促發歸屬感與一歲半嬰兒的助人行為 - 政大學術集成

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(1)立立. 政治大. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. •‧. Helping following priming with affiliation in 18-month-old infants.. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(2) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(3)

(4) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(5) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(6) 60. 18. 18. 立立. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 18. 0. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 18. 政治大. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 20. 0. 30.

(7) Abstract Previous studies propose that helping behaviors can be an effective strategy for establishing friendly relationship and affiliation with others. However, for eighteen-month-old infants, the ability of helping is under development. Hence, it is difficult to evaluate whether they pursuit affiliation by helping others, especially in natural conditions. In this thesis, two controlled experiments were conducted to understand whether the helping behaviors can be evoked by priming. In the first. 政治大 implicit photos to evoke their tendency of affiliation and to measure the influence of 立立 experiment, sixty eighteen-month-old infants were recruited and primed by several. the primes. Results show that the primes do not significantly evoke the subjects to. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. perform more helping behaviors in both conditions: primed by the photos imply. •‧. together and primed by other photos (back-to-back, baseline, and alone). To exclude. y. Nat. the possible interferences of the previous helping tasks, the second experiment. er. io. sit. undertook the same procedures and settings with the first experiment, but modified the task to clarify the needs of helping. Results reveal that the difference of priming. al. n. v i n C htogether and others. effect is still insignificant between However, if the photos are engchi U grouped by the easier-perceivable meaning: representing photos having two objects as. together, and representing photos having only one object as individuality, the significance of priming can be observed. Subjects primed by together photos performed significantly more helping than those primed with individuality photos in specific periods (0-20s and 0-30s). Based on these findings, this study suggests that the perceptual stimulus can stably evoke affiliation of eighteen-month-old infants, and influence the tendency of helping others.. Keywords: helping behavior, affiliation, infants and implicit photos..

(8) " .................................................................................................................. 0 .......................................................................................................... 2 .......................................................................... 2 .............................................................................. 5 ............................................................................................ 5 ................................................................................ 7 ........................................................................................ 9 .................................................................................................. 13 .............................................................................................................. 15 ................................................................ 17 .............................................................. 17 .................................................................. 18 ........................................................................................ 22 ............................................................................................................ 25 .................................................................................................... 25 .......................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................. 26 ...................................................................................................... 30 .................................................................................................. 32 .................................................................................................... 34 ...................................................................................................... 34 .................................................................. 34 ............................................................................................................ 36 ............................................................................................................ 39 .................................................................................................... 39 ...................................................................................................... 39 .................................................................................. 40 ...................................................................................................... 43 .................................................................................................. 45 .................................................................................................... 46 ...................................................................................................... 46 .................................................................. 46 ............................................................................................................ 48 ............................................................................................ 52. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ...................................................................................................................... 57. ". 0".

(9) 立立. 政治大. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Dekovic & Janssens, 1992; Eisenberg et al., 1996;. Hampson, 1984; Raviv, Bar-Tal, Ayalon, & Raviv, 1980. •‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ". Ch. engchi. 1". i n U. v.

(10) affiliation. helping behavior. helping behavior. prosocial behavior. Grusec, Davidov, & Lundell, 2002; Warneken & Tomasello, 2009a. 立立. •‧ 國. •‧. Grusec, Davidov, &. n. al. selection. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Lundell, 2002. ㈻㊫學. altruism. 政治大. i n Darwin 1871 Ch engchi U. Hamilton 1964. ". 2". v. natural. kin selection.

(11) Trivers 1971. reciprocal altruism. 政治大. Grusec, Davidov, & Lundell, 2002. 立立. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Lakin. Baumeister. Leary 1995. Caporael 2001. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. affiliation. •‧. harmonious. 2003. Ch. Axelrod. engchi. i n U. v. Hamilton 1981 Lakin. 2003 Gintis. 2003 Brewer 2007. ". 3".

(12) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ". Ch. engchi. 4". i n U. v.

