၴࢤګਢᅝז֮֏ऱᣂۥΔࠀ։ ࣫Ա૿տፖሽտ֮ءڇழၴݧ٨ՂऱءᔆฆΚ ӵ݀ԭࣽӄਜࢂ٩ྣӷׇ҆ஒΓᜪޕಔᙃଆٰǴႝຎ߾٩ Ᏽޣޑፂ܈ғౢޣޑ،ගٮΑௗ߈ၗૻǵ߄ᆶགޕ ޑ೯ၡǶ೭ሶٰǴԖཀက٣ҹޑঁજׇѨѐΑϣӧޑǵ٩ ྣਔׇޑࠩǴԶԋࣁ٩ځфҔޑޗે๎ԶӼ௨ޑਔ໔ׇ ӈǶ ᜔հΔଙ८ڗჃዌڤऱᄅፊᖄֱڤא֗᧯ิ៣փ୲ऱسขֱ ڤڇאሽտ᧯ऱՕฒႚփຝ९ཚΕཏሙΕٽچࠌشΔᖄી Գଚऱ৸ፂֱڤขسპݎޏ᧢ΔࠌԳଚኙࠃढऱᣂࣹլ٦ਢԵऱΕڶ ݧऱΕຑऱΔۖਢᇿᙟထሽီቹቝऱ᠏ངۖլឰچઠබ࣍ழၴՂශྤ ᜤᢀऱནհၴΖ
έȃ൬ϭਢޟޥོ੫
ઌለ࣍۞ྥழၴΕᤪᙎழၴΔտழၴऱषᄎᐛਢᑓᒫऱΔڂ ،ਢࡸآګᑵऱ᧯ߓΔࠠໂԱᛳழΕሿཋΕྤݧរΖ܀ڕല،֧Ե س೯ऱԳᣊषᄎࠀലࠡ࣋ᆜڇፖषᄎΕԳऱᣂএᐋ૿Δ،Ծܧԫࠄޓ ݛᨠޓထૹषᄎᐙऱᐛΚழၴवᤚऱྤݧࢤΕழၴ։ऱሿཋ ֏ΕழၴࠌشऱܛழࢤΖȐȑਔ໔ޕޑคׇ܄
ψழၴऱवᤚֱڤ༿قԱषᄎ֗ิګषᄎऱၸ్Εᆢ᧯ࡉଡԳऱ ڍءٻωΰGurevich, 1976бᔤᑗؓΕ৬ؓΔ1988: 313αΔլ ٵழၴᨠ࢚ᖑڶլٵኙழၴऱტवֱڤΔ༛ᛩऱΕ壀ఽऱΕᇣࢤऱᨠ࢚ ፖᒵࢤवᤚऱٌᙑΔዌګԱழၴवᤚऱᖞଡᖵΖ ۞ྥழၴऱዌਢ༛ᛩऱΔڇԫࠄاගխਢᝅඝՂ֒ऱΔࠀᐙ Գᣊऱழၴ່ՆΖWhitrowΰ1972б֮౸ۂΔ1982: 1αᎅΚψլ ႛࡨຝᆵኙழᤪࡉֲᖟڶԫࠄᄕࠡᑓᒫऱߠᇞΔ༉ຑՕڍᑇ֮ࣔष ᄎΔऴࠩࠟԿۍڣছݺଚऱల٣ΔՈ᜔ނழၴ܂۞ྥऱ༛ᛩωΖ ᤪᙎழၴऱዌঞਢᒵࢤऱΔڇਬࠄழଢፖ༛ᛩழၴᨠٌᙑದࠐΔ ༉᧢ګԱᣊۿԿߡࠤᑇإ塒ΰsinĮ/cosĮαڴᒵऱዌΖᒵࢤዌፖᤪ ᙎ࿇ࣔऱױૠጩழၴڶᣂΔGoogaleፖ
Godbeyΰ1995бګైමΔ 2000: 395αམᎅΚψൕ༛ᛩࠩᒵࢤΔՈਢԳᣊ壄壀سխ່ૹऱ᧢ ֏ωΔٍ᥆ڼრΖ ۖտழၴԾ໌ທԱᄅऱழၴዌΔԯএ৬مڇ༛ᛩழၴΕᒵࢤ ழၴऱഗ៕ՂΔᣊۿ։ሎ೯ڤऱቹནΔਢរणऱΕཋ႖ऱΕڶᥛ ࢤऱΔࢬאԫࢤऱ༴૪ნొ᥆ஈ໎Δ່ړऱᙄऄਢ٣୶قԫ༏ԫؾԱྥऱቹΰߠμቹԲναΖ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ⢑ 薷㞽朎介㭆䂏崅⢑り ᇷறࠐᄭΚءઔߒ طμቹԲνᨠհΔழၴዌऱዝ᧢ਢଡደ९ழΔ࠹֮ࠩ֏Εࡲ ඒΕॾٛᓤᠧڂైᐙΖտழၴψ։ႆωऱݮګॺཛՔհࠃΔ ᆖመ༓ڴމञΖ տઝݾऱၞޡଈ٣ല༛ᛩழၴፖᒵࢤழၴऱψᒵωᚘᜍΕ֊໊ፖ رᇞΔؾऱਢലψᒵωࣈཋሿཋऱψរωΖGurevichΰ1976бᔤᑗ ؓΕ৬ؓΔ1988: 335αܛߢΚψڇऱழၴլឰᚘᜍΔऴ۟ࠡګ ԫଡႛऎထመװຏٻآࠐऱऴᒵլឰᄶ۩Δࠌآࠐ᧢ګመװऱរωΖ ᙟ৵Δאሽտ᧯ऱՕฒႚᐾտലࠡփ୲า։֭۟ᠦధ ᅷΔԳଚՈലຍࠄٵழࠌشऱរणழၴ։ࠩฒڍऱΕլٵऱΕཋ႖ऱ ᏆΖԳଚ၄տழڇٺଡᏆၴᙟழઠබΔທګԱழၴሎ೯ऱྤ఼ ݧࢤΖԾڂտփ୲ऱڜඈࠀॺਊᅃإൄழݧၞ۩ΰߠছᆏࢬ૪αΔ ࢬאٺଡរၴऱຑᥛࢤ᧢ءףᏩچؚ႖Δڶٚ۶৳ױאᙅ༛Ιຍ ༉ݮګԱտழၴऱψ։ႆωڤዌΖ Castellsΰ2000бᦷΕ׆ݳؖΔ2001: 561αࣹრࠩԱψ։ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊Η͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊ʳ ͊ʳ ͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊ʳΗ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊ʳ ͊ʳʳ ͊͊͊ʳ ʳ͊ʳ ʳ ̎Ծฅਔ໔ޑ୮่ᄬ̐ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ̎ដᒮਔ໔Ӧጕ܄่ᄬ̐ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ̎൞ϟਔ໔ޑȨϩηȩ่ᄬ̐ʳ
ႆωڤऱழၴዌڇտ၄۩㻽Ղऱ᧯Κψڇٵԫଡຏॾ᙮ሐᇙΔ ࠉᖕᨠृЁյ೯ृऱᙇᖗΔ᧯խٺጟழၴऱٽ᧯໌ທԱԫጟழၴ ၀ΙլႛٺጟᣊীٽڇԫದΔ،ଚऱழၴՈڇٵԫֽؓ૿Ղٵழࠀ ژΔڶၲጤΔՈڶึΔڶݧ٨ωΖ տழၴψ։ႆωڤऱழၴዌΔԳଚऱழၴवᤚࠐԱ٤ᄅ ᧯᧭ΔՈᐙԱԳଚኙழၴऱ։ፖࠌشֱڤΖԳଚڇሽտᛩቼխ ࢬഛ塄נऱழၴवᤚᐙထᎁवΕᇞᤩࡉኙषᄎၞԫޡආ࠷ऱ۩೯Δۖ ຍࠄᎁवΕᇞᤩΕ۩೯Ոຟດዬܧנፖψ։ႆωዌऱઌᣊۿऱྤ ݧࡉሿཋΖψ։ႆωڤዌऱழၴਝਢԳଚტ࠹ࠩऱழၴሎ೯૩ᇾΔ ՈਢԳᣊ։ፖࠌشழၴऱֱڤΖ
ȐΒȑਔ໔ϩଛޑ႟ණϯ
ಳᄩழၴऱ࿇୶ᖵ࿓ΔԳᣊषᄎإڇᆖᖵൕழၴመໍࠩழၴቦऱ ᠏᧢Δᖞଡઃ࣍ψழၴऱ墋塍ωणኪΖषᄎٌऱឩՕΕֲൄ ࠃ೭ऱᠧຟࠌԳଚᇢቹലڶૻழၴ։۟ޓڍᏆΔࠌழၴ᧢৺ ૉੌਣΖृΔԳᣊรԫڻ࿇ܛࠌڇڶࠃٙऱൣउՀΔழၴՈլᄎ ೖַࠡੌ೯ΔࢬאؘႊܘԺᆏઊழၴΕٽ։ழၴΔࠀאڶܓ࣍Գᣊ ऱ۩ࠐ᠆༄ࡉךႾழၴΖ אሽտ᧯ऱՕฒႚ०ٽԱԳᣊ։ழၴऱᐛΔԺቹ༼ ࠎፖհऱᅷׂڤփ୲ΖՕฒႚ܂ࠃٙऱ፹ທृΔڇԳଚ၄ տழא፹ທޓڍᠲऱ֫ࠐ։ཋழၴΖᘛኟՂऱࠃٙ֟టኔࠃ ٙࠠໂऱᥛࢤΔۖᘛኟࠃٙԾլឰ؈Δڇޢۯᨠ㽬ߪ৵ຟఎՀԱࡅ ᩃ٦ڻჄךऱ़ၴΖڂڼΔسᏁՕၦΕጟᣊڍΕ֧Գࣹؾऱࠃ ٙΔאঁൽ堸᧤ᙀࡉᥛࢤऱΖຍଡመ࿓༛ᛩ༚Δࠌࠃٙ၄ ृڇڶૻழၴփլឰ༈ޣ᧯ףՠ৵ऱࠃٙΖڇ၄ሽႚᐾտழ֠ࠡڕڼΖUrryΰ1996бޕൈΔ2003: 523αམڇ֮ີլದณऱچֱ༼ࠩψሽᆰॹڣωԫဲΖຍႈಾኙֲءऱ ઔߒΔ।