圓形鋼管混凝土柱之梁柱接頭區細部設計與耐震行為研究

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(1)༝ ‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ϣ ࡹ ೽ࡌ ᑐࣴ ‫ ز ࣴૼ ہ܌ ز‬ൔ֋ ύ ๮ ҇ ୯ 101 ԃ 12 Д Ȑҁൔ֋ϣ৒Ϸࡌ᝼Ǵપឦࣴ‫ز‬λಔཀ‫ـ‬Ǵόж߄ҁᐒᜢཀ‫ـ‬ȑ.

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(3) PG10102-0737 101301070000G0025. ༝ ‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬ ය҃ൔ֋. ‫ޣૼہڙ‬Ǻ୯ҥѠ᡼ࣽ‫מ‬εᏢᔼࡌ‫س‬ ࣴ‫ز‬Ь࡭ΓǺኻࢅٍ ‫ڐ‬ӕЬ࡭ΓǺഋ҅၈ ‫ڐ‬ӕЬ࡭ΓǺ‫ֻ׵‬Ϙ ࣴ‫ز‬շ౛Ǻጰᆢᛄ. ϣ ࡹ ೽ࡌ ᑐࣴ ‫ ز ࣴૼ ہ܌ ز‬ൔ֋ ύ ๮ ҇ ୯ 101 ԃ 12 Д Ȑҁൔ֋ϣ৒Ϸࡌ᝼Ǵપឦࣴ‫ز‬λಔཀ‫ـ‬Ǵόж߄ҁᐒᜢཀ‫ـ‬ȑ.

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(5) ARCHITECTRUE AND BUILDIG RESEARCH INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF THE INTERIOR. Seismic behavior and detailing of steel beam to CFT column connections. BY Yu-Chen Ou Cheng-Cheng Chen Hung-Jen Lee Wei-Han Tsai. December, 2012.

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(7) Ҟԛ. Ҟԛ. Ҟ ԛ ................................................................................................ I ߄ ԛ ............................................................................................. III კ ԛ ............................................................................................... V ྣ Т ԛ ........................................................................................ VII ᄔ ा ............................................................................................. XI ಃ΋ക ᆣ ፕ .............................................................................. 1 ಃ ΋ ࿯ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ጔ ଆ ᆶ ङ ඳ ........................................................ 1 ಃ Β ࿯ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Ҟ ‫ ޑ‬.................................................................. 4 ಃΟ࿯. ࣴ ‫ ز‬Б ‫ ݤ‬Ϸ ၸ ำ ........................................................ 5. ಃΒക Ў ᝘ ӣ ៝ ........................................................................ 9 ಃ ΋ ࿯ Ў ᝘ ၗ ਑ ϐ ᇆ ໣ Ϸ ϩ ‫ ݋‬............................................. 9 ಃΟക ၂ ᡏ ೛ ी ᇙ բ ᆶ ၩ ख़ ၂ ᡍ .............................................. 21 ಃ΋࿯ ಃΒ࿯ ಃΟ࿯. ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ௗ ӝ ࠠ Ԅ ............................................... 21 ᄬ ࡘ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࡼ π ࢬ ำ ........................................... 23 ၂ ᡏ ೛ ी ೕ Ⴤ ᆶ ᇙ բ ............................................... 26. ಃѤ࿯ ಃϖ࿯. ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ ................................................................ 32 ໆ ෳ ‫ س‬಍ ᆶ ჴ ᡍ ำ ‫ ׇ‬............................................... 34. ಃ Ϥ ࿯ ᡂ Տ ϩ ‫ ݋‬................................................................ ಃѤക ჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ૸ ፕ ᆶ ϩ ‫ ݋‬..................................................... ಃ ΋ ࿯ ၂ ᡏ ‫ ׷‬਑ ம ࡋ ၂ ᡍ .................................................. ಃ Β ࿯ ၂ ᡏ ჴ ᡍ Չ ࣁ ......................................................... ಃ Ο ࿯ ჴ ᡍ ኧ Ᏽ ϩ ‫ ݋‬.......................................................... 41 47 47 51 86. ಃѤ࿯. Ѡ ᡼ ̏ ̎ ˿ ೕ ጄ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬CFT ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ϐ ी ᆉ. ಃϖ࿯ ಃϤ࿯ ಃΎ࿯. 100 ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠ .............................................. 104 ่ ݀ ኧ Ᏽ К ၨ ........................................................ 112 ೛ ी ࡌ ᝼ ............................................................... 113. ಃϖക ่ ፕ ᆶ ࡌ ᝼ .................................................................. 117 ಃ ΋ ࿯ ่ ፕ ...................................................................... 117 ಃ Β ࿯ ࡌ ᝼ ...................................................................... 120 ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ ..................................................................................... 123 ߕ ᒵ ΋ ය ߃ ຑ ᒧ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ .......................................................... 127 I.

(8) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ߕ ᒵ Β ஑ ৎ ০ ፋ ཮ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ ᆶ ᛝ ‫ ߄ ډ‬........................................ 133 ߕ ᒵ Ο ය ύ ቩ ࢗ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ .......................................................... 139 ߕ ᒵ Ѥ ය ҃ ቩ ࢗ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ .......................................................... 147 ߕ ᒵ A ၂ ᡏ ೛ ी კ ..................................................................... 157 ߕ ᒵ B ၂ ᡏ ᓸ Κ ឲ ዀ ࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ................................................... 165 ߕᒵ ߕᒵ ߕᒵ ߕᒵ. C D E F. ಔ း ᎗ ௗ ᒳ ఉ ࡼ π ࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ............................................ 171 ᎗ ၰ ຬ ॣ ‫ ݢ‬ᔠ ෳ (UT ᔠ ෳ )࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ᆶ ‫ ځ‬ൔ ֋ ਜ ............... 177 Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ϐ ᔈ ᡂ ी ᆶ Տ ౽ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ კ ................................. 183 а ҁ ࣴ ‫ ࣴ ܌ ز‬ᔕ ϐ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠ ी ᆉ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ϐ ࢬ ำ .. 197. ߕ ᒵ (a) ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ၂ ᡍ ྣ Т ........................................ 219 ߕ ᒵ (b) ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ၂ ᡍ ྣ Т ...................................... 233 ߕ ᒵ (c) ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ၂ ᡍ ྣ Т ........................................ 249 ߕ ᒵ (d) ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ၂ ᡍ ྣ Т ...................................... 265. II.

(9) ߄ԛ. ߄ԛ ߄ 1 1 ୺ Չ ຾ ࡋ ߄ .......................................................................... 6 ߄ ߄ ߄ ߄. 3. 3. 4. 4.. 1 2 1 2. ၂ ᡏ ጓ ဦ ᆶ ೕ Ⴤ ................................................................ ၂ ᡏ ϐ ᡂ ౦ ୖ ኧ ................................................................ ష Ꮙ β ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ϐ ம ࡋ ...................................................... ᒳ ‫ ܎ ל ׷‬ம ࡋ ..................................................................... 26 27 49 50. ߄ 4. 3 ၂ ᡏ ჴ ᡍ ‫ ܌‬ள ന ε Κ ໆ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ................................ 87 ߄ 4. 4 ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ (ೕ ጄ ) .................................................. 103 ߄ 4. 5 ҁ ࣴ ‫ ࣴ ز‬ᔕ ϐ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠ Π ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ..................... 111 ߄ 4. 6 ୊ Κ ம ࡋ К ၨ ᏾ ౛ ߄ ........................................................ 112 ߄ 4. 7 Ӛ Ԗ ਏ ‫ ܍‬୊ य़ ᑈ ᆶ ჴ ሞ ம ࡋ ϐ К ၨ ߄ ............................... 114 ߄ 4. 8 ଷ ೛ ϐ ၂ ᡏ FP2CS*୊ Κ ம ࡋ К ၨ ߄ ................................ 115. III.

(10) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. IV.

(11) კԛ. კԛ კ 1. 1 SRC ่ ᄬ Ң ཀ კ ................................................................. 2 კ კ კ კ. 1. 2. 2. 2.. 2 1 2 3. ࣴ ‫ ࢬ ز‬ำ კ ......................................................................... 5 ᙁ ൂ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) ......................... 10 ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) ..................... 10 ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (හ Җ હ ԛ ฻ 1991)......................................... 11. კ 2. 4 ᎗ ௗ ᒳ โ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) .......... 12 კ 2. 5 ӝ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Ricles et al. 1996) ............................................ 12 კ 2. 6 ᖀ ݈ ೣ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) ................. 13 კ 2. 7 ဎ ݈ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998).................... 14 კ 2. 8 ᒳ ఉ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) ................. 14 კ 2. 9 ӝ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Ricles et al. 1996) ............................................ 15 კ 2. 10 ፄ ӝ T ࠠ у ࠂ Ϸ ᒳ ෇ ऀ ೸ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Kang et al. 2001) ........ 16 კ 2. 11 ࢊ Ѧ ֨ ࠠ ᐉ ႖ ݈ у ࠂ ϐ CFT ࢊ ఉ ௗ ᓐ (݅ լ மǵጰ լ ሑ 2001) .................................................................................................... 16 კ 2. 12 Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ у ࠂ ϐ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ఉ ௗ ᓐ ऐ ᎜ ‫( ૈ ܄‬Cheng and Chung 2003) .......................................................................... 17 კ 2. 13 ೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ (ഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬2002) ...... 18 კ კ კ კ. 2. 2. 3. 3.. 14 ష Ꮙ β य़ ᑈ ᙯ ඤ (ഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬2002) ...................................... 15 ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᓸ ఎ ኳ ࠠ (ഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬2002) ...................................... 1 ߃ ‫ ز ࣴ ؁‬ϐ ᄬ ࡘ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ .................................................. 2 ന ಖ ، ‫ ۓ‬ϐ ᄬ ࡘ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ ................................................... 19 19 21 22. კ 3. 3 ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ΢ ຎ კ ............................................................. 22 კ 3. 4 ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ Ң ཀ კ ............................................................. 23 კ 3. 5 ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ ........................................... 23 კ 3. 6 ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ .................................... 24 კ 3. 7 ‫ ٿ‬Б ӛ ೣ ऀ ݈ Ϸ ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ ........... 24 კ 3. 8 ֹ ᏾ ၂ ᡏ ֹ ԋ Ң ཀ კ ......................................................... 25 კ 3. 9 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ᆶ FP2CS ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ ......................... 28 კ 3. 10 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ ...................................... 29 კ 3. 11 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ .................................... 30 კ 3. 12 ኳ ᔕ ่ ᄬ ᜐ ࢊ Ң ཀ კ ....................................................... 32 კ 3. 13 ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ Ң ཀ კ .............................................................. 33 კ 3. 14 ၂ ᡏ Տ ౽ Ꮤ ࢎ ೛ Ң ཀ კ .................................................... 34 კ 3. 15 OPTOTRAK Certus HD System ....................................... 36 V.

(12) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. კ 3. 16 NDI marker း ೛ Տ ࿼ Ң ཀ კ .......................................... 37 კ 3. 17 ൂ ື ᔈ ᡂ ी း ೛ Տ ࿼ Ң ཀ კ ............................................. 38 კ 3. 18 Ο ື ᔈ ᡂ ी း ೛ Տ ࿼ Ң ཀ კ ............................................. 39 კ 3. 19 ၩ ख़ ᐕ ำ Ң ཀ კ .............................................................. 40 კ 3. 20 ௗ ᓐ ୔ Ӛ ‫ ف‬ပ NDI marker ࣬ ჹ Տ ࿼ კ ............................ 41 კ კ კ კ. 3. 3. 3. 3.. 21 22 23 24. ௗ ᓐ ୔ NDI marker ࣬ ჹ Տ ౽ ϩ ໆ Ң ཀ კ ........................ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬Ң ཀ კ (΋ ) ..................................................... ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬Ң ཀ კ (Β ) ..................................................... ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬Ң ཀ კ ..................................................... 42 42 43 44. კ 4. 1 Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ቫ ໔ Տ ౽ ᆶ у ၩ Κ ໆ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ ................................ 86 კ 4. 2 Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ቫ ໔ Տ ౽ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ѳ ֡ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬Ϸ Н ѳ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ .... 88 კ 4. 3 Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ቫ ໔ Տ ౽ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ѳ ֡ Ԕ ౗ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ ...................... 89 კ 4. 4 Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ቫ ໔ Տ ౽ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ѳ ֡ ୊ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ .................. 90 კ 4. 5 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ௗ ᓐ ୔ ֽ ೽ ୊ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ Ϸ ϩ Ѳ კ ................ 91 კ კ კ კ. 4. 4. 4. 4.. 6 7 8 9. ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ௗ ᓐ ୔ ֽ ೽ ୊ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ Ϸ ϩ Ѳ კ ............. ၂ ᡏ FP2C ௗ ᓐ ୔ ֽ ೽ ୊ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ Ϸ ϩ Ѳ კ ............... ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ௗ ᓐ ୔ ֽ ೽ ୊ ᔈ ᡂ ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ Ϸ ϩ Ѳ კ ............. Ӛ ၂ ᡏ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ֽ ೽ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ᔈ ᡂ х ๎ კ ..................................... 92 93 94 95. კ 4. 10 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ୁ ٿ‬ϐ Ӛ ໨ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ᡂ Տ კ ........................ 96 კ 4. 11 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ୁ ٿ‬ϐ Ӛ ໨ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ᡂ Տ კ ...................... 97 კ 4. 12 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ୁ ٿ‬ϐ Ӛ ໨ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ᡂ Տ კ ........................ 98 კ კ კ კ. 4. 4. 4. 4.. 13 14 15 16. ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ୁ ٿ‬ϐ Ӛ ໨ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ᡂ Տ კ ...................... 99 ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ᄒ य़ ᔈ Κ ϩ Ѳ კ ............................................... 101 CFT ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠ Ң ཀ კ .................................... 104 ష Ꮙ β ൎ ‫ ״‬ᔈ Κ ᔈ ᡂ კ ................................................... 106. კ 4. 17 ᒳ ᆅ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ൎ ‫ ״‬Ң ཀ კ ..................................... 106 კ 4. 18 CFT ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ష Ꮙ β ௹ ӛ ᓸ ఎ Ң ཀ კ ......................... 107 კ 4. 19 ᓸ ఎ ࿯ ᗺ य़ ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ఉ Б ӛ Ȑ Face 1ȑ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ୔ Ң ཀ კ ............. 108 კ 4. 20 ᓸ ఎ ࿯ ᗺ य़ ‫ ߏ ࢊ ܭ‬Ȑ Face 2ȑ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ୔ Ң ཀ კ .................... 109 კ 4. 21 ᓸ ఎ ࿯ ᗺ य़ ‫ ܭ‬ᓸ ఎ Б ӛ Ȑ Face 3ȑ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ୔ Ң ཀ კ ............. 110 კ 4. 22 ௗ ᓐ ୔ ష Ꮙ β Ԗ ਏ ‫ ܍‬୊ य़ ᑈ Ң ཀ კ ................................. 113 კ 4. 23 ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᆶ Ε ਑ ሚ य़ ᑈ Ң ཀ კ ............................................ 115. VI.

(13) ྣТԛ. ྣ Тԛ ྣ Т 3. 1 ၂ ᡏ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ༞ ᎗ ༤ ѳ .............................................. 28 ྣТ ྣТ ྣТ ྣТ. 3. 3. 3. 3.. 2 3 4 5. ၂ ᡏ ឲ ዀ Ͼ Ε ਑ ሚ ......................................................... ኳ ᔕ π Ӧ ౜ ൑ ಔ ӝ ᎗ ௗ ᒳ ఉ ࡼ π .................................... ᎗ ၰ ຬ ॣ ‫ ݢ‬ᔠ ᡍ (UT ᔠ ෳ ) ............................................. ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ ֹ ԋ კ .............................................................. 30 31 31 33. ྣ Т 3. 6 LVDT ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............................................................. 35 ྣ Т 3. 7 Dial Gauge ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..................................................... 35 ྣ Т 3. 8 Rotation Gauge ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.............................................. 36 ྣ Т 3. 9 NDI marker ࿶ ៓ Т ᇶ շ ᗹ ຠ ‫ ܭ‬၂ ᡏ ྣ ........................... 37 ྣ Т 3. 10 ᔈ ᡂ ी း ೛ ௃ ‫ ׎‬........................................................... 39 ྣТ ྣТ ྣТ ྣТ. 4. 4. 4. 4.. 1 2 3 4. ష Ꮙ β ༝ ࢊ ‫ ל‬ᓸ ၂ ᡏ ᇂ ѳ ௃ ‫ ׎‬....................................... ష Ꮙ β ༝ ࢊ ‫ ל‬ᓸ ၂ ᡏ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬....................................... ᒳ ‫ ܎ ׷‬Κ ၂ Т ᆶ ‫ ځ‬ᅱ ෳ Տ ౽ ‫ س‬಍ ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫ ׎‬...................... ᒳ ‫ ܎ ׷‬Κ ၂ Т ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬................................................... 47 48 48 49. ྣ Т 4. 5 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬1.5% drift ਔ ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ᎗ ၰ ϩ ᚆ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..... 51 ྣ Т 4. 6 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬2% drift ਔ ೣ ऀ ݈ ౢ ғ फ़ ҷ ጕ .................. 52 ྣ Т 4. 7 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬-2% drift ਔ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 52 ྣ Т 4. 8 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬3%~4% drift ᎗ ၰ ೀ ໒ ຋ ǵ ϣ п у ቃ ௃ ‫ ׎‬. 53 ྣ Т 4. 9 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ Π Б Ϸ у ࠂ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ೀ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 53 ྣ Т 4. 10 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬6% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ᆶ ᔒ ᓸ ᒳ ᆅ ௃ ‫ ׎‬54 ྣ Т 4. 11 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ϩ ᚆ ᆶ ឲ Ε ᒳ ᆅ ௃ ‫ ׎‬...... 54 ྣ Т 4. 12 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬........................ 55 ྣ Т 4. 13 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ‫ ܭ‬-7% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬....................... 55 ྣ Т 4. 14 ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ࢊ ᆅ ᒳ Ҝ Ϫ ନ ...................................... 56 ྣ Т 4. 15 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ Ѧ ೽ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.............. 57 ྣ Т 4. 16 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ϣ ೽ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 57 ྣ Т 4. 17 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬1%Ϸ 1.5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ጕ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..... 58 ྣ Т 4. 18 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬3% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ᆶ फ़ ҷ ௃ ‫ ׎‬... 59 ྣ Т 4. 19 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬3% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 59 ྣ Т 4. 20 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ఉ ᖀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ௃ ‫ ׎‬....... 60 ྣ Т 4. 21 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.............. 60 ྣ Т 4. 22 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 61 ྣ Т 4. 23 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ᆶ ᔒ ᓸ ࢊ Ꮫ ௃ ‫׎‬ VII.

(14) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. .................................................................................................... 61 ྣ Т 4. 24 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬6% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ࢊ ᡏ ໒ ຋ ϩ ᚆ ௃ ‫ ׎‬... 62 ྣ Т 4. 25 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ᆶ ᔒ ᓸ ࢊ ᡏ ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 62 ྣ Т 4. 26 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ‫ ۯ‬՜ Կ ࢊ ᡏ ٠ ྈ р ᎁ ᓸ ࿗ ష Ꮙ β ણ ҃ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.................................................................... 63 ྣ Т 4. 27 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 63 ྣ Т 4. 28 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬8%Ϸ 9% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ϩ ᚆ ࢊ ᡏ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..... 64 ྣ Т 4. 29 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬8%Ϸ 9% drift ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ‫ ۯ‬՜ Կ ࢊ ᡏ ٠ ྈ р ᎁ ᓸ ࿗ ష Ꮙ β ણ ҃ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............................................................. 64 ྣ Т 4. 30 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ‫ ܭ‬9% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 65 ྣ Т 4. 31 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ Ѧ ೽ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬........... 66 ྣ Т 4. 32 ၂ ᡏ FP2CS ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϣ ೽ ష Ꮙ β ௃ ‫ ׎‬............... 66 ྣ Т 4. 33 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ೣ ऀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.......................................... 67 ྣ Т 4. 34 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬2% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ᇸ ༾ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬..... 67 ྣ Т 4. 35 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬3% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ᆶ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ቨ ࡋ Б ӛ ᇸ ༾ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬...................................................................................... 68 ྣ Т 4. 36 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬3% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬....................... 68 ྣ Т 4. 37 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............ 69 ྣ Т 4. 38 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ୔ ϣ п ௃ ‫ ׎‬.. 69 ྣ Т 4. 39 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ୔ ϣ п ௃ ‫ ׎‬.. 70 ྣ Т 4. 40 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬....................... 70 ྣ Т 4. 41 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬6% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ኚ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............ 71 ྣ Т 4. 42 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬6% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ Ϫ Ε ࢊ ᡏ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 71 ྣ Т 4. 43 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ኚ ຋ ࢊ ᡏ ᆶ ష Ꮙ β ྈ р ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 72 ྣ Т 4. 44 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬7% drift Ջ ୁ Π Б ೣ ऀ ݈ ឲ Ε ᆶ ϩ ᚆ ࢊ ᡏ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............................................................................................. 72 ྣ Т 4. 45 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬8% drift Ջ ୁ Π Б ೣ ऀ ݈ ឲ Ε ᆶ ష Ꮙ β ε ໆ ྈ р ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.................................................................................. 73 ྣ Т 4. 46 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬8% drift Ջ ୁ ΢ Б ೣ ऀ ݈ ϩ ᚆ ࢊ ᡏ ϐ ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 73 ྣ Т 4. 47 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ‫ ܭ‬9% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬....................... 74 ྣ Т 4. 48 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ೣ ऀ ‫ ހ‬዗ ቹ ៜ ୔ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............. 75 ྣ Т 4. 49 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϣ ೽ ష Ꮙ β ௃ ‫ ׎‬................. 75 ྣ Т 4. 50 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬0.75% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬............. 76 ྣ Т 4. 51 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬1.5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ఉ ᖀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬. 76 VIII.

(15) ྣТԛ. ྣ Т 4. 52 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬3% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ఉ ᖀ ݈ फ़ ҷ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬... 77 ྣ Т 4. 53 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ε ໆ फ़ ҷ ᆶ ᎗ ၰ ᇸ ༾ ໒ ຋ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬......................................................................................... 77 ྣ Т 4. 54 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬4% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬.................... 78 ྣ Т 4. 55 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ୔ ໒ ຋ ᔒ ᓸ ᒳ ᆅ ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... ྣ Т 4. 56 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬5% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... ྣ Т 4. 57 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬6% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬.............. ྣ Т 4. 58 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬6% drift Π Б ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ༞ ᎗ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫׎‬. 78 79 79 80. ྣ Т 4. 59 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ‫ ۯ‬՜ Կ ࢊ ᡏ ᆶ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ༞ ᎗ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬................................................................ 80 ྣ Т 4. 60 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬7% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 81 ྣ Т 4. 61 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬8% drift ೣ ऀ ݈ ᎗ ၰ ໒ ຋ ᆶ ᔒ ᓸ ࢊ Ꮫ ௃ ‫׎‬ .................................................................................................... 81 ྣ Т 4. 62 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬8% drift Π Б ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ༞ ᎗ ໒ ຋ ௃ ‫ ׎‬82 ྣ Т 4. 63 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬9% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬௃ ‫ ׎‬..................... 83 ྣ Т 4. 64 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬9% drift Π Б ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ‫ ँ ܎ ڙ‬р ᆶ ‫ ڙ‬ᓸ ᔒ Ε ࢊ ᡏ ϐ ௃ ‫ ׎‬........................................................................... 83 ྣ Т 4. 65 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬10% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ઇ ᚯ ϐ ௃ ‫( ׎‬΋ ) .......... 84 ྣ Т 4. 66 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ‫ ܭ‬10% drift ௗ ᓐ ୔ ઇ ᚯ ϐ ௃ ‫( ׎‬Β ) .......... 84 ྣ Т 4. 67 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ Ѧ ೽ ઇ ᚯ ௃ ‫ ׎‬........... 85 ྣ Т 4. 68 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ჴ ᡍ ่ ‫ ״‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϣ ೽ ష Ꮙ β ௃ ‫ ׎‬............... 85. IX.

(16) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. X.

(17) ᄔा. ᄔा ᜢ ᗖ ӷǺ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊǹఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǹᖀ ݈ ೣ Ε Ԅǹ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ǹ షᏉβ୊Κமࡋǵᖀ݈уࠂ݈ǹᖀ݈ቨ. ΋ǵġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ጔଆϷБ‫ݤ‬. ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ‫ ڀ‬ଯ ம ࡋ ଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ϐ ᓬ ‫ ؼ‬੝ ‫܄‬Ǵջ ٬ ‫ ڙ ܍‬О ্ ‫ ځ‬ਡ Ј ష Ꮙ β ό ܰ ഼ Ѩ ࠟ ‫ ܍ ޔ‬ၩ ΚǴࡺ ё फ़ ե ‫ ځ‬ٛ О ೏ ᙟ ሡ ‫؃‬Ǵу ΢ ᒳ ᆅ ‫ ׷‬਑ К ၨ ৒ ܰ ӣ ԏǴ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ᕉ ߥ ᓬ ༈Ƕ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ё ϩ ࣁ ಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠǵં ‫ ׎‬Ϸ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ᘐ य़Ǵಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠ ࢊ Ϸ ં ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ௢ ቶ ᔈ Ҕ ς ՉϐԖԃǴ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊ߾Ӣ‫ځ‬ᆶ H ࠠᒳఉӧఉࢊௗᓐҬ཮୔ ࡼπόܰǴᔈҔ΢‫ډڙ‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ƕ ߈ԃٰᒿ๱೿ѱ‫׳‬ཥǴ೿ѱࡌᑐԖଯቫϯᖿ༈Ǵຬଯቫࡌᑐ୷ ۭ ኴ ቫ ϐ ࢊ Ѹ ໪ ‫ ڙ ܍‬ၨ ଯ ‫ ື ޑ‬ᓸ ΚǴ٬ Ҕ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ༤ к ష Ꮙ β җ ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ᆅ ё ග ‫ ٮ‬ష Ꮙ β ཱུ ٫ ‫ ޑ‬ൎ ‫ ״‬Κ а ග ϲ ‫ ځ‬ம ࡋ Ϸ ໧ ‫܄‬Ǵ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ΋ ‫ޑ ۓ‬ ᓬ ༈Ǵࡺ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ი ໗ а ఉ ᖀ ݈ ೣ Ε ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ Б Ԅ ࣴ ᔕ ΋ ᙁ ൂ ё Չ ϐ ௗ ӝ ࠠ ԄǴ٠ Ъ ೛ ी 4 ಔ ၂ ᡏǴ ϩ ձ а ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ǵ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ᆶ ᖀ ݈ ቨ բ ࣁ ᡂ ౦ ୖ ኧǴࣴ ‫ ز‬ௗ ᓐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋǴᙖ Ԝ ନ Α ᡍ ᛾ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी ϐ ё Չ ‫܄‬Ǵ٠ ჹ ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ βǵу ࠂ ݈ ᆶ ᖀ ݈ ቨ ϐ ቹ ៜ բ ຾ ΋ ‫ ؁‬ϐ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Ƕ Βǵġ. ख़ाว౜. ჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ᡉ Ң ҁ ࣴ ‫ ࣴ ܌ ز‬ᔕ ϐ ௗ ӝ Б Ԅ Ӽ ӄǵ࿶ ᔮ ߡ ճ ё ՉǴௗ ᓐ ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ Ԗ ᡉ ๱ ϐ ග ܹǴϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ᆶ ቚ у ఉ ቨ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ଅ ᝘ ҭ ࣁ ᡉ ๱Ƕჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ኧ Ᏽ ᆶ ೕ ጄ К ჹ ว ౜ Ǵ XI.