(13) 1970 Fabes, & Spinrad, 2006. Eisenberg,. 1970. aggression. criminality. 1970. 1970. Eisenberg et al., 2006. 政治大 Brownell et al., 2009; Dunfield et al.,. Dunfield, Kuhlmeier, O’Connell, & Kelley, 2011. 立立. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 2011; Hay, 1979; Hay et al., 1991; Levitt et al., 1985; Liszkowski et al., 2006; Liszkowski et al., 2008; Rheingold, 1982; Vaish et al., 2009; Warneken & Tomasello,. Nat. sit. y. •‧. 2006; Warneken & Tomasello, 2007; Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992. n. al. er. io. Grusec, Davidov, & Lundell, 2002; Warneken & Tomasello, 2009a. i n U. C hDunfield et al., 2011 engchi. v. emotional helping & Tomasello, 2009a. ". 5". Warneken.

(14) Zahn-Waxler Radke-Yarrow. Wagner 1992. 30. 1. 1. Vaish Carpenter. Tomasello 2009. empathy. 立立. 32. a. ㈻㊫學. a. b. a b. y. Nat. a. a. n. al. b. Ch. b. engchi. i n U. v. b b b. b. 18. Dunfield. ". 2011. 24. 18 6". 24. b. b. b b. a. er. io. sit. b. b. b. •‧. •‧ 國. 18. 政治大. 2. b. 32. 24.

(15) 18. 24. 2 2 政治大. 立立. 18. 1. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 24. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Hay 1979. 8. Ch. engchi. 12. 8. 18. i n U. 8. v. 24 7. 8 Levitt. ". 18 1985. 8. 24. 20. 29. 36. 7". 12.

(16) 13. 29. 36. Hay. 1991. 48. 立立. 1 48 2 政治大 25. y. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. io. sit. 2. n. al. 1. Brownell Svetlova. ". er. Nat. 1. 2. Ch1 engchi. Nichols 2009. 14. 8". i n U. 18. v. 14. 25.

(17) 25. 18. 25 18. 立立. 12. 政治大 2. 3. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. y. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 25. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. declarative informative gestures. Tomasello,. Carpenter, & Liszkowski, 2007. Liszkowski. 2006. 25. 18. ". 9". 12. 28.

(18) protoimperative gestures 12. 93%. 立立. 12. 18. 政治大. 2006. y. Nat. 15. n. al. er. io 16. Ch. engchi. 12. 16. accidental no. ". •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Liszkowski. sit. 88%. 10". i n U. v. 18. self. other.

(19) 15 10. 立立. 政治大 12. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. n. 12. 18. Ch. i n U. engchi. v. 12 Liszkowski Carpenter Tomasello 2008. 28. 12 a. :. a. b : b. a. ". b 11".

(20) ?. 30. 立立. 19%. 政治大 44%. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 15. ". 12". i 21n U. v. 12.

(21) 0.47. 0.08 0.36. 0.08. 0.14. 0.33 70%. 27% 12. 立立. 政治大. 12. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. instrumental helping. Rheingold 1982. ". Ch. engchi 20. 18. 13". i n U. 20. v. 24. 20. 30.

(22) 20 13. 20. 18. 30. 立立. 18 政治大. Tomasello 2006. 24. 18. ㈻㊫學 •‧. •‧ 國. Warneken. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 20. ". 24. 14". 18.

(23) 18. 18. 18. Warneken. Tomasello 2007 Warneken. 24. 14. Tomasello 2006. 14 14. 立立. 14. 政治大. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 •‧. 14. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 14. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2. 2 14 12 12. ". 15".

(24) Warneken & Tomsello, 2009b. 12. 12. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ". Ch. engchi. 16". i n U. v.

(25) Baumeister & Leary, 1995 Baumeister & Leary, 1995. Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Brewer, 2007; Gintis, Bowles, Boyd & Fehr, 2003. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Warden. ". n. 26. al. 1982. Burd. Ch. 293. 11. 12. engchi. i n U. 2003. v. 26. 13. Mackinnon 2003. er. io Coleman. Weisz. sit. y. Nat McGuire. 131. 17". 9. 10. 12.