ࣔԱႚᐾտࠐհழၴዌ᧢֏إڇૹዌڣ᎘Գऱᎁवࡴ ౨Κ ႝတߙԃૈӕਔӧᒵቹᑻჿ࣮ӳ൳ঁҞǴᗋૈעඝځ㯎 ٣่ᄬǹдॺวрԾρޑၯᔍǴځೕ߾Ϣעࡪ່όଶӦϪ ٰඤѐǴаᑼӝೲࡋکӕਔ܄ޑਔ໔ޕኳԄǶဓୌᅟᘐǴ ӧ҂ٰǴ୷ܭਔ໔ޑӕਔ܄ޑԜᜪȨӭ൞ᡏਔ໔ȩǴёૈК ୷ܭጕ܄ਔ໔ᢀޑמૈ׳ࣁख़ाǶ ԫጟᣊֺሽտ᧤ᙀऱسբڇᘋದΔԳଚၲࡨᇢቹאڶૻழၴ ޓڍऱࠃΖGoogale ፖ Godbeyΰ1995бګైමΔ2000: 140αല ࠡࡎټψழၴऱ৫ܓشωΚԫଡԳऱֱٌڤყᓤᠧΕࢬ࠹ඒߛֽ ᄷყΕࢬषᄎऱՠᄐ֏࿓৫ყΔ༉ყڶױ౨ٵழڍࠃൣΔܛ ڇٵԫழၴᇙৰڍլٵऱࠃൣΔࢨڇޓ֟ழၴփਬႈࡳ೯Ζ ຍጟࠌشழၴऱᑓڤࠡኔਢലڶૻழၴ։۟ޓڍլٵᏆΔ؈װऱঞ ਢኙԫٙࠃൣᥛࢤऱᣂࣹΙ९ڼאΔݺଚኙழၴլ٦ڶᥛऱΕᖞ ᧯ऱტᤚΖ
إڕ Baumanΰ1999бᑛၺནΔ2002: 1αၲᒧ֧ش Paul Valery ቃߢࢬ૪Κ
ँฅύᘐǵࡕҟ࣯کрځόཀǴࢂךॺғࢲύޑදၹݩǶ ჹӭΓٰᇥǴ೭٤ܿՋࣗԿςԋࣁдॺޑჴሡǴନΑ ँฅᡂړکௗೱ׳ඤԾρޑڈᐟނаѦǴдॺޑགྷݤόӆளډ ᅈىǾǾǴךॺӆΨόૈ܍ڙҺՖڀԖុ܄ޑ٣ނǶ
ȐΟȑਔ໔٬Ҕޑջਔ܄
Naisbittΰ1982бමᨻΔ1984: 17αᣂ࣍ψᇷಛषᄎԳଚऱழၴ࠷ ٻਢآࠐωऱܒឰΔڇᇞᤩᅝזषᄎழሖࠩԱܺᣄΖլױܡᎁΔڇຍଡ ᧢֏߰ຒऱழཚΔԳଚᣂ֨آࠐࠀךየԱլڜࡳऱტᤚΖ܀Գଚऱ۩೯ থԱழၴ࠷ٻऱ؆ᇞᤩΚለհᤪᙎழཚऱՠᄐषᄎΔտழၴኙᅝ Հऱᣂࣹ᧢ءףᏩΖ տழၴࠐऱψᛳழழၴტωףᏣԱԳଚኙࠃढψܛழየߩωऱ ᏁޣΔ֧࿇Աཏሙۖࠥऱ֨ཚৱΚਝྥሽႚᐾտ౨א່ݶຒ৫ ༼ࠎขΔ߷Ꮦڇسऱࠡהֱ૿ݺଚٵᑌՈᚨࠆ࠹ઌٵৱሖΖ ᅝᄅऱ֮֏ፖઝݾᜤٽ୶قԱயܛழऱࣚ೭ழΔԳᣊةլየ ߩऱᆊࢤԾڇࠡהֱ૿ႝسޓڍᏁܛழየߩऱᣋඨΖ֨ፖषᄎᖂृ Urryΰ1996бޕൈΔ2003: 524αඕᔲچԱຍጟլરᅀৱሽඪΕ દጸᗉΕპंࠀኙآࠐტࠩլڜז֨าᆏΔࠀലຍጟွ᜔ ψଢী֮֏ऱ؈ωΔၲנԱԫٝψܛழࢤω堚ΔץਔΚ -- ӧঁȨѻకȩޗ㚊ǴӚᅿౢࠔǵ܌کຝཇٰཇёൂԛ ٬Ҕǹ -- ӚᅿਔۘǵౢࠔǵമၸำǵᢀۺکຝཇٰཇϸൺόۓǴᙯ ᕓջೳǹ -- ሽॶᢀۺکΓሞᜢ߯ཇٰཇڀԖȨอኩ܄ȩǹ -- อයമӝӕ—ջ܌ᒏȨєϐջٰȩޑമΚ—ཇදϷǹ -- 24 λਔޑҬܰᅌቶǴӵԜё٬ၗޣکҬܰόѸࣁچ کѦ༊ວ፤ข࡚ࡑǹ -- ჹܭߞҺǵ۸၈ک႖ж໔ৎက୍ޑཀВᖿውǹ -- ཇٰཇགډȨғࢲࠩȩᡂளϼזǴᆶΓޑᡍޑځдБय़ ԋჹלǶᅝྥΔຍٝ堚ྤऄ٨ݙΔՂ૪ွڇݺଚֲൄسᆖ᧭խࢨ ڍࢨ֟ຟམტᤚࠩመΖտழၴᣂࣹᅝՀऱܛழࢤΔፖ۞ྥழၴΕᤪᙎ ழၴਜףԳᣊऱᐙዌګԱԳଚ֨णኪऱᖵݮኪΖ ຍਢԫଡൕᒷኬࠩ৺আऱመ࿓Κڇ۞ྥழၴषᄎΔԳଚຏመ९ཚ໎ ܂ࡉৱᛧگᡸΙຍਢԫጟᙈየߩऱ֨ΖڇᤪᙎழၴषᄎΔԳଚ א՛ழΕ֚ΕִࠐጩگԵΙຍਢޣᔞழڃऱ֨Ζഗ࣍ᇷಛषᄎ ऱտழၴΔঞਢኙՠԳਊᅃᤪᙎᆏᛧᚍऱ֨࿇୶Ζڇᅝזष ᄎΔኔ۩ψၜᜲࠫωࢨृՠᇷԫֲԫਢଡৰऱᎈ༝Ι։ཚבཱིऱฐ ۩Ոס᧩ԱԳଚڰរኔᣋඨऱ૰֊ࢤΖڕ࣠Գଚუ࢚ਬԳΔ٦Ոشլ ထৱΔᏁଡሽᇩࢨװီ᙮ΰಛαเ֚Δ༉ױೈ़ၴॴሶऱૹૹ ᎽᡶΖ ᜔հΔտழၴਢᄰৱΕ༼ڰኔᣋඨऱழၴΔቝψઌߠ ඡωΕψদᗨᜳ࿇ωຍᑌऱဲױ౨ലڇտழၴऱषᄎဲࠢᇙܔೈࢨ ऴ൷ၞԵ໑ढ塢ຫ٨ΔڂڇຍଡᣂࣹᅝՀऱܛழࢤழזΔຍጟტᤚ༓ լױ౨٦࿇سΖ
ӂȃ๖ᇭȈញឈᇄਢޟϚџᔆᕻܒġ
ᅝᄭੌ९ऱழၴհࣾੌ්۟ᅝזΔݺଚऱழၴᨠ࢚բᆖᖵԱࠟڻ ᧢ᔢΖൕՂཾࡰᗑۖࠐऱ۞ྥழၴאᒷኬޡٕߨݙԳᣊᖵ່ደ९ऱ ࡰளΔऴࠩሖՂᤪᙎऱ࿇ࣔթ৺᠏ۖՀΔၞԵז֮ࣔऱள࿓Ζ ڇൕՂխཾۖࠐऱࠟैழၴհੌإᗨ፝ԺၦᝬٻรԿଡ᠏މΔၞ ԵၲខऱտழၴֽΖຍԿጟழၴᨠٌ࢚៣ᘜٽΔ٥ژ࣍षᄎፖԳଚ ऱ৸ፂΔषᄎ᧢ᔢ༉ຝ։چ୶ڇழၴ᠏᧢խΰߠμ।ԫναΖ姣ύ薷卥䊱㞽朎ҳ斓撱㞽朎薩Ⰽ⁆㞽朎薷‵槙㞽朎嬻ㅰ崅懲侸⢑ ழၴᣊী ۞ྥழၴ ᤪᙎழၴ տழၴ ᅃᑑᄷ ۞ྥᇷಛΕֲᖟ ᤪᙎ ሽႚᐾտ ݮګഗ៕ልᄐ໎೯Δ֚֮ᨠኘ Δ壀ఽ৸ፂ ᤪᙎऱཏ֗Δழऱ อԫ ሽႚᐾտڇֲൄ سऱཏሙሎش ழၴዌ ༛ᛩ ᒵࢤ រण ֨ტ࠹ ᒷኬ ਊຝ༉ఄ ৺আ षᄎഗ៕ ልᄐषᄎ ՠᄐषᄎ ᇷಛषᄎ փຝᐛ ༛ᛩΕᒷኬΕ壀ఽ ݁ΕᗑمΕױྒྷၦ ᛳழΕሿཋΕྤݧ षᄎᐛ ழၴवᤚऱᔚಱΔא ࠃٙᅃऱسढࢤ Δመװऱழၴ࠷ٻ ழၴवᤚऱᒵࢤੌຓ Δழၴ։ऱૠቤࢤ Δױቃྒྷऱૠጩࢤ ழၴवᤚऱྤݧΔழ ၴ։ऱሿཋ֏Δழ ၴࠌشऱܛழࢤ ֨ᐛ ᙈऱየߩ ᔞழऱڃ ༼ڰऱࠆ࠹ ዌቹڤ ᇷறࠐᄭΚءઔߒΖʳ ʳ ۴ᙟழၴᨠ࢚᧢֏ۖࠐऱਢԳᣊֲൄسհ᧢֏Ζإڕء֮ψ֧ ߢωԫᆏࢬ૪Δޏ᧢Աழၴᨠ࢚ঁլ໓ޏ᧢ԱسۖԳऱᆖ᧭Ζտழ ၴࢬܧऱᛳழΕሿཋࡉྤݧᐛΔբᆖດዬ༊Եֲൄ۩㻽ΔԳଚၲࡨ ክ࣍ಳ᎔տழၴऱᆏΚࠌشპंࢨܮቺᕴאᆏપழၴΕش֫ᖲ ១ಛזཙߪ᧯ऱٌΕࠌشԫڻࢤढ྇֟ᅀΕ࿇ࣔᦰᖲᕴאףݶ वᢝऱ֏ΙࢬڶຍࠄຟࠌݺଚڇᔞᚨᄅषᄎழڕֽູΖ ܀ش 30 ઞᐘԫଈဎዿ౿ፘڴΔױ౨ࠌݺଚه؈ࠡխૹຝ։Δ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊Η͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊ʳ ͊ʳ ͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊ʳΗ͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊͊͊͊͊ʳ ͊͊ʳ ͊ʳʳ ͊͊͊ʳ ʳ͊
