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一個「國民」,各自表述──論晚清小說與魯迅小說的國民想像

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˘࣎Ķ઼ϔķĂЧҋܑࢗ

ęኢ୎୻̈ᄲᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞઼ϔຐည

ᗞ ઉ ಱ

Ŏ

ၡ ࢋ

ώ͛ଂ͛ጯ۞ಞાĂࡁտ୎୻̈ᄲᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞Ķ઼ϔķຐညтң኏ᑝז ̈ᄲ۞ୃְĄኢ͛АଂĶ઼ϔķෟຉ۞߹ត̷ˢĂΎព˘࣎Ķ઼ϔķĂтңజ ү۰ཏЧҋܑࢗĂԸड΍̙Т۞ຍஉĄኢ͛ซ҃ͽ఺׌࣎ॡ΃۞೼࿆ᛉᗟę ĶᛇᏹķᄃĶڃჂķăĶϏֽķᄃĶ࿅ΝķүࠎפᙡᕇĂኢᙋ̈ᄲд̙ТĶ઼ϔķ ໄه۞̬ˢ˭Ăၹ᎝΍׌჌ഈ΃ϐᄃ͵ࡔܐϹ᏾۞Ķ઼ϔķ؈३Ăໂბ҃Ⴔ ᚊĂ፬̷˫྘ளĂĶ઼ϔķٕјࠎ˧ॎ̋ګăฯ͕ӴԠ۞ԓጔٙдĂٕјࠎٚ ፉ઼ְ͟ܧăۤົᐞᗼ۞ࢦፉĄࡶߏٸזү۰۞ᆷүજ፟˯ĂЧҋܑࢗ۞઼ϔ ݒ˫࠹̢ײᑕĂ઼ϔజٸд઼छ஽਽۞֎ޘ˯Ăፉ࢑੓።Ϋă߆ڼ۞యЇĂд ̙Т۞Шޘणϯ΍˘ା᝞۞३ᆷ॰ߛĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ઼ϔă୎୻ăጆ֝ă̈ᄲăॡมă۩ม

˘ă݈֏ĈĶ઼ϔķͅޥ

ྼ֕ٺݱฏ̝ม۞ܠ Q ˘ۡజ༊јĶ઼ϔّķ۞ะ̂ј۰Ăѣ͕ˠ̀д ܠ Q ๱႕ϔ୉Ķዂ໴Ϋķ۞Ķᐹ౼੃ரķ྆ĂᐌຍܮΞᕩৼ΍ןࢩăਣ࣫ă ຌߎăҋ̂ăΞᇔඈ৿ౝĂ൒ޢᄃ઼ϔّထ˯ඈཱིĄଂIJܠ Q ϒ็ijٺ 1921 ѐ 12 ͡ 4 ͟Ҍ 1922 ѐ 2 ͡ 12 ͟ాྶٺΔִĮ୐ಡઘΏįĂிкኢ۰ܮдώኳ 325 * ү۰઼ܼϲ߆ڼ̂ጯ઼͛̚ጯր౾̀঱ࡁտϠĄ