(26) 9 13. Sebanc 2003. 98. support intimacy. 5. conflict. asymmetry. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981;. Brewer, 2007; Gintis et al., 2003; Lakin et al., 2003. 12. priming effect. ". 3. 18".

(27) Lakin. Chartrand 2003. 61 nonconscious affiliation goal 政治大 conscious affilation goal no goal 立立. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. friend. •‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. implicit. ". 19". v. partner.

(28) Over. Carpenter 2009b. 5. 28. 5. third-party social exclusion. 政治大. ㈻㊫學. •‧ 國. 立立. 30. •‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 5 5. Over. Carpenter 2009a. Lakin. Carpenter 2009b. 5 implicit. ". Chartrand 2003. 20". 18. Over.

(29) 60. 18. 15 together aloneness baseline. back-to-back. 立立. ㈻㊫學. b b. •‧. •‧ 國. a. 政治大. n. 18. 18. Over. Ch. engchi. Carpenter 2009a. i n U. v. 18. 18. ". er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 21".

(30) Baumeister & Leary,1995 Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Brewer, 2007; Gintis, Bowles, Boyd, & Fehr, 2003. 立立. 政治大 12 Rheingold,. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Liszkowski et al., 2006; Liszkowski et al., 2008. 1982; Warneken & Tomasello, 2006; Warneken & Tomasello, 2007. sit. y. Nat. Dunfield et al., 2011; Vaish et al., 2009; Zahn-Waxler et al., 1992. n. al. er. io. Brownell et al., 2009; Hay, 1979; Hay et al., 1991; Levitt et al., 1985. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 12. Over. Carpenter 2009a. 18 18. 18 18. ". 22".

(31) Over Carpenter 2009a. 18 60. 18. together aloneness. baseline back-to-back. 政治大. a. 立立. Carpenter 2009a. a. ㈻㊫學. •‧ 國. Over. b. •‧. b. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 18. b b. ". b. 23".

(32) 18 b. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ". Ch. engchi. 24". i n U. v.

(33) 18 Over 2009a. 60. Carpenter. 18 together. baseline. aloneness. back-to-back a. 立立. b. b. •‧ 國. •‧ er. io. sit. y. Nat. a l17.5 19.5 30i v n Ch e n g c15h i U. n. 60 SD=0.63 7. 8. 7. 2009a. ㈻㊫學. 18. Over Carpenter 政治大. 30. M =18.54 8. 7. 8. 7. 8. F(3,26) =0.292 p =0.831 F(3,26) =1.826 p=0.167 F(3,56) =1.046. p=0.379. babyhome 4 ". 3 25". 1.

(34) p. 18.48. 18.76. 18.54. 18.37. 0.86. 0.58. 0.67. 0.64. 19.7-17.7. 19.6-17.9. 19.5-17.7. 19.5-17.7. 19.0-17.6. 18.5. 18.47. 18.56. 0.63. 0.64. 0.69. 19.7-17.7. 19.7-17.9. 19.5-17.6. n. Ch. engchi Over. 19.5-17.5. y. 18.55 0.64. 19.5-17.5. er. io. al. i n U. v. Carpenter 2009a 25.3 x19. ". 26". 0.167. 0.64. •‧. 19.7-17.9. Nat. 19.3-17.7. 18. 7. ㈻㊫學. •‧ 國. 0.52 立立. 政18.81治 18.17 大 0.67 0.47. sit. 18.56. 0.831. 0.379.

(35) 立立. 政治大 a. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. ". Ch. engchi. 27". i n U. v.

(36) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. #. Ch. engchi. 28#. i n U. v.

(37) Over 52. Carpenter 2009a. 90. 26. 60 6. 立立. 8. 政治大. y. sit. n. al. er. io. #. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Nat. b. Ch. engchi. 29#. i n U. v. a.

(38) 立立. 18. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 15. 政治大 15 15. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. a. b. •‧. 15. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. a. 5 !. ! !. #. 30#.

(39) ! ! !. ! ! !. a. a. b 政治大. 立立. a. a. y. sit. n. al. b. er. io. b. b. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. b. Nat. b. b. i n 20 Ch engchi U. v. b b. b b. 10 10 b 20 b. #. 31#. b.

