行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告
漢語動詞次分類之再探與 LFG 機器翻譯系統中之實踐
計畫類別： 個別型計畫 計畫編號： NSC94-2411-H-004-030- 執行期間： 94 年 08 月 01 日至 95 年 07 月 31 日 執行單位： 國立政治大學語言學研究所 計畫主持人： 何萬順 報告類型： 精簡報告 報告附件： 出席國際會議研究心得報告及發表論文 處理方式： 本計畫可公開查詢中 華 民 國 95 年 8 月 4 日
書名：Grammatical Classification of Mandarin Verbs
作者：One-Soon Her（何萬順）
專書領域： 語言學、句法學、詞彙學、漢語語言學
適用對象： 語言學系大學部與研究所學生及語言學學者
預估字數： 52,000-60,000（英文）
預估頁數： 200-230
出版社：
文鶴出版股份有限公司（漢語語言學專書系列）
出版計畫：
本書計畫交由「文鶴出版有限公司」審查後出版。文鶴為國內公認語言學 學門最重要之出版機構，代理及出版語言學專書數百種，並且出版語言學專 業期刊多種，如 Taiwan Journal of Linguistics、Taiwan Journal of TESOL、 Concentric: Studies in Linguistics、English Teaching and Learning 等等。該機 構設有正式編輯委員會，分語言學及英語教學二領域，分別主持該領域之學 術出版審查，嚴格執行雙向匿名之學術審查制度。本人已有兩部著作經由文 鶴審查、出版並且上架發行。文鶴出版之 Taiwan Journal of Linguistics （台灣語言學期刊）設有兩個專 書系列，本書主題與其中之 Book Series in Chinese Linguistics（漢語語言學 專書系列）之主旨十分契合，因此計畫將於文鶴語言學領域編輯委員會審查 通過後於此一專書系列下出版發行。
內容簡介：
The theme of the book is a grammatical scheme of Mandarin verb classification. The ultimate scheme proposed is based on the concept of grammatical functions and specifically formulated in the current framework of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG). It is aimed at universal application to all human languages and examples are cited from typologically diversified languages. Nonetheless, the book’s primary concern is Mandarin Chinese verbs. Conceptually the book can be best seen as comprising three components, even though it is formally divided into seven chapters. The first component is a critical review of previous schemes proposed for Mandarin verb classification, including Chao (1968), Li (1971), CKIP (1989), Her (1991), and Tsao (1996), with far more attention given to the most recent two. The second component establishes the formal lexicalist framework found in LFG, and the third component is a revised grammatical classification scheme and its application to Mandarin verbs. Due to the fact that discussions in various chapters are inevitably interrelated, each component does not necessarily correspond neatly to a certain cluster of chapters. In general, however, reviewing of previous works is found in chapter
two to five. The revised grammatical scheme for Mandarin verb classification is presented in its entirety in chapter six, but arguments for the verbal analysis for the important and controversial Ba and Bei constructions are singled out in chapter four. Most of the analyses adopted in chapter six are defended or argued for in previous chapters. Likewise, while the first part of chapter six gives a formal synopsis of the lexical functional theory, many discussions in chapter three and onward gradually build up this framework.
The book may be of interest to students of Chinese or linguistics, or indeed any student with some background in grammar or syntax and an interest in language. While it is not intended as a textbook, the book should be a welcomed addition to the reading list in a graduate or advanced undergraduate course on Chinese grammar. Lexicographers may also benefit from the discussions on various controversies as well as the classification scheme thus proposed. Chinese grammarians will certainly find it useful as a reference book on Mandarin verbs and the methodologies of applying the lexical functional theory. Last but not least, linguists working with other languages may thus adopt or extend the framework and scheme developed here to their languages.
章節摘要：
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides an overview of the book and presents its structures. It also discusses the importance of the effort to sort out the types of verbal predicates in a language. It is argued here that such a scheme should best be based on a well-defined and formally explicit grammatical framework that intends to be part of the universal grammar.
CHAPTER 2:PREVIOUS VERB CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
This chapter lists the major classification schemes previously proposed within Chinese linguistics and then focuses on the three before the 90’s, i.e., Chao (1968), Li (1971), CKIP (1989). A critical review is offered, discussing the merits and weaknesses of each of the three different schemes.
CHAPTER 3:FUNCTION-BASED CLASSIFICATION IN HER (1991)
This chapter concentrates on the comprehensive scheme proposed in Her (1991). Given that the formal model used here is a variant framework compatible to the lexical functional theory to be adopted later in the book, particular attention is given not just to the controversial analyses of some of the Chinese verbs and constructions, but also the theoretical constructs and formalisms adopted. Many discussions here refer to Tsao (1996), which contains many criticisms of Her (1991), some justified and others not. The ultimate scheme proposed in chapter six, both in terms of the formal theoretical model and the analyses of Mandarin verbs will take advantage of the merits of previous works and avoid their weaknesses.
CHAPTER 4:THE VERBAL STATUS OF BA AND BEI
This chapter singles out the Ba and Bei constructions, arguably two of the most controversial and most studied verbal constructions in the language. Essentially, a unified analysis where both these items are considered verbs is argued for. Insights from previous analyses by Her (1989), Ting (1998), Huang (1999), Bender (2000), among others, will be considered and/or adopted. However, most importantly, we ultimate argue that each of the two is a unified verb.
CHAPTER 5:ON THE GB/LFGHYBRID SCHEME
This chapter formally discusses the importance of the theoretical framework within which a classification scheme and specific analyses are rendered. Special attention is on the particular hybrid framework assumed in Tsao (1996), where syntactic derivation, by way of construction-specific transformational rules, as well as grammatical functions as primitive notions are both employed. This chapter demonstrates how such excessive power in expressivity virtually renders the framework invalid. Consequently, any classification scheme formulated under such a framework will lack the insights that competing schemes are capable of. A detailed examination of Tsao’s framework and his scheme is reported.
CHAPTER 6:AREVISED GRAMMATICAL CLASSIFICATION IN LFG
Discussions and arguments made in all previous chapters serve as the justification for the classification scheme presented in full here. The chapters starts with a succinct yet formal synopsis of the lexical functional theory, including its recent advances, e.g., f-precedence, extended head, and reverse mapping between c- and f-structures, known as Φ-1. The chapter then presents the results accumulated from previous discussions and presents a revised comprehensive verb classification scheme for Mandarin Chinese.
CHAPTER 7:CONCLUSION
This chapter summarizes what the book has accomplished and also points out its possible weaknesses. Suggestions for further research are also made. Given the multiple parallel planes of grammatical representation posited in LFG, the research into classifying verbal predicates in terms of the thematic structure, and thus by examining the number and nature of thematic roles predicates require, should prove fruitful. A more comprehensive view on the linking patterns between the verb classes under the current scheme and classes by thematic structures is then possible.
