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高雄醫學大學 101 學年度 研究所 招生考試
考試科目: 英文
I. Vocabulary: Choose the answer that best matches the meaning of each bold word or phrase (20%)
1. Fungal spores, lighter and smaller than all plant seeds, are mainly dispersed from their parent by wind. A. spread widely B. delivered C. made more stable D. collected
2. The devastating earthquake and tsunami in Fukushima ruined most of the buildings there and killed thousands of lives. A. foreboding B. damaging and harmful C. bitter D. intimidating
3. The philosophy of Barack Obama’s foreign policy has been postulated as “The Obama Doctrine” for the principles it advocates.
A. disputed B. dismissed C. assumed D. scorned
4. Debates have been stirred on whether inmates should become the integral part of the social workforce. A. constituent B. honest C. extrinsic D. outward
5. A mistake that was inadvertently made by the clerk has cost him his job. A. intentionally B. deliberately C. carefully D. accidentally
6. It is mandatory that all students, regardless of degree program, take at least five core courses offered by the university. A. compulsory B. optional C. elective D. voluntarily
7. The Bumrungrad Hospital, one of the leading international hospitals in the world, is known for treating patients with
state-of-the-art technology.
A. very expensive B. the most advanced C. fashionable D. national treasure
8. Clinicians argue that rigorous scientific research is not necessary on alternative medicine, but researchers think otherwise. A. powerful and forceful B. scrupulously accurate C. lenient D. strenuous
9. Under optimal temperature and growth conditions, certain bacteria can have a generation of 15-20 minutes. A. unfavorable B. adverse C. ideal D. disagreeable
10. The word “Linsanity” is now in most NBA fan’s vernacular as a result of Jeremy Lin’s stunning breakout performance in these past few weeks.
A. collection B. everyday language C. souvenir D. password
II. Sentence Completion: Choose the word that best completes the sentence (10%)
11. Mary is ______ and would never want to be closed in a small room or space. A. xenophobic B. homophobic C. acrophobic D. claustrophobic
12. Studies show that ______ children are at high risk for a number of conditions, including overweight, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
A. slim B. anorexic C. obese D. malnourished
13. The ways web-based social media impact our lives are rather different from the ways traditional media do, the most notable being that social media allow communication to become more ______.
A. interactive B. hyperactive C. stagnant D. torpid
14. According to the International Labor Organization, the recent economic decline is likely to increase the unemployment rate for women as well as to make gender _______ in economic policies more visible.
A. equality B. discrepancy C. disparity D. similarity
15. Children with disabilities are discriminated against and treated as burden mainly due to ______ understanding by society and a lack of social supports.
A. sufficient B. ample C. disinterested D. inadequate
III. Written Expression: Identify the underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct (14%)
16. My (A) strong experience, (B) good training, and (C) am a hard worker (D) qualify me for this position.
17. In (A) recent years, some educators argue that it is better for undergraduate students (B) to focus on only one or two subjects than to study a (C) diversified range of different (D) subject.
18. The furniture and refrigerator were (A) delivered (B) promptly to my home, but they were not the style I (C) ordered, and the (D) price was not right either.
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19. The saltwater (A) crocodile, the largest of all living (B) reptiles, can travel long (C) distances at sea and is capable of killing any animal that (D) enter its territory.
20. If you are (A) assigned a specific topic for a research paper, you can begin (B) by going to the library to look for (C)informations that (D) is relevant to the topic.
21. According to scientists, if a woman’s waist is 70 percent as wide as her (A) hips, she (B) viewed as attractive by most men because the evolution of the brain (C) associates this body figure (D) with fertility.
22. Even though some companies view bribery (A) as illegal, (B) other tolerate it because it is a good way to speed up the (C) completion of a deal and (D) prevent harassment.
