微生物學
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(2) Human Microbiome Project. • Providing metabolic function • Stimulating immunity • Preventing with unwanted pathogens. 2.
(3) Intestinal microbiota protection against enteric infections. 3.
(4) Effect of antibiotics on the gut microbiota. 4.
(5) Gut microbiota regulates blood pressure. Nature Reviews Cardiology 5.
(6) Robert Koch. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, each one responsible for a particular disease. Disease caused by a community of organisms rather than a single species of bacteria.. 6.
(7) Probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are commonly gram-positive bacteria (e.g. Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus) and yeasts (e.g. Saccharomyces). Yogurt and Kefir. Although probiotics are safe dietary supplement, not all probiotics are effective and for all people. Prebiotics: the use of metabolic supplements promote a healthy microbiota (e.g. fiber, fructo-Oligosaccharide) Symbiotics: Probiotics + prebiotics. 7.
(8) Sterilization Total destruction of all microbes. 8.
(9) Disinfection Destroy most microbial form. 9.
(10) Antiseptic agents Reduce the number of microbes. 10.
(11) Properties of disinfectants and antiseptic agents. 11.
(12) Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 12.
(13) Differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 13.
(14) Bacterial cell walls. 14.
(15) Gram stain. 15.
(16) Bacterial morphology. 16.
(17) Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. 17.
(18) Functions of the bacterial envelope. 18.
(19) Membrane characteristics of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria. 19.
(20) Structure of the peptidoglycan. 20.
(21) Peptidoglycan synthesis. 21.
(22) Teichoic acid. 22.
(23) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 23.
(24) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). 24.
(25) Cell division. 25.
(26) Structure of the spore. 26.
(27) Sporogenesis. 27.
(28) Bacterial metabolism, growth, and genetics.
(29) Outline. • Metabolism and the conversion of energy • Biosynthesis • DNA • Transcriptional control • Mutation, repair, and recombination.
(30) Oxygen (O2). • Obligate anaerobes • Obligate aerobes • Facultative anaerobes.
(31) Catabolism. Anabolism Intermediary metabolism.
(32) Glycolytic pathway (EmbdenMeyerhof-Parnas pathway). Nicotinamide adenine dinuceotide (NADH).
(33) Fermentation.
(34) Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
(35) Fermentation an aerobic metabolism. Fermentation: 2 ATP molecules per glucose. Aerobic metabolism with electron transport: 38 ATP per glucose.
(36) Aerobic glucose metabolism.
(37) TCA cycle. 1. It is the most efficient mechanism for the generation of ATP. 2. It serves as the final common pathway for the complete oxidation of amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. 3. It supplies key intermediates for the ultimate synthesis of amino acids, lipids, purines, and pyrimidines.. The last two functions make the TCA cycle a so-called amphibolic cycle..
(38) Genes and expression. instruct.westvalley.edu/svenssonCellsandGenes/10MolecularBiology.html.
(39) Transcription. instruct.westvalley.edu/svenssonCellsandGenes/10MolecularBiology.html.
(40) Genetic code UUU UUC Phe UUA UUG Leu. UCU UCC Ser UCA UCG. UAU UAC Tyr UAA Stop UAG Stop. UGU UGC Cys UGA Stop UGG Trp. CUU CUC Leu CUA CUG. CCU CCC Pro CCA CCG. CAU CAC His CAA CAG Gln. CGU CGC Arg CGA CGG. AUU AUC Ile AUA AUG Met. ACU ACC Thr ACA ACG. AAU AAC Asn AAA AAG Lys. AGU AGC Ser AGA AGG Arg. GUU GUC Val GUA GUG. GCU GCC Ala GCA GCG. GAU GAC Asp GAA GAG Glu. GGU GGC Gly GGA GGG.
(41) Bacterial protein synthesis.
(42) Control of gene expression: the lactose operon. P: promoter I: Repressor O: Operator Z:β-galactosidase Y: permease A: acetylase.
(43) Replication of DNA. Helicase Primase DNA-dependent DNA polymerase Semiconservatively 5’ to 3’ Okazaki fragments Topoisomerase.
(44) Bacterial cell division.
(45) Phases of bacterial growth. Log phase.
(46) Mutations. Transition: one purine is replaced by another purine Transversion: one purine is replaced by one pyrimidine Silent mutation: amino acid is not changed Missense mutation: different amino acid Conservative mutation: the new amino acid has similar properties Nonsense mutation: amino acid. stop codon. Frameshift mutation: change in the reading frame Null mutations: completely destroy gene function. Purine: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Pyrimidine: Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U).
(47) Repair mechanisms of DNA. Direct DNA repair Excision repair Recombinational repair SOS response (Error-prone repair).
(48) Gene exchange in bacteria. Plasmid. Bacteriophages. Transposons.
(49) Transposons.
(50) Mechanisms of genetic transfer between cells Conjugation. Transformation. Transduction. Transposon.
(51) Generation of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by multiple genetic manipulations.
(52) Cloning.
(53) Viral classification, structure, and replication.
(54) Viruses.
(55) Viruses.
(56) Viruses.
(57) Components of the basic virion.
(58) Viruses.
(59) The DNA viruses and their morphology.
(60) The RNA viruses, their genome structure, and their morphology.
(61) Naked capsid virus and Enveloped virus.
(62) Virion structure: Naked capsid.
(63) Virion structure: Envelope.
(64) Icosahedral capsid of a picornavirus.
(65) Cryoelectron microscopy and computergenerated 3D image reconstructions of icosahedral caspids.
(66) The hemagglutinin glycoprotein trimer of influenza A virus.
(67) Viral replication.
(68) Steps in viral replication.
(69) Single-cycle growth curve for a virus.
(70) Viral attachment proteins.
(71) Viral receptors.
(72) Viral macromolecular synthesis steps.
(73) Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis.
(74) Viral disease.
(75) The stages of viral infection.
(76) Progression of viral disease.
(77) Determinants of viral pathogenesis I.
(78) Determinants of viral pathogenesis II.
(79) Determinants of viral pathogenesis III.
(80) Types of viral infections at cellular level.
(81) Mechanisms of viral cytopathogenesis I.
(82) Mechanisms of viral cytopathogenesis II.
(83) Mechanisms of viral transformation and immortalization.
(84) Viral immunopathogenesis.
(85) Viral infection.
(86) Incubation periods of common viral infections I.
(87) Incubation periods of common viral infections I.
(88) Viral transmission.
(89) Role of viruses in disease.
(90) Major target tissues of viral disease.
(91) Oral and respiratory diseases I.
(92) Oral and respiratory diseases II.
(93) Oral and respiratory diseases III.
(94) Gastrointestinal viruses.
(95) Viruses transmitted in blood.
(96) Sexually transmitted virus.
(97) Screening of the blood supply.
(98) Arboviruses and Zoonoses.
(99) Laboratory diagnosis of viral disease.
(100) Laboratory procedures for diagnosing viral infections.
(101) Cytology. Syncytium formation by measles virus. Cytopathologic effect by HSV. Negri bodies caused by rabies.
(102) Viral cytopathologic effects.
(103) Systems for propagation of viruses.
(104) Titer.
(105) HA and HI test.
(106) Western blot analysis.
(107) Antiviral agents and infection control.
(108) Viruses treatable with antiviral drugs. Picornavirus.
(109) Examples of targets for antiviral drugs I.
(110) Thank you for your attention!!.
(111)
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