Prenylbicyclogermacrane Diterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Nephthea
pacifica
Ali A. H. El-Gamal,†,‡Shang-Kwei Wang,§Chang-Feng Dai,⊥I-Gin Chen,†and Chang-Yih Duh*,†
Department of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China, Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China, and Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
Received July 23, 2004
Ten new prenylbicyclogermacrane diterpenoids, pacificins A-J (1-10), were isolated from the methylene chloride solubles of the Formosan soft coral Nephthea pacifica. The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectral analysis, and their cytotoxicity against selected cancer cells was measured in vitro. Soft corals of the genus Nephthea are rich in
terpe-noids1-11and steroids.12As part of our search for bioactive substances from marine organisms, the Formosan soft coral
Nephthea pacifica Ku¨ kenthal (family Nephtheidae) was studied as CH2Cl2extracts and showed significant cyto-toxicity to A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma), and P-388 (mouse lym-phocytic leukemia) cell cultures as determined by standard procedures.13,14Bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of 10 new prenylbicyclogermacrane diterpe-noids, pacificins A-J (1-10).
Results and Discussion
Pacificin A (1) was isolated as a colorless amorphous solid. HREIMS,13C NMR, and DEPT spectra established
the molecular formula of 1 as C20H34O2, with four degrees of unsaturation.13C NMR and DEPT spectra of 1 exhibited the presence of four methyls, seven sp3methylenes, three sp3 methines, one sp2 methine, three sp3 quaternary carbons, and one sp2quaternary carbon. The presence of two sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the molecule, as deduced from the13C and DEPT NMR spectra (Table 2), corresponding to one carbon-carbon double bond as the only double bond, indicated compound 1 to be tricyclic. The presence of a trisubstituted epoxy group in 1 was shown by the NMR data (δH2.81 d; δC61.9 qC, 66.2 CH) (Tables 1 and 2). The NMR data (δH0.20 m, 0.38 m, 0.73 m, 1.10 m; δC3.9 CH2, 27.1 CH, 28.8 CH) (Tables 1 and 2) pointed to a cyclopropane ring in 1. The1H NMR spectrum also contained signals for five tertiary methyl groups (δH0.46, 0.73, 1.30, 1.58, 1.65). In addition, a signal at δH5.06 was attributed to an olefinic proton and was confirmed by13C NMR spectroscopy (δC 125.0 CH). The presence of an ambiguous carbon bearing an oxygen (δC 72.9 qC) was shown in the13C NMR spectrum. The spectral data of 1 exhibited some similarity to those of a prenylbicycloger-macrane diterpenoid, palmatol, isolated from Alcyonium
palmatum,15except for the differences of chemical shifts in the vicinity of C-9/C-10. Measurement of the13C-13C homonuclear shift correlation 2D spectrum (INADEQUATE) (Supporting Information) of 1 together with COSY, HMQC, and HMBC (Figure 1) experiments established its chemical structure and enabled also the assignment of all resonances in the NMR spectra. The relative stereochemistry of 1 was deduced from a 2D NOESY experiment (Figure 2), which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From these data, pacificin A can be formulated as 1.
The molecular formula of pacificin B (2) proved to be C20H34O3by HREIMS and13C NMR data. Detailed com-parison of1H and13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) of 2 and 1 revealed that 2 differed from 1 in the side chain. COSY correlation between H-3/H-4 and H-4/H-5, HMBC correlations from H-1/H-17 to C-2/C-3 and H-5 to C-3/ C-6/C-7, and a J3,4 of 15.6 Hz placed an E double bond between C-3 and C-4. The relative stereochemistry of 1 was determined by a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From the aforementioned data, pacificin B can be formulated as 2.
Pacificin C (3) had the molecular formula C20H34O4, 16 mass units higher than that of 2. The1H and 13C NMR * To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 886-7-525-2000,
ext. 5036. Fax: 886-7-525-5020. E-mail: [email protected]. †National Sun Yat-sen University.
‡On leave from Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt. §Kaohsiung Medical University.
⊥National Taiwan University.