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ኢ˯Ķᛉኢ৾৾ķĄ1఺ֱഅྫྷጆ֝Ğ1881-1936ğВ఍Т˘ॡ΃۞ኢ۰Ă൑ ኢ׎̼͛ă߆ڼ˯۞ϲಞăੱᒉăநهߏӎ˘࡭ĂݒВТତќ˞ጆ֝ҋᄮᆷ ΍઼̚ˠីᅿ۞ኢᕇĂ૟׎ඊ˭ˠۏෛࠎ઼ϔّ۞΃ܑĄ΄ˠមత۞ߏـޢ ᇴ˩ѐᔵ൒གྷ።߆གྷត̼Ăኢ۰ݒֶ൒˘тـټഈ඾Ķώኳኢķ݌ـ݈ۡĂ ˘ۡזώ͵ࡔֶ൒ĶዶࢰᖒୖķĄ2 ࿅ΝĂдޥຐăۤົጯ۞ᅳાĂ̏ѣጯ۰ྏဦ൴ଧĶ઼ϔķኢࢗ۞੓໚ ᄃ൴णĂтՅϣฯ˟ࢡăगษૄăᆒϰĂՔڗဋăඊ۰അಶĶ઼ϔķր௚ኢ 1 тIJܠ Q ϒ็ijాྶഇมĂՔอДಶдĮ̈ᄲ͡ಡįௐ 13 סௐ 2 ཱིග᝝۰ᙌ઼ᄡ۞ܫ̚޽ ΍Ĉܠ QĶߏ઼̚ˠݡّ۞ඕ೿ӡĊČČܠ Q ٙ΃ܑ۞઼̚ˠ۞ݡّĂ˫ߏ઼̚˯ۤ̚ົ ล৺۞ݡّĊķాྶඕՁޢ˘࣎к͡ޢĂ׹үˠͽЅ૜۞ЩཌྷдĮ୐ಡઘΏąҋ̎۞๩гį ૞᛼̚൴ܑIJܠ Q ϒ็ijᆷ྽Ĉܠ QĶߏ˘಼઼̚ˠݡّ۞ĺ஄Ъ໰࠹ĻĄķ1923 ѐ 10 ͡ 8 ͟อДٺĮॡְາಡįઘΏ൴ܑIJ᝝ĶӞ಄ķijĈĶIJ͋˙̎ijăIJᘽijăIJځ͇ijăIJࢲ گijăIJܠ Q ϒ็ijඈቔĂౌߏᖞ઼̚۞ѷҒˠϠ۞ᆷ໰ķĂ֭ͷ޽΍̈ᄲ̂кೡᆷĶҁ̚ ઼۞׊̃ķ۞ޥຐ׶Ϡ߿ĂߏĶԧࣇ۞ĺ̈͵ࠧĻγ۞ĺ઼̂̚ĻˠϠķĄ 1925 ѐ 6 ͡ 6 ͟Ă઼̚ಡΏࢵѨΏ൳઼γጆ֝ࡁտ͛ᚥĂͳԓᖃĞB.A. VassilievğჍጆ֝ࠎĶ઼ϔү छķĂߏĶۤົ͕ី۞໰࠹रĂߏϔிϠ߿۞੃ᐂ۰Ąķ1928 ѐĂ౹ౄۤă͉วۤᄃጆ֝ ซҖĶࢭ׻͛ጯķ۞ኢۋĂϒ༊ጆ֝ዎצјϼӍă฾˜෹ඈˠԲҿॡĂĮ͉ว͡Ώįˬ͡ ཱིܠࡻ൴ܑIJѪΝ˞۞ܠ Q ॡ΃ijĂᄮࠎܠ QĶ΃ܑ˞ঽၗ۞઼ϔّķĂ̙࿅т̫ॡ΃̏Լ តĂ˩ѐֽྺϔ̙̏ညܠ Q ॡ΃ਠρ༴Ąд 1933 ѐ 3 ͡ 1 ͟ϛٺĮϦಡįIJҋϤኘij൴ܑ IJܠ Q ࠹ij޽΍ܠ Q ࠹Ķ˵ಶߏ֗צᇴ˼ѐֽಜă඲ă഼ă͛ăڠă׹ă͋ă؜ဵ็۞̚ර ઼ϔ۞೼࿆࠹Ąķ1934 ѐ 11 ͡ 5 ͟ĂᛂౠڒдĮ઼ჷฉಡįௐ 11 ס 44 ഇ൴ܑIJĶܠ Q ϒ ็ķ̈́ጆ֝౹ү۞ᘹఙij̶ژܠ Q ٙᇆड۞઼̚ϔ୉۞КॲّĂᄮࠎܠ Q ۞ןًăഡචُ ೋăჟৠ౼ӀڱăԸ፟ăྒ̂ăҋ಴ᕻّඈĂ࠰ΞᄃЧ።Ϋഈ΃઼̝̚ˠ၆ཱིˢळĂଂ҃ ଀זтѩຍ֍ĈĶܠ Q ߊ΃ܑ඾઼̚ˠঈኳĂࠎፋ઼࣎̚ϔ୉۞׏ݭĂٙͽ౵ܐ൴ܑॡ᝝ ۰ՏႷܠ Q ಶߏ޽඾΁ҋ̎Ąķͽ˯ኜ͔͛Ξ֍઼ۤ̚ົࡊጯੰ͛ጯࡁտٙጆ֝ࡁտވ በĂĮጆ֝ࡁտጯఙኢ඾ྤफ़๗በ 1913-1983įĞΔִĈ઼͛̚ᓑ΍ۍ̳ΦĂ 1985ğĂࢱ 25 ă 29 ă 35 ă 95 ă 330-331 ă 774 ă 1035-1044 Ą 2 Ϥٺ࠹ᙯኢᕇѭͱ·ഏĂԧ่ᓝ΍׌Ҝன΃͛ጯෞኢ۞঍͜ęआԠ୻ᄃՂለ୚ࠎּĂ݈ ۰ᄮࠎĶIJܠ Q ϒ็ij᜛જ઼͛̚ጪĂ͹ࢋЯࠎ઼̚᝝۰дܠ Q ֗˯൴ன˞̚රϔ୉۞ঽၗ ČČ΃ܑ˘჌ϔ୉۞ၑঽĄķ֍आԠ୻ĂIJܐഇĞ1917-1927ğijĂĮ઼̚ன΃̈ᄲΫįĞ˝ ᐷĈ̓ᓑ΍ۍۤĂ 1979ğĂࢱ 34 Ąޢ۰݋ߏᄮࠎĶܠ Q ۞ధк৿ᕇТॡ˵ߏ̚රϔ୉۞৿ ᕇĂ఺ֱ৿ᕇΞͽᕩࠎ׌ᙷ͹ࢋ۞ͅࢬ৵ኳĈ΁۞ĺჟৠ౼ӀĻၗޘČČГ˘࣎ಶߏ΁۞ ĺζّ͕நĻČČ఺׌࣎পᕇౌᄃ઼̚۞ঽॲ࠹ాĂ҃఺჌ϔ୉ঽϒߏͽـ።Ϋ۞᏷யĄķ ֍Ղለ୚ĂIJ੠Րன΃ّĞ1895-1927ğijĂĮன΃ّ۞੠ՐįĞᄂΔĈ౪ϣ΍ۍۤĂ 1996ğĂࢱ 269 Ą