IV. Cloze Test: Choose the best answer for each missing word or phrase in the following passages (20%)
On the day of Taiwan's presidential election, hundreds of millions of ethnic Chinese worldwide watched the ballot count on TV and the Internet. Taiwan is the sole ethnic Chinese society (23) a second democratic turnover of power. Ethnic Chinese communities around the world (24) their hopes on this crucial political experiment. By succeeding, we can make
unparalleled contributions to the democratic development of all ethnic Chinese communities. This responsibility is (25) to fulfill. The new administration's most urgent task is to lead Taiwan through the daunting challenges from globalization. The world economy (26) profoundly, and newly emerging countries are arising rapidly. We must upgrade Taiwan's international (27) and recover lost opportunities. The uncertainty of the current global economy poses as the main challenge to the
revitalization of Taiwan's economy. Yet, we firmly believe that, with right policies and steadfast determination, our goals are (28) our grasp. (Source: President Ma's Inaugural Address in 2008)
23. A. to complete B. has completed C. completed D. to completing 24. A. laid B. is laying C. have laid D. will be laying 25. A. yours B. ours C. theirs D. them
26. A. change B. is changing C. had changed D. changed 27. A. competition B. competitiveness C. competitive D. competitor 28. A. beyond B. under C. next to D. within
The cinema offers a number of possible pleasures. One is scopophilia (a pleasure in looking). There are circumstances in which looking (29) is a source of pleasure, just as, in the reverse formation, there is pleasure in being looked at...[Freud] associated scopophilia with taking other people as objects, (30) them to a controlling and curious gaze... The camera satisfies a primordial wish (31) pleasurable looking, but it also goes further: developing scopophilia (32) its narcissistic aspect. (source: excerpt from “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” by Luara Mulvey)
29. A. itself B. at it C. forward to D. after 30. A. is subjecting B. subjecting C. subjects D. subjected 31. A. in B. at C. to D. for
32. A. in B. at C. to D. for
V. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answers to the following questions (36%)
In a recent experiment, scientists asked a group of prescreened people to look at a set of gray patterns and try to visualize color. Eleven members of the group had been identified as highly susceptible to hypnosis while seven of the subjects were not
susceptible. Hypnosis is a trance-like state characterized by heightened focus, concentration, and inner absorption, according to the Mayo Clinic. About 10 percent of people worldwide are highly susceptible to hypnosis while 10 percent are not influenced at all. The remaining 80 percent—the majority of the population—are moderately susceptible, said study co-author William McGeown, a neuroscientist at the U.K.'s Hull University. The new study found that all the subjects who were easily hypnotized reported seeing a range of colors even while not under hypnosis, McGeown said. The scientists didn't just take their word for it—MRI scans showed that the parts of the subjects' brains linked to color perception lit up when they saw the imaginary hues. "We can see changes in these color-sensitive regions of their brains, which they have no way of faking," said McGeown, who published the study with colleagues in the December issue of the journal Consciousness and Cognition.
The new study also found that being under hypnosis enhanced color hallucination in susceptible subjects. But those who were not susceptible to hypnosis could not hallucinate color with or without hypnosis. Stephen Kosslyn, a psychologist at Stanford
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University, said the results reinforce his team's earlier research. In 2000, Kosslyn and colleagues published one of the first studies on hallucinating color. Their experiment asked highly susceptible people under hypnosis to imagine gray squares as being in color. That study, which used PET scans of the subjects' brains, also found that the subjects activated parts of their brains associated with color perception. The new study confirms a similar finding with MRI scans, which are more often favored in today's experiments because they provide better spatial resolution, co-author McGeown said.
Ultimately, the hallucination research may help medical professionals who use hypnosis to treat a range of conditions, from phobias to pain, McGeown noted. That's because, despite its medical use, many people are fearful of the procedure. The new research shows that suggestion can be almost as powerful a tool, which means there may be a less intimidating alternative for people fearful of hypnosis, he said. "Psychological therapies which consist of making suggestions to a patient—even in the absence of hypnosis—may help with their problem substantially."
(Source: “People Can Hallucinate Color at Will” by Christine Dell'Amore in National Geographic News, published December 7, 2011)
33. The word “susceptible” in this passage is closest in meaning to A. unresistant
B. invulnerable C. unexposed D. doubtful
34. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of hypnosis? A. The subject is put into a sleeplike state
B. Hypnosis is a state of mental concentration C. A hypnotized mind is judging and critiquing. D. None of the above
35. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. Subjects who are susceptible to hypnosis can hallucinate color.
B. Subjects who are unsusceptible to hypnosis can visualize color when being under hypnosis. C. Only MRI scans were used in the experiment conducted by William McGeown and his partner.
D. The parts of the brain that respond to color perception are activated when the subjects are hallucinating color. 36. According to McGreown, the findings of hallucination research may be of help to people with
A. irrational fear of a specific object or activity B. migraine
C. fever
D. A and B only
37. Which of the following statements best summarizes the central idea of this article? A. Hypnosis can help people with their problems.
B. Some people are fearful of hypnosis
C. Only a portion of people are susceptible to hypnosis.
D. People can hallucinate color just with the power of suggestion.
“Green” has become a popular English phrase. It means that something is good for the environment. Customers are looking for products that are “natural,” “pure,” and “made from recycled materials.” They feel good about helping the Earth and about buying food and cosmetics that are healthier for their bodies. Anita Roddick sensed this when she founded The Body Shop in 1976. She advertised cosmetics that were “100 percent pure” and boasted that The Body Shop’s products were not tested on animals. Also, she said The Body Shop did not take unfair advantage of the workers in poor countries.
