運動場域中身體資本與性別氣質：女子籃球運動員之身體經驗研究

全文

(1)

(2) 2013. 6. 14. 101 101. 2. 6. 2. 17. 3 4. 1. 2. 3..

(3) A case study toward Bodies Experiences of College Female Basketball Athletes Date: June, 2013 Student: Ting-Yi Yang Adviser: Jui-Fu Chen. Abstract Sports field is highly gendered and fills of masculine culture. This research attempts to understand the interaction between the college female athletes and basketball field, discovering the influences of the female athletes’ body posture. This study held in qualitative research, collecting data through participant observation and interviewing women's basketball school team’s players in university. The research findings shows: 1.Basketball training improved female athletes’ figure, such as muscle, physical vigor and skill of basketball; 2. In some actions of female athletes revealed the restrictions of feminine body; 3.The change of body capitals and the culture of basketball field rebuild female athletes’ gender configuration. Female athletes of basketball event can show femininities and masculinities, displaying multiple gender regime.. Key words: femininity and masculinity, body experience, sport field.

(4) -. D. 9 Blue. always. /. /. /. 2013. 8.

(5) ......................................................... i. ........................................................................................................... ii. ............................................................................................................... iii. .............................................................................................................. iv. ................................................................................................................... v. ................................................................................................................... vi. .................................................................................................................. viii. .................................................................................................................. ix. .................................................................................... 1. …………………………...................................... 1. ………………………………………………………. 5. ……………………………………………………….... 5. ……………………………………….………………... 6. ………………………………...…………………. 8. ………………………………….………………. 9. ……..………………………………………….…. 9. …………………………………………………….... 24. ………………………………………….... 33. ……………………….………………………………..…. 45.

(6) …………..………………………………………. 47. ……………………………………………. 48. …………………………………………….... 48. ……………………………………………………........ 50. ………………………………………………........ 54. ............................................................................. 57. ............................................................. 59. …………..…………………………………… !Join Us !Just Do it ! !Time Out!. 60. ………..……………..…... 60. …..…………………………..... 71. ……………………………..….…... ……………………………………….………..………... 86 93. …………..……………………………………. 95. ……………………………………………………………….... 95. …………………………………………………….... 97. ........................................................................................ 98. ....................................................................................... 110. ………………………………………………………….... 110. …………………………………………………….... 111.

(7) 2-1. …........................................................................... 39. 3-1. ….................................................................... 50. 3-2. …................................................................ 52. 3-3. ……………………………………… 55. 3-4 4-1. ................................................................... 58. …..................................................... 71.

(8) 1. …………..……………………………………. 16. 2. .................................................................................. 49. 3. …………………………….................. 52. 4. ……………………………….................................... 56. 5. ………………………………….................. 73. 6. …………………………………....……. 82.

(9) 1. (2006) Iris Marion Young. Young. 79 28 21. 7.

(10) 2. 10 2. 1. (. 2012). !. (. 2000). (gender stratification) Birrell. Cheryl (1994) (sex). 7.

(11) 3. 20. 1900. Margaret Carlisle Duncan (1990). ( (2002). 2002).

(12) 4. ( 1992). Sage (1980). (2004) ( (2002). (sex). ).

(13) 5. (2011). (2011). Nelson. (. 一二三. Griffin, 1997).

(14) 6. 一 field. Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu (network). ( Bourdieu. Anthony Giddens. Bourdieu. Giddens. Giddens. Connell (2009) (pattern) (configuration). 2002).

(15) 7. (femininities). (masculinities). (sex). (gender) (female masculinity). (social embodiment) Connell. (objects). (agent). (. ). ( 2009). (. ”embodiment”. 2006). embodiment embodiment. (. ).

(16) 8. 100.

(17) 9 !. (sport) (Shilling, 2005) !. (. 2005. Johan Huizinga. (Homo Ludens, 1955). Shilling, 2005). René Descartes. (Scott & Morgan, 1993; Turner, 1991 Foucault. (discourse) Foucault (. 1980. 2005) Shilling (2005). 2009). Michel.

(18) 10 !. 20. 1960. (sex). (gender). (governmentality). 1980. Turner. 1991. Frank.

(19) 11 !. Feher. Naddaff. Tazi (Shilling,. 1993:29. 2003. 11). Shilling (2005). ( ). Shilling. (structuration theory). Foucault Prison, 1975). (Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the. (disciplinary power). (Foucault, 1979. Woodward,.

(20) 12 !. 2004. 2003) Foucault. (. ) Woodward (2004). Foucault. Foucault. (. 2006. 136). Merleau-Ponty. (intentionality). Merleau-Ponty (body schema ). ( ). (Merleau-Ponty, 1962:136 Shilling, 2005. (. ) 2009). (carnal sociology) (Crossley, 1995:43 2009). Toril Moi (2001). 1990.