ࢨृቫᇢڇඡՂݶຒᦰݙ್܌Θٷᄵऱ՛ᎅΔݺଚױ౨ءլ౨᧯ᄎ߷ ࠄᇦᘫ৩ᚈऱ壄ဎΖᕣጥݺଚ࿇ࣔڍᆏપழၴऱᇘᆜΔ܀ழၴ࿕ս ਢषᄎऱડנᐛΖڇڦᅻխΔݺଚൄڶ۴ᙟఒᖉۖࠐऱྡྷᐞტΔڶထ ኙԳᎾᣂএᑉ֏ऱტቮΔޓڶኙၢມسྤࢬࠃࠃტऱᡖ࢚Ζݺଚܘ ԺᔞᚨထषᄎΔ܀ሽழזኙழၴऱ᎘࣐၌။Ծࠌݺଚփ֨ಮ؈ֱٻΖ ڇ Castellsΰ2000бᦷΕ׆ݳؖΔ2001: 568αᓵထᇙ༼֗Ա Գᣊࣂݼᛳၴழၴऱᄶᒝ࠰ᄎΚ1998 ڣΔભഏ៱८՞ԫᆢઝᖂ ୮Εᢌ୮ ፖٞᄐ୮ ګمԱψ ९ڇ ഗ८ᄎ ωΰThe Long Now FoundationαΔࠡؾऱڇ࣍ऄআၞ९ཚ৸ەګ㻽۞೯ൄኪۖॺܺᣄ ߔߠऱክΖഗ८ᄎᝫીԺ࣍፹܂ޢڣΕޢଡધࡉޢՏڣᏓԫڻऱ ᄅীழᤪΚψຍஆᤪࠥრ܂㻽ԫጟԳທढݼࢴᛳၴழၴऱᨠ࢚Δᨃݺ ଚऱழၴᆖ᧭ኬՀࠐΔሒࠩፖݺଚऱڙࡶژڇࡉᖵੌ᧢ٵޡऱޡ ᓳωΖ ψ९ڇഗ८ᄎωऱऄش֨ߜેথ࣐ߨٻᄕጤΔڂտழၴ ऱࠐᜯਢᖵؘྥΔྤᓵषᆢΕഏ୮ࢨਢଡ᧯ઃႊᔞᚨտழၴࠐऱ ழၴᆏΔܡঞ౨ழזᆏෟޮΖ ܀ڇտழၴழזΔݺଚؘႊኙտழၴࠐऱ᧢֏ڶࠄؓᘝΔא ཚᖑڶ९ཚΕݙᖞΕڶݧऱس᧯᧭ΖݺଚྤऄՉޣሽտઝݾ྇ᒷ ᚘᜍழၴऱޡٕΔՈৰᣄࡅᩃՕ㽬ႚ࣋ඵሿཋΕྤݧऱ፹܂֫ऄאಳ ޣݙᖞΕڶݧऱ܂Δ܀ႊܔ༉១ΔൕԳऱ۞ߪנ࿇༈ޣ່ءᔆऱ ூΖտழၴऱءᔆܛڇ࣍տઝݾኙழၴऱᚘᜍΔٍܛኙԳऱီᤚΕ ᦫᤚऱᛳழ၌။Ζ ڇڼംᠲՂΔPetersΰ1997б۶ሐᐈΔ2003: 253αԱݺଚ່൷ २ءᔆऱڃΖהᎁழၴڇሽழזױ᎘࣐چᚘᜍፖ၌။Δݺଚڂ ۖױאฆچຏᇩΕီ᙮Εႚᙁ֮ڗΖ܀ጤຏಛࡨึᨣ༊ထሶᎶऱक़
ᢰΔഄڶᤛᤚڇழၴՂթࠠڶլױᚘᜍࢤΚ ӵ݀ؒԖΓޑௗǴ҅ޑޗόૈӸӧǶӧ܌Ԗޑག۔ϐ ύǴޑלܔΚനமǴѬόᙯඤԋᒵکᒡޑπڀǶ ѬႤமӦک߈ຯᚆ่ӝӧଆǶჴሞǴࢂؒԖᇻຯ ᚆགޕૈΚޑᏔ۔ǴࢂόૈᒵΠٰޑǶӧ೭ᗺǴѬ ޑלܔΚຬၸຎک᠋ǴࣗԿຬၸښ܈༘Ƕᄗکਔ ໔Ǵ೭ٿঁךॺёаӅҔՠόૈӆғޑܿՋǴࢂךॺ၈ޑ ߥǶ ᤛᤚਢഄԫլ౨၏ᠦტवऱᕴࡴΔ࠺ᤚΕႸᤚඈ٨ࠡڻΚ،ଚፖ ီᤚΕᦫᤚլٵΔຟਢ२၏ᠦթ౨ᖑڶऱტࡴ᧯᧭Ζտழၴਜ࣍Գᣊ سऱ່ՕᐙհԫΔױ౨༉ڇ࣍ທګԱԳፖԳऱงΖឈྥݺଚऱٌ ለመװޓ㻽ᐖऑΔ܀߷ጟԵऱ࿓৫ΕటኔऱტᤚথՀ૾۟ᖵ່܅ រΖუڇտழၴऱᛩቼխ༈ބழၴᒷኬੌ೯ऱڜኑፖᄵൣΔ༉ႊڇ ᔞᚨषᄎᆏऱٵழᖂᄎۼ۞աऱᤛᤚࠀఎՀᔞᅝ़ၴΖ ࢨڇሽႚᐾտֲ墿ലଡ᧯᧢ګψࡰᗑԳωऱᅝՀኔΔొྥ ཚৱཏᢅՕฒ۞ݺᤚᙌΕ۞࿇൷ᤛۿڶᣤૹऱუቝګٝΔ܀ᆢ ᧯ך։ᎁᢝտழၴࠩࠐհࠃኔ֗ࠡᄕ৵࣠ࠀ堚ཐࠡ܂شᖲΔ༉౨ ജ܌ࣚኙழၴऱႉൕΔࠀ܂נᔞش࣍۞ߪऱ۩೯ΔฅຶݺଚޢଡԳຟژ ڇထψ൷२ऱᓢ೯ωΰGiddens, 1982б᎓ڳࣟΕᏘ֨Ε׆Ε್ڨΕᙝ ࣑Δ2003: 127αΚଡ᧯ڶጟڇՕ୮٥ٵڇࢨ૿ኙ૿ൣቼՀፖܑԳ ઌߠऱᏁΔܑਢڇٚ۶٥ٵڇݮڤऱၴ൷ԳᎾٌᐛऱ זषᄎΖ
ຝភġ