For some people, this sounded too good to be true. In 1994, reporter Jon Entine wrote a famous magazine article disputing Roddick’s claims. He said that The Body Shop cosmetics were actually only one percent pure. Entine also pointed out that most of the ingredients in The Body Shop’s product were, indeed, tested on animals. This prompted Roddick to change the phrase on her cosmetics labels. Instead of “not tested on animals,” it became “against animal testing.” Later, other critics joined in. The London chapter of Greenpeace accused The Body Shop of exploiting poor workers.
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do producers simply claim that they are so they can make more money? It’s a tough question. Thanks to writers such as Entine, however, one thing is certain: They are less likely to trust the manufacturer’s word.
(Source: “The Green Myth” in Reading for the Real World, Campus Publishing, 2009)
38. According to the passage, the word “green” has become associated with products A. that are not greasy and look fresh
B. that are friendly to the environment C. that can be easily absorbed by the body D. All of the above
39. Which of the following claims of The Body Shop was NOT disputed by Jon Entine? A. The Body Shop cosmetics did not exploit workers in poor countries.
B. The Body Shop cosmetics were not tested on animals. C. The Body Shop cosmetics were 100% pure.
D. None of the above
40. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the article? A. Customers should never trust the manufacturers because they are dishonest. B. Green advertising claims could be misleading.
C. “Green” is a good marketing strategy to sell products. D. False advertising should be punished.
41. Which of the following statement would the writer of this passage probably agree with? A. We should stop buying “green” products because none of them is really “green.” B. Anita Roddick has abused the trust of her customers.
C. Writers such as Jon Entine work to ruin manufactures’ reputation. D. All products are bad for environment.
About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.
This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:
Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.
When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was
idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.
Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words:
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"Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.
Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.
(Source: Stanford commencement address delivered by Steve Jobs on June 12, 2005)
42. Which of the following statements is/are true about Steve Jobs?
A. He did not seem to be familiar with some body organs before his illness. B. He was told that he would be dead in less than a year.
C. The tumor he got could be removed with surgery D. All of the above
43. The phrase “buttoned up” is closest in meaning to A. kept silence
B. finished C. loosened up D. tied down
44. Why did Steve Jobs’ doctors react so strongly to the fact that Jobs’ cancer was actually curable? A. They were upset over the misdiagnosis they had made.
B. They were worried that Job would sue them for medical malpractice. C. They were surprised that they could keep their patient alive.
D. None of the above
45. In his speech, what advice did Jobs give to Stanford students? A. Do not try to live up to others’ expectation
B. Do not let other people speak louder than you do C. Always put yourself in others’ shoes
D. It is a waste of time to live with others
46. What did Jobs probably mean by “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish”? A. He meant that it is good to eat less and study less.
B. He meant that it is important to always have the curiosity for knowledge. C. He meant that without enough food one can never be smart.
D. He meant that it is foolish to stay hungry.
Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely.
My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin- roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant to the British. But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that's shown as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before him. While studying here my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas.
My parents shared not only an improbable love; they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or "blessed," believing that in a tolerant America, your name is no barrier to success.
They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren't rich, because in a generous America you don't have to be rich to achieve your potential.
They're both passed away now. And yet I know that, on this night, they look down on me with great pride. And I stand here today grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents' dreams live on in my two precious daughters. I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that in no other country on Earth is my story even possible.
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Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our nation not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy; our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
That is the true genius of America, a faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door; that we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe; that we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution; and that our votes will be counted -- or at least, most of the time.
And fellow Americans, Democrats, Republicans, independents, I say to you, tonight, we have more work to do... more work to do, for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that's moving to Mexico, and now they're having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay 7 bucks an hour; more to do for the father I met who was losing his job and choking back the tears wondering how he would pay $4,500 a month for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits that he counted on; more to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her who have the grades, have the drive, have the will, but don't have the money to go to college.
People don't expect -- people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all.
(Source: Excerpt from Barack Obama’s Democratic Convention Speech delivered on July 27, 2004)
47. Which of the following is/are mentioned in Obama’s speech? A. Interracial heritage
B. Education C. Opportunity D. All of the above
48. Obama’s parents thought their son’s African name would not hinder his success because A. they believed he could go to the best school.