(18) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. а ౜ Չ SRC ೕ ጄ ϐ చ ී ी ᆉ Ԝ ᅿ ௗ ᓐ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ Ǵ ่ ݀ ߥ Ӻ Ӽ ӄ Ǵ ՠ ‫ ܭ‬ష Ꮙ β ‫ ל‬୊ ଅ ᝘ ϐ ೽ ϩ Ԗ ᝄ ख़ ե ՗ ϐ ௃ ‫׎‬Ǵҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ი ໗ ග р ೕ ጄ ‫ ׯ‬๓ ࡌ ᝼Ǵ٠ а ೬ ϯ ᓸ ఎ ኳ ࠠ ග р ΋ ঺ ё ྗ ዴ ी ᆉ ௗ ᓐ ష Ꮙ β ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ϐ ኳ ࠠǴࣁ ࡕ ុ ࣴ ‫ ܈ ز‬ೕ ጄ অ ‫ ׯ‬ϐ ୖ ԵǶҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ҭ ਥ Ᏽ ჴ ᡍ ᢀ ჸ Ǵ ჹ ఉ ቨ ග р ΢ Π ज़ ϐ ࡌ ᝼Ǵа ዴ ߥ ௗ ᓐ ឲ ዀ ࡼ π ‫ ܄‬ᆶ ఉ ୊ Κ ໺ ሀ Կ ௗ ᓐ ϐ Ԗ ਏ ‫܄‬Ƕҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ҭ ଞ ჹ Ѧ ࢊ ϐ ௃ ‫׎‬Ǵග р ఉ ᖀ ݈ ೣ Ε ௗ ᓐ ᆄ у ᎗ уࠂ‫ހ‬ϐ೛ीࡌ᝼Ƕ Οǵġ. Ьाࡌ᝼٣໨. ࡌ᝼΋Ǻ ҥջёՉࡌ᝼Ǻ‫ؼׯ‬ᖀ݈ೣऀԄఉࢊௗᓐᔈҔϐ௢ቶ ЬᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹ೽ࡌᑐࣴ‫܌ز‬ǵᔼࡌ࿿ ‫ڐ‬ᒤᐒᜢǺࡌᑐৣϦ཮ǵβЕ‫ৣמ‬Ϧ཮ǵ่ᄬ‫ৣמ‬Ϧ཮ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬൩ ၸ ѐ Ў ᝘ ‫ ࣴ ؼ ׯ‬ᔕ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǴ‫ ځ‬ௗ ӝ ಒ ೽ ϐ ࡼ բ ၸ ำ Ǵ ࿶ җ ҁ ჴ ᡍ ၂ ᡏ ᇙ բ ၸ ำ ύǴ᛾ ܴ ‫ ࣁ ځ‬΋ ࿶ ᔮǵӼ ӄǵߡ ճ ё Չ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǴ٠ Ъ ٩ ჴ ᡍ ኧ Ᏽ ύ ว ౜ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ‫ ܭ‬ம ࡋǵཱུ ज़ Տ ౽ ΢ ೿ Ԗ όᒱϐଅ᝘ǴӢԜࡌ᝼ё௢ቶԜᅿఉࢊௗᓐ‫ܭ‬πำύ٬ҔǶ ࡌ᝼ΒǺ ҥ ջ ё Չ ࡌ ᝼Ǻᖀ ݈ ೣ ऀ Ԅ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ٬ Ҕ ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ਔǴௗ ᓐ୔୊Κமࡋϐঅ҅ ЬᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹ೽ࡌᑐࣴ‫܌ز‬ǵᔼࡌ࿿ ‫ڐ‬ᒤᐒᜢǺࡌᑐৣϦ཮ǵβЕ‫ৣמ‬Ϧ཮ǵ่ᄬ‫ৣמ‬Ϧ཮ XII.

(19) ᄔा. ൩ ҁ ჴ ᡍ ኧ Ᏽ ύ ว ౜Ǵ‫ ܭ‬ೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ΢ ஒ ᖀ ݈ ቚ ቨǴჹ ‫ܭ‬ௗᓐ୔୊ΚமࡋϷཱུज़Տ౽೿Ԗ๱΋‫ۓ‬ำࡋϐቚமǴՠ൩а౜Ԗ SRC ೕ ጄ ύ ϐ చ ‫ ٯ‬ी ᆉ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ਔǴቚ у ᖀ ݈ ቨ ࡋ ٠ ό ቹ ៜ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ష Ꮙ β ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋǴ٠ Ъ Ԗ ܴ ᡉ ե ՗ ϐ ௃ ‫׎‬Ƕ൩ Ԝ চ Ӣ ࡌ ᝼ ೕ ጄ ‫ ܭ‬Ԝ ᅿ ௗ ӝ ࠠ Ԅ ϐ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ష Ꮙ β ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ё а ፾ ྽ ‫ ܫ ޑ‬ቨ ኱ ྗǴ ҁࣴ‫܌ز‬ග‫ٮ‬а೬ϯᓸఎ౛ፕ‫܌‬ගрϐௗᓐ୔୊Κኳࠠёග‫ࣁ଺ٮ‬ ୖԵǶ ࡌ᝼ΟǺ ҥջёՉࡌ᝼Ǻ຾Չ٬ҔೣऀԄᖀ݈ఉࢊௗᓐϐ࣬ᜢჴᡍࣴ‫ز‬ ЬᒤᐒᜢǺϣࡹ೽ࡌᑐࣴ‫܌ز‬ ‫ڐ‬ᒤᐒᜢǺӚεᏢβЕϷᔼࡌ࣬ᜢࣽ‫س‬ ࿶ ҁ ԃ ࡋ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ԋ ݀ ᡉ ҢǴೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࣁ ΋ ࿶ ᔮǵӼ ӄ ٠ Ъ ࡼ բ ߡ ճ ϐ ௗ ᓐǴ൩ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᢀ ჸ Ϸ ၸ ѐ Ў ᝘ ᛾ ܴ ‫ ځ‬ё ໩ ճ ‫ ܭ‬ఉ ᆄ ౢ ғ ༟ ላǴ٠ Ъ ‫ ܭ‬ҁ ࣴ ‫ ࣴ ز‬ᔕ ϐ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠǴᆶ ჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ኧ Ᏽ ࣬ ಄Ǵ ࡺ ࡌ ᝼ ё ቚ у ࡕ ុ ࣬ ᜢ Ԝ ᅿ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ϐ ่ ᄬ ჴ ᡍ ࣴ ‫ز‬Ǵ຾ ΋ ‫ ׯ ؁‬๓ Ϸ ᕕ ှ ‫ ל ځ‬୊ ᐒ ‫ڋ‬Ǵӵ ೣ ऀ ᖀ ݈ ϣ ࿼ ୊ Κ ଝǵ‫ ׯ‬ᡂ ‫ ځ‬ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ம ࡋ Ϸ εࠠᄬࢎϐ୏ΚՉࣁ฻࣬ᜢჴᡍǶ. XIII.

(20) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. Abstract Keywords: concrete-filled tube column, beam-to-column joint, beam flange through type, shear strength, concrete shear strength, flange stiffeners, flange width. Concrete filled steel tubular (CFT) columns have advantages in strength and ductility. Even under fire attacks, the core concrete could maintain its axial load capacity and thus the strict requirement for fire proof may be liberated. Furthermore, recycling of steel tubes is relatively easy. Typical CFT columns are in the form of square tubes or circular pipes as required by architectural restrictions. Unlike the widely-used box-section columns, the use of circular CFT columns has been limited due to the complexity of the connections to such columns. Recently, skylines in modern cities continue to rise because of urban renewal. The columns in the lower stories in a high-rise building have to sustain high axial load and bending moment. CFT columns have advantages over conventional l and RC columns because the steel tube serves as formwork and offers superior confinement to the infilled concrete, thus improving its strength and ductility under high axial load. However, the complex design and detailing for moment connections have to be further improved, simplified, and verified with experiments. This research proposed a beam-flange-through-type beam-column joint connection for CFT columns and tested four beam-column joint specimens to examine the effect of infilled concrete, beam flange stiffeners, and width of beam on the joint shear strength. Construction of the specimens showed that the proposed connection details are practical and easy to be implemented. Cyclic loading test results showed that the infilled concrete significantly increases the joint shear strength. XIV.

(21) ᄔा. The use of beam-flange stiffeners and increasing the beam width also have significant contribution to joint shear strength. Current shear strength provisions in the SRC code can be conservatively used to estimate the shear strength of the proposed beam-column joint. However, the shear strength contribution from concrete is significant under-estimated. This research proposed a strut-and-tie joint shear strength model for concrete joint shear strength. Comparison with the test results showed that the proposed model can accurately estimate the shear strength contribution from concrete of the proposed beam-column joint. However, the shear strength contribution from concrete is significantly under-estimated. This research proposed a softened-strut joint shear strength model for concrete joint shear strength. Comparison with the test results showed that the proposed model can accurately estimate the shear strength contribution from concrete of the proposed beam-column joint. Based on experimental obervations and analytical studies, modification to the current code provision on joint shear strength contribution from concrete is proposed. Moreover, the upper and lower limits on the width of the beam flange are proposed to address the constructibility issue related to concrete infilling and shear transfer from the beam to the joint. Furhermore, design suggestions on the beam flange stiffeners are proposed.. XV.

(22) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. XVI.

(23) ᆣፕ. ಃ ΋കġ ᆣ ፕ ಃ΋࿯ġ ࣴ‫ز‬ጔଆᆶङඳ य़ ჹ ӄ ౚ ᕉ ნ ᡂ ᎂǴΒ ਼ ϯ ᅹ ਻ ᡏ ௨ ‫ ܫ‬ၸ ӭ ฻ ᕉ ნ ߥ ៈ ᜤ ᚒǴӚ ঁ ሦ ୱ ሡ ा Ӆ ӕ ٰ ᜢ Ј ᆶ ո ΚǴफ़ ե ࿶ ᔮ ว ৖ ჹ ᕉ ნ ‫ ܌‬ౢ ғ ‫ ޑ‬ፂ ᔐ Ǵ Զ ࡌ ᑐ ่ ᄬ ሦ ୱ Ψ ᔈ ၀ ा Ԗ ‫ ܌‬բ ࣁǶᙖ җ ଯ ‫ ׷ ૈ ܄‬਑ ϐ ٬ Ҕ Ϸ ཥ π ‫ݤ‬ ‫ ܈‬ᄬ ‫ ׷‬ϐ ࣴ ว ᆶ ௢ ቶǴё а ჹ फ़ ե ᕉ ნ ፂ ᔐ Ԗ ‫ ܌‬շ ੻ǴЀ ‫ ࢂ ځ‬ཥ π ‫ݤ‬ ‫ ܈‬ᄬ ‫ ׷‬ϐ ࣴ วǴό ՠ ё а फ़ ե ่ ᄬ ‫ ׷‬਑ ‫ ޑ‬٬ Ҕ ໆǴΨ ё а ග ϲ ‫ ׷‬਑ ӣ ԏӆճҔ‫ޑ‬ਏ౗ǴࢂԖճ‫ܭ‬फ़եᕉნፂᔐ‫ޑ‬Б‫ݤ‬Ƕ ΋ ‫ ޔ‬а ٰ ᒳ โ ష Ꮙ β ่ ᄬ (Reinforced Concrete, RC)а Ϸ ᒳ ่ ᄬ (Steel Structure)ࣁ β Е π ำ ύ ‫ ٿ ޑ‬ε Б ӛ Ǵ ‫ ޣ ٿ‬Ӛ Ԗ ‫ ځ‬ᓬ લ ᗺ Ǵ ᒳ โ ష Ꮙ β ่ ᄬ Ԗ ๱ ԋ ҁ ե ༹ǵ่ ᄬ ࠂ ࡋ ၨ ε Ϸ ٛ О ‫ ܄‬ၨ ଯ ‫ ޑ‬ᓬ ᗺǴՠ ࠅ Ԗ ๱ Ծ ख़ ၨ εǵπ ය ၸ ߏ Ϸ ऐ ᎜ ໧ ‫ ૈ ܄‬Κ ό ‫ ى‬ϐ લ ᗺǶԶ ᒳ ่ ᄬ ߾ ҅ ӳ ᆶ ‫ ࣬ ځ‬ϸǴԖ ๱ ଯ ऐ ᎜ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ǵ ଯ ࡼ π ߡ ճ ‫ ޑ ܄‬ᓬ ᗺ Ǵ ՠ ࠅ Ԗ ๱ ၨ ଯ ԋ ҁǵ่ ᄬ ࠂ ࡋ ό ‫ ى‬Ϸ ե ٛ О ‫ ܄‬ϐ લ ᗺǶ߈ ٰ ύ ଯ ቫ ኴ ࡌ ᑐ ೴ ᅌ ද ၹǴ ‫ ่ ࡂ ܊‬ᄬ ჹ ‫ ځ ܭ‬ऐ ᎜ ‫ ૈ ܄‬Ϸ ۚ Ր ‫ ޑ ܄‬ा ‫ ׳ ؃‬യ ၸ ѐǴӢ Ԝ ᒳ ମ ᒳ โ ష Ꮙ β ่ ᄬ (Steel Reinforced Concrete, SRC)໒ ‫ ݙ ډ ڙ ۈ‬Ҟ Ƕ ᒳ ମ ᒳ โ ష Ꮙ β ύ ၨ த ‫ ޑ ـ‬Ԗ х ᙟ ࠠ SRC ่ ᄬ а Ϸ ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β (Concrete Filled Tube, CFT)ӵ კ 1. 1 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ‫ ځ‬ύ х ᙟ ࠠ SRC ่ ᄬ а ࠠ ᒳ Ѧ у ΢ ᒳ โ Ь โ Ϸ ⢪ โ ӆ а ష Ꮙ β х ᙟǴ‫ ځ‬ᗨ ฅ Ԗ ๱ ᒳ โ ష Ꮙ β ่ ᄬ а Ϸ ᒳ ่ ᄬ ϐ ᓬ ༈Ǵՠ ‫ ځ‬ԋ ҁ ‫ ׳‬ଯǵࡼ π ‫ ׳‬ፄ ᚇǶԶ ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ߾ ό ӕǴό ՠ Ԗ ๱ ‫ ޣ ٿ‬ϐ ᓬ ༈ǴӢ ‫ ځ‬ᒳ ᆅ ё ଺ ࣁ ష Ꮙ β ዆ ࿼ ϐ ኳ ݈ Ъ ό Ҕ ‫ ܨ‬ନ Ǵ ࡺ ‫ ࡼ ځ‬π ‫ ࣬ ܄‬ၨ ‫ ܭ‬х ᙟ ࠠ SRC ่ ᄬ ߡ ճ ೚ 1.