(21) 13 !. (body-in-situation). (. ). (Shillings, 2005). Giddens. 1970. (Shilling, 2005. (dualism) 1998. (duality). (. 93) Giddens (1976). ( 99-100). (reflexivity). (coherence) (Giddens, 1984 2002). 2009). Giddens. 1998.

(22) 14 !. Bourdieu (the theory of theory). (the. theory of practice) (Bourdieu, 1977 2002). Giddens. Bourdieu. (Shilling, 2005). Bourdieu. Bourdieu. Bourdieu Bourdieu Bourdieu (Shilling, 2005. 2009). (habitus).

(23) 15 !. (field). (capital). (class). (pratique). Bourdieu. (habitus) (disposition) (Shilling, 2005. 2002). 1.. 2.. ( 3.. 2005).

(24) 16 !. ( 2002. 2005). 4. Bourdieu. (. 2005). Bourdieu. 生存心態!. 個人日常實行!. 客觀社會結構!. 1. (2002). 119. (inculcated) (structured) 2002). Bourdieu. (durable). (generative). (transposable) (.

(25) 17 !. (. 2005. 2002). (field). (. (. 2002). 2002. Bourdieu. 2002). (capital). ( 2002). Bourdieu. 2006.

(26) 18 !. Bourdieu. (. 2002). 1.. (. 2002. 2002) 2. ( 1991). Bourdieu. (embodied state) (objectified state). (institutionalized form) (. )(. 2005). 3. Bourdieu. (. 2008. 2002. 2002).

(27) 19 !. 4.. (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992 2002. 2002). Bourdieu ( 2005). Bourdieu (symbolic. violence) (. 2003). Bourdieu. (legitimate) (. 2005). (. 1998) Bourdieu. (discourse). (injunction).

(28) 20 !. Bourdieu. 象徵暴力的行使不會是赤裸裸的壓制與武力，因為是加諸其上的過程，所以必然是一種階級與階級、團體與團體，或是結構與行動之間的關係，這樣的關係帶有權力性質，但它是一股看不見的力量，因不易察覺而被認知為合法的力量，這種力量的行使是經由一種以共享的信念為基礎的象徵交換系統，因為象徵化，以至於多數人無法察覺，而象徵系統本身經常為了達成某種政治支配目的，支配團體通常挾其優勢的資本，透過象徵的生產事業來合法化其支配地位 (周新富，2005:102)。. Bourdieu (reconnaissance). (meconnaisance). (blindness). (legitimation). (. 2002). Bourdieu (1992) (somatization).

(29) 21 !. Bourdieu. (theory of social reproduction) (bearer). (. ). (. ). (. (. )(. (. ). (. ). 2006). 2005) Willis (1977). (Learning to Labor: How working class kids get working class jobs). (Bourdieu, 1981 2009). Bourdieu. ( ). (Shilling, 2005) Bourdieu. (Harker, Mahar, & Wilkes, 1990. 2009). (practical sense).

(30) 22 !. Woodward (2004) (social location) ( (habitus). (. ) ). (taste). (Bourdieu, 1985 2006) Woodward. (. 2006). Bourdieu. ( ).

(31) 23 !.

(32) 24 !. Mary Douglas. (. (Natural Symbolism). 2003). (sex). (. ) (Connell, 2009. 2011) (sex). (gender). (sex). (gender). ( (. ). ). (sex).

(33) 25 !. ( 1999). 1949. ). (gender. )(. Simone de Beauvoir. (McDowell, 1999) 19. Beauvoir Charles. Darwin. Auguste Comte. (System of. Positive Polity, 1851) (Connell, 2009. 2011. 62). (sex) (patriarchy) Beauvoir 1960 1970 Sandra Bem (1984). (androgyny). (two-realms model). (. 2011). Christine. Delphy 1970. (.

(34) 26 !. 2000). 1980. 1990. (Queer) (gender studies). (sex). Judith Lorber. (Connell, 2009). 1970 (gender arrangement). Connell (2009). ( 2011). ( ) (. (2009). 2007. 14). Connell.

(35) 27 !. Connell. (pattern) (. 2011) (masculinities). (femininities). Sylvia Walby. 6. 6 2006). (McDowell,1999 Connell (1995) (cathexis). Walby. Connell Connell (2009). (gender) (sex). (sexed body).

(36) 28 !. Elizabeth Grosz. Moira Gatens. (corporeal feminism). (Holmes, 2007. 2012). (sex). (gender). (body performance). (Butler, 1990; Shilling, 1993) Connell (2004). (social arrangements). (. Connell. 2004) Connell (2009). (transform).

(37) 29 !. (negation). (transformation). Woodward (2004). Young. (. 2007) Foucault. (Discipline and Punish, 1977). ( 2011). ). Foucault. (. Foucault. (biopower) Foucault. Grosz Grosz. Foucault.