B. America is a racially tolerant country C. Obama is blessed by his name
D. one of his parents was born in America
49. Which of the following statements would Obama probably have faith in? A. All men are created equal
B. One does not have to be rich to achieve one’s dream in America C. There is no poverty in America
D. A and B only E. B and C only
50. What are some of the social causes that Obama would most probably support according to the passaget? A. Encouraging interracial marriage
B. Offering financial aids to low income students C. Lowering the unemployment rate
D. A and B only E. B and C only
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系所：心理學系碩士班
高雄醫學大學 101 學年度研究所招生考試
科目：心理學方法
心理測驗部分 (共 30 分)
A. 解釋名詞(每題 5 分) 1. reliability coefficient 2. validity scale 3. ipsative test4. computerized adaptive testing
B. 為何庫李信度 (KR20) 可視為是 Cronbach α 係數的特例，請證明之。（10 分）
心理與教育統計學部分 (共 34 分)
1、試證明 Oneway-ANOVA 受試者間設計下，總離均差平方和為組間離均差平方和與組內離均差平方和之和 （SSTotal SSBetweenSSwithin）。（4 分）
2、The table below is a one-way, independent groups ANOVA summary table. The researchers randomly assign 48 subjects into 4 groups. Fill in the missing values.（7 分）
ANOVA 變異來源 SS 自由度 MS F 組間 576 ( ) ( ) ( ) 組內 ( ) ( ) ( ) 總和 2688 ( ) 3、（承上題）據了解，前述研究欲瞭解大學某科系學生於不同事件下之睡眠時數，四組情境下的平均數與標準差如 下： 組別 平均數 標準差 迎新宿營 1.5 2 期中考 8.5 3 期末考 9.5 3 科學營 2.5 2 （a）請用 HSD（杜凱氏法）做事後檢定，請寫出 6 對的比較，並下結論。 (設定 α=.05，此時 Q 臨界值為 3.76)（7 分）
（b）解釋何謂 Experiment-wise error rate 與 Comparison-wise error rate（3 分）
（c）若要比較四組平均數，為何不一開始就用 t 檢定，而是用 F 檢定有顯著後，再進行事後比較？（3 分） 4、銀行經理想要知道員工的工作態度是否能預測工作上的表現，他收集員工的資料後，利用迴歸分析得到下列表 格。請問： （a）請寫出迴歸方程式（1 分） （b）工作態度與工作表現的相關（1 分） （c）表三中有未標準化係數與標準化係數，請問兩者的使用時機為何？（3 分） （d）表二是 ANOVA 摘要表，請問在迴歸分析中的功能為何？（3 分） （e）請填寫表一的兩個空格答案（2 分） （表一）模式摘要 模式 R R 平方 調過後的 R 平方 估計的標準誤 1 （ ） （ ） .847 .18997
試題第 2 頁 （表二）Anova 模式 平方和 df 平均平方和 F 顯著性 迴歸 21.609 1 21.609 598.765 .000a 殘差 3.862 107 .036 1 總數 25.470 108 （表三）係數 未標準化係數 標準化係數 模式 B 之估計值 標準誤差 Beta 分配 t 顯著性 (常數) -.470 .178 -2.645 .009 1 工作態度 1.149 .047 .921 24.470 .000
心理實驗法部分（共 36 分）
A. 操作型定義題（每一題 10 分，每題有兩項，各項均 5 分） 請注意：依照文章敘述實驗情況，對指定之詞下一適當的操作型定義。若有必要請適當舉例。一、 在序列位置效果（serial position effect）的實驗當中使用了 240 個中文雙字詞（由新酷音輸入法詞庫查出 中等出現頻率之詞）。使用完全受試者內實驗設計，受試者在三種不同實驗條件（短詞間時距、長詞間時距、長詞間 時距加列表後干擾作業），每一次記 20 個詞的列表。每一種條件記四次列表，共記 12 次列表。依變項中想檢驗序列 位置效果（serial position effect），即前面幾個項目記憶比較好的現象，稱之為「初始效應」(primacy
effect)，而最後幾個項目記憶比較好的現象，則稱之為「新近效應」(recency effect )。 a. 序列位置（serial position）
b. 序列位置效果（serial position effect）
二、Linder, Cooper, and Jones (1967) 的認知失調（cognitive dissonance）的實驗中，請原本反對限制言論自 由的大學生書寫贊成限制言論自由的短文。其中分成兩個因子，其一為選擇的自由性，有自由選擇（free choice） 與無選擇（no choice）；另一因子為獎賞大小，大獎賞為寫完給美金 2.5 元，小獎賞為寫完給美金 0.5 元。結果， 在自由選擇且小獎賞時有最大的態度改變（由反對限制言論自由變成贊成）。 1. 選擇的自由性 2. 失調（dissonance） B. 研究批判（每題 8 分） 注意： 1. 請熟讀所附之案例說明。 2. 針對其實驗（研究）方法，結果之取得，結果之討論、推論等等方向提出你自己的批判。 3. 評分重點在於你的說理的清晰度（即邏輯性），重點的掌握性，說明的具體性等。請勿寫出空洞無內容的文章， 太過冗長無意義的敘述一定影響評分。 一、英國一項研究發現，性生活會影響學業。 格拉斯哥大學經過六年，調查了五千個學生以後發現，在十六歲以前就有了性生活的學生，上大學的比例較低。