(24) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ӭǴ‫ځ‬ԋҁ࣬ჹΨၨեǶ. (a)х ᙟ ࠠ SRC ่ ᄬ. (b)༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ่ ᄬ. კ 1. 1 SRC ่ ᄬ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [3]ǵ NAKANO Corp.) ౜ Չ ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ё ϩ ࣁ ಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠǵં ‫ ׎‬Ϸ ༝ ᆅ ᘐ य़Ǵಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠǵં ‫ ׎‬ᘐ य़ ς ද ၹ ٬ Ҕ ‫ ܭ‬Ӛ ᅿ π ำ ΢ǴԶ ༝ ᆅ ߾ Ӣ ‫ ځ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ࡼ π ό ܰǴ‫ ܌‬а ӧ ᔈ Ҕ ΢ ‫ ډ ڙ‬ज़ ‫ڋ‬Ƕՠ ᒳ ᆅ ё а ග ‫ ځ ٮ‬ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ཱུ ٫ ϐ ൎ ‫ ״‬ΚǴჹ ‫ ځ‬ம ࡋ Ϸ ໧ ‫ ܄‬೿ Ԗ ๱ ᡉ ๱ ‫ ޑ‬ග ϲǴԶ ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ߾ ග ‫ ٮ‬ᒳ ᆅ ୁ ӛ ϐ Ѝ ኖǴफ़ ե ᒳ ᆅ ӛ ϣ ֽ ೽ ਋ ۙ ϐ ౢ ғǴ٬ ள ่ ᄬ ‫ ׎‬ԋ ΋ ঁ ଯ ம ࡋ ଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ϐ ่ ᄬǶՠ ౜ Չ ༤ к ࠠ ༝ ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ӧ ‫ ځ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ೛ ी ೿ ၨ ፄ ᚇ а Կ ‫ ܭ‬ค ‫ ݤ‬ද ၹ ೏ ௦ ҔǴࡺ Ԝ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Ҟ ‫ ޑ‬ӧ ‫ؼ ׯ ܭ‬ ࡽ Ԗ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ೛ ीǴ຾ ΋ ‫ ؁‬໒ ว ‫ ࣁ ׳‬ᙁ ൂ Ъ ࿶ ᔮ ‫ ޑ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ Ǵ ٠࿶җ࣬ᜢ΋‫س‬ӈ‫ޑ‬၂ᡍᡍ᛾‫ځ‬ёՉ‫܄‬Ϸ‫ځ‬ё᎞‫܄‬Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ଞ ჹ ༝ ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ຾ Չ ࣴ ‫ز‬Ǵϣ ৒ х ࡴ Ǻ (1)‫ ׷ ڗ ؃‬਑ ϐ ୷ ҁ Κ Ꮲ ‫ ܄‬፦ ǹ (2)࿶ җ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ၂ ᡏ ϐ ϸ ᙟ ၩ ख़ ჴ ᡍǴග ϲ ୯ ϣ ჹ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ϐ ऐ ᎜ Չ ࣁ ‫ ׳‬຾ ΋ ‫ ޑ ؁‬ᇡ ‫ ޕ‬ǹ (3)ਥ Ᏽ ჴ ᡍ Ϸ ኧ Ᏽ ϩ ‫ ݋‬ϐ ԋ ݀ Ǵ ຑ ՗ ౜ Չ ೕ ጄ ϐ ፾ Ҕ ‫ ܄‬Ǵ Ѹ ा ਔ ග р অ ‫ ׯ‬ϐ ࡌ ᝼ Ǵ ம ϯ ೛ ी ࡼ π ኱ ྗ ǹ (4)ࡌ ᝼ ᙁ ൂǵ࿶ ᔮǵё Չ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ӝ ೛ ी Ϸ ‫ ځ‬ಒ ೽ Ǵ ٠ ᙖ җ ჴ ᡍ ᡍ ᛾ ‫ࣴ ܌‬ 2.

(25) ᆣፕ. ග ϐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी Ǵ а ճ SRC ่ ᄬ ࡌ ᑐ ว ৖ ᔈ Ҕ Ƕ ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ (Concrete Filled Tube ColumnǴ ᙁ ᆀ CFT Column)‫ ڀ‬ଯ ம ࡋ ଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ϐ ᓬ ‫ ؼ‬੝ ‫ ܄‬Ǵ җ ‫ ܭ‬༤ к ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ᆅ ύ ϐ ష Ꮙ β ‫ڙ‬ ᒳ ᆅ х ᙟ ൎ ‫״‬Ǵ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ଯ ‫ ܍‬ᓸ ૈ ΚǴу ΢ ష Ꮙ β ё ‫ ڋ ׭‬ᒳ ᆅ ۳ ϣ ਋ ۙ Ǵ ٬ ᒳ ᆅ ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ଯ ம ࡋǵଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ϐ ᓬ ᗺ Ǵ ‫ ่ ޣ ٿ‬ӝ ԋ ࣁ ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ଯ ࿶ ᔮ ‫ ܄‬Ǵ ᔈ Ҕ ύ ଯ ኴ ቫ ࡌ ᑐ ่ ᄬǴִ ๓ ೛ ी ҭ ё Ԗ ਏ ࿯ ࣪ ᒳ ‫ ׷‬Ҕ ໆ ሥ ‫ ڙ‬π ำ ࣚ ߙ ࿍Ǵу ΢ ‫ ڙ ܍ ځ‬О ্ ‫ ځ‬ਡ Ј ష Ꮙ β ό ܰ ഼ Ѩ ࠟ ‫ ܍ ޔ‬ၩ ΚǴࡺ ‫ ځ‬ٛ О ೏ ᙟ ሡ ‫ ܈ ؃‬೚ ё а फ़ եǴу ΢ ᒳ ᆅ ‫ ׷‬਑ К ၨ ৒ ܰ ӣ ԏǴ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ᕉ ߥ ᓬ ༈ Ƕ. 3.

(26) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ಃΒ࿯ġ ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ୯ ϣ Ѧ ς Ԗ ό Ͽ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࣴ ‫ز‬Ǵҭ ว ৖ р ೚ ӭ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ ԄǶ༤ к ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ё ϩ ࣁ ಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠ ǵ ં ‫ ׎‬Ϸ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ᘐ य़ Ǵ ጃ ࠠ ࢊ ௢ ቶ ᔈ Ҕ ς Չ ϐ Ԗ ԃǴၸ ѐ Ԗ ၨ ӭ ࣴ ‫ ޣ ز‬ठ Κ ‫ ز ࣴ ܭ‬ว ৖ ಔ ӝ ጃ ࠠ ࢊ ‫ ׎ ં ܈‬ᒳ ᆅ ᆶ ᒳ ఉ ௗ ӝ ϐ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ ԄǴԶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ җ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ࡼ π ၨ ࣁ ፄ ᚇǴу ΢ ௗ ӝ Չ ࣁ ‫ ࣬ ز ࣴ ޑ‬ჹ ၨ ϿǴᔈ Ҕ ΢ ‫ ډ ڙ‬ज़ ‫ ڋ‬Ƕ ߈ ԃ ٰ ᒿ ๱ ೿ ѱ ‫ ׳‬ཥǴ೿ ѱ ࡌ ᑐ Ԗ ଯ ቫ ϯ ᖿ ༈Ǵຬ ଯ ቫ ࡌ ᑐ ୷ ۭ ኴ ቫ ࢊ Ѹ ໪ ‫ ڙ ܍‬ၨ ଯ ‫ ື ޑ‬ᓸ Κ Ϸ ៻ ંǴ୷ ‫ ่ ܭ‬ᄬ ‫ ࡌ ܈‬ᑐ Ե ໆǴֽ ೽ ٬ Ҕ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ༤ к ଯ ம ࡋ ష Ꮙ β ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ΋ ‫ ޑ ۓ‬ᓬ ༈Ǵ٠ Ъ ൩ ਏ ૈ ΢ ٰ ᇥǴ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ᘐ य़ Ӣ ‫ ځ‬ൎ ‫ ״‬Κ ၨ ӳǴ٬ Ҕ ‫ ่ ࢊ ܭ‬ᄬ ਔ ନ Α ё ග ‫ٮ‬ ၨ ε ‫ ື ޑ‬Κ ம ࡋǴ٠ Ъ ‫ ׳‬ё Ԗ ਏ ‫ ֽ ڋ ׭‬೽ ਋ ۙ Ϸ ୁ ӛ ‫ ס‬ᙯ ਋ ۙ ϐ ౢ ғ Ǵ ຾ Զ ቚ у ࠻ ϣ ё Ҕ ‫ ޜ‬໔Ǵӧ ೭ κ β κ ߎ ‫ ޑ‬ਔ ж ္ Ǵ Ԝ ໨ Ѐ ‫ ځ‬ख़ ा Ǵ ோ ໪ ‫ ࡽ ؼ ׯ‬Ԗ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ೛ ीǴ຾ ΋ ‫ ز ࣴ ؁‬໒ ว ‫ ׳‬ᙁ ൂ Ъ ࿶ ᔮ ё Չ ‫ ޑ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ ԄǴ٠ ࿶ ჴ ᡍ ᡍ ᛾ ‫ ځ‬ಒ ೽ ೛ ी ٬ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ‫ ୼ ى‬ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ Ǵ а ճ ว ච ᏾ ᡏ ่ ᄬ ϐ ऐ ᎜ Չ ࣁǴЪ ࡌ ҥ ΋ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ኳ ࠠǴа ࣴ ᔕ ଛ ঺ϐ೛ीೕጄచීаճπำࣚୖԵ٬ҔǶ. 4.

(27) ᆣፕ. ಃΟ࿯ġ ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬Ϸၸำ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ Ԗ ๱ ଯ ம ࡋ ଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ϐ ᅿ ᅿ ᓬ ᗺǴՠ ‫ ځ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ೛ ी ό ܰǴӢ Ԝ ऩ ૈ ࣴ ᔕ р ΋ ঋ ‫ ࡼ ڀ‬π ߡ ճ Ϸ ऐ ᎜ ‫ ૈ ܄‬ϐ ௗ ᓐǴ߾ ё ӧ ύ ଯ ቫ ኴ ࡌ ᑐ ΢ ද ၹ ٬ Ҕ Ԝ ᅿ ่ ᄬǴа ၲ ‫ ۚ ډ‬Ր Ӽ ӄ ϐ ӕ ਔ ঋ ៝ ࿯࣪ԋҁϐҞ‫ޑ‬Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ਢ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Б ‫ ݤ‬х ࡴ Ǻ (1) Ў ᝘ ϐ ԏ ໣ ᆶ ᏾ ౛ ǹ (2) ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ၂ ᡏ ϐ ϸ ᙟ ၩ ख़ ჴ ᡍ ǹ(3) ᒳ ݈ Ϸ ష Ꮙ β ୷ ҁ ‫׷‬ ਑ ჴ ᡍ ǹ (4) ೕ ጄ చ Ў ፾ Ҕ ‫ ܄‬ຑ ՗ ǹ (5) ᖐ ᒤ ஑ ৎ ০ ፋ ཮ Ǵ ᗎ ፎ ౢ ǵ ‫ ۔‬ǵ Ꮲ Ӛ ࣚ ୖ ᆶ ૸ ፕ Ǵ ᔠ ຎ ‫ ࣴ ܌‬ᔕ ᐒ ‫ ޑ ڋ‬ё Չ ‫ ܄‬Ϸ ‫ ܄ ۯ ڬ‬ǹ (6) ൔ ֋ Ϸ ය т ፕ Ў ϐ ኗ ቪ Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Ⴃ ‫ ۓ‬ϐ ຾ ࡋ ߄ ӵ ߄ 1 1 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ࢬ ำ ӵ კ 1. 2 ‫܌‬ҢǶ. ࣴ‫ز‬ೕჄຑ՗ ୯ϣѦၗ਑ᇆ໣᏾౛ ٩ኧॶϩ‫่݀݋‬೛ी၂ᡏ ၂ᡏᇙբ ୺Չϸൺၩख़ෳ၂ ෳ၂่݀ኧᏵϩ‫݋‬ კ 1. 2 ࣴ ‫ ࢬ ز‬ำ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬᏾ ౛ ). 5.

(28) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ߄ 1 1 ୺Չ຾ࡋ߄ Дԛ ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. ಃ. 1 Д. 2 Д. 3 Д. 4 Д. 5 Д. 6 Д. 7 Д. 8 Д. 9 Д. 10 Д. 11 Д. 12 Д. 0. 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90 100. πբ໨Ҟ. ഢ ຏ. ࣴ‫ز‬ೕჄ ၗၗ਑ᇆ ໣᏾౛ ၂ᡏ೛ी යύൔ֋ ၂ᡏᇙբ ୺Չෳ၂ ኧᏵϩ‫݋‬ ය҃ൔ֋ ԋ݀ൔ֋ Ⴃ‫ۓ‬຾ࡋ (ಕᑈኧ). (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬᏾ ౛ ) ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬२ Ӄ ᇆ ໣ ୯ ϣ Ѧ ࣬ ᜢ Ў ᝘Ǵ΋ Б य़ ᗉ խ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ϐ ϣ ৒ ᆶ ౜ Ԗ ԋ ݀ ख़ ፄǴ΋ Б य़ ‫ ܌‬ԏ ໣ ϐ ၗ ਑ ё բ ࣁ ϩ ‫ ݋‬ኳ ࠠ ࡌ ҥ Ϸ ೕ ጄ ᔠ ૸ ‫ޑ‬ ୖ Ե ‫ ံ ܈‬к ၗ ਑ǶԿ Ϟ ς ᇆ ໣ ୯ ϣ Ѧ ࣬ ᜢ Ў ᝘ ኧ ጇǴ٠ у а ᘜ ᜪ ᏾ ౛ ༼᏾‫ܭ่݀ځ‬ಃΒകǴ࿶ၸЎ᝘ϐϩ‫݋‬௖૸ว౜Ǵҗഋ၈‫ޔ‬௲௤‫ܭ‬ 2002 ԃ ‫ ܌‬ග р ϐ ೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ Ԗ ၨ ӳ ϐ ‫ ૈ ܄‬ว චǴ ࡺҁࣴ‫ز‬аԜࣁᚉࠠ຾Չࣴ‫ز‬Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ନ Α ࣴ ᔕ ΋ ࿶ ᔮ ё Չ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ೛ ीǴ٠ у а ࣴ ‫ ز‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋǴҗ ‫ ܭ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ‫ ڙ‬ఉ ᆄ ៻ ં ໺ ٰ ϐ ୊ Κ ‫ ޔ‬Կ ઇ ᚯ ໘ ࢤ ය ໔Ǵ౐ ੋ ‫ ׷ ډ‬਑ ᆶ ൳ Ֆ ϐ ߚ ጕ ‫ ܄‬ϸ ᔈ Ǵ ‫ ځ‬ύ Չ ࣁ ߚ த ፄ ᚇ Ǵ ࡺ ໪ ௦ Ҕ ε ࠠ ่ ᄬ ჴ ᡍ Б Ԅ ٰ ௖ ૸ ‫ ځ‬Չ ࣁǶჴ ᡍ ஒ ௦ Ҕ ȹ ம ఉ ১ ࢊ ȹ ೛ ी 6.