(38) 30 !. (. (. 2006. 68-69). 2001) (Connell, 1995; Young, 2005). Harding (1998). (cross-dressing). (drag) Judith Halberstam. (1998) (. (. ). 2009) Halberstam Connell (1995).

(39) 31 !. (masculinity). (femininity). (female masculinity). (male sex role) (natural). (Connell 1998) Connell (1995). (masculinity). (manhood). (psychoanalysis) psychosexual process). (a (Andermahr, Lovell &Wolkowitz, 1997:75). (1987). Connell (2009).

(40) 32 !. (Clatterbaugh, 1997; Messner,1997. 2003). Berger, Wallis. Watson. (1995) MacInnes (1998). (. 10). Halberstam. (Female Masculinity,1998). (dominant masculinity) Halberstam (regimes). Halberstam. (Halberstam, 2001, Beasley, 2005 (Tomboy). 2009) Rubin (2006). T (2011). T.

(41) 33 !. (. (. ). 2002). Laitinen. (. 2000). -. (2000).

(42) 34 !. (society) (. 2000). (. 2003. (. 9-10). Johnson (1997). 2001). (culture). cultura. Malinowski. Firth Bottomore.

(43) 35 !. (. 2005. 1998. 2003). 1. 2. 3.. (norm). (Johnson, 1997. 2001). (2006). (leisure) 2001). (play). (games). (competition) (.

(44) 36 !. 1.. 2. ( 2005) 3.. Loy. 4.. Sidentop. Bourdieu. (. ) (Bourdieu, 1986 91-92) Bourdieu. (.

(45) 37 !. ). (. 1977). (1996). (2012). 1. 2.. 3.. Huizinga. (Homo Ludens, 1955).

(46) 38 !. (. 2009). (gender stratification) (Macionis, 1993:362-371 2000). (Griffin, 1997) Creedon (1994). ( 2006). Schmalz. Kerstetter (2006). (2001). 2-1 (2001).

(47) 39 !. (patriarchal dividend) 2-1. Musculine ". a). ". +. " Feminine. b). (. c). d). +. + ). 1). 2). 3). 1. 2.. 12. (2001). 19.

(48) 40 !. 1971 (Title IX) (Vetinsky, 1994:70; Weinberg & Gould, 1995. 2009. 176). 2012. 2008 42. (Therberge, 1986:202; Shilling,2005. 2009. 178). ＂Sports are no longer for boys only” ( 2001). (Nixon & Frey,1996. ! Deaux (1984). 2000).

(49) 41 !. Baron Pierre de Coubertin 1986. (. 2002). 1891. ( 1936 1976 1949 (National Basketball Association NBA NBA (. 2009). NBA). 1996).

(50) 42 !. NBA. ( 2005) Desertrain. Weiss (1988). Jackson. Marsh (1986). ( (. (2004). 1.. ). ) (2002).

(51) 43 !. 2.. 3.. 4.. 5.. Kew (1997) (. ). (2002) (2011).

(52) 44 !. (2003) (2000) (2002). (2006). (2004). (2009). (2006).

(53) 45 !. Foucault Foucault. 1980. 1990 (. ). Bourdieu. Shilling Woodward. Merleau-Ponty. Moi. (gender). (sex).

(54) 46 !. Bourdieu !.

(55) 47 !. (. (2006). Shilling (2005). 1998).

(56) 48 !. Giddens. (Giddens, 1990. 2009).

(57) 49 !. 2 !. 文獻桀讀. 擬定研究問題研究. 蒐集相關資料. 者反. 建立研究架構. 思、研. 選擇研究對象. 究倫理. 擬定訪談題目及田野觀察及訪談時程. 田野觀察. 個人訪談. 資料整理與分析. 撰寫研究報告. 個人經驗焈田野觀察焈相關文獻資料蒐集焈研究典範.

(58) 50 !. 100 5. 14. 9. (. ). 3-1 93. 2. (. (94. ) ) 94 95 96. 97. 3-1. 9 6 7 4 8.

(59) 51 !. 12 6 1 5 8 8 5 11 Sweet. 10. 二. 14 4. 3-2. 4.

(60) 52 !. 3-2. 1. 5. 4. 12. 3..

(61) 53 !. 101. 2. 6. 2. 101. 3. (101 2 18. 2. 2. 17. 100. 6. 2. 17. ). 2. 101. 24. 101. 3. 4. DV. 濨潓潏. 瀌瀘. 灏. 濪. 瀁.

(62) 54 !. (. 2004) (. 2006). ( 2006). Spence Spence. 3-3. (1975).

(63) 55 !. 3-3. 18. 23. 12.