到十 六歲還維持童貞的人，只有兩成四不繼續升學，已經有性生活的學生，不繼續讀書的比例則高達三成九。研究負責人 帕克斯說，高一就有了性經驗的男、女學生，多半會有固定的男、女朋友，花錢也比較兇。帕克斯說，這些年輕人也 多半認為自己有了性經驗就是大人了，不需要再讀書了。所以，升學的意願不高。英國政府據此研究結果提出一個新 的提高高等教育升學方案，就是以法律規範十六歲以下學生禁止發生性行為，以便提升青年升學意願。 二、此實驗是為了檢驗假設：高動機者學簡易事物較低動機者快。在此假設中更進一步認為，在學習因難課題時則恰 好相反，即低動機者學習較快。實驗者對於「動機」之操作型定義為受試者在 Manifest Drive Scale（一種測量個 人學習及工作動機之心理測驗） 上之得分。 20 位受試者在該測驗分數上得高分（即高動機），另 20 位得低分 （即低動機），並給予他們學習困難的課題。結果低動機受試者學習此課題上較高動機受試者為快。因此研究者結論 其假設為正確。
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系所：心理學系碩士班-臨床心理組
高雄醫學大學 101 學年度研究所招生考試
科目：臨床心理學
一、 選擇題（每題 2 分） 1. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草繩，是何種現象？ a. Extinction b. Operant conditioning c. Discrimination d. Generalization2. 根據 John Watson 與 Rosalie Raynor 實驗發現，Little Albert 和小白老鼠快樂玩耍，突然被巨大聲響嚇到，進而 產生害怕，此現象稱為？
a. Fear of fear
b. Conditioned emotional reactions c. Fear response
d. Intermittent reinforcement of fear 3. Bandura's approach to therapy emphasizes
a. Mastery experiences b. Conditioning processes c. Rational discussion d. Cognitive restructuring
4. Karen Horney's major difference with Freud was over the relative importance of a. Biological and cultural influences
b. The past and the present
c. The unconscious and the conscious d. Neurotic wishes and superego controls
5. 「駝鳥心態，眼不見為淨」是何種 defense mechanism？ a. Denial
b. Repression
c. Reaction formation d. Undoing
6. For Rogers, the single most important element contributing to therapeutic change is a. Free association of ideas
b. The therapeutic atmosphere c. Catharsis
d. Sympathy
7.下列何者不是 systematic desensitization 的內涵或步驟? a. Relaxation
b. Counter conditioning c. Graded anxiety hierarchy
d. Imagination of anxiety-arousing stimuli
8. Ellis’ rational emotive therapy and Beck's therapy for depression are examples of a. Client-centered therapies
b. Neo-Rogerian therapies c. Cognitive behavior therapies d. Social cognitive theory
9. Reciprocal determinism 是指那三個因素之間的因果關係？ a. Environment－Trait－Behavior b. Environment－Personality－Behavior
試題第 2 頁 d. Social─Cognition─Personality 10. 下列那一個現象或行為不是出現在同一個時期（18-24 個月）？ a. 延遲模仿 b. 象徵遊戲 c. 命名爆發 d. 相互主體性 11. 分離焦慮的出現，主要出現在依附關係建立的那一個時期？ a. 依附前期 b. 依附形成期 c. 明確依附期 d. 相互關係期 12. 依據 Piaget 的理論，遊戲與模仿行為的機制主要為何？ a. 皆為同化 b. 同化與調適 c. 調適與同化 d. 皆為調適 13. MZ 相關係數為 0.8，DZ 相關係數為 0.46，遺傳係數為？ a. 0.34 b. 0.46 c. 0.68 d. 0.8 14.下列那兩個診斷不會同時出現在一個人身上？ a. 自閉症與過動症 b. 焦慮症與憂鬱症 c. 焦慮症與過動症 d. 過動症與品行疾患 15. 依據 DSM 的診斷，自閉症類疾患語言發展遲緩所界定的單字表達時間為？ a. 18 個月 b. 24 個月 c. 30 個月 d. 36 個月 16. 下列那一個問題行為，一般認為比較不會出現在一個三歲以下的幼兒身上？ a. 語言溝通 b. 衝動控制 c. 社交互動 d. 注意力
17. The median age of onset for a specific phobia is ____. a. 7
b. 15 c. 25 d. 40
18. Parkinson’s disease is associated with __________________. a. subcortical dementia
b. aphasia c. delirium d. hearing loss
19. Which of the following is true?
a. If either a diathesis or a stress is present, a disorder will develop. b. If both a diathesis and stress are present, a disorder will develop.