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ࢗซҖଣ੅Ą3д͌ᇴ۞ኳႷ̚Ăᆒϰ۞ኢᕇ౵ࠎ͔ˠ៘ϫĂсኳႷĶ઼ϔ ّķտౣߏ˘࣎ިᇹ۞ۢᙊቑᘞĉι۞ৠྖд઼̚۞Ķன΃ّķநኢ̚࢑ྶ ˞ިᇹ۞።Ϋຍཌྷĉ4ᆒϰ۞ኢᕇыዟг೩ᏹԧࣇĶ઼ϔّķ۞ၹౄયᗟĂ ҃።ֽ૟Ķ઼ϔّķ༊јώኳ۞үڱĂߙ჌඀ޘ˯̏૟̝Ķৠྖķ̼Ą ࠹ԛ̝˭Ă͛ጯಞા̚۞Ķ઼ϔķᑕϡĂݒᔿ͌ࠎጯ۰ঘ̈́Ąְ၁˯Ă ༊ޥຐࠧͽĶϒགྷˣѺķ۞͞ёኢ઼ࢗϔّॡĂ͇੺Җ۩۞̈ᄲୃࢗ˵тܥ ޢߋඎਠ΍னĂ֭ͷᘃ඾ણᄃ઼छԼౄ۞ሤྕĂд෍ၹƟຐည઼ϔّॡĂٚ ፉ੓ԼౄయЇĂ၁Ξᄃޥຐኢࢗઇ˘၆໰ĂтĮ̈͡͡ᄲį൴ΏෟΞүࠎ˘ ּᙋĈĶҘˠ࠰ෛ̈ᄲٺ͕ந˯ѣం̝̂๕˧Ă݋ѩώ̝΍ĂٕϺฟ఼ംᙊ ̝˘Ăซ҃ӄ઼ϔٺϲጳྤॾͼķĂ5Ξ֍Į̈͡͡ᄲį૟΍ۍຍཌྷٸдĶయ Їķ॰ߛ˯ϲኢĂ҃ѩయЇ॰ߛϒрߏͽĶ઼ϔķࠎԼౄ၆෪ᄃϫᇾĄ ၠฟ˘ర۞ώኳّĂԧࣇ၁ΞଂĶޙၹķ۞֎ޘ΍൴Ăࡁտ઼ϔтңజ Ķ͛ጯķಞાፆүĄࡁտጆ֝̈ᄲ۞઼ϔୃ݈ࢗĂ၁ѣυࢋ̺ઙ΍୎୻̈ᄲ۞ ઼ϔຐညĂ૟ѩ߿ͪ໚߹үࠎણ໰րĂՀਕ୻೽̺ઙ΍Ķ઼ϔķѩ˘ໄهд ̈ᄲ̚۞ႊཌྷᄃ߹តĂซ҃ᇆᜩז̈ᄲ۞ୃְĄଂĶΫķ۞॰ߛซҖ၆ͧĂ ϒΞ֍୎୻үछᄃጆ֝၆ٺ઼ϔຐည۞̙ТĂၹ᎝΍׌჌ഈ΃ϐᄃ͵ࡔܐϹ ᏾۞Ķ઼ϔķ؈३Ăໂბ҃ႴᚊĂ፬̷˫྘ளĂ҃ѩ઼ϔ؈३·႕кཌྷّĂ ֹ଀ЍዂƟโຳă಴ᚑƟן຋ඈૺ˧д׌჌ୃࢗٛ̚ᏼᄃײᑕĂࠎ୎୻ז̣ α۞͛ጯ൴णᙉᆷ˞࿅Νኢ۰ٙنர۞˘ࢱĂԛјĶ˘઼࣎ϔĂЧҋܑࢗķ 3 ࠹ᙯ੅ኢΞ֍ᆒϰĂIJ઼ϔّநኢኳႷijĂĮᄬᅫ३ᆷįĞ˯ঔĈˬᓑ३ظĂ 1999ğĂࢱ 67-104 ćՔڗဋĂIJ઼ᝋᄃϔᝋę୎୻۞Ķ઼ϔķኢࢗĂ 1895-1911ijĂĮ̚δࡁտੰ።Ϋ ᄬ֏ࡁտٙะΏį73.4(2002.12): 685-734 ćՅϣฯ˟ࢡĂIJܕ΃઼̚Ķ઼ϔķ۞ኚϠijĂ Į̚͟ၔغ၆ኢę̚͟Б஧̼ᡤҖ͞įĞڌִĈາ३ᐡĂ 2000ğĂࢱ 172-198 ćᗞઉಱĂ IJଂĶޙၹኢķଣ੅઼ϔّ̝ӣཌྷijĂĶኢጆ֝ĮӞ಄įăĮຊ೉į઼̝ϔّޙၹķĞᄂΔĈ ᄂ៉̂ጯ͛ٙ̚Ⴧ̀ኢ͛Ă 2003ğć Lung-kee Sun,ņSocial Psychology in the Late Qing Period,ŇModern China 18.3 (1995): 235-262 ඈĄ