(29) ᆣፕ. ၂ ᡏ а ᔠ ෳ ‫ ځ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋǴ၂ ᡏ ஒ җ ࢊ ᆄ ࡼ а ΋ ‫ ື ۓ ڰ‬ΚǴӆ җ ఉ ᆄ ࡼ а ϸ ᙟ ៻ ં ၩ ख़Ǵ࿶ җ ჴ ᡍ ᢀ ჸ Ϸ ኧ Ᏽ ϩ ‫݋‬Ǵჹ ‫ ځ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ ΚՉࣁ଺ঁ௖૸Ǵ٠җ่݀ࡌҥ‫ځ‬ΚᏢ౛ፕኳࠠǶ ࿶ ය ߃ǵය ύ ቩ ࢗ ‫ ہ‬঩ ϐ ࡌ ᝼Ǵа Ϸ ‫ ܭ‬5 Д ҽ ‫ ܕ‬໒ ϐ ஑ ৎ ০ ፋ ཮ ਔǴౢǵ‫۔‬ǵᏢ Ӛ ࣚ ϐ ஑ ৎ ‫ ہ‬঩ ๏ ϒ ϐ ࡌ ᝼Ǵ၂ ᡏ ೛ ी ς ‫ ܭ‬7 Д ҽ ֹ ԋ ᇙ բ Ǵ ٠ Ъ ‫ ܭ‬10 Д ҽ ֹ ԋ ‫ ܌‬Ԗ ჴ ᡍ Ƕ ය ߃ ቩ ࢗ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ ǵ ஑ ৎ ০ ፋ ཮ Ϸ ය ύǵය ҃ ቩ ࢗ ཮ ᝼ इ ᒵ ϩ ձ ‫ ܭ‬ൔ ֋ ࡕ ‫ ߕ ܌‬΢ ϐ ߕ ᒵ ΋ǵߕ ߕᒵ ΒǵߕᒵΟϷߕᒵѤǶ Զ ၂ ᡏ ‫ ׷‬਑ ϐ ୷ ҁ ᔈ Κ -ᔈ ᡂ ᜢ ߯ Ԕ ጕǴҔ ‫ ࡌ ܭ‬ҥ ‫ ׷‬਑ ϩ ‫ ݋‬ኳ ࠠ Ƕ ୷ ҁ ‫ ׷‬਑ х ࡴ ష Ꮙ β Ϸ Ӛ ᅿ ࠆ ࡋ ‫ ޑ‬ᒳ ݈Ǵష Ꮙ β ໆ ෳ Ӛ ໘ ࢤ ស ය ϐ ‫ל‬ ᓸ ம ࡋ а Ϸ ၂ ᡍ ྽ Ϻ ϐ ‫ ל‬ᓸ ம ࡋ Ǵ ᒳ ݈ ߾ ໆ ෳ ‫ ܎ ڙ‬௃ ‫ ݩ‬ϐ ᔈ Κ -ᔈ ᡂ ԔጕǶ ೕ ጄ చ Ў ᔈ ၀ ा ಄ ӝ Ӽ ӄ ่ ᄬ ೛ ी ‫ ޑ‬ᆒ ઓǴਥ Ᏽ ჴ ᡍ Ϸ ϩ ‫݀ ่ ݋‬ ᔠ ૸ ೕ ጄ ‫ ޑ‬፾ Ҕ ‫܄‬ǴѸ ा ਔ ග р অ ‫ ࡌ ׯ‬᝼ Ǵ а ճ ࡕ ុ ϐ ௢ ቶ π բ Ƕ ౜ Չ SRC ೕ ጄ ύ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ϐ ೕ ‫ ࢂ ۓ‬٩ ம ࡋ ᠄ у চ ౛ ѐ ी ᆉǴ ஒ ‫ ځ‬ύ ᒳ ମ ೽ ϩ Ϸ ష Ꮙ β ೽ ϩ ϐ ଅ ᝘ ϩ ձ ी ᆉ ࡕ ᠄ уǴՠ ‫ ځ‬ύ ᒳ ମ ೽ ϩ ٠ ҂ ჹ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ‫ ڙ ܍‬୊ Κ ୔ ୱ ଺ р ‫ ۓ‬ကǴష Ꮙ β ೽ ϩ Ψ ٠ ҂ ჹ ᒳ ᆅ ൎ‫״‬уம೽ϩբԵቾǴࡺ‫ځ‬፾Ҕ‫܄‬ϝԖࡑຑ՗Ƕ ਥᏵа΢Ӣનҁࣴ‫ز‬२Ӄᔠਡࣴวрϐఉࢊௗᓐ‫ځ‬ಒ೽೛ीࢂ ց ӝ ౛Ǵ‫ ځ‬ԛ ᔠ ਡ Ԝ ೛ ी ࢂ ց ૈ Ԗ ਏ ග ‫ ٮ‬ऐ ᎜ ੃ ૈ ϐ ૈ Κ ٠ ճ ‫ ࡼ ܭ‬π Ǵ ӆ߾٩Ᏽჴᡍ่݀ᔠ૸ௗᓐ୔ϐ୊Κமࡋࢂց፾ӝ௦Ҕೕጄϐೕ‫ۓ‬ ी ᆉ ϐǴന ࡕ ߾ ٩ ჴ ᡍ ϩ ‫ ݋‬ϐ ኧ Ᏽ ࡌ ҥ ӝ ౛ ‫ ޑ‬Κ Ꮲ ኳ ࠠ ‫ ٮ‬ೕ ጄ ୖ Ե অ ‫ׯ‬Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬х ֖ ‫ ٿ‬ԛ ൔ ֋ ϐ ኗ ቪǴಃ ΋ ԛ ࣁ ය ύ ൔ ֋Ǵӧ ୺ Չ ಃ 5 ঁ 7.

(30) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. Д ਔ ᇥ ܴ ҁ ਢ ϐ ୺ Չ ຾ ࡋ Ƕ ಃ Β ԛ ࣁ ය ҃ ൔ ֋ Ǵ ӧ ୺ Չ ಃ 11 ঁ Д ਔ ֹ ԋ ҁ ਢ ϐ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ൔ ֋Ƕҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ஒ ‫ ܭ‬ᛦ Ҭ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ԋ ݀ ൔ ֋ ϐ ΋ ঁ Д ϣǴӛ ύ ๮ ҇ ୯ ࡌ ᑐ Ꮲ ൔ ‫ ځ ܈‬д ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ୯ ϣ TSSCI ӕ ฻ Н ྗ а ΢ ϐ Ꮲ ൔȐ т ȑ ‫׫‬ዺǴ٠ୋ‫ޕ‬ϣࡹ೽ࡌᑐࣴ‫܌ز‬Ƕ. 8.

(31) Ў᝘ӣ៝. ಃ Βകġ Ў᝘ӣ៝ ಃ΋࿯ġ Ў᝘ၗ਑ϐᇆ໣Ϸϩ‫݋‬ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ी ฝ ϐ Ҟ ‫ ޑ‬ନ Α Ⴃ ෳ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ѦǴ٠ ࣴ ว ‫ ׳‬ᙁ ൂ Ъ ࿶ ᔮ ϐ CFT ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ Ǵ а ճ ҂ ٰ ᔼ ࡌ ΢ ϐ ᔈ Ҕ Ǵ ࡺ ҁ ക ஒ ϟ ಏ ς ᇆ ໣ ϐ Ў ᝘Ǵ٠ ‫ ף‬ा ᇥ ܴ ஑ ৎ ০ ፋ ཮ ϐ ૸ ፕ ϣ ৒ а Ϸ ᇥ ܴ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ၂ ᡏϸᙟၩख़Չࣁ၂ᡍǶ ӣ ៝ ୯ Ѧ ࡽ Ԗ ‫ ޑ‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ᆶ ᒳ ఉ ௗ ӝ ࠠ Ԅ ࣴ ‫ز‬Ǵε ठ ΢ ё ϩ ࣁ ‫ ٿ‬ε ᜪǺ΋ ࣁ Ѧ Ꮫ ௗ ӝ ԄǴջ ᒳ ఉ ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ‫ ܈‬ᙖ җ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ᆶ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ Ѧ Ꮫ ௗ ӝǹќ ΋ ᆶ ऀ ೸ শ Ε ԄǴջ ᒳ ఉ ᏾ ᡏ ‫ ֽ ܈‬೽ ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ऀ ೸ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ Ǵ ‫ ځ‬д ࠠԄϐௗᓐ߾ࣁԜ‫ٿ‬εᜪ‫ࠠؼׯޑ‬Ƕ࣬ᜢԏ໣‫ޑ‬ၗ਑ӵΠǺ (A)Ѧ Ꮫ ᙁ ൂ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(32)

(33)

(34) ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 1 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ᒳ ఉ ᆶ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᎗ ௗǴೱ ௗ ݈ ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ᎗ ௗ ӧ ᒳ ᆅ ߄ य़ǶԜ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ ӧ ௗ ӝ ୔ ᖀ ݈ Ѧ ጔ ዗ ቹ ៜ ୔ ܰ ว ғ ᆅ Ꮫ ኚ ຋Ǵค ‫ ݤ‬ว ৖ ༟ ‫ં ៻ ܄‬Ǵࡺ ό ‫ ە‬բ ࣁ ‫ ៻ ל‬ௗ ᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ƕ (B)Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38) ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 2 ‫܌‬ҢǴаѦᐉ႖݈᎗‫ܭ‬ᒳᆅϐ‫ڬ‬ൎǴᡣᒳఉௗӝᇻᚆᒳᆅࢊ߄य़Ǵ ӵ Ԝ ё ‫ ׯ‬๓ Ѧ Ꮫ ᙁ ൂ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ᔈ Κ ໣ ύǴቚ у Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ᒳ ᆅ ϐ ᎗ ၰ ߏ ࡋ Ǵ Ξ ό ઇ ᚯ ᆅ Ꮫ ϐ ೱ ុ ‫܄‬Ǵа ᗉ խ ᆅ Ꮫ ኚ ຋ ϐ ౜ ຝǶԜ ࠠ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ‫ ޑ‬Κ ໆ ё җ ᒳ ᆅ ‫ ڬ‬ൎ ϐ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ໺ ሀ Ǵ ࡺ ఉ ϐ ៻ ં ம ࡋ ё к ϩ ว ৖ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ǵ ՠ ໧ ‫ ۘ ܄‬Ԗ ό ‫ ى‬Ƕ ோ Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ቹ ៜ ࡌ ᑐ Ѧ ᢀࣁᔈҔ΢ϐምᛖǶ 9.

(39) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. (a) ѦᏛᙁൂԄௗᓐ. (b) ᆅᏛኚ຋ઇᚯ. (c) ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ߄౜ό٫. კ 2. 1 ᙁൂԄௗᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]). (a)Ѧᐉ႖݈Ԅௗᓐ. (b)Ѧᐉ႖݈ኚ຋ઇᚯ. (c) ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ. კ 2. 2 ᐉ႖݈Ԅௗᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]) (C)ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43) ӵ კ 2. 3 ‫܌‬ Ң Ǵа ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ஒ ᒳ ᆅ ϩ ԋ ΢ ቫ ࢊ ǵ Π ቫ ࢊ Ϸ ௗ ӝ ୔ Ο ࢤ Ƕ ၀ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ Չ ࣁ ߄ ౜ ၨ Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ٫Ǵՠ ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ϐ ࡼ բ ၨ Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ፄ ᚇǴᇙ ೷ 10.

(44) Ў᝘ӣ៝. ԋ ҁ ଯǶԵ ቾ ᔈ Κ ໺ ሀǴࢊ ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ᆶ ఉ ᖀ ݈ ӕ ଯ Ǵ ٠ ௦ ӄ ᅖ ೸ ᎗ ௗ ӝǴ‫ ځ‬᎗ ௗ ዗ ቹ ៜ ୔ ৒ ܰ ว ғ ᘐ ຋ ઇ ᚯǴу ΢ ᒳ ᆅ ϣ ሡ ༤ к ష Ꮙ β Ǵ Ӣ Ԝ ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ሡ ा ໒ ϾǴԶ ໒ Ͼ ε λ Ψ ஒ ቹ ៜ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᔈ Κ ໺ ሀ ਏ ݀ Ƕ ԜࠠԄௗᓐ߯ᔈҔӧБ‫׎‬ᒳᆅ‫܈‬ጃࠠࢊǴόճ‫ܭ‬༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅᔈҔǶ. კ 2. 3 ᐉ႖݈Ԅௗᓐ(හҖહԛ฻ 1991) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [10]) (D) ᎗ ௗ ᒳ โ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ (Connection with Welded Deformed ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 4 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ Ԝ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ ᆶ ᙁ ൂ ௗ ᓐ ࣬ ՟ Ǵ ՠ ࢂ ӧ ఉ ΢ Π ᖀ ݈ у ᎗ ᒳ โǴᒳ โ শ Ε ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ βǶӵ Ԝ ᒳ โ ё ೸ ၸ ඝ ᇗ Κ ஒ ఉ ᖀ ݈ ᔈ Κ ໺ ሀ Կ ࢊ ష Ꮙ β ਡ ЈǴ๤ ጗ ᒳ ᆅ Ѧ Ꮫ ᔈ Κ ໣ ύ ౜ ຝǴௗ ᓐ ߄ ౜ ၨ ٫ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ƕோ Ԝ ࠠ Ԅ ໻ ࣁ ࣴ ‫ ୖ ز‬ԵǴӧ π ำ ჴ୍΢҂Ԗ೏௦ҔǶ. 11.

(45) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. (a)ᒳโশΕԄௗᓐ. (b)ᒳโᘐ຋ઇᚯ. (c) ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ. კ 2. 4 ᎗ ௗᒳโশΕԄௗᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]) (E) ϣ ࿼ ୊ Κ ଝ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 5 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴᆶ ᙁ ൂ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ࣬ ՟ Ǵ ՠ ӧ ௗ ᓐ ೀ ΢ Π ఉ ᖀ ᆄ ϐ ᒳ ᆅ ϣ ୁ у ᎗ ୊ Κ ଝǴ‫ ࢂ ܈‬ఉ ဎ ೣ ऀ Կ ᒳ ᆅ ϣ Ǵ‫ ܭ‬ဎ ݈ ‫ ୁ ٿ‬у ᎗ ୊ Κ ଝ Ƕ ୊ Κ ଝ ё ෧ ᇸ ᆅ Ꮫ ᔈ Κ ໣ ύ Ǵ ՠ ୊ Κ ଝ ᎗ ௗ ϐ ኧ ໆ ߾ ‫ ډ ڙ‬ᖀ ݈ ቨ ࡋ ‫ ܈‬ဎ ݈ ߏ ࡋ ϐ ज़ ‫ڋ‬Ǵҗ ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ఉ ค ‫ ݤ‬ว ච Կ ༟ ‫ ܄‬ᙯ ‫ ف‬Ǵ ࡺ ό ‫ ە‬բ ࣁ ‫ ៻ ל‬ௗ ᓐ (Alostaz and Schneider 1996)Ƕ. (a)ϣ࿼୊ΚଝԄௗᓐ. (b)ఉဎೣΕϣ࿼୊Κଝௗᓐ. კ 2. 5 ӝԄௗᓐ (Ricles et al. 1996) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [13]) 12.