1 ء֮܂ृტπᄅፊᖂઔߒρᒳࡡᄎ֗ࠟۯೳټေᐉऱਐإΔতࠇ ஃᒤՕᖂᄅፊፖႚᐾᖂೃႚᐾᖂઔߒسߕ֮ॣΕ്࿕ᗩኙءٍ֮ڶ լױ࢙ฃհಥΖ 2 2005ڣ 4 ִ 28 ֲπཆඡρհτਅښழၴՈڶᙑ——ֲء٨߫ נ૩ऱ֘৸υՕრΚ࿇سڇ 4 ִ 25 ֲՂֲ֑ءᗼ٨߫נ૩ ࠃٙΔᤞֱല٨߫၌ຒ٨ଈጊរΖڶԳᎅΔᇠ٨߫ᕏᕍ၌ຒ ༉ਢڂࠩీழ၌መೖ߫ᒵۖଙ߫ທګඡរ 90 ઞΖԱᚦᇖᎄ ऱழၴΔ٨߫ᖲףຒނழၴ᎔ڃࠐΖπഏᎾ٣ᦀᓵᕽρ4 ִ 27 ֲ࿇।ऱᠲτֲءᄷழਢીࡎऱυऱေᓵᎁΔڇࠡה ഏ୮Δ־߫ඡរ 90 ઞױ౨ᝫᎁਢᄷழΔ܀ڇֲءΔຍ 90 ઞኙ ࣍壄ᄷऱ־߫ழࠥۖߢਢլױᓪऱΖ 3 Bryce ڇຍ㠪ࠌشψٻࡳழωࡉψڍٻࡳழωڇ࣍։լٵ ୮அऱگီᑓڤΚٻࡳழऱ୮அאࠡה୮அ೯ࡳऱਮഗ ៕Δലگီ۩܂ຍଡਮऱࡳჄךढΔࠡᐛ㻽Κڶ৫ૠ ቤࢤፖᣤழၴ।Εڇࠡה೯հၴᎼگሽီΕگሽီਢԫ ೯ΕگီழࣹრԺႃխΖڍٻࡳழ୮அհࠡה೯ঞॺݮګਮ ऱ᧯ΔሽီՈॺჄךढΔሽီ༉ਢਮΰሽီਢԫऴၲऱαΔࠡ ה೯ঞ៥ထሽီࠐᒔࡳழၴΔࠡگီᐛ㻽ΚྤૠቤࢤΕڶ ࡐࡳழၴ।Εگီ۩㻽᧢ګࠡה೯ऱழᤪΕگሽီழٵழൕࠃ ࠡהڍ೯ΕኙሽီऱᣂࣹਢሿཋழឰழᥛऱΖՃਪҬġ
֮౸ۂΰ1982αΖπழၴऱءᔆρΖקࠇΚषᄎઝᖂנठषΖΰ Whitrow, G. [1972]. What is time? The nature of time. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.α
ڜΰ2005αΖπሽီΕ࠹ฒፖ֮֏ઔߒρΖקࠇΚᄅဎנठषΖ ΰ Morley, D. [1992]. Television, audiences, and cultural
studies. London: Routledge.α
ګైමΕ್༡ΕࡱΕ႑මΰ2000αΖπԳᣊ৸უխऱٖ ၵρΖ࣒ࣔΚႆতԳاנठषΖΰ Googale, T., & Godbey, G. [1995]. The evolution of leisure: Historical and philosophical
perspectives (2nd ed.). State College, PA: Venture.α
ٚ՛ࣔΰ1985αΖπآࠐऱᔼᛯρΖګຟΚ՟ԳاנठषΖΰ Toffler, A. [1970]. Future shock. New York: Random House.α ۶ሐᐈΰ2004aαΖπᇞտ—ᓵԳऱۼρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧೭Ζ
ΰ McLuhan, M. [1964]. Understanding media–The extension of
man. New York: McGraw-Hill.α
