Kaohsiung J Med Sci November 2007 • Vol 23 • No 11 566
Microsurgery has revolutionized the art of recon-structive surgery, enabling surgeons to replace tissues with similar tissues harvested from a distant site. Microsurgical free flaps have now become a routine technique in reconstructive surgery after a variety of cancer ablations.
The evolution of tissue transfer has also improved; however, microsurgical reconstruction remains a tech-nically challenging endeavor. No longer are free flaps based off a dominant anatomically named vessel, but rather one of its perforator vessels. Perforator-based free flaps now dominate free flap reconstruction, but one frequently encountered problem is venous insuf-ficiency due to the delicate nature of vessel walls.
The procedure’s success depends on the uncompli-cated preservation of the revascularization of tissue. Although failure rates have been reduced with increas-ing experience, there is still a significant failure rate, even for experienced surgeons.
Imprecise techniques can result in endothelial lac-erations due to incorrect needle and stitch penetration during anastomoses. Therefore, perfection of the tech-nique guarantees a successful result, and such a critical improvement of microsurgical anastomoses has been an ongoing process. We believe that a microvascular coupler is a tremendous asset in the practice of free flap transfer, and the value of its application and effective-ness has been well-documented [1–5].
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ATERIALS ANDM
ETHODSDuring a 6-month period from August 2005 to January 2006, 25 microvascular free tissue transfers and 30 venous anastomoses were performed by the Received: February 26, 2007 Accepted: June 22, 2007
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Dr Chung-Sheng Lai, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, 100 Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
E-mail: [email protected]
C
LINICAL
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XPERIENCE OF A
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ICROVASCULAR
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ENOUS
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OUPLER
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EVICE IN
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ISSUE
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RANSFERS
Kao-Ping Chang, Sin-Daw Lin, and Chung-Sheng Lai
Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, and Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery,
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
Most free flap failures result from technical problems in performing vascular anastomoses, such as endothelial intima lacerations, distortion of the vessels, and unequal intersuture distances. These incorrect practices can lead to thrombosis formation and, ultimately, flap failure. Solving this problem is a challenging issue for all micro-reconstructive surgeons. In the last decade, a vas-cular anastomotic coupler instrument was developed and reported on. We review our recent experiences of free tissue transfer using this vascular coupler device, and discuss how venous problems can be overcome with its aid. We believe the excellent patency rate of the coupler may minimize the well-described problems of venous thrombosis in the challenging field of free tissue reconstructions.
Key Words:free tissue transfer, venous coupler device
same operator at Kaohsiung Medical University Hos-pital. There were 16 male and nine female patients, with an average age of 41 years (range, 21–65 years). A total of 11 free flaps were performed for head and neck reconstructions. Fourteen free flaps were per-formed for extremity wounds (6 upper and 8 lower extremity wounds).
All 30 anastomoses attempted were venous anas-tomoses using the microvascular mechanical cou-pler system (Synovis Micro Companies Alliance Inc., Birmingham, AL, USA), as shown in Figure 1. Of these, five were double venous anastomoses with an
interpositional vein graft used in head and neck recon-struction. All anastomoses were carried out in an end-to-end manner. Arteries were anastomosed with a traditional hand-sewn suture technique. Usually, it costs NT$20,000 for every anastomosis.
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ESULTSPatients’ records are shown in the Table. Successful use of the mechanical coupler devices was demonstrated in 25 patients receiving a total of 30 anastomoses.
A B C
D E F
G
J
H I
Figure 1.Manipulating schemes of coupler devices. (A) A set of coupling devices. (B) The coupling instrument is plugged into the device. (C) The coupling device comprises a friction-fit union of implant rings (yellow arrow) made of high-density polyethylene and stainless-steel pins. (D) A vascular clamp is applied to the vessel stumps. (E) There are 6 pins evenly located around the ring. (F, G) The vessel edge is distributed evenly around its circumference to prevent intraluminal excess, and adequate bites are needed to ensure optimal eversion when the coupler is approximated. (H) The opposing rings come together gradually while twisting. (I) Microvascular anastomosis is completed. (J) Microscopic view with a coupler device in situ (arrowhead).