目次大綱：
CHAPTER 1:INTRODUCTION
1.1: Grammatical Theories and Application 1.2: Overview of the Book
CHAPTER 2:PREVIOUS VERB CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES 2.1: Review of Chao (1968)
2.2: Review of Li (1971) 2.3: Review of CKIP (1989) 2.4: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 3:FUNCTION-BASED CLASSIFICATION IN HER (1991) 3.1: Semantic Classification
3.2: Review of Tasso’s (1996) Criticisms 3.2.1: Analysis of ba
3.2.2: Dative gei-NP
3.2.3: Distinction of XCOMP and SCOMP 3.2.4: Unified analysis of modal verbs 3.2.5: Preverbal goal roles
3.2.6: Analysis of bei 3.4: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 4:THE VERBAL STATUS OF BA AND BEI
4.1: Problems with Ba as a Preposition
4.1.1: Unnecessary complexity in Her (1991) 4.1.2: Excessive power of Chao (1996) 4.1.3: Ba as pivot verb
4.2: Problems with Bei as a Preposition 4.1.1: Problems with prepositional Bei
4.1.2: Problems with Bei as two disjoint verbs 4.1.3: Arguments for Bei as a unified verb 4.3: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 5:ON THE GB/LFGHYBRID SCHEME 5.1: Movement and Grammatical Functions
5.2: Classification by Lexical Forms or by Verb Types 5.3: What Thematic Restrictedness Means
5.4: COMP, XCOMP, and NCOMP 5.5: The Implicit Subject
CHAPTER 6:AREVISED GRAMMATICAL CLASSIFICATION 6.1: The Lexical Functional Framework
6.2: Recent Advances
6.3: Verb Classes based on Grammatical Functions 6.4: The Lexical Mapping Theory
6.5: Thematic Classification of Verbs 6.6: Concluding Remarks
CHAPTER 7:CONCLUSION 7.1: Summary
7.2: Possible Weaknesses
7.3: Suggestions for Further Research 7.4: Concluding Remarks
出席國際會議心得報告 計畫主持人：何萬順 計畫執行單位：國立政治大學語言學研究所 計畫名稱：漢語動詞次分類之再探與LFG機器翻譯系統中之實踐 計畫類別：個別型計畫 計畫編號：NSC94－2411－H－004－030 執行期間：94年08月01日至95年07月31日 計 畫 主 持 人 於 94 學 年 6 月 21 日 至 7 月 31 日 期 間 ， 應 澳 洲 Queensland University東亞系系主任 Dr Ping Chen 邀請前往研究訪問，共同研究有關漢 語非受事賓語的句法機制以及其語意與言談功能。此行並且參加了澳洲語言 學2006年學術研討會。今年之會議正好由Queensland University主辦， 於7月 7日至7月八日，為期三天。共有超過80篇論文於會議中發表，主題涵蓋語言 學各次領域，是南半球的語言學盛會。ALS2000舉辦的同時並且有應用語言 學的年度會議，因此吸引的許多鄰近國家的學者與會，其中也包括來自台灣 的學者與研究生。 本人發表的場次為7月9日下午的第一場，由前中研院語言所研究員，現 為 La Trobe University 之 Dr Randy LaPolla 主持，論文題目為： Linking Agentive Objects in Mandarin Chinese，摘要如下：
This paper is concerned with the problem of argument-function mismatch observed in the apparent subject-object inversion in Chinese consumption verbs, e.g., chi ‘eat’ and he ‘drink’, and accommodation verbs, e.g., zhu ‘live’ and shui ‘sleep’. These verbs seem to allow the linking of <agent-SUBJ theme-OBJ> as well as <agent-OBJ theme-SUBJ>, but only when the agent is also the semantic role denoting the measure or extent of the action. The account offered is formulated within LFG’s lexical mapping theory. Under the simplest and also the strictest interpretation of the argument-function mapping principle (or the θ-criterion), a composite role such as ag-ext receives syntactic assignment via one composing role only; the second composing role must be suppressed. Subject-object inversion is due to the competition between the two composing roles for syntactic assignment. This LMT account also facilitates a natural explanation of markedness among the competing syntactic structures.