۶ሐᐈΰ2004bαΖπ֫ᖲ—ᖒլ۰ऱࡅρΖקࠇΚխഏԳاՕᖂ נठषΖΰ Levinson, P. [2003]. Cellphone: The story of
world’s most mobile medium and how it has transformed everything.
NY: Palgrave Macmillanα
۶ሐᐈΰ2003αΖπٌੌऱྤΚႚᐾ৸უρΖקࠇΚဎנठ षΖΰ Peters, J. [1997]. Speaking into the air: A history of the
Press.α
ޕൈΰ2003αΖτᣂՊழၴፖ़ၴऱषᄎᖂυΔBryan S. Turnerΰ ᒳαΔπBlackwell षᄎᓵਐতρΔ 504-535ΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧Գ اנठषΖΰ Urry, J. [1996]. Sociology of time and space. In B. Turner (Ed.), The Blackwell companion to social theory. Oxford: Blackwell.α
ޫ֚֮ΰ2004αΖπषᄎழၴઔߒρΖקࠇΚխഏषᄎઝᖂנठषΖ ࣥੱΕ׆خΕᒤࣟسΕ׆ݳᘋΕՊဎΰ1986αΖπႚᐾտऱᡐ
ឰρΖקࠇΚᄅဎנठषΖΰ Bagdikian, B. [1983]. The
media monopoly. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.α ࣥᤌဎΰ1984αΖπࡨषᄎρΖקࠇΚխဎݝΖ
ࡌ Փ ߜ ΰ 1963 α Ζ π ᣭ ᙕ ρ Ζ ק ࠇ Κ ೭ ٱ 塢 Ζ ΰ Augustinus, A. [395-401/1926]. Confessionsα
ࡌ࣑࢘Ε્אႉΕ׆ዊΰ1991αΖπԼԶધઝᖂΕݾΕࡉୃᖂ ρΖקࠇΚ೭ٱ塢Ζΰ Wolf, A. [1935]. A History of
science, technology, and philosophy in the eighteenth century. NY:
Macmillan.α
Ừ৬مΰ2005αΖπܺऱषᄎρΖতࠇΚۂᤕԳاנठषΖΰ Bauman, Z. [2002]. Society under siege. Oxford: Polity.α
ᒤࣟسΕঊልΰ2000αΖπழၴچቹρΖٽॅΚڜᚧ֮ᢌנठषΖ ΰ Levine, R. [1997]. A geography of time: The temporal
misadventures of a social psychologist, or how every culture keeps time just a little bit differently. New York: Basic Booksα.
