THE USE OF THE CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL
INVENTORY IN
INT封 NSIVESTUDY OF
FAMILY
SYSTE盟 S(1) KENNETH A. ABBOTT M. S. W.This paper presents some preliminary research :findings in order to facilitate consideration of the research uti1ization of a multiple scal♀ personality test such as the California Personality Inventory (CPI) in the study of family dynamics. Such utilization is consistent with the increasing attention being given to the study of whole fam i1ies(童入 Role theory(3) is also drawn upon as two of the eighteen scales of the CPI; Dominance (Do) and Femininity (Fe) are related to Father-husband and Mother-wife roles in the family. This paper is an exposition of research data and makes little e旺。 rt here to relate data specifically to the theory frame of reference indicated above. This will be done later when more of the data under study h的
been analyzed. The research discussed here is part of the Chinese Family Life Study(4), a comparative study of fami1y functioning in the fami1ies of 35 delinquents. 30 matched nondelinquents and 32 out-standing Chinese-American youth.
In this paper. the family is seen as a social system with interaction patterns being form叫 by actors in the various roles of the fami1y system 的. The behavior of these actors is in琵uenced not only by the size, cohesivenes忌， and other char-acteristics of the fami1y system itself but also by the cultural values of the society and by the personality systems of each actor. In order to throughly study the
句 mily， we approach it through each of the systems-cultural，的cial and personality-that is found in toto or in part within the family. While the Chinese Family Life Study is concerned with the study of each of these systems, here we are focusing on personality sy泌的ns as they affect family social system roles and the observance of cultural system values.
( 1) The content of this paper was first pre繞到ed pub1icaIIy at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Chinese ASêocÎation of Psychological Te滋íngon January 14泊，的時 in Taipei.
(2) Hand仗， Gerald “Psycho哩。gical Study of Who:e Fami1ies" 泣 ThePsychosocial lnlericr (j t};p Fa押:ily， edîted by Gera!d I:Ia泊del. Aldine PublishinεCompany， Chicago, 1967, 517-5W.
(3) One of the best current sumn:aries of Role Theory can be found in Bîddle, Bruce J. and Edwin J. Tho紋路 (ed.) Rde Thec1γ Concrþts a.nd R~secrch， John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, 196巷.
(4.) Abl: o役， Kenneth A. T.如 α incslJ Fatr.ily in Sa.n Fr.:l甜cisco: Part II A Group 1主esearch
Fami1y roles such as Father-husband and Mother-wife are defined in a society's cu1tural system and adapted in some variation to each family system. These
cul-tural v泛lues become social norms that are enacted in each fami1y in a manner both
unique to the family and general to the society. However, a family role can be
profoundly in航lenced by the personality system of its actor and by other actors
within the fami1y system. It is this last influence that we are attempting to assess
through the use of the CPI.
The CPI has eighteen scales(6). Each of them is descriptively labeled and is
comprised of iìems that reflect
“
folk feeling" about generally recognized“
favorableand positive" personality characteristics. Each scale was empirically developed and
the whole test has undergone many validity and reliability studi的. The test has
been translated into severallanguages and is being used extensively in cross-cultural research(7已
For use in the Chinese Family Life Study in San Francisco, the test was
tran-slated into Cantonese. The Cantoneses and English for each item was then placed
on a small card. When it was certain that the pe侃侃 taking the test spoke English
well, he was given an English test booklet. When there was any doubt about either
his English or Chinese language ability, he was given the test on the bi1ingual
cards. If he were illiterate, the test was read to him. The test also was used in
San Fransisco in order to familiarize t如tors in a common reading of the test. Here
we are concerned with only two of the 18 scales…Dominance (Do) and Femininity
(Fe)(S). We hypothesize that the Dominance Scale should have a relationship to the
Father-husband role and the Femininity Scale to the Mother柵wife role. That is, we
( 6) These are Dominance. Capacity for Sta'u3, Sociabi1ity, Social Pre3ence，加:f-acceptanc旱，
Sen:::e of WeJl-being, Respcn3ibi1ity, SJCializatÎon. Self-control, Tolet'ance. Gcod-impr的sion.
Communali旬， Achiev控 ment via conformity, Achievement via ind睦pendence， Inte1Jectual
efììciency. Psychologica!-mindedne戀， Flexibi1ity, and Femininity.
( 7) The ManucJ for the C::liforllia Psychological Invento紗，Harrison Gough, COn.3ulting
Psycholo-gists Press Inc，吋 Palo Alto, Californ坊， 196至 (Revis皂白. includ的 a 300-ite:n selective
bilio-graphy r時arding research and analyais dcna on and with the C_ P_ 1.