試題第 3 頁
d. The larger the diathesis, the greater the stress needs to be to produce a disorder.
20. Delusions experienced by those with delusional disorder tend to be _________; delusions experienced by those with schizophrenia tend to be __________.
a. impossible; at least possible b. at least possible; impossible c. vivid; vague
d. vague; vivid
21. In regard to the relationship between stress and depression, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT
a. the context of the life event, as well as its meaning to the individual, is more important than the nature of the event itself
b. an individual's current mood state might distort earlier memories of stressful life events that precipitated the depression
c. stressful life events are strongly related to the onset of mood disorders
d. recurrent episodes of depression, but not initial episodes, are strongly predicted by major life stress 22. One difference between panic disorders and PTSD is
a. in a panic attack, the alarm is false, while in PTSD, the initial alarm is true b. in panic disorder, the alarm is true, while in PTSD, the alarm is false c. panic disorder but not PTSD has a biological vulnerability
d. PTSD but not panic disorder has a biological vulnerability
23. A component that seems to be an integral part of substance abuse therapy is ____________. a. covert sensitization
b. contingency management c. relapse prevention
d. all of these 二、 問答題
1. How to apply the biofeedback or neurofeedback to the clinical assessment and intervention program (please give us an illustration)？(14%) 2. 半年多前家人發現阿秀每次要出門時，花約 30 分鐘檢查東西。問她怎麼回事，她說想到自己會忘記帶東西， 所以出門前檢查自己是否該帶的東西都帶了。而她出門了在外面時，想到自己會掉東西，所以在外面她會檢 查角落、縫隙、被蓋住的物品(如垃圾桶)等等，來確定自己的東西有沒有掉了。近幾個月因為阿秀這樣總是擔 心自己會忘了或掉東西，而需要不斷的檢查確定沒掉東西，她幾乎完全不敢出門了。 雖然阿秀清楚自己的舉動不合理，但她無法控制自己。她情緒不佳時，也因為不能出門，就一個人什麼 也不做地呆著。阿秀有自己「人生毀了」、「自己一輩子就這樣了」、「無法過正常生活」的想法，她曾到大 廈 20 樓頂想跳樓，被發現而勸阻；她目前仍持續有自殺的想法與計畫(如吞藥)。 I 請問阿秀的兩項診斷可能是什麼？須列出兩項 DSM-IV 診斷、以及列舉和命名各自的所有相關症狀來確認你 的診斷。(6 分) II 請針對阿秀所罹患的兩項疾患，說明其病理，包括其症狀的發生或維持，以及相關的治療。 a.以「行為學習理論」完整扼要說明第一項疾患的病理，以及相對應的主要治療方法和目標。(7 分) b.以「認知治療理論」來完整扼要說明另一疾患的病理，以及相對應的主要治療方法和目標。(7 分) 3.請說明 Rett’s disorder 與 Childhood disintegrative disorder 的相似與相異處？（6 分）