4 ᆒϰĂIJ઼ϔّநኢኳႷijĂĮᄬᅫ३ᆷįĂࢱ 67-68 ĄΩγᆒϰҌ͌д׌఍३ᆷಞЪ̚ኳ ય࠹ᙯયᗟĈĶְזт̫Ăᄲ੓̣α͛ጯ׶Լౄ઼ϔّĂኡౌ࠻јߏҁϠ૱ኘĄΞߏд ĺҋ൒Ļ۞ܑ෪˭Ăன΃͛ጯᄃ઼छޙన۞።Ϋބቡտౣߏтң቙ౄ۞Ă఺࣎યᗟؕ௣൑ˠ યߺĄķĶ͛ጯТϔ୉઼छ۞።Ϋބቡңॡ቙ౄĂިᇹણᄃன΃઼छຍᙊ۞ϠயĂ఺˘ᙷય ᗟإϏซˢෛ౎Ąķ̶Ҿ֍ࢱ 71 ă 214 Ą 5 ؼ౗̳̄ĂIJ̈͡͡ᄲ΍ۍৡෟijĂĮ̈͡͡ᄲį1(1906.11): 1-2 Ą

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۞ໄڶĄ ኢ͛АଂĶ઼ϔķෟຉ۞߹ត̷ˢĂซ҃౅࿅୎୻ᄃ̣α۞൏ᕇᛉᗟĈ ڃჂƟ୻ᏹă࿅ΝƟϏֽඈ֎ޘࡁտ઼ϔຐည۞मҾтңᇆᜩז୎୻ᄃጆ֝ ̈ᄲ۞ॡมᄃ۩ม៍ĂГଂ͛ጯΑਕኢଣ੅఺׌჌ୃְ۞В఼̝఍Ąдኢࢗ Մफ़ᄃ͞ڱ˯ĂĶ᜔య̈ᄲķቁ၁Ξᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ̚۞Ķ઼ϔّԲҿķ̢ࠎዂ ߍĂ֭ͷ౅࿅ĶОᙋڱķĂࠎ׌۰ವԱזኜкВ఼̝఍ĄΞߏԧ̙ྏဦͽĶԲ ҿຍᙊķࠎ׌۰ລޙ੓ॡ΃۞፜ሇĂᄏЯѩ͞ڱ൑ڱ၆୎୻Ҍጆ֝۞Ķ઼ϔķ ຐည۞็ٚ߹ត೩ֻቢ৶ĂЯѩԧᏴፄΎពĶ઼ϔķຍᙊ۞୎୻̈ᄲĂᄃጆ ֝̈ᄲซҖ၆໰ᄃࡁտĄ׎ѨĂ઼ϔຐညѣкࢦ۞ĶЧ჌ܑࢗķ۞ᆸࢬĂт ᛳٺ̈ᄲ̰ొ۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķăޥຐ̰ొ۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķă̈ᄲᄃޥຐࠧགྷϤ ၆໰ޢ۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķăТॡّᄃளॡّ۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķĄдѩкᆸѨ۞੅ኢ ෛ֎̚Ăώኢ͛૟൏ᕇనཉٺ౵ਕ኏ᑝזୃְ۞઼ϔຐညĂซ̺҃ઙ΍̈ᄲ ୃְ۞߹តĂઐШ͛ώ۞ࡁտĄ