(64) 56 !. 3-3 ( 18. ). 23. (. 61). 12. 2004. (Archer, J., Lloyd, B., 2004). Spence (1975). Spence. 4. 4. Spence (1975).

(65) 57 !. Clandinin. Connelly. (. (. 2003). 2007). Spence. (coding).

(66) 58 !. (. 1998). 3-4. 3-4. BG-120503 (. BG). GD-120502 ＂. (. GD). ＂＂＂. SF-120502 (. SF).

(67) 59 !. Coffey. Atkinson. Coffey & Atkinson, 1996. 2010.

(68) 60 !. ! Join Us (. ). ! Just Do It ! Time Out. - Join Us.

(69) 61 !. ＂今天在新體三樓練球，一如往常，校隊練球只架設一邊的全場 (新體三樓有兩面全場場地) 的籃框來使用。坐在新體的球場，看著場上跑戰術的球員從這邊的底線跑到另一邊底線後再折返回去，突然覺得這個球場好大！” (研究日誌 120206). 1891 (Federation International de Basketball Amateur, FIBA) 28. 15. Young. 3.05. 澽. 灊 (Young ,2005. 2006). Young. 2010. 0.5. (. 6.75. ). (National Basketball Association NBA). (7.25. ). 嗯，跟做重訓，因為三分線越拉越遠，有點投不到.

(70) 62 !. 2010 5.8. 4.9. (. 2012) 1.25. 2005 6 7. (. (. 72~74mm. 75~78mm. 530~550g). 565~650g). 6. 7 6 (Hoop, 2005) Bourdieu (1990). 6. 2010.

(71) 63 !. ＂皿：我覺得這方面除了靠自己不斷訓練是有辦法提升，但是有時候其實還是會有先天上的劣勢，就是不管怎麼樣就是也不太可能達到男生那種肌力跟爆發力，我覺得有一點點有先天上的劣勢＂(皿 GD-120502). 通常女生身體強度會跟男.

(72) 64 !. 生差一截，就不管是彈跳力或是甚麼大致上都會比較差. Messener. Donald (2002). 瀲. Bourdieu. (naturaliser)(. ＂皿：. 2002). 比較小規模，可是因為我們這一屆真的組不起來，就是想打得人太少. 了，就打完（籃球）新生盃之後就解散，就沒有繼續，因為真的很難，因為有一部份跑去打排球＂(皿 SF-120502). “水：會運動的女生都去打排球了，要不然可能會去跳舞這樣”(水 SF-120502). (2007) 濏濌.

(73) 65 !. (. 2002). 1.. ＂練球休息喝水時間，Ｃ大球員邊哀嚎邊摸著臉頰，說挨了阿馬一個拐子. 阿. 馬便將袖子拉到肩上，露出她結實的二頭肌，球員也紛紛拉起袖子，開心的分享彼此的肌肉＂（觀察日誌 120208）. 潻 2005) Pope, Phillips. (. Olivardia (2000). 2001. 38-39). 潢.

(74) 66 !. (Jackson, et al., 1986). 是. 有一次在寢室換（衣服），就是被她們（室友）看到背影，她們就說『你根本就是男人吧』，因為有肌肉，她們就會說『你的背肌怎麼會這樣，根本就是男人！』. Green (2005). Therberge (1986) Morgan (1992). 2.. (. 2001).

(75) 67 !. (. 2007). ＂研：那你會不會覺得籃球因為她比較多碰撞，服裝上面也露出比較多身體部分. ，跟女性角色有違背的地方？馬：不會阿焍研：那你覺得球衣方面會覺得不方便嗎？馬：也還好，而且運動內衣比較適合我”(馬GD-120501). (1994). ＂研：穿運動內衣也是？都是為了打球需要？文：對阿，合理化自己，不知道耶，就是喜歡平平的會比較好看，比較像男生” (文GD-120502). (2011). 瀈. 澳. 灊.

(76) 68 !. 3. (2011) 濏 (2010). 14. 4. 10. “水：因為這樣 (留長髮)打球實在是太不方便了，剛剛有講到留長頭髮，我覺得排球就有比較有可能留長頭髮，因為他們不會有碰撞這個問題，就是馬尾綁得很高也不會打到別人“（水120502）. -.

(77) 69 !. Bordo. (Young,1990. 1997. 83). 三. (NBA). NBA.

(78) 70 !. 2. 3.

(79) 71 !. ! Just Do it !. 5~6. 4-1 4-1. 1. 2.. 25. 3. (. ).

(80) 72 !. 4-1 (. ). "# $# %# &#V-CUT '# (#. Gerard Mach. 70. (. 2010). (2006).

(81) 73 !. 5. 代表進攻者及防守者行進方向!. 5.. “一輪左右邊兩人上籃組合結束後，教練指示持球者在開始運球前增加十秒的. 三重威脅動作，第一組小文和阿短示範之後，教練叮嚀了大家腳步動作，教練做了腳步向左前方及右前方跨步，並以身體保護球的動作。在接下來一組，.