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spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) closely resembled those of 2 except that the tertiary hydroxyl attached to C-2 was replaced by a hydroperoxide. HMBC correlations from H-1/ H-17 to C-2/C-3 and H-5 to C-3/C-6/C-7 confirmed the position of the hydroperoxide. The relative stereochemistry of 3 was deduced from a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From these data, pacificin C was formulated as 3.
HREIMS and NMR data revealed pacificin D (4) to have a molecular formula of C20H34O3. The 1H and13C NMR spectral data exhibited the presence of a terminal meth-ylene (δH 4.86, 4.93; δC 111.8, 147.3) and a secondary hydroxyl (δH4.00; δC76.9). The1H and13C NMR spectral data of 4 (Tables 1 and 2) closely resembled those of 1 except for NMR signals due to the side chain. HMBC correlations from H-17 to C-1/C-2/C-3 confirmed the 3-hy-droxyisopentenyl side chain. The relative stereochemistry of 4 was establised by a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. Therefore, the structure of pacificin D was established as 4.
Pacificin E (5) was isolated as a colorless resin of molecular formula C20H34O4, as indicated by HRFABMS and NMR spectra. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) were very close to those of 4 except that the tertiary hydroxyl attached to C-3 was replaced by a hydroperoxyl.16HMBC correlations from H-17 to C-1/C-2/ C-3 confirmed the position of the hydroperoxyl. The relative stereochemistry of 5 was deduced from a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From the above data, pacificin E was thus formulated as 5.
Pacificin F (6) was shown to have the molecular formula of C20H34O2 by HREIMS and NMR spectra. The1H and 13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) exhibited some similarity to those of 2 except that the trisubstituted epoxide was replaced by a E-trisubstituted double bond. HMBC correlations (Supporting Information) from H-11 to C-9/C-10/C-12/C-13 confirmed the position of the E-trisub-stituted double bond. The relative stereochemistry of 6 was determined on the basis of a 2D NOESY experiment (Supporting Information), which indicated that 19, 20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From these data, pacificin F can be formulated as 6.
The molecular formula of pacificin G (7) was obtained from HRFABMS and NMR spectra. The1H and13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) resembled those of 6 except for NMR signals due to the side chain terminus and an additional acetoxy group on the 10-membered ring. 2D COSY correlation (H-10/H-11) and HMBC correlations from H-11 to C-9/C-10 confirmed the position of the acetoxy group. The side chain was identical to that of 3. The relative stereochemistry of 7 was deduced from a 2D NOESY experiment (Supporting Information), which in-dicated that Me-19, Me-20, H-11, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From the aforementioned data, pacificin G can be formulated as 7.
Pacificin H (8) was isolated as a colorless amorphous solid of molecular formula C20H36O5, as established by HRFABMS and NMR spectra. The 1H and 13C NMR