Table.Flaps and anastomoses performed using the coupler device
Inner diameter
No. Defect site Flap type Recipient vein (mm) of flap/recipient vein size (mm)Coupler time (min)Coupler [discrepancy]
1 Buccal area ALT Facial vein 3.2/3.0 [0.2] 3.0 10.0 2* Buccal area ALT External jugular vein 3.1/4.0 [0.9] 3.0 12.0 3.2/3.7 [0.5] 3.0 7.5 3 Buccal area ALT External jugular vein 2.5/2.9 [0.4] 2.5 9.0 4* Buccal area Radial forearm Superior thyroid vein 2.0/2.5 [0.5] 2.0 11.0 2.6/2.8 [0.2] 2.5 6.5 5* Buccal area Fibular Superior thyroid vein 3.3/3.0 [0.3] 3.0 6.0 3.1/2.6 [0.5] 2.5 5.0 6 Buccal area ALT Anterior jugular vein 2.2/2.1 [0.1] 2.0 7.0 7 Buccal area ALT External jugular vein 2.8/2.6 [0.2] 2.5 6.5 8 Buccal area Radial forearm External jugular vein 2.6/2.6 [0.0] 2.5 9.0 9* Buccal area ALT External jugular vein 2.7/3.0 [0.3] 2.5 5.5 3.0/3.4 [0.4] 3.0 5.0 10 Buccal area ALT Aberrant branch of 3.2/3.6 [0.4] 3.0 4.5
internal jugular vein
11* Buccal area Fibular Aberrant branch of 3.3/2.9 [0.4] 3.0 4.5 internal jugular vein 3.1/3.2 [0.1] 3.0 4.0 12 Right thumb Free toe Branch of cephalic vein 1.7/1.6 [0.1] 1.5 3.0
pulp defect
13 Right thumb soft Free pulp Cephalic vein 2.3/2.1 [0.2] 2.0 6.0 tissue loss
14 Right dorsal ALT Cephalic vein 3.2/3.0 [0.2] 3.0 5.0 hand
15 Right forearm ALT Basilic vein 2.9/2.6 [0.3] 2.5 3.5 16 Left above the Rectus Brachial vein 3.1/3.2 [0.1] 3.0 8.5
elbow amputee abdominus
17 Left palm ALT Cephalic vein 2.8/2.1 [0.7] 2.0 6.0 18 Diabetic foot ALT Dorsal pedis vein 2.5/1.6 [0.9] 1.5 7.0 19 Diabetic foot ALT Greater saphenous vein 3.4/2.5 [0.9] 2.5 5.0 20 Diabetic foot ALT Dorsal pedis vein 2.9/2.1 [0.8] 2.0 6.0 21 Diabetic foot MSAP Dorsal vein on the foot 1.9/1.7 [0.2] 1.5 5.5 22 Left dorsal foot ALT Greater saphenous vein 3.3/2.4 [0.9] 2.5 4.0 23 Right distal tibia Gracilis Greater saphenous vein 3.4/3.1 [0.3] 3.0 4.5
exposure
24 Left heel pad loss ALT Posterior tibial vein 3.2/2.8 [0.4] 2.5 6.0 25 Left pretibial bone Gracilis Greater saphenous vein 3.2/3.1 [0.1] 3.0 7.0
exposure
All attempted anastomoses were successfully com-pleted, and none were abandoned or converted to conventional hand-sewn sutures during procedures; there were no intraoperative or postoperative vascular complications. There were no anastomotic leaks imme-diately after coupling, and no additional sutures were required to secure the coupled anastomoses. Venous insufficiency occurred in one radial forearm flap; how-ever, this was due to a compressive hematoma rather than a coupling problem. After immediate removal of the hematoma, the flap was successful salvaged, resulting in an overall flap survival rate of 100%.