(82) 74 !. 是麻麻跟貝貝一組，在持球者貝貝前十秒的三重威脅中，麻麻雙手似乎無所適從的縮了起來。後來教練學了一次麻麻縮手的動作，全場大笑，教練自身示範教她將手打開，第二次重新來過看起來比較好一點＂(觀察日誌 120327). ＂小文時時盯著場上的夥伴們，當她們做錯動作時給於指導。小文對著場上防守的人說：不要把手放在他（指進攻者）的肩膀上、重心蹲低！＂ (觀察日誌 120323). (. 2010). Bourdieu (hexis) ( 2006). Young. 1. 2. (1) (2). (3) 3..

(83) 75 !. (. 2006) (. Merleau-Ponty 2012) Young (1990). Young. ＂在三重威脅動作裡，新生與舊生的動作可以明顯區分，新生小美及小紅十秒. 的三重威脅動作中都以踏左邊或右邊的步伐，缺少具「威脅性」的左前方或右前方腳步。第一次組合跑完後，小美及小紅在旁邊請教學姊們關於腳步的動作；而舊生大部分都比較少有這樣的問題＂(觀察日誌 120327). Holms (2007) Foucault. (. McDowell (1999). 2009). Foucault. (disciplinary power).

(84) 76 !. Foucault Gill (1992). ＂皿：我應該是雙手投，因為我自己的臂力沒有那麼好，所以我是用雙手投。研：那妳覺得雙手投跟單手投給人家的感覺有差嗎？皿：有，我自己覺得有差，因為我覺得單手看起來比較帥。研：那妳會想要練單手嗎？.

(85) 77 !. 皿：會想練阿，但是現在目前還是先以投準吧，因為學姊是說雙手可以把球控制好的話，那其實把雙手練好的話其實也沒有什麼不好。＂(皿 BG-120502). ＂文：單手比較帥啊！雙手有時候還可能會翹小腿，哈哈。研：所以你沒有辦法去習慣，還是堅持想要單手，不想要改？文：嗯，不想改。研：即便是投籃很吃力。文：對啊！＂(文BG-120503). Young 潻 (. 潻. (2009). 2006. 52). 澵澰. !.

(86) 78 !. ! Bourdieu (1979). (. (. ). Swizer (1981). ). (. 2010).

(87) 79 !. (. 2006). (2001). 我覺得打籃球之後因為一些重訓的要求或是訓練的東西，就是會變結實，而且會有一些線條，改變最明顯應該是手臂，還有腰吧瀮. 灊 (. 濩. 2006). T. (2011) ˇ. 濏濤. 濤灈. 我會去重訓做這個（握舉的動作）. 就會想練成這一塊.

(88) 80 !. （胸肌），就會看起來特別厚. (2011) Rail (1998). 瀈. (. 2001. 6). ＂皿：第一個就是對抗性一定要強，因為我覺得在籃球運動中對抗性是很重要的，. 不管是你自己在保護好球或是進攻的對抗的時候，進攻的成功率，對抗性是很重要的一點。再來就是體力，我覺得體力也很重要，因為籃球就是一個需要一直跑動的運動，那只有體力練好之後才有餘力去做其他的動作。然後還有肌耐力，因為籃球動作有時候不只是很輕鬆就可以完成動作，可能在對抗過程之中須要多花一點力氣去做，所以有時候肌耐力也是很重要＂ (皿 SF-120502). ＂馬：禮拜六會跟球隊一起（重量訓練），平常的話會自己去。.

(89) 81 !. 研：那妳都在那邊待多久？馬：就一兩個小時吧，把菜單做完。＂(馬BG-120501). ＂皿：對，就跑步跟重訓。. 研：也是增加自己的體力為主的方式。＂(皿 BG-120502). Bourdieu. (. 2002). !. ＂1、2、3!花木蘭加油! 球隊寒假期間的訓練（一週五日），訓練量大於上一個學期負荷，練球第二週已讓部分球員進入疲乏狀態，加上即將進入大專盃複賽賽程，特意在練習前給予彼此的一種激勵。＂(觀察日誌 120207).

(90) 82 !. 6. 圖 6.. 迪士尼卡通之花木蘭形象. 資料來源：)**+,--./0'#1)/23#145#12-03*6-./0'-57#1)/23#145#12-*8*-$9"$:9;-9<-142*62*='"&'>(9#)*5!. (2010). ＂寒訓充實且密集的訓練之下，第二週練球期間已經讓不少人出現疲勞及受傷的現象，既累且帶傷的情況下，除非真的身體狀況不允許，雙腳跑不動，球員們才會向教練報備後在場邊休息，即便沒有下場跟著跑體能或戰術，也會到重量訓練室做重訓，自我加強＂(觀察日誌 120213).

