Unit 5 Patterns in Use Gerunds 動名詞是具有動詞性質的名詞，在句子中可以用來當作主詞、補語或受詞。以下分述此三種用法： 1 當主詞： 動名詞當主詞時，視為第三人稱單數，需搭配單數動詞；兩個以上的動名詞作主詞時，則搭配複 數動詞，例：
Teaching young kids requires a lot of patience.
Having a good night’s sleep and eating a balanced diet help you stay healthy.
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動名詞作主詞時，有時也可以用虛主詞it 代替動名詞，但一般只限於特定的慣用語中，使用 情況不如不定詞普遍，例：
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
It’s a waste of time arguing over such a trivial (瑣碎的) matter. 2 當補語：
動名詞當補語時，用以補充說明主詞所講的內容，或表示與主詞相同的一件事，例： What makes us tired is having to repeat the same questions many times.
Seeing is believing. 3 當受詞：
動名詞可以放在某些及物動詞之後作受詞，如
admit、regret、avoid、consider、deny、enjoy、escape、finish、mind、resist、risk、practice、keep、miss、postp one 等，例：
Would you consider working with us on this project? I haven’t finished reading the novel yet.
動名詞也可以接在介系詞如
about、against、at、after、before、by、for、from、in、like、of、on、since、upon、without 等，或是介系詞片 語如for fear of、for the purpose of、in addition to、in spite of、instead of 等後面作受詞，例： The actress is not interested in going to parties.
Dora decided to stay at home instead of going out with her friends. S + make + O + OC (adj./N)
S + leave/keep/find + O + OC (adj./prep. phrase)
不完全及物動詞後面除了要接受詞外，還需要有受詞補語對受詞加以補充說明，才能完全表達 句意的用法。受詞補語除了形容詞外，也可以是名詞片語、分詞片語或介系詞片語。請見以下說明： 1 make 使成為
Tyra wore some perfume to make herself attractive. (make + O + adj.，adj.修飾 O)
It’s probably God’s will to make the beggar a lottery millionaire. (make + O + N，N 補述 O) 2 leave 維持某種狀態
(leave + O + adj.)
Please don’t leave the trash in the house. (leave + O + prep. phrase) 被動語態：
The dog was left in the car because pets were not allowed in the restaurant. (O + be left + prep. phrase) 3 keep 保持…
The noise on the street kept me awake all night. (keep + O + adj.)
The teacher has trouble keeping the students engaged in class. (keep + O + adj.) Keep your hands above your head. (keep + O + prep. phrase)
4 find 發現，覺得
The depressed man found life meaningless. (find + O + adj.)
I found myself in trouble the moment I saw Dad at the principal’s office. (find + O + prep. phrase) 被動語態：
The victim was found dead. (O + be found +adj.) 文法加油站
leave/keep/find 的受詞補語還有分詞的形式，時態則視主詞與受詞的關係而定。若主詞 與受詞之間為主動的關係，則補語為現在分詞；若為被動，則補語為過去分詞，例： A good entertainer knows how to leave his audience wanting more. (leave + O + V-ing) The coach asked the players to keep the ball moving. (keep + O + V-ing)
Keep me posted. (keep + O + p.p.)
Mom found our dog hiding under the sofa. (find + O + V-ing) 文法加油站
不完全及物動詞
1 感官動詞：如 see、hear、feel 等，其受詞補語若為動詞時，可以接表主動的原形動詞或現 在分詞，也可以接表被動的過去分詞，例：
We heard birds singing in the tree. I saw a pencil fall from the desk.
I felt the wind blowing through my hair.
2 「思考型」動詞：如 think、consider、believe、find 等，其受詞補語大多為形容詞或名詞(片 語)，例：
Hank thought the girl pretty.
James considered himself very lucky. The man believes himself a genius.
3 「命名、推舉型」動詞：如 call、name、elect、choose 等。後面的受詞補語絕大多數為名詞(片 語)，例：
The parents named their baby Molly. We elected Thomas our class leader.