Donor sites (see Figure 2) included the anterolat-eral thigh flap (n= 15), fibular osteocutaneous flap (n= 2), radial forearm flap (n = 2), gracilis muscle flap (n= 2), toe or pulp flap (n = 2), medial sural arterial perforator flap (n= 1) and rectus abdominis musculo-cutaneous flap (n= 1). The most common recipient vessels were the external jugular veins, but the facial vein, branches of the internal jugular veins, greater saphenous veins, and the dorsal veins of the hand were also used. Recipient vessel diameter was typically 2.5–3.0 mm, but occasionally, vessel diameters <2.5mm were anastomosed with the aid of the coupler. Forty
percent of the venous anastomoses were performed using the 3.0-mm coupler, and 33.3% using the 2.5-mm coupler, with the remainder performed using the 2.0-mm (16.7%) and 1.5-mm (10%) couplers. The aver-age coupler time for one venous anastomosis was 6.3 minutes, with a range of 3 to 12 minutes.
The differences in size between the donor and recipient veins ranged from 0 mm to 0.9 mm, with 24 veins differing in size by less than 0.5 mm and six dif-fering by more than 0.5 mm. There was no correlation between the size difference and coupling time. The first 15 anastomoses took an average of 7.27 minutes (range, 4.5–12 minutes); however, the last 15 took an average of 5.88 minutes (range, 3–8.5 minutes).
D
ISCUSSIONMicro-anastomosis remains the most critical issue in free tissue transfer, with technical problems at the anastomosis responsible for a high risk of flap failure. Traditional sutured anastomoses have an accepted failure rate of 2–5% [6]. Potential etiologies for these failures consist of endoluminal lacerations leading to subendothelial collagen exposure, inadequate ever-sion of the edges, lumen narrowing due to undue bites, and vessel distortion due to size mismatches, tension, or uneven sutures. Easy and safe practice of this critical step minimizes flap ischemia time and eliminates the possibilities of micro-thrombosis and ischemia perfusion injury [7,8]. Over the last decade, the use of a microvascular coupling device for the performance of anastomosis has gradually become a routine part of microsurgical reconstruction. Several reports comparing the coupler device to conventional hand-sewn suture methods have described equal or greater patency rates, as well as more rapid perform-ance [3,4,9,10].
In our current study, we used a microvascular anas-tomotic coupler device (Synovis Micro Companies Alliance Inc.) to perform free tissue transfers for head and neck reconstructions and reconstruction of the extremities. The result shows that our application of the device for venous anastomoses in head and neck reconstructions compares favorably with our previous traditionally hand-sewn sutures (100% success rate in coupler device series; 96% in hand-sewn suture series). The coupling device comprises a friction-fit union of implant rings and stainless-steel pins. Standard
15; 60% 2; 8% 2; 8% 2; 8% 2; 8% 1; 4% 1; 4% ALT flap Fibular flap Radial forearm flap Gracilis muscle flap
Toe or pulp flap Medial sural arterial perforator flap Rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap Figure 2. Distribution of free-flap donor sites. ALT = antero-lateral thigh.
coupler-applying principles should ensure that the six pins are evenly placed around the ring. This depends on the surgeon distributing the vessel edge evenly around its circumference to prevent intraluminal excess, and taking adequate bites to ensure optimal eversion when the coupler is approximated. Four dif-ferent ring sizes with inner diameters of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mm were available in our series, although other sizes (for example, 1.0 mm) are also available. It is extremely important to choose the precise ring size for the vessel anastomoses. The inner diameter of the relaxed and fully dilated vessel should be somewhat larger than the inner diameter of the ring. If too large a ring is used, the intima of the vessel wall will tear easily during eversion; if the ring is too small, the “true” lumen will be diminished by the over-folded vessel walls. These two situations would potentially lead to higher risk of anastomotic failure. Thus, it is eas-ier to perform a coupler anastomosis with a thin-walled vessel than with one with thick walls. The device has therefore been used more often for venous than for arterial anastomoses, although it has occasionally been used in thick-walled arteries. In fact, using conven-tional hand-sewn sutures is simpler for arterial anasto-mosis than for venous anastoanasto-mosis, due to the thicker and more elastic wall; therefore, we usually apply this device for venous anastomoses, and not for arterial anastomoses.