(91) 83 !. ( ). (. ). (Connell, 2009). ＂馬：就寒訓那時候壓力比較大想要讓自己更好。研：那想要讓自己更有甚麼實際上的行動嗎？馬：就是盡量衝吧，所以寒訓的時候就覺得特別累。＂(馬 BG-120501). ＂皿：有時候會遇到比較辛苦或密集練習，像暑訓或寒訓，可能有辦法用意志力去撐去多忍耐一點，有時候其實撐過去或者多練習就會很容易去突破瓶頸＂(皿 BG-120502). Spence (2000) (game).

(92) 84 !. ( 2005). (2009). ＂皿：因為我自己就是很喜歡一直挑戰新的，嘗試新的。如果是一般女生的. 形象可能就會覺得一般女生適性發展，就當然還是會有一些社會刻板印象就可能儘量保持端莊賢淑. 那我自己是覺得那件事（打籃球）是自己有. 興趣，願意做出一些改變，那種挑戰對女生都是好的，也可以塑造出一種新的女生形象”(皿 GD-120502). T-shirt. (2011).

(93) 85 !. Young. (. ).

(94) 86 !. ! Time Out!. ＂這是一個不需要門票的遊樂場，唯一進場的門檻就是帶著一份喜愛籃球的熱情！＂. (研究日誌 120419). T.

(95) 87 !. 就那時候壓力比較大想要讓自己更好. 就三個禮拜寒訓阿，前兩個. 禮拜我都累得要命，都撐過去了，到第三個禮拜就不行了，就真的跑不動，因為很痛，就覺得很不爽. (2011). 「對女足球員來說，她們唯一能做的，就是實踐一種無法清楚言明的『運動精神』，包括忍受體能訓練的持續負荷、單調卻必要的基本練習，以及調適可能遭遇挫敗的沮喪，並且繼續保持對於運動競賽的熱情、贏球的渴望，證明自己的信念與能力。」(吳翊瑄，2011，頁 55). (Henderson, Bialeschki, Shaw,& Freysinger, 1996 ). “透過寒訓期間的觀察，球場上的女孩們即使快要跑不動，仍咬著牙邁開大步往前完成動作；在兩個小時練球結束之後，仍做完一系列的肌力訓練後再進行收操、冰敷。當日練球解散後，球員們雖然很疲憊、眼神放空，但很少看到真正不開心的表情在臉上“(觀察日誌 120217).

(96) 88 !. Man MAN. (101. ). Man. Man Man. Man. “文：就臉部表情甚麼的都很ＭＡＮ的樣子，就搶球的時候就這樣阿（手肘架開），不像有的女生就這樣而以阿（手在胸前），一搶球就這樣（手軸架開），動作也都是很快＂(文GD-120503). “皿：就他們可能比較敢衝，敢對抗，還有一些投球的姿勢，他們可能投球的姿勢會比較俐落，就是各方面像防守或進攻，就可能會比較流暢。反正他們持球的時候他們有辦法做出一些，就是比較能用自己的力量做自己的動作。我覺得他們通常會比較正面跟妳對抗，用他們個人優勢去突破＂ (皿 GD-120502). Man.

(97) 89 !. 濏通常我們出去外面，系隊都通常會去打甚麼盃，通常我們都還是會先注意短頭髮的女生，不知道為什麼就覺得他們比較厲害. 就長年的經驗累積告訴我們通常短頭髮的女生比較厲害這樣. (2011). Rich (1986). ＂皿：因為我自己平常的打扮就比較休閒的，因為我喜歡Ｔ恤配牛仔褲，有時候還是會穿比較女性化一點的衣服，就是我爸媽覺得比較女性化一點，就是像裙子或是內搭褲，就是我偶爾會穿。我也不是不喜歡穿，但我平常比較喜歡的打扮就是Ｔ恤、褲子，但我媽媽就會說妳應該把自己打扮漂漂亮亮一點啊，她就是想要我平常穿裙裝，像是那種雪舫上衣，但我自己是覺得穿的舒服較重要，我媽媽就會覺得女生就要多打扮一點點，不要每次就這樣很簡單的＂(皿 GD-120502).

(98) 90 !. T-Shirt. ＂馬：特別的場合如果有需要的話，不然是也懶得穿，就習慣穿褲子，就不. 會特別想穿，但如果是去吃喜酒之類的話還是會穿＂(馬GD-120501). ＂文：能避免盡量避免，像我們之前有政治人之夜，就是系上會安排某些政治系畢業的立委，但是系上的人都會很熱衷，因為都會很想了解這個系還能幹嘛，那個場合就會規定要穿小禮服，然後我就沒有參加。”(文 GD-120503). (2009). (. 2006).