(46) Ў᝘ӣ៝. (F) ᖀ ݈ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(47)

(48)

(49)

(50)

(51)

(52) ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 6 ‫܌‬ҢǴ໻ఉᖀ݈ऀ೸শΕᒳᆅǴҗ‫ܭ‬শΕᒳᆅϐᖀ݈ᆶషᏉβਡЈ ค ‫ ݤ‬к ϩ ඝ 㚊Ǵࡺ ྽ ᖀ ݈ ‫ ڙ‬Κ ਔǴΚ ໆ ค ‫ ֹ ݤ‬ӄ ໺ ሀ Կ ష Ꮙ β ਡ Ј Ǵ ೷ ԋ ᖀ ݈ ኚ ຋ ᆅ Ꮫ ౜ ຝ Ǵ ቹ ៜ ៻ ં -ᙯ ‫ ف‬ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ ߄ ౜ Ǵ ӵ კ 2. 6(c) ‫ ܌‬Ң (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ƕ. (a) ᖀ݈শΕԄௗᓐ. (b)ᖀ݈ྖ౽-ᆅᏛኚ຋. (c) ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ. კ 2. 6 ᖀ݈ೣΕԄௗᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]) (G) ဎ ݈ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57) ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 7 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴஒ ఉ ဎ ݈ ೣ ऀ শ Ε ᒳ ᆅ ϣǴᗨ ё Ԗ ਏ Ӧ ஒ ఉ ϐ ୊ Κ ໺ Կ ష Ꮙ β ਡ ЈǴՠ ఉ ᖀ ݈ Κ ໆ ໺ ሀ ϝ ฅ ό ֹ ӄǴઇ ᚯ ኳ Ԅ ࣁ ᆅ Ꮫ ኚ ຋ Ϸ ఉ ဎ ݈ ኚ ຋ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ƕ (H) ᒳ ఉ শ Ε Ԅ ௗ ᓐ

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62) ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 8 ‫܌‬ҢǴᒳఉӄᘐय़ೱុೣऀশΕᒳᆅϣǶԜࠠԄௗᓐၨௗ߈খ‫܄‬ௗ ᓐǴᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ ၨ Ⴋ ᅈ ՠ ༟ ‫ ܄‬ᙯ ‫ ૈ ف‬Κ ό ‫ى‬Ǵ၂ ᡍ ઇ ᚯ ኳ Ԅ ࣁ ఉ ༟ ላ ୔ ఉ ᖀ ݈ ဎ ݈ ਋ ۙ ࡕ ᘐ ຋ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998)Ƕ‫ ځ ز‬চ ӢǴఉ ༟ ላ ୔ ؒ Ԗ ੝ ձ ‫ ޑ‬ೀ ౛ ‫ ံ ܈‬ம ࢂ Ь ा চ ӢǶΞ Ԝ ᅿ ௗ ӝ Б Ԅ ࡼ π ᜤ ࡋ ଯ Ǵ ᚈӛᄬࢎਔ٠όёՉǶ 13.

(63) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. (a) ဎ݈শΕԄௗᓐ. (b)ᆅᏛ-ဎ݈ኚ຋ઇᚯ. (c)ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ. კ 2. 7 ဎ݈শΕԄௗᓐ(Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]). (a) ᒳఉশΕԄௗᓐ. (b)ᖀ݈ဎ݈਋ۙ-ᘐ຋. (c)ఉ៻ંᙯ‫ف‬Ԕጕ. კ 2. 8 ᒳఉশΕԄௗᓐ (Schneider and Alostaz 1998) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [20]) (I) ፄ ӝ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ !"#

(64)

(65)

(66) $ ฻ Γ (1996)ࣴ ‫ ز‬௦ Ҕ ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ϸ ఉ ဎ ݈ ჹ ᔈ ં ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ϣ Ꮫ း ೛ ୊ Κ ଝ ฻ ࠠ Ԅ Ǵ ӵ კ 2. 9 ‫܌‬ ҢǶԜ ᅿ ࠠ Ԅ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ឦ ‫ ܭ‬ϣ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ϐ ‫ ࠠ ؼ ׯ‬ԄǴё ፾ Ҕ ‫ ܈ ׎ ં ܭ‬ጃ ࠠ ᘐय़Ǵό፾ӝ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊǶ 14.

(67) Ў᝘ӣ៝. კ 2. 9 ӝԄௗᓐ (Ricles et al. 1996) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [19]) ќ Kang ฻ Γ (2001)ࣴ ‫ ز‬௦ Ҕ T ࠠ у ࠂ ݈ Ǵ ӵ კ 2. 10 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ߕ у ᒳ ෇ ‫ ݈ ܈‬ೣ ऀ ં ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ Ԅ ௗ ᓐǴჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ࡰ р ၀ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ϐ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ ૈ Ԗ ਏ ቚ у ၂ ᡏ ‫ ៻ ל‬ம ࡋ ᆶ ࠂ ࡋ Ǵ а ABAQUS Ԗ ज़ ϡ ન ϩ ‫่ ݋‬ ݀ ᆶ ჴ ᡍ ่ ݀ ࣬ ྽ ಄ ӝ (Kang et al. 2001)Ƕ ோ Kang ฻ Γ (2001)ࣴ ‫ ز‬ϐ ௗᓐࠠԄǴ‫ ځ‬T ࠠуࠂ݈٠ό፾ӝ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅࢊǴࡼπҭፄᚇǶ ୯ϣ࣬ᜢࣴ‫ز‬௃‫ݩ‬ Ѡ ε ݅ լ ம റ γ ᆶ ጰ լ ሑ ௲ ௤ (2001)ࣴ ‫ ز‬а ࢊ Ѧ ֨ ࠠ ᐉ ႖ ݈ у ࠂ ϐ ં ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ఉ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ ԄǴӵ კ 2. 11 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴӅ ෳ ၂ 6 ಔ ၂ ᡏ Ǵ ၂ ᡍ а ᐉ ႖ ݈ ቨ ࡋǵᐉ ႖ ݈ ᆶ ఉ ᖀ ༤ ‫ ف‬᎗ ߏ ࡋ ࣁ ୖ ኧǶ࿶ ჴ ᡍ ᛾ ჴ Ԝ ཥ ࠠ Ԅ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ё а ໩ ճ ว ৖ ༟ ላǴ‫ ܌‬Ԗ ၂ ᡏ ઇ ᚯ ֡ ࣁ ఉ ᖀ ݈ ᆶ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ઇ ຋Ǵឦ ‫ ܭ‬໧ ‫ ܄‬ઇ ᚯ ኳ ԄǶ‫ ځ‬ᒳ ఉ ᆶ ௗ ᓐ ϐ ༤ ‫ ف‬᎗ ᎗ ၰ ֡ ค ઇ ᚯ Ǵ Ъ ऩ ‫ ܭ‬༤ ‫ ف‬᎗ ҃ ᆄ ࡼ ϒ ӣ ᓐ ᎗ ௗǴё ᗉ խ ௗ ᓐ ૄ ‫ ܄‬ઇ ᚯ ว ғǶ၂ ᡏ ៻ 15.

(68) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ં ம ࡋ ว ৖ ཱུ ࣁ ᛙ ‫ۓ‬Ǵ֡ ຬ ၸ ఉ ༟ ‫ ં ៻ ܄‬ம ࡋǴ‫ ځ‬ѳ ֡ ៻ ં ฯ ‫ ڰ‬Ӣ η ё ၲ 1.13Ǵ Ъ ఉ ᆄ ֡ ૈ ว ච 3%۱ ࡋ а ΢ ϐ ༟ ‫ ܄‬ᙯ ‫ ف‬৒ ໆ Ǵ ߄ ౜ ё ᒏ ࣬ ྽ ᓬ ౦ (݅ լ ம ǵ ጰ լ ሑ 2001)Ƕ კ 2. 11 ё ᒏ ࢂ კ 2. 2 Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ϐ ‫ࠠ ؼ ׯ‬Ǵ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ፏ ӭ ᓬ ᗺǴோ ໪ ௗ ‫ ڙ‬Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ ჹ ࠻ ϣ ‫ ޜ‬໔ ‫ ޑ‬ቹ ៜ Ƕ. (a) уࠂϷᒳ෇ऀ೸Ԅ. (b)уࠂϷ៻Ԕᒳ෇শΕ. (c)уࠂԄ. კ 2. 10 ፄӝ T ࠠуࠂϷᒳ෇ऀ೸Ԅௗᓐ (Kang et al. 2001) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [18]). (a) Ңཀკ. (b)Ѧ֨Ԅᐉ႖݈ଛ࿼კ. კ 2. 11 ࢊѦ֨ࠠᐉ႖݈уࠂϐ CFT ࢊఉௗᓐ (݅լமǵጰլሑ 2001) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [7]) ᎄ ᒸ ል ᆶ ដ ҥ ٰ (Cheng and Chung 2003)ම ӝ բ ࣴ ‫ ز‬Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ у ࠂ ϐ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ఉ ௗ ᓐ ऐ ᎜ ‫ૈ ܄‬Ǵӵ კ 2. 12 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴ၂ ᡏ ҭ Ԗ ࣬ ྽ ᓬ ౦ ‫ ߄ ޑ‬౜ Ƕ Զ ᎄ ᒸ ል ௲ ௤ ࡰ Ꮴ ϐ ໳ ࢙ ଈ (2000)Ϸ ݅ ़ ֻ (2001)ჹ ‫ܭ‬༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊᆶᒳఉௗᓐϐऐ᎜ՉࣁϷ୊Κ໺ሀᐒ‫ڋ‬Ԗ࣬྽ 16.

(69) Ў᝘ӣ៝. ుΕϐࣴ‫ز‬Ǵё‫ٮ‬ЇҔբࣁௗᓐ೛ीϷኳᔕϐୖԵǶ. კ 2. 12 Ѧ ᐉ ႖ ݈ у ࠂ ϐ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ఉ ௗ ᓐ ऐ ᎜ ‫( ૈ ܄‬Cheng and Chung 2003) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [17]) Ѡ ε ֆ ᒘ ໦ ฻ Γ (ֆ ᒘ ໦ ฻ 2005, Wu et al. 2007 )ќ Ѧ ଞ ჹ ં ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ໒ ว ᚈ ӛ ᖥ ਵ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ё ᔈ Ҕ ‫ ܭ‬ᚈ ӛ ᄬ ࢎǴ၀ ࠠ Ԅ ௗ ᓐ ᔈ Ҕ ‫ܭ‬༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅᗋԖࡑࣴ‫ز‬Ƕ Ҭ ೯ ε Ꮲ ഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬ᆶ ݅ ࠄ Ҭ (2003)ჹ ‫ ׎ ં ܭ‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ᆶ H ࠠ ᒳ ఉ ‫ ៻ ל‬ௗ ᓐ Չ ࣁ ϐ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ԋ ݀ ҭ ё ‫ ٮ‬ҁ ࣴ ‫ ୖ ز‬ԵǶഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬௲ ௤ ࡰ Ꮴ ϐ ‫ ׵‬ᗶ ճ (2001)Ϸ ᛥ യ ֻ (2002)߾ ଞ ჹ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ࢊ ᆶ ᒳ ఉ ϐ ௗ ӝ բ Ԗ ज़ ϡ ન ϩ ‫ ݋‬Ϸ ऐ ᎜ Չ ࣁ ෳ ၂ǶҬ ε ࣴ ‫ ز‬ი ໗ ග р ϐ ௗ ᓐ ࠠ Ԅ ӵ კ 2. 13 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ. 17.

(70) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. 60° 20. 200. 380. 60° A. 25. A. 5@64=320 40. 7 7. 40. 6-24ȴ24. 40 40 60°. 60°. 40000 30000 20. 20. 380. 20000. 6 7. 24. 20. 7. Force (kg). 13. 10000 0 -10000. No weld. -20000. Section A-A. -30000 -40000 -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. Displacement (mm). 100. 150. 200. კ 2. 13 ೣऀԄᖀ݈༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβఉࢊௗᓐ (ഋ၈‫ ޔ‬2002) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [12]) ഋ ၈ ‫ ޔ‬௲ ௤ ‫ ܭ‬2002 ԃ Ǵ ௦ Ҕ ೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈Ȑ Flange Plateȑᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǴӵ კ 2. 13 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴԖ ਏ ஒ ఉ ᖀ ᔈ Κ ໺ ሀ Կ ష Ꮙ β ਡ Ј Ǵ ᗉ խ ࢊ य़ ᔈ Κ ໣ ύ ౜ ຝǴ༟ ላ ‫ ܭ‬ೣ ऀ ᖀ ݈ ҃ ᆄ ‫ ׎‬ԋǴа ճ ༟ ‫ ં ៻ ܄‬ம ࡋ ว ৖ Ƕ ၂ ᡍ ่ ݀ ᡉ Ң ‫ ڀ‬Ԗ ᛙ ‫ ۓ‬ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ Ǵ ༟ ‫ ܄‬௽ ᙯ ‫ ֡ ف‬ၲ ‫ ډ‬3%۱ ࡋ а ΢Ƕ‫ ځ‬ᖀ ݈ ೣ ऀ ᒳ ᆅ ٠ а ໒ ኲ ᎗ ᆶ ᒳ ᆅ ௗ ӝǴԶ ೣ ऀ ᖀ ݈ ‫ ۯ‬՜ р ࢊ य़ ࢤ ߾ ᆶ ᒳ ఉ ༤ ‫ ف‬᎗ ௗǶ௦ Ԝ ௗ ӝ ಒ ࿯ Ώ ᙖ ᖀ ݈ ೣ ऀ ᒳ ᆅ ໺ ሀ ᔈ Κ Ꮴ Ε ௗ ᓐ ୔Ǵᗉ խ ఉ ࢊ Ҭ ௗ य़ ϐ ᔈ Κ ໣ ύǹҗ ࢊ य़ ‫ ۯ‬՜ ࢤ ံ ம ఉ ᖀ ݈ ᘐ य़Ǵ٠ ‫ ۯ ܭ‬՜ ࢤ ҃ ᆄ ‫ ׎‬ԋ ༟ ላ а ੃ ණ Ӧ ᎜ ૈ ໆǶՠ ‫ ځ‬ύ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ჹ ‫ ف‬ᓸ ఎǴӢ ֨ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ݈ ೣ ऀ ᒳ ᆅ ჹ ‫ ځ‬ϐ ቹ ៜǴԶ ஒ ష Ꮙ β ϐ य़ ᑈ җ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᙯ ඤ ԋ ં ‫ ׎‬ӵ კ 2. 14 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴϷ ‫ ځ‬ஒ ᓸ ఎ ம ࡋ ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ߈ ՟ ࣁ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ష Ꮙ β ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ ӵ კ 2. 15 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ౣ ࣁ ၸ ‫ ܭ‬ᙁ ϯ Ƕ ჹ‫ܭ‬а΢Ў᝘ϩ‫݋‬௖૸ϐ่݀ว౜Ǵഋ၈‫ޔ‬௲௤‫ޑ‬ೣऀԄᖀ݈ Ȑ Flange Plateȑᒳ ᆅ ష Ꮙ β ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǴᏱ Ԗ ၨ ӳ ‫ ޑ‬Κ ໆ ໺ ሀ ೼ ৩Ǵё 18.