(40) 30 b 40 b b. 立立. 政治大. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. b. :. sit. n. al. er. io. a. Carpenter 2009a. y. Nat. Over. •‧. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. : b b. #. 32#.

(41) 0 10. 20. 20. 60. •‧. 100%. n. al. er. sit. y. 100%. Ch. engchi. 33#. 40. 20. ㈻㊫學. io. #. 30. 25%. Nat. 90%. •‧ 國. 立立 15. 30. 政治大 5 25%. 25% 18. 10. i n U. v. 18.

(42) 18. 18. 政治大 F(3,16)立立 = 0.148 p = 0.93 •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 12.92. 11.99. 16.67. n. al. 61.2. 0.93. y. 60.0. sit. io. 56.2. 8.2. er. Nat. 59.4. p. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 18. b. 0. 10. 18 5. Over. Carpenter. 2009a. 2. #. 34#. (1, N=60) =.

(43) 0.231. p =0.631. b 2. (1, N=60) = 0.202. 0. p = 0.653 2. 立立. 40. (2, N=45) = 2.143. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. #. p = 0.343. Ch. engchi. 35#. i n U. v.

(44) Over. Carpenter 2009a. 2009a. 0. Over. Carpenter. 10. 0.6 0.2. b. 0. 10 b. 0. 政治大. 40. 立立. Carpenter 2009a. sit. y. Nat. er. Carpenter 2009a. io. Over. Over. n. al. Ch. Carpenter 2009a. Over 0. engchi U. 10. 0.2. b 0.4. v ni. Carpenter 2009a. Over. #. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Carpenter 2009a. Over. 0 Over. Carpenter 2009a. 10. Carpenter 2009a. 36#. 0.6. Over.

(45) b. Over. Carpenter 2009a. b b Feinman,. 政治大. 1982. 立立. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Kim, Walden & Knieps, 2010; Walden & Kim, 2005 6. y. n. er. io. al. sit. b. Ch. b Over. 41. 7. Nat b. 10. •‧. 0. engchi. Carpenter 2009a. i n U. v. b b. b. Woodward, 1998; Woodward & Guajardo, 2002; Gredeback et. al., 2009. #. 37#.

(46) Over. Over. Carpenter 2009a. 18. Carpenter 2009a. 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. #. Ch. engchi. 38#. i n U. v.

(47) Warneken. Warneken. Tomasello 2006. 18. Tomasello 2006. 0. 18. 10. 70%. 政治大. 立立. al. 7. Ch. 8. engchi. sit. 29 15. n. 7. 20.1. er. io. SD=0.98. 17.0. y. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. Nat. 60. i n U. 31. M=18.47 8. v. F(3,25) =1.256 p = 0.331 F(3,27) = 0.727. p = 0.545. F(3,56) = 0.987. p = 0.406. babyhome 2. #. 3. 39#.

(48) p. 18.65. 18.65. 18.00. 19.00. 1.0. 1.0. 0.9. 0.9. 20.1-17.3. 19.8-17.3. 19.7-17. 19.9-17.2. 18.25. 18.14. 18.51. 18.58. 政0.42 治 0.85大 19.4-17.5 立立 18.8-17.5 19.6-17.2 0.72. 0.545. 0.73 19.8-17.8. 18.38. 18.27. 18.78. 0.93. 0.77. 0.88. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 18.46. 20.1-17.3. 19.9-17.3. 19.7-17.0. 19.9-17.2. y. 0.82. sit. io. n. al. 0.406. er. Nat Warneken. 0.331. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Tomasello 2006 47 6. 32. #. 40#. 290 60.

(49) ㈻㊫學. b. •‧ 國. 立立. 政治大 b. 150. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. #. •‧. b. Ch. engchi. 41#. i n U. v.


(51) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. 15. n. al. 15. sit. 15. er. io. 15. y. Nat. 18. #. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. a b a. b. b. a. a. #. a 43#.