( 8) The purpose of the Do Scale is t。“assess factor晶。f leade:-s3ip a說li 勻. dominance. pe~si3輛
tenc程， and Social initiative."
High Scores tend to be seem as "agres3ive, confìder哎， persistent, an垂 p!anful; 恥 being
persuasive and verbally fiuent; as selfreliant and independent; and as having leadership potential and initiative."
Low Scores tend tob思串串en as
“
retiring, inhibited, commonp:ace, in::Iifferen亡， silent andunassuming; as being slow 發 thought an::I action; as avoiding of situation3 of ten3Ìon and
decision; and lacking in eelf-confìdence."
The purpose of the Fti Scale is to "as控告ss the masculinity‘or femininity of interest訊 (High
score,3 indicate more feminine 皺紋的侃， low scores more mascuJine.)"
High Score3 tend to be seem a3 “誰ppreciative， p在tient，helpful, gentle. moderate, perseveτing，
and 電incet'e; as being respectful and accepting of others; and as ber.aving in a con~cien
tious and sympathetic way"
Low Scores tend to be seem as
“
outgoing, hard-headed, ambitious, masculine, active,robust, and restless; as being manipulative and opportunistic in dealing with others;
blunt and direct in thinkìng and action; and impatient with delay, indecisio衷. and refle咚"
tion_"
believe that both Chinese and American values emphasize a Father that is (or should be) dominant in the fami1y in that he takes the family leadership, tends 切
都快 rt himself more than other family members (including the mother)
,
and is recognized as the head of the family(9l. Fathers therefore should have relatively high Dominanc思 scal告 scores. On the other hand, we feel that the Femininity scale should be associated more closely with the 話。th肘'-wife role in that mothers are (or should be) more appreciative, patient, as wel1 as respectful and accepting of others than other family members (including the F的her). Thus, mothers should have relatively high Femininity scores. We further hypothesize that in disorganized fami1ies we may find these roles either reversed or confused. For example, if a wife is more or equal1y dominant as her husband, this upsets both the value and social systems of the family and may affect an adolescent member-particularly in regard to his social behavior in respect to authority. This means that we might expect to find the fathers of delinquents less dominant than their wives. Likewise,husbands who exceed their wives in Femininity scores would cause role confusion in their fami1ies and affect the socialization of their sons.
The Chinese Fami1y Life Study and this paper are not primari1y concerned with a study of delinquency. The functioning of fami1ies of delinquents are being studied because they can be readily identified and thus offered an economical avenue to locating disorganized or psycho-socially maHunctioning fami1ies. Of course this means that we accept the assumption that major factors (if not the principal factors) in the etiology of juveni1e delinquency are faulty psychological development of the individual, and inadequate socialization of the child within the fam i1y(l的. We have defined our delinquent (D) sample in San Francisco as those youth of Chinese-American (or Chinese) extraction between the ages of 13 and 17 who were on probation or placed on probation during our study period from June 1966 tm August
1967. As a result of this de在nition we found that we general1y were èealing with
youth that had committed more than one delinquent act or at least one serious offence. Our non-de1inquent (N) sample was matched to the D.sample according to age and residence. Each N fami1y was randomly drawn from those of a smal1 group of matched youth ta
(9) Alberta Guerrieri gives severaI citations from the social science literature conceτning
this question in "The Role of the Chinese-American Motber弋 pp. 235-37, in The Chinese Family in San Francisco, Parl 11, pp. 235也281. Whi1e the consens帥 istr.at the Father is the he叫 of the household, this is not without debate when actuaI field research resuIts are considered.
(10) Hyman, Rodman and PauI Grams present a definitive discussion of the current Iiterature
in this 益eld in their article
“
Juvenile Delinquency and the Family: A Review andDiscu串串ion" in Task Force R，φorl: Juve咒ile Delinqu,>ncy and Youtk Crime, The President's
Commi串串ion on L揖wEnforcement and Administration of Justice, U. S. Government Printing
O伍ce， Washington, 1967，帶'. 188-221. The definition. foibles and haτdships of delinquency research are set forth 站 DelinquencyResearch, Hirscl汁. Travis and Hanan C. Selv妞， The
In order to study the hypotheses set forth above, the Dominance and Femininity scores of the members of only those families in the Delinquent (D) and Non-delinquent (N) sub-samples of our San Francisco Chinese Family Study where the Father, Mother and Youth were present and tested were extracted from the ta.tal sample. We will now examine the following tables to delineate differences in how family members scored on the Do and Fe scales of the CPI.