˟ăĶ઼ϔķ؈៍Ĉෟຉ۞߹ត

ଂ።Ϋ۞ซ඀҃֏Ă୎୻ॡĂ઼̚ࠎҹڇॡ΃П፟ĂଂҘ͔͞ˢĶ઼ϔķ ໄهĂܳ੓Ķ઼ϔķሤሗĂڌҘ͞ౌѣˠ̂ณࡁտƟޙၹƟຐည઼̚۞઼ϔ ّĄୖୁ෹Ğ1873-1929ğඈۢᙊ̶̄ଂ઼γ͔ˢາໄهĂтIJາϔᛉijă IJኢ઼઼̚ϔ̝ݡॾijăIJ˩჌ᇇҖ࠹ͅ࠹јᛉijăIJኢ઼̚ˠ჌̝૟ֽijă IJ઼ϔ˩̮̂ঈኢijăIJኢ઼̚ˠϔֶ̝Ꮵّ̝੓໚ijăIJኢ઼઼̝̚ϔّij ඈĂ҃ĮາܦѐįăĮڌ͞ᗔᄫįăĮ઼ϔįᗔᄫඈ˵̂ณΏྶᙯٺ઼ϔ۞ኢ ࢗĂଣ੅઼ϔၑბ̈́Լࢭ۞υࢋّĄ୎୻ЧҖЧຽۋ࠹᝚ϡĶ઼ϔķфீĂ т౵ѝд͟ώ൴Җ۞঻ጯϠᗔᄫĞ1901 ѐ 5 ͡ 10 ͟ğĮ઼ϔಡįĂͽĶ઼ϔķ ࠎಡЩĂௐ˘ഇ͹ࢋኢ͛IJ઼ࣧijĂ඾۰ཌ͠Ķ઼ϔķĄྍΏௐ˟ഇΏ൳˞ IJᙯٺ઼ϔĞᄲ઼ϔğijĂϡᝋӀăయЇăҋϤăπඈă፾ϲඈфீྚᛖĶ઼ ϔķĂĶ઼҃̚ѣ઼ϔ˵Ă݋˟˩͵ࡔ઼̝̚Ă૟ࣝለ࡚Ăฯܜг஧Ă߇Ξᙘ ֖ͽޞ˵Ą઼҃̚൑઼ϔ˵Ă݋˟˩͵ࡔ઼̝̚૟ࠎͱࠎ੺ࠎζࠎᔴĂٙᏜ ༱Ӄ̙ೇ۰˵Ąķ6ಶ߆ᛨ҃֏ĂૺϜڱĮ୻؞۞ϲጳဥវįЕ˭୎୻Чϲጳ 6 ࢱ 11-12 ĄĮ઼ϔಡįௐ 2 ഇĞ1901 ѐ 6 ͡ğдĶۤᄲķొ̶Ώ൳IJᄲ઼ϔijĂ఍఍၆໰