(52) a b b b b b b 30 b b. 立立. 政治大. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 •‧. b. b. io. n. al. 20. Ch. b. engchi. 30. i n U. b. 40. b b. #. sit. b. er. 10. y. Nat. 10. b. 44#. v.

(53) b b b Warneken. Tomasello 2006. 政治大 b. : b. :. 立立. b. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 18. Ch 5. engchi. i n U. v. 25% 20. 25% 60. 15. 87%. #. 25%. 100%. 100%. 45#. 18.

(54) 18 18. F(3,16) =1.687. 政治大. p =0.21. 立立. 60.0. 47.2. 6.66. 9.35. 7.76. 13.76. sit. io. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. b 18. b. 18 5. χ2(1, N=60) = 0.024. #. 0.21. y. 51.0. er. Nat. 56.4. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. p. p = 0.878. 46#.

(55) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Cb h. engchi 0. i n U. v. 40. χ2(1, N=60) = 0.096 p = 0.757 χ2(2, N=45) = 2.458. p=. 0.293 18 b 18. χ2(1, N=60). #. 47#.

(56) = 2.844 p = 0.092. 0. 20. χ2(1, N=60) = 7.2 p = 0.007 0. 30 χ2(1, N=60) = 5.006 p = 0.025 0. 40 χ2(1, N=60) = 1.904 p = 0.168. χ2(2, N=45) = 0.556 p = 0.757. b Over. Carpenter 2009a. Carpenter 2009a. •‧. Over. ㈻㊫學. •‧ 國. 立立. 政治大. y. Nat. sit. n. al. er. io 40. 10. 0.6. 0.2. 0. 0. Ch. 0.8. engchi. i n U. v. 0.4. 18 18 Over. Carpenter 2009a. 18 18. #. 0 48#. 20.

(57) 0. 30. 18. Over. Carpenter 2009a. Over. Warneken. Tomasello 2006. 0.6. n. al. Ch. 2006. engchi. 18. b. 49#. 0.53. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 0.7. •‧. Warneken. 0.66. #. Tomasello. ㈻㊫學. 2006. 立立. Tomasello 2006. •‧ 國. Warneken. 政治大. Carpenter 2009a. i vWarneken n U. Tomasello 18.

(58) Warneken. Tomasello. 2006 0.7. Warneken. Tomasello 2006. 0.7. b. Over. 政治大. Carpenter 2009a 10. 30. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學. b. 立立. •‧. b. y. Nat. 0.13. n. al. b. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 0. 18 b. #. 0. 20. er. io. 0.7. 0. sit. 0.2. 20. 0. 50#. 30. 40.

(59) b. 0. 10. 0. 40 b. 0 0 0. 20. b. 40. b. b. 0.13 0. 0.2. 30. 0.66. 政治大. 立立. b. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 •‧. b. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. 18. b 18. #. 10. 51#. v.

(60) 18. 12. Liszkowski & Tomasello, 2011; Woodward & Guajardo, 2002. 立立. 政治大 12 18. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 sit. y. Carpenter. n. al. er. io. 18. 18. Over. Nat. 2009a. 18. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 18. 18. 0 20. 0. 30 18. #. 52#.

(61) 18 18. 立立. •‧ 國. 0.38. •‧. 40. ㈻㊫學. 0. 政治大. Over. n. al. Ch. engchi. er. io. sit. y. Nat Over. 0.46. Carpenter 2009a. i n U. v. Carpenter 2009a. Over Carpenter 2009a. #. 53#.

(62) Over. Over. 政治大 18. Carpenter 2009a. Over. Carpenter 2009a. •‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Over. ㈻㊫學. •‧ 國. 立立. Carpenter 2009a. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Carpenter 2009a. Pan & Kosicki, 1997; Rovee-Collier, Hankins & Bhatt, 1992. Over. #. 54#. Carpenter 2009a.

(63) 立立. 政治大. •‧. •‧ 國. ㈻㊫學 18. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Kartner, Keller & Chaudhary, 2010. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Axelrod & Hamilton,1981; Caporael, 2001; Ginits, 2003; Over & Carpenter, 2009b. #. 55#.


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