Table 1. 1H NMR Data of 1 -10 H 1 a 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 a 9 a 10 a 1 1.65 s 1.33 s 1.34 s 4.86 s, 4.93 s 5.02 s, 5.04 s 1.23 s 1.35 s 5.01 s, 5.04 s 1.69 s 1.33 s 3 5.06 t (6.9) 5.63 d (15.6) 5.58 d (15.6) 4.00 t (6.9) 4.25 t (6.9) 5.59 d (15.9) 5.55 d (15.6) 4.23 t (6.9) 5.11 t (6.9) 5.61 d (15.6) 4 2.04 m 5.69 m 5.76 m 1.22 m 1.29 m 5.72 m 5.74 m 1.60 m 2.10 m 5.69 m 5 1.15 m, 1.28 m 1.96 m, 2.04 m 1.97 m, 2.07 m 1.21 m 1.11 m 1.86 m, 2.01 m 2.02 m 1.22 m 1.31 m 1.99 m 7 1.50 m, 1.74 m 1.56 m, 1.69 m 1.53 m, 1.68 m 1.49 m, 1.75 m 1.48 m, 1.74 m 1.40 m, 1.76 m 1.51 m, 1.74 m 1.44 m, 1.78 m 1.40 m, 1.91 m 1.42 m, 1.79 m 8 1.26 m, 2.01 m 1.23 m, 2.02 m 1.24 m, 2.05 m 1.27 m, 2.06 m 1.28 m, 2.06 m 1.96 m, 2.29 m 2.33 dt (2.4, 12.6), 2.18 m 2.36 dt (2.4, 12.6), 2.18 m 2.08 m, 2.31 m 2.08 m , 2.32 m 10 2.81 br d (10.2) 2.86 br d (10.5) 2.83 br d (9.9) 2.83 br d (9.9) 2.84 br d (8.4) 5.23 br d (11.1) 5.23 br d (10.8) 5.23 br d (10.5) 5.36 br d (10.5) 5.35 br d (11. 1) 11 1.36 m, 1.96 m 1.40 m, 2.06 m 1.42 m, 2.05 m 1.36 m, 2.04 m 1.37 m, 2.05 m 1.99 m, 2.25 m 5.44 dt (4.5, 10.8) 5.44 dt (3.9, 10.5) 2.15 m, 2.34 m 2.14 m, 2.35 m 12 1.94 m 1.96 m 1.97 m 1.97 m 1.96 m 1.80 m 2.17 dd (11.4, 4.2), 2.04 m 2.13 dd (12.3, 3.9), 1.97 m 2.16 m, 2.48 m 2.17 m, 2.46 m 14 1.10 m 1.15 m 1.14 m 1.15 m 1.14 m 0.91 m 1.03 m 1.00 m 0.98 m 0.97 m 15 0.20 m, 0.38 m 0.30 m, 0.44 m 0.28 m, 0.43 m 0.23 m, 0.39 m 0.25 m, 0.43 m 0.23 m, 0.49 m 0.27 m, 0.41 m 0.23 m, 0.37 m 0.60 m, 0.68 m 0.64 m, 0.69 m 16 0.73 m 0.74 m 0.73 m 0.73 m 0.74 m 0.56 m 0.55 m 0.52 m 0.55 m 0.53 m 17 1.58 s 1.33 s 1.34 s 1.74 s 1.74 s 1.23 s 1.35 s 1.74 s 1.62 s 1.33 s 18 0.46 s 0.51 s 0.51 s 0.50 s 0.50 s 0.58 s 0.61 s 0.60 s 0.59 s 0.59 s 19 1.30 s 1.31 s 1.30 s 1.32 s 1.32 s 1.64 s 1.83 s 1.84 s 1.60 s 1.58 s 20 0.73 s 0.77 s 0.76 s 0.76 s 0.77 s 0.68 s 0.79 s 0.79 s 4.19 s, 4.58 s 4.17 s, 4.58 s OAc 2.02 s 2.02 s aRecorded in CDCl 3 at 300 MHz. bRecorded in acetone-d6 at 300 MHz.
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spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) were quite similar to those of 7 except for NMR signals due to the side chain. HMBC correlations from H-17 to C-1/C-2/C-3 confirmed the 3-hy-droperoxyisopentenyl side chain. The relative stereochem-istry of 8 was established by a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, H-11, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. From these data, pacificin H was formulated as 8.
The1H and13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) of pacificin H (9) were identical with those of an acetylation byproduct of an isolate from an octocoral Alcyonium
palmatum.15 However, after our detailed analysis of the 2D NMR spectra of 9, the1H and13C NMR chemical shifts at C-11, C-14, and C-16 should be revised as in Table 2. Compound 9 is a new natural product.
Pacificin I (10) analyzed for C20H32O by mass spectrom-etry in combination with interpretation of13C NMR data. The1H and13C NMR spectral data (Tables 1 and 2) were analogous to those of 9 except for NMR signals due to the side chain. COSY correlation between H-3/H-4 and H-4/ H-5, HMBC correlations from H-1/H-17 to C-2/C-3 and H-5
to C-3/C-6/C-7, and a J3,4 of 15.6 Hz placed an E double bond between C-3 and C-4. The relative stereochemistry of 9 was determined by a 2D NOESY experiment, which indicated that Me-19, Me-20, and H-16 were on one side of the molecule, while Me-18, H-10, and H-14 were on the opposite side of the molecule. Therefore, the structure of pacificin I was established as 10.
Pacificins C and H exhibited cytotoxicity against P-388 cells with ED50’s of 1.44 and 2.01 µg/mL, respectively. The other isolates were inactive against P-388 and HT-29 cell lines.