Table 1 shows the Dominance scores of Fathers (A )，話others (B) and Y outh (C) 站鈍 D families and 22 N fami1ies. The Chinese Fami1y Life Study cases missing are incomplete families or, in three Înstances, faked test results that could not be used. The following six columns in the table show di証erences between the scores of various family members. Table 2 shows the remininity scores of the same D and N fami1ies. Differences between scores are shown in the same manner.
DISCUSSION
The Do and Fe scores of al1 three famiIy members will now be analyzed in the fol1owing order: 如鈍， the relative position of Father and Mother is examined; second, the relative positions of Parents and Youth are looked at, and third, the Father
,
Mother and Youth are considered as a triad. After each scale is fully considered individually, the two scales 袋re then considered relatively.An inspection of the (B-A) column in Table 1 shows that the Do scale of the mother exceeds or equals her husbands 站立 out of the 誕 families in the D sample but in only 5 out of the 22 families in the N sample. Mean scores for family members are extracted from Table 1 and listed below in Table 3 to further illustrate the relative positions of family members in their scoring.
From this table we can see that while the N sample Fathers clearly have a higher mean Do score than their wiv峙， that the D sample Fathers have a mean score that is not significantly different from that of their wives.
In the N sample, 10 youth have Do scores higher than both of their parents.. This compares to the eight D-sample youth that have higher Eo scores than both of their parents. Although the mean Do score of N Youth (23.4) is higher than that of D Youth (21.5) the difference is not as great as that between N and D Fathers. In the N -sample. in 白 very case where the Youth's Do Score exceeds his Father's, it also exceeds his 服other's. The N Youth's Do scores exceed thir mothers alone in two additional families. The Do score patterns in D sample families are not as clearly de技ned. In three out of the 11 families where the youth's score exceeds or equals his Father's, his score is less than his mother's. In four other fami1ies, the youth's Do score exceeds his Mother's but 泣。t his Father's.
Table 4 presents the Do score relationships between Father. 草other， and Youth. First, each triad was ranked-i. e. A> B>C. Then the percentages of each family member falling into fir哎， second, or third position were determined. Inspection of Table 4 reveals that N families present fewer different patterns (6) than D families
Table 1. Dominance Scale Scores of the Family 諮embers of Delinquents
and Non.Delinquents and Their Differences
Familie醋。f D量linquents -np 一心 -M s … ili--e 一 配了瓜
棚
-c
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一。
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?一 r 一 … elL 一油 A h{ 一Sample Case No.
一 6 哇 ，忌"。甚 336 是 908t7188916114884 「 23 222222212211271222221322-2 … -mXS 一 -rdt … 234§7$9579023567890123 是 5-4 -11122222222333333-2 -k 6 8 1 至 是 7 1 3 3 § 8 4 3 2 O 1 1 AV紹，當"的 HV 2 12 6 句dGOAMG 刊的廿 可EA M d
o
8 4 O 5 汽刊 whd? “ ‘霉，“ 1 2 1 5 4050 2 O 2 是 電 AOb4 益可 的 LPO 。 d 句 A 此 vqrMCU 3 18 S 旬，袋 Mqhw 勻，機 3 5 3咕~
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2~:~ I 恥5.81 Xd4.81 叫叩門371ω
E?amilies of Non-delinquentsTest Scores Score Di伽叫咱S
JP而已「兩herTY沾沾…i 一~-~._.-'--l---
(的 I
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A-B I E-AI
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B-C I 心BSample Case No 1 25 21 19 4 6 2 2 25 20 26 5 主 e 3 26 23 39 13 3 13 4 23 23 21 O O 2 2 5 17 14 20 3 3 6 7 22 24 25 2 3 1 8 26 24 17 2 9 7 9 22 18 29 4 7 11 10 16 22 25 § 9 3 11 25 21 35 4 10 14 12 28 26 22 2 6 是 13 26 15 25 11 主 10 14 25 16 26 9 1 10 17 29 20 20 9 9 O O 18 27 22 22 5 5
o
O 19 27 n 20 5 7 2 23 26 17 12 9 13 5 25 25 25 16 O O 9 9 26 20 21 22 1 2 1 28 27 16 25 11 2 9 29 29 24 15 5 14 9 30 28 22 33 6 5 11 23.4 艾d6.3 l 瓷d6.9 id也是 id5.0 草d7.9 垂.2 I 3.4 6.5 … L …Femininity Scale Scores of the Family Members of Delinquents and Non-Delinquents and Their Differences
Table 2.