4.自閉症與過動症在注意力方面的缺陷分別是什麼？（4 分）
試題第 1 頁
系所：心理學系碩士班-應用心理學組
高雄醫學大學 101 學年度研究所招生考試
科目：健康心理與心理衛生
甲、測驗題部分：(20 題，每題 3 分，共 60 分) (1)本試題為單一選擇題，請選出一個正確或最適當的答案。 (2)作答時請將試題題號及答案依照順序寫在答案卷上，於本試題上作答者，不予計分。 1. 以下關於精神動力論中「自我」（ego）的描述，何者正確？ A. 「性」與「攻擊」之間的折衝協調是「自我」的重要功能之一 B. 「自我」幫助個體在遵循社會規範的同時，又能滿足本我的需求 C. 「自我」就是內化的父母（internalized parents） D. 受「自我」所支配的人，會表現出壓抑且焦慮的情緒2. 在馬斯洛（Abraham Maslow）的「需求層級」（hierarchy of need）中，低層次需求至高層次需求由左至右依序是： A. 生理需求、安全需求、被接納的需求、自尊的需求、自我實現 B. 安全需求、生理需求、自尊的需求、被接納的需求、自我實現 C. 本我需求、安全需求、自我的需求、自尊的需求、自我實現 D. 依附需求、安全需求、分離的需求、自尊的需求、獨立的需求 3. 性別角色中，「雙性化」（androgynous）是指： A. 個體具有雙性戀的傾向 B. 個體不喜歡自己生理上的性別 C. 不論男性或女性，皆具有相反性別的特質 D. 不論男性或女性，皆具有男性及女性的特質 4. 以下行為取向對憂鬱（depression）的觀點，何者正確？ A. 強調生物因素的角色 B. 強調想法和信念的角色 C. 強調引發與維持憂鬱的環境因素 D. 強調「自我決定」與「生命意義」的角色 5. 兒童透過看電視而學到攻擊行為，請問此種習得的過程是： A. 觀察學習 B. 分散學習 C. 集中學習 D. 策略學習 6. 關於酒精濫用介入方式中的「預防再發」（relapse prevention），下列敘述何者正確？ A. 藉著精神分析的力量克服再發 B. 若飲酒問題被成功治療，則個案在任何環境皆可抗拒酒精的誘惑 C. 即使飲酒問題被成功治療，個案進入酒精濫用的相關環境，也可能再度喝酒 D. 主張環境的誘惑力量大於個案的自我控制力，所以迴避相關環境是戒酒的唯一法門 7. 以下關於同性戀（homosexuality）的敘述，何者正確？ A. 同性戀者在性別認同上遭遇困難 B. 精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第二版將之排除在診斷之外 C. 精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第四版將之列為診斷之一 D. 唯有對自身之性取向感到不快樂的同性戀者，才被視為有心理困擾 8. 小立是一名大學輔導中心的心理師，他正在規劃一系列生活美學、歷史人文、休閒安排等講座。 請問小立進行的是心理衛生工作中的那一項？ A. 初級預防 B. 次級預防 C. 三級預防 D. 危機處理
9. 以下關於一般適應症候群（general adaptation syndrome）的描述，何者正確？ A. 僅適用於心理性的壓力源
B. 同時適用於心理性與生理性的壓力源
C. 歷經警覺反應、否認反應、抵抗反應、耗竭反應等階段 D. 歷經否認期、憤怒期、討價還價期、憂鬱期、接受期等階段
試題第 2 頁 10. 以下對憂鬱性反覆思考（depressive ruminations）與強迫意念（obsession）的描述，何者正確？ A. 強迫意念的思考內容，通常是對自己或對世界的悲觀想法 B. 憂鬱性反覆思考的思考內容通常與怕髒、怕被懲罰、怕壞事降臨有關 C. 憂鬱性反覆思考的個案會壓抑其想法，強迫意念的個案則不會加以壓抑 D. 憂鬱性反覆思考的個案不會壓抑其想法，強迫意念的個案則會加以壓抑 11. 所謂「心理衛生工作者應成為社會改變的行動者」，其含意為何？ A. 社會變遷對個人的影響遽增，心理衛生工作者應從傳統被動的轉為主動的角色 B. 為避免心理衛生工作成為政治性工具，心理衛生工作應超然於政治之外 C. 心理衛生工作者應努力爭取主流社會的尊重 D. 政治人物的行為對社會文化有負面影響，心理衛生工作者應努力矯正之 12. 心理衛生的生態觀點（ecological perspective）強調的是： A. 病人與治療師的對話 B. 個人與環境的互動 C. 社會階級在心理疾病治療中所扮演的角色 D. 社會階級在心理疾病發展過程中所扮演的角色 13. 下列對壓力的敘述，何者最不正確？ A. 壓力事件都是負面的 B. 過年家庭團聚也會造成壓力 C. 壓力源可來自心理或生理層面 D. 同樣事件每個人感受的壓力不同 14. 戒菸過程中最困難的部分為何？ A. 下定決心要戒菸 B. 得到專業的協助 C. 防止再抽菸 D. 香菸替代物的副作用 15. 在進行體重控制時，改變自己以前認為「吃」是慶祝節慶或獎勵的唯一方式，改以郊外踏青等其他方式作為獎賞 的想法，這屬於哪種方法？ A. 認知重建 B. 社會支持 C. 專業協助 D. 行為改變 16. 