(99) 91 !. T-Shirt (. Weinberg (1972). (. ). homophobia (. ). 2011). (2003) (2004) (2009) (2006). Zera (1992).

(100) 92 !. Man.

(101) 93 !. (NBA) NBA. NBA. 6. (. ) (. ).

(102) 94 !. MAN.

(103) 95 !. Bourdieu.

(104) 96 !.

(105) 97 !. 來.

(106) 98 !. (1992) (1996) 58-64 (. )(2000). (Nixon, H. L.,. (2007). Frey, J. H.. ). 1960s-1970s. (1996). ( (. ). )(2006). (1997). 56. 35-63 2010. M. Lichtman. (. )(2001). (Johnson, A. G. (. ). )(2006). (Young, I. M. (2003). P., & Wallace, C. (2011). (2011). ( Abbott,. ) T. ). (. ). (. ).

(107) 99 !. (1999) (. 7. 131-134. )(2001). (Harrison, G.P.. Katharine, A.P. Roberto, O.. ). (1987) 10 (2009). v.s.焏. 焐 -. (. ). (1994) (. )(1998) (. )(2002). (Anthony, G. (. 恒. )(2007). ). (Flick, U.. ). (2005) (2009). (. ) (2011). (. )(2006). (Woodward, K.. ). (1996) (1999). — (. ). (. 439-442) (. )(2000) (. (Harding, J. )(2008). ) (Harding,.

(108) 100 !. J.. ) (. )(2008). (. )(1995). /. -. (Butler, J. (Hite, S.. ). ). (2008) (1996) (. (2002). ). (. 141-157). = Cultural reproduction of Pierre Bourdieu. (1991) (1998) (1999) (2002) (2006). ( (. ). )(2006). (McDowell, L.. (2006). 1. (2003) (. 32(1). )(2002) (. xiii-xxvii. 潤. 6. 7-11. 6. ). 灍. 濏. ). ). (Young, I. M.. (2007). (2002. 23-31. (Bonnewitz, P.. (2006). ). ) (. ). D4.

(109) 101 !. (2006). ⁄. (2006). 4. 35-50 (. )(1996). (. )(1997). (Turner, J. H.. ). (Davis, K.. (2005). :. (. ). ). (1998). (. ). 31-91 (2000). 11. 98-103. (2001) (2004) (2010). 2010 (2006). GQ. (2006) (Sac-Res-095-001) (2010). (. ? SBL. (. )(2001). ). (Siedentop, D.. (1998). 40 93-112. (2012) (2002) (. )(1994). ). (. ). (. ).

(110) 102 !. (399-409 (2009). -. (. ). NBA. (Michel, F.. ). Le Brown James. ). (2004). (. ) (2004). ( ) (1994). 185-194 (1999). 5. 46-50. (2006). (. ). (2002) (. ) (2008) 10(3) (2009) 焏 4. 1-13. 焐 15-28. (2009) ). ( (. ). (2007). (. ) (2005). (. ).

(111) 103 !. (2004) (153-198. (. ). (2011). (. ). (. ). )(2004) (. F.C. & William, L. M.. )(2002). (Benjamin,. ). (2010) (2002). (. 澏. ). 灅. (2002) (. )(2000). ⓻ (. (. ). (Delphy, C. ). )(2000). ⓻ (Cixous, H. (2004). ♯. (Archer, J.. (2001). ). Lloyd, B. ) 33-55. (. )(2005). (Houlihan, B. (. ). )(2009). (Davis, K., Evans, M. & Lorber, J. ) (2000). —.

(112) 104 !. ( (2003). ). !. (. ). (2005) (. )(2001). (Foucault, M.. ). (1999) (. ). (2010) (. -. (. ). )(2004) (. (Connell, R. W. )(2003). (Clatterbaugh K.. ) (2006) (2004). (. ). (2003) (2001). (. (2002). ). (. ). (2007). (. ) (2003). ). 焍. (. ).

(113) 105 !. (2006). (. ) (2006). -. (2009). :. (. ). (2003). 49(2). 255-287 (1996). (. --. )(2012). (Holmes, M. (. (Shilling, C.. ). )(2009). ). (1998) (2003). (. ) (1998) 2. 47-81. (2010) (2005) ) (. )(2000). /. T. (.