Pamilies of Delinque認為
'Test Score differences
Sample Case No.
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Sample Case No C-B 告 。 2 FD Q 酬 AU 也 VA l--QU
.
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了… G-123457890123 丘， 789356890-2 且 亨 A 旬 BEA--h' ，而亨 Z 魚， A 旬，晶， AρF 句。 49uuqaqωQJV-9 白圖一」
穹 AqdQdhv 品 V 1 5075111 嚕， ZA WO 哼， -bFb 4 2 2 5 3Table
3.
Mean Scores of D andN
Fami1ies on the Dominance ScaleTable 是. Family Triad Do and Fe Score Patterns
INUIRberofiDobre ht-JiNumber d
ih 似的 Patterna
amilie昌 J...，TV ..."" U 1. ç .&. Q,l.I....L ua Families
6 A>B>C )認 B>A>C
ì
2 (A B)>C! __ 3 B>C>A > 9 >12 2 A>C>B ! 2 B>(A C)J N Sample 2 A>(B 且 C)J 5 11 2 (A=B)>C ~ 11 3 B>C>A 21 是 A>C>B 2 至3>(A 口 C) 2 2 (B C)>A 1 B>(A ，口 C) ~ 7 2 D Sample 2 B>C>A 主 A>C>BJ
3 2 (B C)>A 3 2 C>l至 >A ~ 6 1 C>(A B)(10). However, the striking difference is that there are no N families which possess triad patterns in which B has a clearly dominant score while in 7 D families-almost one-third of the fami1ies-B scores are higher or equal to the highest. When the percentages of family members in each position are determined (Table 5), a clear pattern is determined that is similiar in both D and N samples. Fathers (A)
have a preponderance of first place position, Mothers (B) of second place positions,
and Youth (C) of third-place position. However, these positions are much more clearly maintained in the N sample than in the D sample. Furthermore, dramatic differences exist between N and D samples at other points; 37% of D mothers are in first place compared with 症結 of N mothers (actually a first place shared with her husband) and 45.路 of N sample youth are in 益rst place comparedwith 25.96' of the D sample youth.
Table 5. % of A, B, C, in 1, 2, 3, Rank Order in Dominance and Femininity Scores
D-Sa:nple N-SampJe
1 2 3 l 2 3 B [\8327\\\\ \61\
66\\、甜
4 B 9 13 Femininity A AI4S\m?;竺
4(
|
C8 泊\卅
\
C 1 2 3 1 2 3 A 37 25 A lL\36 l3 Dominance \ B E主 是 \\59 是5 \、 \、\\\ 18\\戶) C 25 37 ",,41 1 C 45 \*Percen~ages do not add to 100,9;; since a family member is counted twice if scores are equal. the same with only four Fathers in each sample having higher Fe scores than their wives. Table 6 indkates that the mean Fe score of the Mother.is significant1y higher in both samples. The mean Fe scores for Mother惡， in both samples is virtually the same as is also the case for Fathers and Youth in both samples.
Table 6. 就ean Scores on D and N Families of the Femininity Scale
The relative Fe scores of youth compared to parents are approximately the same in both samples-three D youth and 3 N youth having scores equal or greater than their mothers and 7 D youth and 6 N youth having Fe scores equal or greater than their Fathers.
When we chart fami1y triad patterns (Table 的 we find that the Mother predo-minates in first place in the majority of families in both samples…19 out of 訟 in the
N
sample and 21 out 24 families in the D sample. Posìtion percentages (Table 5) show similiar patterns in both samples except that more N Fathers are in third position (22%) 的 opposed to D fathers (4%) and more D 旺othersare ìn 3rd positionTable 7(11) summarizes Do and Fe Scores from selected groups in order to make cross-cultural comparisons. Mean (X) Fe scores for the Fathers in both N and D samples are higher than for the other groups, Do Scores are lower. As for the 菇。the悶， both N and D have lower Mean scores but .their 就ean Fe Scores are approximately the same as most other groups. Differences between the scores of the various groups of youths are not significant.