Experimental Section
General Experimental Procedures. Optical rotations were determined on a JASCO DIP-181 polarimeter. IR spectra were recorded on a Hitachi 26-30 spectrophotometer. The NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300 NMR spec-trometer at 300 MHz for1H and 75 MHz for13C, respectively, using TMS as internal standard. EIMS spectra were obtained with a JEOL JMS-SX/SX 102A mass spectrometer at 70 eV. Si gel 60 (Merck, 230-400 mesh) was used for column chromatography; precoated Si gel plates (Merck, Kieselgel 60 F254, 0.25 mm) were used for TLC analysis.
Animal Material. The soft coral N. pacifica was collected at Green Island, off Taiwan, in March 2002, at a depth of 5 m and was stored for 1 week in a freezer until extraction. A voucher specimen, NSUGN-058, was deposited in the Depart-ment of Marine Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan.
Extraction and Isolation. The bodies of the soft coral N.
pacifica were freeze-dried to give 1.10 kg of a solid, which was
extracted with CH2Cl2(3.0 L× 3, overnight for each cycle) at room temperature. After removal of solvent in vacuo, the residue (47 g) was chromatographed over Si gel 60 using
n-hexane-EtOAc and MeOH-EtOAc mixtures as eluting
solvents. Elution by n-hexane-EtOAc (85:15) afforded frac-tions containing 9. Elution by n-hexane-EtOAc (65:35) af-forded fractions containing 1, 7, and 8. Elution by n-hexane-EtOAc (55:45) afforded fractions containing 6 and 10. Elution by n-hexane-EtOAc (35:65) afforded fractions containing 2-5. Compound 1 (360 mg, 7.6%) was further purified by Si gel column chromatography, eluting with n-hexane-acetone (4:1). Compounds 2 (3 mg, 0.006%), 3 (3 mg, 0.006%), 4 (5 mg, 0.011%), and 5 (6 mg, 0.013%) were further purified by HPLC (LiChrosorb Si 60, 7 µm, 25× 250 mm), eluting with n-hex-ane-acetone (3:1). Compound 6 (3 mg, 0.006%) was further
Table 2. 13C NMR Spectral Data of 1-10
1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6b 7a 8a 9a 10a 1 25.7 30.0 24.5 111.8 114.7 29.8 24.5 114.9 25.8 30.0 2 131.2 70.9 82.2 147.3 143.0 69.4 82.3 143.5 130.9 70.9 3 125.0 141.3 136.7 76.9 90.4 141.7 136.3 90.6 125.5 140.6 4 22.2 122.3 127.4 29.6 24.7 122.3 127.9 24.7 22.4 123.6 5 46.6 48.1 49.1 41.7 41.7 48.6 49.0 40.5 45.9 48.2 6 34.7 35.3 35.7 34.3 34.3 36.0 36.4 35.1 35.9 36.8 7 36.6 36.5 37.1 36.8 36.7 37.2 37.4 36.9 37.7 38.1 8 35.4 35.5 35.4 35.4 35.4 36.0 36.4 35.1 36.4 36.4 9 61.9 62.0 61.9 61.9 62.8 132.2 139.9 140.4 136.1 136.0 10 66.2 66.4 66.3 66.3 66.3 127.2 125.8 125.7 126.1 126.1 11 24.4 24.5 24.3 24.4 24.4 24.7 69.0 69.0 30.4 30.3 12 41.7 41.8 41.7 42.1 42.2 44.4 49.0 49.0 40.4 40.5 13 72.9 73.0 73.0 72.9 72.9 72.0 71.5 71.6 154.0 153.8 14 28.8 28.9 28.9 28.6 28.9 30.5 30.3 30.3 24.9 25.0 15 3.9 3.9 4.3 3.9 3.9 5.8 4.9 4.5 12.9 13.1 16 27.1 27.0 27.8 27.0 26.9 27.5 28.0 27.1 35.5 35.9 17 17.6 30.0 24.5 17.2 17.1 29.8 24.5 17.0 17.6 30.0 18 19.4 19.3 19.5 19.6 19.5 15.5 20.3 19.3 18.4 17.6 19 17.1 17.1 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.9 18.2 17.0 15.8 15.8 20 20.6 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.7 19.9 21.3 21.3 103.2 103.3 OAc 21.4 21.4 170.5 170.4 aRecorded in CDCl
3at 75 MHz (assigned by DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments).bRecorded in acetone-d6at 75 MHz
(assigned by DEPT, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments).