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ဥវĂ༊̚ͽĶ઼ϔķࠎ௡ᖐЩჍѣ૟ܕ˩࣎Ăт઼ϔົă઼઼̚ϔᓁົă ઼઼̚ϔ኎ϠົඈĄ7 ࠎңĶ઼ϔķд୎୻ົצזᙯڦĉ୎୻۞Ķା઼ኢķтܥޢߋඎਠ݂ ΍Ăтિ௺ӀࠔኢăเܛโᜠኢăથྥϲጳኢăೇΟኢăБሹለ̼ኢඈĄ8 ߶ચࠁࣄפҘ͞གྷᑻă߆ڼă̍ᘹඈଂវטזԫఙ۞Ķ̍׍ķĂͽܮĶ̚វҘ ϡķĂચυ઼ֹ̚ૻ஽ĄΞߏѩྻજЯϥ̾ጼۋ̝ୀ҃֕ШϐྮĂ૵ѣࠎ Ğ1858-1927ğăᚑೇĞ1853-1921ğăୖୁ෹ඈˠͅޥ߶ચྻજ۞εୀࣧЯ˜ ߏĶາ׎߆̙າ׎ϔĂາ׎ڱ̙າ׎ጯĄķ9఺ֱۢᙊ̶̄ଂγؼ۞ࡊጯԫ ఙă߆ڼטޘ۞ᆸࢬᖼШĶ઼ϔķ̰дჟৠ۞ޥ৶Ă൴ன઼ϔ۞ം˧ăវ ˧ăჟৠă྽ᇇ۞རޢ̖ߏାڼ۞͹ࢋ၆෪Ĉ ˲˘઼ૻऴᎸᆿĂБᘭ઼ϔ̝ംᙊᄃਕ˧Ą҃ംᙊăਕ˧̝ซੜᆧഴĂБᘭ ͼ઼ϔ̝ޥຐĄޥຐ੼˭఼๫ĂБᘭ઼ϔ̝௫ၚᄃٙܫЈĄ൒݋୬઼छ̝፾ ϲĂ̙Ξ̙Ꮦᆧซ઼ϔ̝ޥຐĂ̙Ξ̙ٺ׎ٙ௫ၚăٙܫЈ۰Ăࠎ̝ੵ׎ᖞ ҃Ҷ׎າĄ10 дѩଐԛ̝˭ĂĶ઼ϔķ۞ԛ෪జᕖ̂Ă࢑੓ࢦЇĂт͵̝ࠧᚮۋдٺ઼ϔ ̝ᚮۋĂĶ˘઼̝ˠҋࠎ׎ّ׻ੑய̝ᙯܼ҃ᄃ΁઼ᚮۋ۰˵Ąķ11஽਽х ˸ᘭٺ઼ϔ֗˯ĂЯѩ઼ϔ˜ߏٸдĶ઼छķ۞֎ޘ៍໰Ą ͽ˯Ķ઼ϔķᎸ੓۞ኢࢗĂѣӄٺ̈ᄲγؼ۞ࡁտĂΞߏ͛ጯෛ֎ᄃ࡚ ጯјఢளٺޥຐĂ൑ڱ໰ಏБќĄԧͽࠎෛ֎ᑕаזĈଂ୎୻זጆ֝۞̈ᄲ ̚ĂĶ઼ϔķໄهтңజ̈ᄲᑕϡĉѩ൴ण΍Ωγ˘୧ቢ৶Ą࠹ͧ੓ޥຐኢ Ķ઼ϔķᄃĶζᔴķĂϡᝋӀăయЇăҋϤăπඈă፾ϲඈфீྚᛖĶ઼ϔķĂ̝ͅ݋ߏĶζ ᔴķĂ֍ᘲछࣖ͹በĂĮ઼ϔಡຉበįĞᄂΔĈ઼઼̚ϔᛨ̚δ؎ࣶົᛨΫΫफ़በᚷ؎ࣶ ົĂ 1968ğĂࢱ 8-17 ĄΩ֍ૺ̜͢ăͳԡ̝በĂĮ֙ϻࢭ׻݈˩ѐมॡኢᏴะįௐ 1 ס˯Ί ĞΔִĈˬᓑĂ 1977ğĂࢱ 72-77 Ą 7 ૺϜڱĂIJ୻؞۞߆ڼᒖဩijĂĮ୻؞۞ϲጳဥវįĞᄂΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙĂ 1971ğĂࢱ 90-143 Ą 8 ણ҂ᆒԠൣ͹በĂĮܕ΃઼ۤ̚ົ̼͛តዏᐂįĞډэĈকѯˠϔ΍ۍۤĂ 1998ğĂ޷໰ࡔ ѐ۞͞ё૟Տ˘ี൴Ϡ۞߿જࡔᐂĂͽ̈́ౘЕ΍࠹ᙯ۞͛ᚥĄ 9 സݑ࠷ۤົࡊጯࡁտٙበĂĮ̖࣫૱ะįĞΔִĈ̚ර३ԊĂ 1980ğĂࢱ 32 Ą 10 ୖୁ෹ĂIJኢ͚֤؟ିԼࢭijĂĮ฼Дވ͛ะį̝̣ĞᄂΔĈ̚ර३ԊĂ 1960ğĂࢱ 55 Ą 11 ୖୁ෹ĂIJኢܕ͵઼ϔᚮۋ̝̂๕઼݈̈́̚౉ijĂĮ฼Дވ͛ะį̝̣Ăࢱ 57 Ą