(114) 106 !. Andermahr S., Lovell T., & Wolkowitz C. (1997). A glossary of feminist theory. London : Arnold. Babbie, E.( 2002). The basic of social research. New York: Wadsworth. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 506-520. Bem, S. L. (1984). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. In, T. B. Sonderegger (ed.). Psychology and Gender, pp.179-226. NB: University of Nebraska. Birrell, S. & Cheryl L. (Eds.). (1994). Women, Sport, and Culture. USA: Human Kinetics Berger, M., Wallis, B. & Watson, S. (Eds.) (1995). Constructing masculinity. New York: Routledge Bourdieu, P. (1981). Men and machines. In Knorr- Cetina, K. and Cicourel, A.(eds), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Bourdieu, P. (1985). The social space and the genesis of groups. Theory and Society, 14, (6), pp. 723-744. Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In Richardson, J. G. (Eds.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. New York: Greenwood Press. Bourdieu, P. (1990). The logic of practice. Cambridge: Polity. Bulter, J. (1990). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. Caroline, F. (1995). Lesbians and locker rooms: Challenging lesbophobia. Canadian Woman.

(115) 107 !. Studies, 15(4), 67-70 Chen (2001). Role Conflict of Female College Athletes in Taiwan. Unpublished manuscript. Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategies. CA: Sage. Connell, R. W. (1995). Masculinities. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Connell, R. W. (1996). Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity , and gender strategies for schools. College Record, 98(2) ,206-237 . Connell, R. W. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. Connell, R. W. (2009). Gender in World Perspective (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Polity. Cowan, C. P., & Cowan, P. A. (1987). A preventive intervention for couples becoming parents: Research on support for parents and infants in the postnatal period. NY: Ablex. Crossley, N.(1995). Merleau-Ponty, the elusive body and carnal sociology. Body and Society, 1(1):43-63. Desertrain, G. S., Weiss, M.R.(1988). Being female and athletic: A cause for conflict? Sex Roles, 18, 567-582. Schmalz, D. L. & Kerstetter, D. L. (2006). Girlie Girls and Manly Men: Chidren's Stigma Consciousness of Gender in Sports and Physical Activities. Journal of Leisure Research. 38(4), pp. 536-557. (http://www.waukesha.uwc.edu/Faculty---Staff/Directory/Faculty-Staff-A-C/Greg-Ahren hoerster/102-Syllabus/102girly-girls.aspx) Duncan, M.C. (1990). Sports photographs and sexual difference: Images of women and men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic Games. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7,pp. 22-43. Foucault, M. (1973). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in The Age of Reason..

(116) 108 !. NY: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish: the birth of the prison(Alan Sheridan Trans.). NY: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1980). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. NY: Vintage Books. Foucault, M. (1997). Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, NY: The New Press. Fusco, C. (1995). Lesbians and locker rooms. challenging lesbophobia.. Canadian Woman Studies, 15(4), pp. 67-70 Griffin, J. (1997). Customer Loyalty: How to Earn It, How to Keep It. SF: Jossey-Bass. Halberstam, J. (1998). Female Masculinity.NC: Duke University Press. Halberstam, J. (2005). In a Queer Time and Place Transgender: Bodies, Subcultural Lives. NY: New York University Press. Harker, R. (1990). Education and cultural capital. In Harker, R., Mahar, C. y Wilkes, C.(Eds). An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: the Practice of Theory. London: Macmillan Press. Jackson, S., & Marsh, H. (1986). Athletic or antisocial? The female sport experience. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, pp. 198-211. McElroy, M. A., Willis, J. D. (1979). Women and the achievement conflict in sport: Preliminary study. Journal of Sport Psychology, 1, pp. 241-247. MacInnes, J. (1998). The End of Masculinity. Buckingham: Open University Press. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of Perception (Smith, C. Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Original work published 1945) Moi, T. (2001). What is woman. In What Is a Woman and Other Essays. UK: Oxford University Press..

(117) 109 !. Creedon, P. J. (1994). Women, Media, and Sport: Challenging Gender Values. London: Sage Publications. Rubin, G. (2006). Of catamites and kings: Reflections on butch, gender and boundaries. In Stryker, S. & Whittle, S. (Eds). The Transgender Studies Reader (pp. 509-520). New York and London: Routledge. Sage, G. H., Loudermilk, S. (1979). The female athlete and role conflict. Research Quarterly, 50, pp. 88-96. Shilling, C. (1993). The body and social theory. London: Sage Publication. Shilling, C. (2003). The body and social theory (2nd. Eds) London: Sage Publication. Shilling, C. (2005). The Body in Culture, Technology and Society. London: Sage Publication. Turner, B. S. (1996). The Body and Society. (2nd. Eds). London: Sage Publication. West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2002). Doing gender, doing difference: Inequality, power, and institutional change. NY: Routledge. Willis, P. (1977). Learning to labor: How working class kids get working class jobs. New York:Columbia University press Woodward, K. (2004). Questions of identity. In K. Woodward (ed.), Questioning Identity: Gender, Class, Ethnicity (pp.5-42). London: Routledge. Young, I. M. (2005). On Female Body Experience: “Throwing like a girl” and other essays. UK: Oxford University Press..

(118) 110 !. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1.. 2.. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3.. 4.. ?.

(119) 111 !. (. ). !. E-mail: [email protected].

(120)