Health risk assessment and risk characterization during for the residents of central Taiwan area
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(2) 28. Layton [7] 9. (risk communication) [4-6] 9. (conservative scenario) (7-18. ). (19-64. (7-18 (7-64. 19-64. ). DIR = FEI 9. H. VQ. 10-3. DIR = FEI. 1.2. H. VQ. (m3/day). (2). FEI (food-energy intake). (kcal/day). VOCs. 10-3. DIR (daily inhalation rate). ) ). (1). H. (oxygen uptake factor). = 0.21 L O2/kcal. VQ (ventilatory quotient). =. (L/min)/. (L/min) = 27. 20 m 3/day [4,5] 10-3. (n = 75). m3. L. (2). 1.2 (1977-78. Layton [7]. ). Excel (excess lifetime cancer risk. ELCR). VOCs. ELCR. [10,11] (. ELCR = SF. ) 7 7-65 ). (19-64. LADD. (3). LADD (lifetime average daily dose). 65. (mg/kg-day). (7-18. SF (slope factor). (mg/kg-day) -1. ) (IUR). (4). SF = (IUR. DIR. LADD = (Ca (AT. BW). BW. ET. [11]. BW)/DIR. 103 AE. (4) ET. EF. (5). (4)(5) (. ). VOCs. (maximum MCL). contamination level. (6). ED)/. 103 EF. i. DIR ED. (3). VOCs. j. [4]. (6). VOCs IUR (inhalation unit risk) VOCs. (µg/m3)-1. 32 C. (µg/m3). VOCs VOCs. 2005. USEPA. [4]. IRIS. (inhalation unit risk. VOCs IUR). 94. BW (body (kg). weight) (default value). (min/day). ET (exposure time) EF (exposure frequency). (day/year) 1991. VOCs. Ca (concentration in air). [8,9]. 350. [8]. (year) [9]. ). USEPA (1991). ED (exposure duration) (7-18 (7-64. ). 19-64.
(3) 29. ED (6). 12. 46. (7-18. 19-64. ELCR. ED. 58. 7-64. 43.4. ELCR. AT(average time). 365 365. [8]. [17]. 94. 642 µg/m 3. 1,2-. VOCs. IUR 70. ). 1.3 3 -1. 77. (µg/m ). AE (absorption efficiency). 10. -6. 10-5. 5.0. 1,1-. [3]. 50% 1993-1996. 13-64. (sensitivity analysis) 1998-2002. 12. (6-12. [9]. 10% m /day. [10-12] Ca. DIR. ET. BW. 19-64 (7-18. Excel. 16.4 m /day ). 13.0. 12.8 m3/day. (7-18. 19-64. 33.1 C 11.6. ). 10 -6. VOCs. (chloroform) 73%. 19-64 (7-64. 65). 16.1. 10-6). 95. 51.2 kg (n = 30). (2). 9.5 3. (19-64. 65.9. ELCR (64.7 7-18. 10.0. ). ELCR. 65. (1) 7-18. 3. ). ). 62.2 kg (n = 195. 34.8 C. 10-6. 10-6. 64.7. 13.4 min. 33 C. 35 C (n = 95). [4]. VOCs. (. ). (kg). 51.2 10.0* 33.1 5.2 11.6 6.3 350 12 77 365. (˚C) (min) (d/yr) (yr) (day) * Factors. 7-18 (N = 30). 19-64 (N = 65) 62.2 34.8 13.4. 10.7 5.1 6.6 350 46 77 365. 94 1991. 7-64 (N = 95). 77. 70 30 350 58 70 365. 58.7 34.3 12.8. 11.6 5.2 6.5 350 58 77 365. [17]. USEPA. Standard Default Exposure. [8]. (µg/m3) ( 7-18 19-64 7-64. ). 1,246.1 46.2 46.2. 46.6 46.6 46.6. 641 642 642. 46.9 46.9 46.9. 1,143.4 43.5 43.5. 65.5 65.6 65.6.
(4) 30. (µg/m3)-1 5.0 1.3 2.3 1.5 2.6 5.0. 1,21,1-. 7-18 1.39 10-7 3.64 10-8 8.87 10-6 4.23 10-7 6.80 10-7 1.97 10-6 12.1. 10-6 10-6 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5. (10-6). 19-64. 7-64. 6.15 10-7 1.61 10-7 3.94 10-5 1.87 10-6 3.01 10-6 8.74 10-6 53.8. 7.41 10-7 1.94 10-7 4.74 10-5 2.26 10-6 3.63 10-6 1.05 10-5 64.7. 2.23 10-6 5.85 10-7 1.43 10-4 6.79 10-6 1.09 10-5 3.10 10-5 195. * (. ). (kcal/day). (m3/day). 1850 1904 1997 2083 2154 2158 1899 1971 1881 1963 1889 1780. 10.5 10.8 13.6 14.2 14.7 14.7 12.9 13.1 12.8 13.4 12.9 12.1. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-54 55-64 *. [9]. (1). (ELCR). (2). (ET) VOCs ET 7.43. (Ca). Ca 10. (7-64. BW -5. ET. 6.75. 10% 10. -5. 6.14. 10%. [13-15] ). ELCR 10-5 ELCR. BW VOCs. [4] 60.5 kg (430. ). 12.7 min.