խ٥խ؇್܌৸ΕཎΕ٨ኑΕཎՕࣥထ܂ᒳݝΰ1971αΖτ۞ ྥᢞऄυΔ 357-657Ζπ್܌৸ཎᙇႃΚรԲԼ࠴ρΖ
קࠇΚԳاנठषΖΰ Engels F. [1873-1883/1925]α
ຬցᷞΰ2004αΖπᇞ࣋ऱຒ৫ρΖতࠇΚۂᤕԳاנठषΖΰ Virilio, P. [1995]. The art of the motor. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.α
ᦷΕ׆ݳؖΰ2001αΖπጻषᄎऱഹದρΖקࠇΚषᄎઝᖂ֮ נठषΖΰ Castells, M. [2000]. The rise of the network
society (2nd Ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.α
ຑᖫᜢΰ1992αΖπࡨ֮֏ρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧֮ᢌנठषΖΰ Tylor, E. [1929]. Primitive culture. New York: Harper.α
ඦᙩسΕ႓ۦكΰ1991αΖπႚᐾտፖભഏԳऱ৸უρΖխഏᐖᐾ ሽီנठषΖΰ Czitrom, D., [1982]. Media and the American
mind: From Morse to McLuhan. Chapel Hill, NC: University of
North Carolina Press.α
ञΰ2000αΖπտࠃٙρΖקࠇΚקࠇᐖᐾᖂೃנठषΖΰ Dayan, D., & Katz, E. [1992]. Media events: The live
broadcasting of history. Cambridge, MA : Harvard University
Press.α
මᨻΰ1984αΖπՕႨ—ޏ᧢ݺଚسऱԼଡֱٻρΖקࠇΚխഏ षᄎઝᖂנठषΖΰ Naisbitt, J. [1982]. Megatrends: The new
directions transforming our lives. New York: Warner books.α ຯᐜමΰ2004αΖπሽီፖֲൄسρΖতࠇΚۂᤕԳاנठषΖΰ
Silverstone, R. [1994]. Television and everyday life. London: Routledge.α
ᓐࣥ௧ΰ1987αΖπሽီषᄎᖂρΔٽॅΚڜᚧ֮ᢌΖΰΚᢏێ ᖠ [Akira, Fujitake] [1985]. Telebi Media no Shakairyoku. Tokyo:
Yuuhikaku.α
ᄘ༄ΰ2000αΖπփڇழၴრᢝွᖂρΖקࠇΚဎנठषΖΰ Husserl, E. [1928/1980]. Vorlesungen zur phanomenologie des
inner zeitbewusstseins. Tubingen: M. Niemeyer.α
᎓ڳࣟΕᏘ֨Ε׆Ε್ڨΕᙝ࣑ΰ2003αΖπषᄎᖂρΖקࠇΚ קࠇՕᖂנठषΖΰ Giddens, A. [1982]. Sociology: A brief
but critical introduction. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.α ᔤ֚ໃΰ1971αΖπᖟऄហᓫρΖקΚဎࡽΖ
ᔤᑗؓΕ৬ؓΰ1988αΖπ֮֏ፖழၴρΖࣜڠΚ௨ۂԳاנठ षΖΰ Gurevich, A. J. [1976]. Time as a problem of cultural history. In L. Gardet, et al., (Eds.). Cultures and time. Paris: The Unesco Press.α
Ꮵ৬ዊΰ1991αΖπྤᜢऱߢρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧ԳاנठषΖΰ Hall, E. T. [1973]. The silent language. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press.α
Ꮵࠋࣥΰ2005αΖπᓵ֮ࣔΕᦞԺፖवᢝρΔতࠇΚতࠇՕᖂנठ षΖΰ Elias, N. [1998]. On civilization, power and knowledge:
Selected writings. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.α ᑛᆺΰ2005 ڣ 4 ִ 28 ֲαΖτਅښழၴՈڶᙑ—ֲء٨߫נ૩ऱ֘
৸υΔπཆඡρΰতࠇαΔร A16 ठΖ
ᑛၺནΰ2002αΖπੌ೯ऱזࢤρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧ԿᜤࢋΖΰ Bauman, Z. [1999]. Liquid modernity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.α
ᙝቯΰ2003αΖπ৵זऱणउ—ኙ֮֏᧢ᔢհᒴದऱ൶ߒρΔՂ ௧Κ೭ٱ塢Ζΰ Harvey, D. [1990]. The condition of
postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change.
Oxford: Blackwell.α
ᣤឯड़ΕܨࠕΕޕګᏚΕܦٍতΰ1992αΖπ࿇ृ—Գᣊ൶ ࡉ۞ݺऱᖵρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧֮נठषΖΰ Boorstin, D. [1983]. The discoverers: A history of man’s search to know his
world and himself. New York: Random House.α
ᤕ८ླΕኑΕੋ֚ഏΰ1983αΖπ৻ᑌᐊᄅፊ—ൕᖄࠩݠρΖ קࠇΚᄅဎנठषΖΰ Metz, W. [1979]. Newswriting: From
lead to 30. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.α
৬٠ΰ1999αΖπषᄎऱຽᅝ໎֏ρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧֮נठषΖΰ Ritzer, G. [1996]. The McDonaldization of society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.α
The Arrival of Media Time:
Time Imagination of Electronic Media
Donglei Bian & Hongjun Zhang
*ABSTRACT
This article discusses the three stages of time human beings, who have experienced nature time and clock time and is now transitioning into “media time”. In the information age, while clock time faces a crisis, the electronic media is creating a new concept of the time through both technology and content. The paper asserts that the new time concept will significantly influence social development and human life.
Keywords: media time, disorder, fragmentary, instantaneous
* Donglei Bian is an MA student at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication in Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China. Hongjun Zhang is Associate Professor at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication in Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China.