Table 7. Comparative CPI Scores
Select Groups Male Adult QW 可… 洹一 i ← 6390177
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，; “iw 一一 紅一!寸ilili--ll a-- 挖一-m-x 一指 ω 的口 MMM 缺一一 3332Z22 戶 "b7 哼， nLN 詣。“ AU 育 制的… -448 口刊 wmzz WCO 叫。 ιenw 叫 nt 一絃 HH -AUe …恥 WAM 一紋的 … eGh tei …海心泓叭叭 S F 訓 duu .. 的哼 一 -Z 晶 dbn 叫 一則 nM凹的叫 耐 LU:lrte f:fI3 一 &dym 抽泣 -11-og 成〈BS -hNhMKB 到付 一此可糾忱的一 •• 如弘 一泊祕 -mmuw 泌的 一潮 .GFmKFR一融部
hAMM 刷 NDs
一一
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一為 LW 一一 一點…!一ii!iiia|il 一，一… -nu …一 一叫一 -X …削切均 UMM 心的山 -hM一…
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i
N.YouthHigh School Students Young De1inquents D.Youth
CONCLUSION
The Dominance scores of family members are distributed in two patterns. The k叫 pattern is indicated in the N sample by the Fathers' scores exceeding those of their wives in 17 out of 22 families with their 豆 of 25.1 exceeding the Mothers' X
of 20.7. This is consistent with our hypothesis that the Father role requires a personality that exhibits dominance, including his relationship to his wife. This relative dominance presents a c1結r picture of parental role relationships to youth members of the family. In the D sample, the Fathers' scores exceed their wives in only 12 out of 24 families indicating that in many of these families that the Father's personality system may not provide him with the psychological resources to perform his role in the family social system as determined by cultural values. His failure to so according to social norms provîdes a poor role model to his son and may be one factor in the development of delinquent-type authority relationships. The second pattern is indicated by the almost equal distribution of relatively higher dominance scores between Fathers and Sons with 13 Fathers and 11 Sons out of the 24 families respectively having hîgher scores. D sample youth display a pattern of having higher Dominance scores than their fathers about half the time (11 out of 假如milies). Their N sample counterparts have a similiar tendency (10 out of 22 臼milies). However, while N sample Youth who exceed their fathers' score also exceed their mothers' scores in six out of the 10 cases, similiar D sample youth exceed their mothers and fathers simultaneously în only 2 families.
The fact that both D and N youth scored higher than their parents much of the time may indicate a generational difference related to residence in the United States. Of 20 male groups reported by Gouth, only problem groups of adu1ts such as psychiatric hospital patients, and prison inmates had Mean Do scores lower than hîs large group of 3,572 high school students. Compared to the high school group's 闊侃n score of 怒之 the other group 規ean range from 26.5 for machine operators to 32.0 for salesmen< 帥• In other words, American ado叫le部sc仰e軒仰r泊叫I此t males seem to have lower
Dominance scores than adult males, but i詛n t油hi泊s sampl知e of Chi旭nes甜e-A half of the boys have scores that exceed their fathers.
Final1y, a look at the Table 3 showing the Mean Dominance scores of the N families reveal a c1ear difference between Fathers (25.1) and 阻 others (20.7) with the Youth's scores (23.4) fal1ing in between.τhe Mean Dominance scores of D families ind泌的e a much smal1er difference between Fathers (22.4) and Mothers (21.5) with the Youth's (21.5) equa
experiences a mother with more dominant person討 ity charact學risticsthan his father,
he also experiences a father with greater Fe characteristics than his inother. One could speculate that these three D families possess the greatest role discontinuities in our sample. But. in general. it seems that the Fe and Do scales do not measure opposite characteristics; that 拾， a high Do score does not necessarily inply a low
Fe score.
SUMMARY
This paper illustrates the use of the California Psychological Inventory in the study of family roles and dynamics. The scores of the Mother, Father and Youth on the Dominance and Femininity Scales in two groups are comparatively studied. One group is comparised of 24 Chinese.American delinquents and their p我rents. The other is made up of 22 matched non翎 delinquentyouth and their parents. Both groups were part of the Chinese Family Life Study in San Francisco which was done under a grant from the Institute of International Studies of the University of California (Ber keley ).
lt was hypothesized that Fathers would have higher Dominance scores than their wives and that Mothers would have higher Femininity scores than their husbands. lt was believed that deviation from this pattern would indicate role confusion and possibl思 delinquent behavior.
Analysis of the data revealed that the families of delinquents did tend to have Mothers with higher Dominance scores when compared to their husbands. However,
the Femininity scale did not distinguish between the two groups. Unexpectedly, a
sign站cant number of youth in both groups scored higher on the Dominance scale than their parents.
The data seems to support our hypothesis that there is a higher incidence of Mothers with "D位ninant" personality traits among the families of the delinquents than among the families of the non-delinquents. This may result in role confusion and in the development of attitudes or relationship patterns towards authority figures that are a f詠ctor underlying delinquent behavior. Further research is now needed to determine the items on the Dominance scale that distinguish the parents of