(5) 31. (. ) 95. ( /. 1.. 5. 2. ) (. ) 1,2(slope factor) (reference dose). 1,1U S.EPA IRIS (2005). 2. (7-18. (. ). (19-64. ). ) (reasonable maximum exposure, RME) (. (Average Exposure). ). 1. ( (. (3-6)) 66 (excess lifetime cancer risk, ELCR) 10-6-10-4 10-4 (hazard index, HI) 1. 10-6 1. ). HI. 2. (. ) ). ( (. ). 3. VOCs (10-6-10-4). (. ). 2005. 66. IRIS IRIS. (. USEPA. IRIS. ) [3]. VOCs. IRIS. ( [4]. ). VOCs. VOCs 32 C. ELCR [4]. MCL VOCs. VOCs. ( ).
(6) 32. MCL. 0.08 mg/L. 42 C. 12.7. [4]. 647 µg/m3 (0.000647 mg/L) Kuo. [5]. 0.017 mg/L 44 C 3900 µg/m3. 10 3. [4]. 647 µg/m. 38 C. 12. 265 µg/m3. [4]. Kerger. [16]. VOCs [4]. VOCs 7 65. 7. 65 7-64 ELCR. NSC94-2815-C-039-007-B CMU94-170. VOCs Kuo. 95. [5] 10. 20 8.42 (µg). 7.72 7.72. 43.06. 13.19. 1.. 13 2002. 16.85 (µg) 2.. 2-3. 2005 3. Environmental Protection Agency. Database from integrated risk information system (IRIS). Washington D.C., 2005. 4.. 19-64 12.8 m3/day. 20 m3/day. 2. 19986-12. 2002 8. risk from chloroform exposure during showering in. 10 1993-1996. 13-15. 2002 5. Kuo HW, Chiang TF, Lo II, et al. Estimates of cancer. [9]. Taiwan. Sci Total Environ 1998;218:1-7. 6. Lukas Jyuhn-Hsiarn Lee, Chan CC, Chung CW, et al. Health risk assessment on residents exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbons contaminated in groundwater of a hazardous waste site. J Toxicol Environ Health A. Layton [7]. H. VQ. 2002;65:219-35. 7. Layton DW. Metabolically consistent breathing rates for use in dose assessments. Health Phys 1993;64:23-36. 8. US. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Human Health Evaluation Manual, Supplemental Guidance, Standard Default Exposure Factors, 1991. 9. 2004 10.. VOCs. 2002 11.. (10-6-10-4). 2003;189-217.
(7) 33. 12. Paustenbach DJ. Human and Ecological Risk. 15. National Academy of Science (NAS). Improving risk. Assessment: Theory and Practice, New York: John. communication. Washington, D.C: National Academy. Wiley & Sons, 2002:260-1.. Press, 1989.. 13. US. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).. 16. Kerger BD, Schmidt CE, Paustenbach DJ. Assessment. Guidance for risk characterization, Washington, D.C.,. of airborne exposure to trihalomethanes from tap water. 1995.. in residential showers and baths. Risk Anal 2000;20:. 14.. 637-51. 2004. 17.. http://www. moi.gov.tw/stat/. 2007/ 05/16.
(8) 34. Health Risk Assessment and Risk Characterization for Residents During Showering in Central Taiwan 1. Chow-Feng Chiang, Min-Pei Ling, Chia-Yu Lin , Pei-Ling Tsai 1. Health Risk Management, Institute of Environmental Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.. Background/Purpose. This study aimed to compare the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) from inhaling 6 types of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from tap water during showering in two-layered (7-18 and 19-64 years) and one-layered (7-64 years) age groups. A risk characterization form was proposed in this study to solve risk communication problems between government authorities and the public. Methods. We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess exposure of residents in central Taiwan to VOCs. The concentrations of 6 VOCs in air were obtained from the literature based on the two-film theory and the maximum contamination level (MCL) in drinking water. The inhalation rate was estimated by empirical equations and diet calorie consumption data of Taiwan residents. The cancer slope factors (SF) for 6 VOCs were obtained from USEPA’s integrated risk information system (IRIS) database. Results. The survey showed that the average body weight was 51.2 kg in residents aged ≤ 18 years (n = 30) and 62.2 kg in those aged ≥ 19 years (n = 65). The average showering time was 11.6 minutes for participants ≤ 18 years and 13.4 minutes for participants ≥ 19 years. The average inhalation rates were estimated to be 12.8 m3/day for adults. The exposure concentrations of 6 VOCs estimated from the two-film theory proposed in the literature ranged from 43.4 to 642 µg/m 3 with chloroform having the highest concentration. The results showed an excess lifetime cancer risk of 65.9 per million population in the two-layered age group and 64.7 per million population in the onelayered age group. Conclusion. There was little difference in the estimated excess lifetime cancer risk between the two-layered and one-layered age groups. Furthermore, individuals in both groups were within the acceptable risk range of 10-6 to 10-4 as suggested by the USEPA. Although transforming risk characterization into a standard format is a complicated process, it is feasible and expected to solve the risk communication problem. ( Mid Taiwan J Med 2008;13:27-34 ). Key words. age group, excess lifetime cancer risk, inhalation rate, risk characterization, volatile organic compounds. Received : 16 July 2007.. Revised : 6 September 2007.. Accepted : 8 October 2007. Address reprint requests to : Chow-Feng Chiang, Health Risk Management, Institute of Environmental Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan..
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