以下哪些荷爾蒙與因應緊急狀況及壓力有重要關係？ A. 皮質醇 B. 胰島素 C. 泌乳激素 D. 睪丸酮 17. 以下消化系統疾病，何者與承受高度壓力的情境最有關係？ A. A 型肝炎 B. B 型肝炎 C. 消化性潰瘍 D. 膽結石 18. 身體免於疾病的防衛作用涉及一連串的防禦防線，請問第三道防線是？ A. K 細胞 B. 吞噬細胞 C. 皮膚 D. 殺手 T 細胞 19. 以下敘述何者不屬於健康心理學的研究結果所能發揮的功能？ A. 發現冠狀動脈病與抽菸、缺乏運動、壓力有關 B. 了解疾病的心理影響以協助減輕疼痛、焦慮的症狀 C. 預測與改變個人的健康行為 D. 發現禽流感的病毒與生物傳染途徑 20. 腦部的哪一個部分在情緒與動機上扮演重要的角色？ A. 大腦 B. 下視丘 C. 腦幹 D. 小腦 乙、申論題：( 2 題，每題 20 分，共 40 分) (1)作答時請將試題題號及答案依照順序寫在答案卷上，於本試題上作答者，不予計分。 (2)請以藍、黑色鋼筆或原子筆在答案卷上作答。 1. 健康與疾病是生物、心理、社會力量相互作用的結果。以過度肥胖(Obesity)為例，試從生物心理社會模式 (bio-psycho-social model) 的觀點分析其成因；並且針對成因，提出體重控制的可行方法。 2. 何謂心理衛生三級預防？有哪些專業人員參與心理衛生三級預防工作？專業人員之間如何分工合作？
試題第 1 頁
系所：心理學系碩士班-應用心理學組
高雄醫學大學 101 學年度研究所招生考試
科目：認知與社會心理學
認知心理學(50%)
1. 請簡述任何一個你所知道的最新認知心理學相關研究(包括研究目的、實驗/控制組操弄、結果與推論)。(20) 2. 坊間有人可教授「超強記憶術」，試以認知學家的觀點，討論有什麼方法可讓學習時記憶更好。(15) 3. 如何利用腦波記錄來研究注意力與大腦區域的關係。(15)社會心理學(50%)
一、單選題（每題 4 分） 1. 托爾斯泰認為人的行為可能是因為個人自由而發生，也可能是因為外在條件的影響而必然發生，他在戰爭與和平一 書中認為「我們對自由和必然的概念，按照人與外部世界聯繫的大小，按照時間的遠近，按照與原因關係的程度（我 們根據這些原因來觀察一個人的生活），而逐漸減少或增加」。請問他的說法與哪個社會心理學理論或現象最符合： (a) 推敲可能性模式（the elaboration likelihood model）(b) 過度辯證效果（the overjustification effect） (c) 錯覺相關（illusory correlation） (d) 共變模式（covariation model） 2. 有研究者想探討論點品質與論點數量在廣告上的效果，因此他操弄論點品質（強論點或弱論點）以及論點數量（多 與少），並且測量消費者對於商品的態度，得到的結果如下圖。請問這樣的型態顯示消費者可能採用何種方式進行訊 息處理？ (a) 自動化（automatic）歷程 (b) 中央路徑（central route） (c) 捷思法（heuristic）
(d) 整體思考風格（holistic thinking style）
3. 請問何種改變有助於消除社會懈怠（social loafing） (a) 減少參與人數
(b) 將作業簡化
(c) 具體評估個人表現 (d) 去個人化
試題第 2 頁
4. 下圖為計劃行為理論（theory of planned behavior, Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980）的簡圖： 請問空格的 X 應該是什麼變項：
(a) 自我效能（self-efficacy） (b) 主觀常模（subjective norms）
(c) 對行為的認知（cognition toward behavior） (d) 態度可接觸性（attitude accessibility）
5. 下列何種社會心理現象不是維持正向自我的基本動機所致？ (a) 向上社會比較（upward social comparison）
(b) 自我設限（self-handicapping） (c) 社會微調（social tuning） (d) 自我覺醒（self-awareness）
二、簡答題（每題 15 分）
1. 社會心理學研究顯示歸因（attribution）是人的基本社會心理歷程，請問在認知失調理論（theory of cognitive dissonance, Festinger, 1957）與自我知覺理論（self-perception theory, Bem, 1972）中，歸因歷程扮演了怎樣不同的角 色。 2. 跨文化心理學是許多社會心理學家關心的課題，最常見的研究方法之一是招募不同背景的參與者（如文化、種族、 使用語言等），並且以參與者的背景作為主要獨變項。請問是否有採用實驗方法（非準實驗法與相關法）的實證研 究，以單一背景的受試者進行跨文化研究？若您認為有，請加以舉例說明；若您認為沒有，請說明為何沒有這類研 究。 對行為的態度 （attitude toward the behavior）