While coupling, minimizing size discrepancies in-creases the success rate [3], although some authors do not regard such discrepancies to be a problem [5]. Our experience revealed that anastomoses with mini-mal size differences are desired, but not absolutely required. Anastomosing caliber-mismatched veins was not very difficult when the difference was less than 1.0 mm (0.8 mm or even 0.9 mm differences in case numbers 18, 19, 20 and 22). The diameter of the coupler ring was chosen according to the caliber of the smaller vein in such cases; however, a vein that is much larger than the inner diameter of the ring can be anastomosed as long as the wall is evenly anchored to the pins. It was not necessary to convert any anastomosis to a tradi-tional hand-sewn suture because of caliber mismatch in our series. We believe that this is one of the advantages of coupling anastomoses over the traditional hand-sewn suture method, which could be securely applied in moderate-size discrepancy while anastomosing.
Another advantage of using this device is the ease with which vessel anastomoses can be performed in
limited spaces of head and neck free flap recon-struction, such as in oropharyngeal and mandibular reconstructions. Access to these vessels is often lim-ited by the presence of the mandible arch, making the anastomoses difficult. In such situations, the coupler device was found to be quite useful, both because it requires less space and because the vessel wall can easily be anchored into the ring pin within the depth of the wound. In our study, this device was also used for two toe-to-hand reconstructions. One was a free pulp transfer to repair thumb pulp loss and the other was the transfer of a second toe to rebuild an injured middle finger. It was relatively easy to anastomose the fairly thin-walled dorsal veins on the back of the hand, although the radial and common digital arter-ies in the palm could also have been anastomosed by the coupler device, if needed.
There are several hypotheses supporting the advantages of the coupler device [1]. First, there is a considerable time saving over a sutured anastomo-sis. The cost of the device compares favorably with traditional suture techniques when additional opera-tive time is considered. The second advantage is that no foreign bodies stay inside the lumen, unlike con-ventional hand-sewn sutures, which appear on the inner surface of lumen and might cause microthrom-bosis. Furthermore, the venous wall is too thin to maintain the lumen by itself, if the internal venous pressure is not strong enough to hold a sutured site open. With the coupler device, the mechanical rings prevent the anastomosis site from collapsing, even when the surrounding pressure increases. Some re-ports have revealed that coupled anastomoses are 50% stronger than sutured anastomoses at 4 months after surgery [11], and may benefit from the scaffold effect of the coupler rings, which prevent the vessel wall from collapsing [1].
One big disadvantage of the application of the coupler device is the learning time. We agree with Denk et al’s [2] and Ahn et al’s [3] opinions that a learning curve for gaining familiarity with the cou-pling device exists. For our first few flaps, the anas-tomotic time was longer than 10 minutes. However, with greater experience in using the device, the anas-tomotic times decreased to an average of less than 6 minutes in our series (see the Results section).
Although the coupler device is convenient and reli-able, we believe that a hand-sewn micro-anastomosis is obligatory in several indications: whenever either
the donor or recipient artery is too thick-walled, since adequate eversion of the edges over the device becomes technically difficult, leading to either intimal injury or significant reduction in intraluminal diameter; when there exists donor and recipient arterial luminal diam-eter discrepancies of greater than 1.0 mm; and when it is necessary to avoid using micro-anastomoses within the zone of injury [3,12].
Our study confirms the capability of the mechanical coupler device to anastomose vessels in an end-to-end fashion in microsurgery. It is both reliable and time-saving. We highly recommend the coupler device as a safe, fast and reliable adjunct for free tissue transfers. However, how to accommodate greater size discrep-ancies (>1.0mm) of vessels, and additional refinements of such devices to extend their application in clinical microsurgery, should be considered in the future.
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EFERENCES1. Nishimoto S, Hikasa H, Ichino N, et al. Venous anas-tomoses with a microvascular anastomotic device in head and neck reconstruction. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000; 16:553–6.
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