Figure 1. Key COSY and HMBC correlations of 1.
Figure 2. Selected NOESY correlations of 1.
76 Journal of Natural Products, 2005, Vol. 68, No. 1 El-Gamal et al.
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purified by HPLC (LiChrosorb RP-18, 7 µm, 25× 250 mm), eluting with MeOH-H2O (90:10). Compounds 7 (4 mg, 0.009%) and 8 (3 mg, 0.006%) were further purified by HPLC (Li-Chrosorb RP-18, 7 µm, 25× 250 mm), by eluting with MeOH-H2O (73:27). Compound 9 (20 mg, 0.042%) was further purified by Si gel column chromatography, eluting with n-hexane-EtOAc (9:1). Compound 10 (4 mg, 0.009%) was further purified by HPLC (LiChrosorb RP-18, 7 µm, 25× 250 mm), eluting with MeOH-H2O (90:10).
Pacificin A (1): [R]25
D-62° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3450 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS
m/z 306 [M]+ (9), 288 (12), 270 (32), 81 (100); HREIMS m/z
306.2558 (calcd for C20H34O2, 306.2550).
Pacificin B (2): [R]25
D-53° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3520 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS
m/z 322 [M]+ (3), 304 (8), 81 (100); HREIMS m/z 322.2492
(calcd for C20H34O3, 322.2499).
Pacificin C (3): [R]25
D-46° (c 0.1, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3480 cm-1; 1H NMR, see Table 1; 13C NMR, see Table 2; HRFABMS m/z 339.2529 (calcd for C20H35O4, 339.2526).
Pacificin D (4): [R]25
D-43° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3490 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS
m/z 322 [M]+ (3), 304 (6), 216 (12), 81 (100); HREIMS m/z
322.2495 (calcd for C20H34O3, 322.2499).
Pacificin E (5): [R]25
D-38° (c 0.1, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3510 cm-1; 1H NMR, see Table 1; 13C NMR, see Table 2; HRFABMS m/z 339.2532 (calcd for C20H35O4, 339.2526).
Pacificin F (6): [R]25
D-51° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3460 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS
m/z 306 [M]+(4), 288 (6), 271 (12), 215 (8), 189 (70), 95 (100);
HREIMS m/z 306.2543 (calcd for C20H34O2, 306.2550).
Pacificin G (7): [R]25
D-26° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3480, 1730 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; HRFABMS m/z 381.2638 (calcd for C22H37O5, 381.2631).
Pacificin H (8): [R]25
D-18° (c 0.1, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3550, 1732 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; HRFABMS m/z 381.2636 (calcd for C22H37O5, 381.2631).
Pacificin I (9): [R]25
D -28° (c 0.1, CHCl3);1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS m/z 272 [M]+
(9), 257 (12), 95 (100).
Pacificin J (10): [R]25
D-22° (c 0.2, CHCl3); IR (neat) νmax 3450 cm-1;1H NMR, see Table 1;13C NMR, see Table 2; EIMS
m/z 288 [M]+ (3), 270 (6), 220 (12), 95 (100); HREIMS m/z
288.2440 (calcd for C20H32O, 288.2445).
Cytotoxicity Testing. P-388 cells were kindly supplied by J. M. Pezzuto, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago; A549 and HT-29 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. Cytotoxic assays were carried out according to the procedure described previously.14Three concentrations (50, 5, and 0.5 µg/mL) of the tested compounds were used in the cytotoxicity assays.
Acknowledgment. We thank J. M. Pezzuto, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, for the provision of P-388 cell lines. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Council of Taiwan awarded to C.-Y.D.
Supporting Information Available: 1H NMR,13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC, HMBC, and13C-13C homonuclear shift correlation 2D
spec-trum (INADEQUATE) of 1. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org.
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