(71) Ў᝘ӣ៝. а Ԗ ਏ ‫ ޑ‬ஒ ఉ ᆄ ϐ Κ ໆ ໺ Ε ௗ ᓐ ୔ а ౢ ғ ష Ꮙ β ᓸ ఎǴ٠ Ԗ ๱ ၨ ‫ ؼ‬ӳ ‫ ޑ‬ᒨ ᅉ ଑ ୮ а ੃ ණ ૈ ໆǴ୤ ε ఉ Ӗ း ό ܰ Ǵ Ъ ୊ Κ Չ ࣁ Ԗ ࡑ ᙶ మ Ƕ ࡺ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ஒ ୷ ‫ ܭ‬Ԝ ᅿ ೣ ऀ Ԅ ᖀ ݈ ௗ ᓐǴ໒ ว ཥ ࠠǵࡼ π ߡ ճ ϐ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬ԄǴ ࣴ‫ځز‬୊ΚՉࣁǴගрֹ᏾ࡼπᆶ೛ीБ‫ݤ‬Ƕ. კ 2. 14 షᏉβय़ᑈᙯඤ (ഋ၈‫ ޔ‬2002) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [12]). = ȥ . კ 2. 15 ௗᓐ୔ᓸఎኳࠠ (ഋ၈‫ ޔ‬2002) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ୖ Ե ਜ Ҟ [12]). 19.

(72) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. 20.

(73) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. ಃ Οകġ ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ ಃ΋࿯ġ ఉࢊௗᓐ୔ௗӝࠠԄ Ӣࣁ‫ٿ‬Бӛϐೣऀ݈໪Ҭ᠄‫ܭ‬ఉࢊௗᓐ୔ύǴӢԶ཮٬ளೱௗ ᒳఉࡕǴ೷ԋኴ݈ࡼπਔԖ΋݈ৡǴࣁΑှ،೭ୢᚒǴҁࣴ‫ز‬ი໗ ճ Ҕ ᇂ ݈ ௗ ӝ Б Ԅ ٬ ‫ ٿ‬Б ӛ ᒳ ఉ ଯ ำ ΋ ठ Ǵ ӵ კ 3. 1 ύ ϐ Ȑ aȑȐ bȑ ௗӝ‫׎‬Ԅ‫܌‬ҢǶՠӧ஑ৎ০ፋ཮ਔǴҗӚ஑ৎ૸ፕࡌ᝼ΠǴள‫ޕ‬౜ ӧπำࣚύςԖ΋঺ࡼπࢬำٰᔈჹԜୢᚒǴ࣬ჹሡ‫ܭ‬ఉᆄ٬Ҕᇂ ݈ ௗ ӝ Ǵ Ԝ ୢ ᚒ ၨ ৒ ܰ ှ ، Ǵ ࡺ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ი ໗ ᔕ ቚ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬ԄȐ cȑӵ კ 3. 2 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ஒ ᒳ ఉ ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ೱ ௗ ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ΢ Ǵ ٠ ‫ ܭ‬ᇙ բ ၂ ᡏ ਔ ௦ Ҕ Ԝ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ Ǵ ٠ а Ϫ ߺ Ԅ ଯ ໧ ‫ ܄‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ஒ ༟ ላ ౽ р ࢊ य़ კ 3. 3 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ. კ 3. 1 ߃ ‫ ز ࣴ ؁‬ϐ ᄬ ࡘ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ) 21.

(74) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. კ 3. 2 ന ಖ ، ‫ ۓ‬ϐ ᄬ ࡘ ௗ ӝ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). კ 3. 3 ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ΢ ຎ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). 22.

(75) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. ಃΒ࿯ġ ᄬࡘఉࢊௗᓐࡼπࢬำ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ග р ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ࡼ π ࢬ ำ ӵ კ 3. 4 ‫ ܌‬Ң ࣁ ΋ ༝ ࠠ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ Ǵ २ Ӄ Ӄ ஒ ᕵ ӛ у ࠂ ݈ ᎗ ‫ ܭ‬ೣ ऀ ݈ ΢Ǵӆ ஒ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ໒ ϾǴҗ ໒ Ͼ Տ ࿼ ஒ ೣ ऀ ݈ ଌ Ε ٠ а ӄ ᅖ ೸ ᎗ ௗ ӝǴӵ კ 3. 5 ‫ ܌‬ҢǶௗ Π ٰ ஒ ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ а ӄ ᅖ ೸ ᎗ ௗ ‫ ࢊ ܭ‬य़ ΢ ӵ კ 3. 6 ‫ ܌‬ҢǶௗ ๱ ӧ ќ ΋ Б ӛ а ࣬ ӕ ϐ ‫؁‬ ᡯ ஒ ೣ ऀ ݈ Ϸ ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᎗ ௗ ‫ ࢊ ܭ‬ᡏ ΢ ӵ კ 3. 7 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ. კ 3. 4 ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). კ 3. 5 ೣ ऀ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ) 23.

(76) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ࡑ ‫ ٿ‬Б ӛ ϐ ೣ ऀ ݈ Ϸ ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ࣣ ᆶ ༝ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ ಔ း ֹ ԋ ࡕǴௗ Π ٰ ஒ ‫ ٿ‬Б ӛ ϐ ᒳ ఉ а ᖀ ݈ ӄ ᅖ ೸ ᎗ ௗǵဎ ݈ ᖥ ࡶ ௗ ӝ Б Ԅ ೱ ௗ ‫ ܭ‬၂ ᡏ ΢ ӆ ஒ ష Ꮙ β ឲ Ε ӵ კ 3. 8 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ. კ 3. 6 ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). კ 3. 7 ‫ ٿ‬Б ӛ ೣ ऀ ݈ Ϸ ဎ ݈ ೱ ௗ ݈ ᆶ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ೱ ௗ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). 24.

(77) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. კ 3. 8 ֹ ᏾ ၂ ᡏ ֹ ԋ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). 25.

(78) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ಃΟ࿯ġ ၂ᡏ೛ीೕჄᆶᇙբ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ନ ࣴ ᔕ ‫ ؼ ׯ‬΋ ߡ ճ ё Չ ϐ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ӝ ࠠ ԄǴќ ΋ Ҟ ኱ ࣁ ࣴ ‫ز‬ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ϐ ୊ Κ Չ ࣁǴ٠ а ჴ ᡍ ‫ ܌‬ள ϐ ኧ ᏵǴ‫ ڗ ؃‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ᒳ ᆅ Ϸ ష Ꮙ β ‫ ڐ‬ӕ բ Ҕ Π ϐ ୊ Κ ம ࡋ Ϸ ష Ꮙ β ᓸ ఎ ϐ ጄ ൎǴӢ Ԝ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬೛ ी ௗ ᓐ ୔ ୊ Κ ઇ ᚯ ϐ ၂ ᡏǴҞ ‫ ޑ‬൩ ࢂ ‫ ׆‬ఈ ᏾ ᡏ ၂ ᡏ ༟ ላ ౢ ғ ‫ ܭ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔Ǵа ‫؃‬ளௗᓐ୔ϐჴሞ୊ΚமࡋǶ 4 ಔ ၂ ᡏ ጓ ဦ ӵ ߄ 3. 1 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴ‫ ځ‬ύ ”FP”‫ ܌‬ж ߄ ‫ ࢂ ޑ‬ௗ ᓐ ‫ ׎‬Ԅ ௦ Ҕ ᖀ ݈ ឲ Ε (Flange Penetration)Б Ԅ ᇙ բ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ Ǵ ᒿ ࡕ ϐ ኧ ӷ ”2”Ϸ ”3” ϩ ձ ж ߄ ๱ ᖀ ݈ ϐ ቨ ࡋ ࣁ 280 mm Ϸ 350 mmǶ ന ࡕ ‫” ޑ‬C”ж ߄ ‫ ࢂ ޑ‬Ԗ ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β (Concrete filled)ϐ ཀ ࡘ Ƕ Զ ”S”ж ߄ ๱ ‫ ࢂ ޑ‬Ԗ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ (with Stiffener)‫ ޑ‬ཀ ࡘ Ƕ ߄ 3. 1 ၂ ᡏ ጓ ဦ ᆶ ೕ Ⴤ ᒳᆅࢊ. ᒳఉ. ೣऀ݈. A36. A572 Gr.50. A572 Gr.50. FP2S. Ø 508×8. BH 350×280×12×30. PL 658×280×30. FP2CS. Ø 508×8. BH 350×280×12×30. PL 658×280×30. FP2C. Ø 508×8. BH 350×280×12×30. PL 658×280×30. FP3CS. Ø 508×8. BH 350×350×12×30. PL 658×350×30. ၂ᡏጓဦ. (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬᏾ ౛ ). (mm). 4 ಔ ၂ ᡏ ೕ Ⴤ ӵ ߄ 3. 1 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴ၂ ᡍ ၂ ᡏ ϐ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ ࣣ ٬ Ҕ ‫ ޔ‬৩ ࣁ 508 mm ࠆ ࡋ ࣁ 8 mm ϐ ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ Ǵ ᒳ ఉ Б य़ FP2 ‫ س‬ӈ ϐ 3 ಔ ၂ ᡏ ࣣ ௦ Ҕ ಔ ӝ H ࠠ ᒳ BH 350×280×12×30Ǵ࣬ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬٬ Ҕ ೣ ऀ ݈ ࣁ P L 658×280×30 ϐ ᒳ ݈ Ǵ Զ FP3 ‫ س‬ӈ ϐ ၂ ᡏ ߾ ௦ Ҕ ಔ ӝ H ࠠ ᒳ BH 350×350×12×30Ǵ ࣬ ჹ ‫ ܭ‬٬ Ҕ ೣ ऀ ݈ ࣁ P L 658×350×30 ϐ ᒳ ݈Ƕᒳ ‫ ׷‬Б य़Ǵ༝ ‫ ׎‬ᒳ ᆅ ௦ 26.

(79) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. Ҕ A36 ϐ ᒳ ‫ ׷‬Ǵ ᒳ ఉ Ϸ ೣ ऀ ݈ ߾ ࣣ ௦ Ҕ A572 Gr.50 ϐ ᒳ ‫ ׷‬Ƕ ‫ ܌‬Ԗ ၂ ᡏ ࣣ ኳ ᔕ ᜐ ࢊ ࠠ Ԅ а ൂ Б ӛ ᇙ բǴ٠ ‫ ܭ‬ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ࣣ а ᖀ ݈ ೣ ऀ ϐ Б Ԅ ᇙ բ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐǴЪ Ӣ ೛ ी Ⴃ ය ‫ ܭ‬ௗ ᓐ ୔ ౢ ғ ༟ ላǴఉ ᆄ ϐ ៻ ં ໪ к ϩ ໺ Ε ௗ ᓐ ୔Ǵࡺ ӧ ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ό ଺ Ϫ ߺ ϐ ೀ ౛Ǵᗉ խ ‫ܭ‬ ఉᆄౢғ༟ላ੃ණૈໆǴаԿ‫ܭ‬Κໆค‫ݤ‬໩ճ຾Εௗᓐ୔Ƕ ନ Α ߻ य़ ‫ ܌‬ॊ 4 ಔ ၂ ᡏ ӧ ᖀ ݈ ΢ Ԗ ৡ ౦ ѦǴӵ ߄ 3. 2 ‫ ܌‬Ң ۘ Ԗ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ᆶ ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ϐ ৡ ౦Ǵϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ೛ ࿼ ‫ ܭ‬ค ೱ ௗ ᒳ ఉ य़ǴႣ Ӄ ᕵ ӛ ᎗ ‫ ܭ‬ೣ ऀ ݈ ΢ ࡕ ଌ Ε ࢊ ᡏ ϣ ӆ ༞ ᎗ ༤ ѳǴӵ ྣ Т 3. 1 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴу ࠂ ݈ ௦ Ҕ P L 75×75×15 ϐ ᒳ ݈Ǵᒳ ‫ ࣁ ׷‬A572 Gr.50Ƕ၂ ᡏ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ೛ ी ಒ ೽ ӵ კ 3. 9ǵკ კ 3. 10 Ϸ კ 3. 11 ‫ ܌‬ҢǶ၂ ᡏ ֹ ᏾ ೛ ी კ ‫ ߕ ܭ‬ᒵ A ύ ߕ΢Ƕ ߄ 3. 2 ၂ ᡏ ϐ ᡂ ౦ ୖ ኧ ၂ᡏጓဦ. ᖀ ݈ ቨ (mm). ϣᙒуࠂ݈. ϣឲషᏉβ. FP2S. 280. Ԗ. ค. FP2CS. 280. Ԗ. Ԗ. FP2C. 280. ค. Ԗ. FP3CS. 350. Ԗ. Ԗ. (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬᏾ ౛ ) ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ β ೛ ी ٬ Ҕ ኱ ᆀ ம ࡋ ࣁ 21 MPa ϐ ష Ꮙ β Ǵ ٠ ࣁ Α ዴ ߥ ష Ꮙ β ё а ໩ ճ ೯ ၸ ೣ ऀ ‫ ࢊ ܭ‬ϣ ϐ ᖀ ݈ Ǵ ೛ ‫ ۓ‬ష Ꮙ β ϐ ֠ ࡋ ໪ ၲ 20 cm а ΢ ന ε ಈ ৩ λ ‫ ܭ‬15 mmǴ Ъ ௦ Ҕ а ᓸ Κ ឲ ዀ җ ࢊ ۭ ଍ Ѻ ϐ Б Ԅ ឲ Ε ష Ꮙ βǴ٠ Ъ ‫ ܭ‬ឲ ዀ ၸ ำ ύ ᄟ Ѻ ௗ ᓐ ୔ а ዴ ߥ ష Ꮙ β ό Կ ‫ ܭ‬Ԝ ୔ ౢғ‫܈ࢰޜ‬ମ‫׷‬ό֡ϐ౜ຝǶࣁ٬ҔԜБԄឲዀǴᇙբᒳᆅࢊਔǴ. 27.