論文獲得與會學者的熱烈討論，本人深獲其利。來自紐西蘭的學者 Dr Elizabeth Charters 提出的意見，認為「這一鍋肉吃三個人」可能來自「這一 鍋肉夠三個人吃」中「夠」虛化為 empty category 之 bound morpheme 後， 「吃」向上移位而成。此一分析雖因「這一鍋肉夠三個人慢慢吃」「*這一鍋 肉吃三個人慢慢」而排除，但「這一鍋肉夠吃三個人」此句的存在卻點出了 這種倒裝句的句義確實與「夠」有關，而不是大陸學者任鷹所說的「供給」 義。Dr LaPolla 也認同此一看法。
ALS2006 program
DAY TIME COMMON
TIMES
SESSION A
SESSION B SESSION C SESSION D 8:00-9:00 REGISTRATION: Abel Smith Lecture theatre foyer (23-1)
9:00 Welcome: Abel Smith Lecture theatre (23-1)
9:15-10:30 Plenary: Andrew Spencer Lexical Relatedness in a Paradigm-Based Model of Morphology in Abel Smith Lecture theatre (23-1)
10:30-11 M/Tea (Cloisters) 1-E215 Complex Predicates Workshop Misc. Morphosyntax 1-E356 Language Change NSM 11:00-11:30 Baker & Harvey
Arista Hendery Asano
11:30-12:00
Foley Amouzadeh Guillemin Goddard
12:00-12:30
McGregor Schneider Jonas Andrews
12:30-1:30 LUNCH Cloisters (Heads of Linguistics Programs meeting) Complex Predicates Workshop English Semantics Aust Lang - General 1:30-2:00 Rice Calude Sutton 2:00-2:30 Nordlinger Allan Black 2:30-3:00 Laughren Collins Meakins
3:00-3:30 Amberber Tavangar McGregor 3:30-4:00 A/Tea Cloisters
Complex Predicates Workshop
Discourse – Aust langs (and others)
Child Language
4:00-4:30 Spencer Blythe Steele
4:30-5:00 Svenonius Gardner/Mushin Chen
5:00-5:30 Discussion Nicholls Holtheuer
5:30-6:00 Discussion Brotchie Kelly
FRIDAY 7 July
ALS2006 program
DAY TIME COMMON
TIMES
SESSION A
SESSION B SESSION C SESSION D 9:00-10:00 Plenary: RandyLaPolla: The How and Why of Syntactic Relations
in Forgan Smith 1-E215
1-E215 Language Change Workshop 1-E219 Lexicon 1-E356 Papuan Langs 1-E302 Phonetics 10:00-10:30
Evans et al Zuckermann Loughnane Kato
10:30-11:00
Round Burridge Stebbins Ballard
11:00-11:30
M/Tea Cloisters
11:30-12:45
Plenary (shared with ALAA):
Felicity Cox Shape Shift: Australian English Sound Change in Abel Smith Lecture Theatre (23-1)
12:45-2:00 LUNCH Cloisters (ALS Executive Meeting)
1-E215 1-E219 1-E356 1-E302
Language Change Workshop Complex Predicates (con't) Discourse Phonetics
2:00-2:30 Koch Green & Reid Rendle-Short Thu & Ingram
2:30-3:00 Mushin & Simpson
Singer W.Allen Coupe
3:00-3:30 Rodriguez Louro
Jarkey Stirling &
Barrington
Cox
3:30-4:00 A/Tea Cloisters
4:00-6:00 ALS AGM in Room 1-E215 SATURDAY
8 July
ALS2006 program
DAY TIME COMMON TIMES SESSION A SESSION B SESSION C SESSION D
9:45-11 Plenary: Rosalind Thornton Parameter Setting and Statistical Learning in 23-1 (Abel Smith Lecture Theatre)
11-11:30 M/Tea Cloisters 1-E215 Language Change Workshop 1-E219 Tense & Mood Pragmatics SLA 11:30-12:00
Chor Wales Rue & Zhang Won & Quek 12:00-12:30 McElvenny Rodriguez Louro
Wang Ben Fellbaum-Korpi
12:30-1:00 Ngan Kubo Peck
1:00-2:00 LUNCH Cloisters Language Change Workshop Chinese Linguistics Documentary Linguistics
2:00-2:30 Allen Charters Bowe 2:30-3:00 Kelly One Soon
Her Henderson 3:00-3:30 Quinn Besold 3:30-4:00 A/Tea Cloisters Language Change Workshop Socio-linguistic Variation Australian languages Historical Linguistics 4:00-4:30 Reid Strahan Round
4:30-5:00 Kikusawa Kelly & Izon
Koch
5:00-5:30 Raymond Peters Harvey
SUNDAY 9 July