(80) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ྣ Т 3. 1 ၂ ᡏ ϣ ᙒ у ࠂ ݈ ༞ ᎗ ༤ ѳ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) 50. 508. 100 Cp,Typ. 280. Cp,Typ 3 Sides,Typ Cp,Typ 15. Cp,Typ. 100 75. PL 240x160x15. 30. 30 75. 40 80 240. 290. 290. 80 40. 75 30. 30 40 80 40 75. S10T M24 Typ. 160. კ 3. 9 ၂ ᡏ FP2S ᆶ FP2CS ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ) 28.

(81) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. 50. 508. 100 Cp,Typ. 280. Cp,Typ. Cp,Typ. 100 75. PL 240x160x15. 30. 30 40 80 240. 290. 290. 80 40 30. 30 40 80 40 160. S10T M24 Typ. კ 3. 10 ၂ ᡏ FP2C ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ) Ⴃ Ӄ ‫ ۭ ࢊ ܭ‬ଆ ᆉ ӛ ΢ 500 mm ೀ ໒ ΋ ‫ ޔ‬৩ ࣁ 100 mm ϐ ឲ ዀ Ͼ ӵ ྣ Т 3. 2 ‫ ܌‬ҢǶ٠ ‫ ܭ‬ឲ ዀ ྽ В ෳ ၂ ֠ ࡋ а Ϸ ᇙ բ ‫ ޔ‬৩ ࣁ 15 cm ଯ ࡋ ࣁ 30cm ϐ ‫ ל‬ᓸ ၂ ᡏǴа ճ ࡕ ុ ෳ ၂ ష Ꮙ β ϐ ‫ ל‬ᓸ ம ࡋǴឲ ዀ ྽ В ϐ ࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ‫ߕܭ‬ᒵ B ύߕ΢Ƕ ҁࣴ‫ز‬೛ीϐఉࢊௗᓐႣགྷ‫ܭ‬ᒳᄬቷֹԋೣऀ݈฻ఉࢊௗᓐ୔ ϐ ࡼ πǴӆ ଌ Կ π Ӧ ౜ ൑ ಔ း ᎗ ௗ ᒳ ఉǴࡺ ၂ ᡏ Ψ ኳ ᔕ Ԝ Б Ԅ ࡼ π Ǵ ౜ ൑ ಔ း ᎗ ௗ ᒳ ఉ ӵ ྣ Т 3. 3 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ‫ ܭ‬᎗ ௗ ֹ ԋ ࡕ ‫” ૼ ہ‬ύ ୯ ߚ ઇ ᚯ ᔠ ᡍ Ԗ ज़ Ϧ љ ”຾ Չ ᎗ ၰ ຬ ॣ ‫ ݢ‬ᔠ ᡍ (UT ᔠ ෳ )ӵ ྣ Т 3. 4 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ߕ ᒵ C Ϸ ߕ ᒵ D ύ ஒ ಔ း ᒳ ఉ ࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ǵ UT ᔠ ෳ ൔ ֋ Ϸ ࣬ ᜢ ྣ Т ߕ ΢ Ƕ. 29.

(82) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. 50. 508. 100 Cp,Typ. 350. Cp,Typ. 3 Sides,Typ. Cp,Typ 15. Cp,Typ. 100 75. PL 240x160x15. 30. 30 75. 40 80 240. 290. 290. 80 40. 75 30. 30 40 80 40. S10T M24 Typ. 160. 75. კ 3. 11 ၂ ᡏ FP3CS ఉ ࢊ ௗ ᓐ ಒ ೽ ೛ ी კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). ྣ Т 3. 2 ၂ ᡏ ឲ ዀ Ͼ Ε ਑ ሚ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) 30.

(83) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. ྣ Т 3. 3 ኳ ᔕ π Ӧ ౜ ൑ ಔ ӝ ᎗ ௗ ᒳ ఉ ࡼ π (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ). ྣ Т 3. 4 ᎗ ၰ ຬ ॣ ‫ ݢ‬ᔠ ᡍ (UT ᔠ ෳ ) (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) 31.

(84) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ಃѤ࿯ġ ၂ᡏࢎ೛ җ ‫ ܭ‬၂ ᡏ ೛ ी ӵ კ 3. 12 ‫ ܌‬Ң а ኳ ᔕ ่ ᄬ ᡏ ύ ᜐ ࢊ ࠠ Ԅ ೛ ी Ǵ ၂ ᡏ ࢊ ߏ ࣁ ჴ ሞ ่ ᄬ ϐ ࢊ ߏǴ‫ ٿ‬ᆄ Ӛ ࣁ ΢ ኴ ቫ ࢊ ߏ ύ Ј ‫ ډ‬Π ኴ ቫ ࢊ ߏ ύ Ј Ǵࡺ ࢎ ೛ ၂ ᡏ ਔ ሡ ኳ ᔕ ჴ ሞ ௃ ‫ ݩ‬Ǵ ‫ ٿ‬ᆄ ࣁ ላ Ѝ ‫ ࠠ ܍‬Ԅ Ǵ ៻ ં Ѹ ໪ ࣁ ႟ Ǵ ࡺ ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ Б Ԅ ӵ კ 3. 13 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ ஒ ၂ ᡏ ࢊ ‫ ٿ‬ᆄ ΢ Π ࣣ а ΋ ಔ ᄾ Ѝ ‫ ܍‬ಔ ೸ ၸ ᖥ ఎ ‫ ܭ ۓ ڰ‬Ӧ ఉ ΢Ǵ΋ Б य़ ‫ ځ ڋ ״‬΢ Π ౽ ୏ ϐ Չ ࣁǴ΋ Б य़ ញ ‫ ૈ ڋ ״ ં ៻ ځ ܫ‬ΚǴѰ ѓ ӆ Ӛ а ΋ Ο ‫ ف‬Ѝ ‫ ܍‬০ ‫ ۓ ڰ‬а ‫ ځ ڋ ״‬Ѱ ѓ ౽ ୏ ϐ Չ ࣁǴന ࡕ ӆ җ ࢊ ᆄ а ‫ ݨ‬ᓸ ί А ഗ ኳ ᔕ ࢊ ‫ ڙ ܍ ܌‬ϐ ື Κ ࡼ ‫ࢊ ܭ‬ ΢ǴԜ ԛ ၂ ᡍ ନ Α FP2S ၂ ᡏ Ӣ ค ϣ ឲ ష Ꮙ βǴࡼ а 400 kN ϐ ‫ື ۓ ڰ‬ Κ Ǵ ‫ ܭ ځ‬၂ ᡏ ௗ ࡼ а 600 kN ϐ ‫ ື ۓ ڰ‬Κ Ǵ ӆ ஒ ‫ ݨ‬ᓸ ‫ ୏ ڋ‬Ꮤ ೱ ௗ Կ ᒳ ఉ а ᖥ ఎ ‫ۓ ڰ‬Ǵന ࡕ ࣁ ᗉ խ ᒳ ఉ ౢ ғ ୁ ӛ ‫ ס‬ᙯ ਋ ۙ а Կ ‫ ܭ‬ቹ ៜ ჴ ᡍ ่ ݀Ǵ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ఉ ΢ а ‫ ٿ‬ಔ ‫ ف‬ᒳ ϩ ձ ๏ ϒ ᒳ ఉ ୁ ӛ Ѝ ኖǴ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ ֹ ԋ ӵ ྣ Т 3. 5 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ. კ 3. 12 ኳ ᔕ ่ ᄬ ᜐ ࢊ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ) 32.

(85) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ Strong wall. Actuator. Connector. P,'. LVDT +. Beam. Clamp. Clamp. Horizontal Support. Lb. Specimen Load cell Jack. hc. Column. Floor beam. Lc. კ 3. 13 ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). ྣ Т 3. 5 ၂ ᡏ ࢎ ೛ ֹ ԋ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ). 33. Strong floor.

(86) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ಃϖ࿯ġ ໆෳ‫س‬಍ᆶჴᡍำ‫ׇ‬ ࣁ ෳ ள ఉ ᆄ ϐ Տ ౽ Ǵ ӵ კ 3. 14 ‫ ܌‬Ң җ ఉ ᆄ ట у ၩ ೱ ௗ ‫ ݨ‬ᓸ ‫୏ ڋ‬ Ꮤ Տ ࿼ ࢎ ೛ ΋ Տ ౽ ག ෳ Ꮤ LVDTȐ Linear Variable Differential Transformerȑ Ǵ٠ Ъ ӧ ‫ ࢊ ٿ‬ᆄ ࢎ ೛ ΋ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ӛ ࡋ ዬ Ԅ ࡰ Ң Ꮤ Dial GaugeǴ Ҕ а ᅱ ෳ ӧ ࢊ ᆄ Ѝ ‫ ܍‬ೀ ‫ ܭ‬ჴ ᡍ ύ ࢂ ց Ԗ ࠟ ‫ ޔ‬ӛ ϐ Տ ౽Ǵ‫ ܭ‬Ջ ୁ ࢊ ᆄ ࢎ ೛ ΋ Н ѳ ӛ ࡋ ዬ Ԅ ࡰ Ң Ꮤ Dial GaugeǴҔ а ᅱ ෳ ၂ ᡏ ‫ ܭ‬ჴ ᡍ ύ ᏾ ᡏ ϐ НѳӛՏ౽Ǵаঅ҅ఉᆄ‫܌‬ෳளϐՏ౽ኧᏵǶჴሞࢎ೛௃‫׎‬ӵྣТ 3. 6 Ϸ ྣ Т 3. 7 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ƕ ٠ ‫ ݨ ܭ‬ᓸ ‫ ୏ ڋ‬Ꮤ ΢ ‫ ܫ‬࿼ 2 ಔ ‫ ࡋ ف‬ी Rotation Gauge ӵ ྣ Т 3. 8 ‫ ܌‬ҢǴҔ а অ ҅ ‫ ݨ‬ᓸ ‫ ୏ ڋ‬Ꮤ ‫ ܌‬ள ‫ ډ‬ϐ Κ ໆ Ϸ Տ ౽ ኧ ᏵǶ. LVDT. Dial Gaugeġ. კ 3. 14 ၂ ᡏ Տ ౽ Ꮤ ࢎ ೛ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). 34.

(87) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. ྣ Т 3. 6 LVDT ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫׎‬ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ). ྣ Т 3. 7 Dial Gauge ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫׎‬ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ). 35.

(88) ༝‫׎‬ᒳᆅషᏉβࢊϐఉࢊௗᓐ୔ಒ೽೛ीᆶऐ᎜Չࣁࣴ‫ز‬. ྣ Т 3. 8 Rotation Gauge ࢎ ೛ ௃ ‫׎‬ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) ନ а ΢ ‫ ܌‬ॊ ϐ ໆ ෳ ‫ س‬಍ Ǵ ҁ ԛ ჴ ᡍ ӕ ਔ ٬ Ҕ ӵ კ 3. 15 җ NDI (Northern Digital Inc.)Ϧ љ ‫ ܌‬ғ ౢ ϐ OPTOTRAK Certus HD System आ Ѧ ጕ Ӏ Ꮲ ໆ ෳ ‫ س‬಍ Ǵး ࿼ NDI marker ϐ Տ ࿼ ӵ კ 3. 16 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ǵ Ӆ း ೛ 39 ঁ marker а ᅱ ෳ ௗ ᓐ ୔ ǵ ᒳ ఉ Ϸ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ ӧ ჴ ᡍ ύ ‫ ܌‬ౢ ғ ϐ ᡂ ‫ ׎‬Ǵ ନ Α ጓ ဦ 21 ‫ ډ‬28 ϐ marker ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ᗹ ຠ ‫ ܭ‬ᒳ ఉ ΢ Ǵ а Ϸ ጓ ဦ 35 ‫ ډ‬39. კ 3. 15 OPTOTRAK Certus HD System (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) 36.

(89) ၂ᡏ೛ीᇙբᆶၩख़၂ᡍ. ‫ ޔ‬ௗ ᗹ ຠ ‫ ܭ‬༝ ᒳ ᆅ ࢊ ΢ Ǵ ‫ ځ‬Ꭹ marker Ӣ ࢊ ᡏ ߄ य़ ‫ ࣁ ރ ׎‬༝ ۱ Ǵ ࡺ ӵ ྣ Т 3. 9 ‫ ܌‬Ң Ⴃ ᎗ ΋ 13 mm ×13 mm ࠆ ࡋ ࣁ 2 mm ϐ λ ៓ Т ‫ ࢊ ܭ‬ᡏ ΢ Ǵ а ճ ᗹ ຠ ϐ marker ໩ ճ ஒ आ Ѧ ጕ ว ৔ ӣ Ь ᐒ Ƕ. (mm) ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ. [21]. ġ. [22]. [23]. ġ. [24]. ġ. [25]. ġ. [26]. ġ. [27]. ġ. [9] [29] [31] [33] [11]. ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ. ġ. [35] [37] [39] [38] [36]. ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ. [10] [30] [32] [34] [12]. ġ. [3]. ġ. ġ. [4]. ġ. [1]. [2]. [5]. [6]. ġ. ġ. [7]. ġ. [8]. ġ. [28]. ġ [13]. [14]. ġ. ġ. [15]. [16]. ġ. ġ. [17]. ġ. [19]. ġ. [18]. ġ. [20]. ġ. კ 3. 16 NDI marker း ೛ Տ ࿼ Ң ཀ კ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ᛤ ᇙ ). ྣ Т 3. 9 NDI marker ࿶ ៓ Т ᇶ շ ᗹ ຠ ‫ ܭ‬၂ ᡏ ྣ (ၗ ਑ ٰ ྍ Ǻ ҁ ࣴ ‫ ܡ ز‬ឪ ) 37.