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ࢗĂ̈ᄲ̙ࢨٺϲኢ۞ទᏭ৩ԔĂΞ౅࿅ଐ༼߇ְăˠۏ֎Ғăຍ෪ᛊಔ ඈĂฟ٤઼ϔኢࢗĂ׹୊۞۩มՀ̂Ăт݈͔۞Į̈͡͡ᄲį൴ΏෟٙჍ ĶಔˠͽఄኢП֏̙тͽᏘᄬѡᛊĂͽ׎ຏˠஎ࡝ವᘯ˵Ąķ12̈ᄲѩ͛វΞ ֹү۰౅࿅࠹၆Ķ఼ܸķ۞͞ёĂܑ྿˘̎၆ۤົใ෪۞ਊਊٺᘃᄃԼౄ઼ छ۞ইইഇధĄ̈ᄲٚፉ੓ିֈ઼ϔăԼ։ۤົăॎᎸ઼୉ඈయЇĂតј׍ ѣϫ۞ّ۞̍׍ĂГ˵ܧΟ΃Ķ✃ء౎Ϋăූኘޒᛉķ۞Ķ̈ķᄲĂ҃ߏϹ ᖐ඾Ч჌ଐຏ۞ۢᙊ̶̄۞Ķ̂ķኢࢗĄ13 ୎୻Ϥٺ఍дፋ࣎߆ڼඕၹԼត۞ᙯ˾Ă΍னЧ჌ኢࢗĂ҃̈ᄲҋ˵ி ĶᓏķಂᆝĄܠࡻдĮ୎୻̈ᄲΫį྆޽΍୎୻̈ᄲ۞३ᆷͅߍ΍Ч჌நهĂ т࿱׽۞чᖞᛨጾ᜕ދޙۤົĂࢭ׻ᄃϲጳࠁ݋ߏ͹ૺតࢭĂдĶ̚វҘϡķ ۞׻ᗟ̚΍னЧ჌ᓏࢰĂĶԛԛҒҒĂ·̶۞ܑன˞˘჌࿅ഭഇ۞ன෪Ąķ14 дѩ࿅ഭॡഇĂԧࣇࡶ૟ܠࡻࢼᒟё۞៍ᕇჸ൏дĶ઼ϔķຐည۞३ᆷ˯Ă ˵ߏѺ܅ᆅٸĄүछॲፂ׎߆ڼă͛ጯநهĂ૟Ķ઼ϔķԸडזϲጳԼࢭă ჌୉ࢭ׻ă૎̃ྋٸඈྻજ̚Ăֹ଀Ķ઼ϔķ࿲൒జЧ჌நه๱ྃĂ҃΍ன ̙Т۞෦ՐĄᐟႲĞ഼ᚗၷğIJเᖔ஧ijăڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğIJଐ͇ๅij˜ߏ ඾ீٺّҾ˯ĂĶனд઼̚۞ˠĂౌߏ൴˞ڃČČ୬ା఺П˸۞ԊࢬĂΪѣ ԧࣇ઼̃ϔĄੵ˞৔ᗼߏ඗̙ਕ୕ޙన۞Ąķ15ߐᄂĞౘ͇රğ۞IJ໽̄Ӡij ൏ᕇ̙дٺّҾኢࢗĂ҃ߏΩѣ෦ኜĈдĶࢭ׻ķ۞ཱི֎˭Ă̙टĶρࠎζ ᔴጯયٙᄱĂٺ઼ϔయЇĂϏѣ̶୮̝ႽķĂ16Я҃୻ზ੓઼̚۞็௚Ąᄃ IJ໽̄Ӡij࠹ͅĂߋ㎔IJϏֽ͵ࠧijдޙၹϏֽဦഀॡĂϏυ၆็௚ፀ̝Ђ 12 Тො 5 Ăࢱ 1 Ą 13 ఺჌дП፟ຏ˭णฟ۞३ᆷĂ࿅Ν̏ѣ̙͌ኢ۰ଣኢĂтܠࡻĈĶ̂छߊۢ୻ވ̙Ξᄃဦ ڼĂ೩࣍ჯາຑ઼ĂѣధкˠĂӀϡ̈ᄲԛёĂଂְາޥຐາጯᙊ᛿ᏮĂઇୁᄋྻજĄԯ ੼எጯநĂஎˢ୺΍Ăϡ͌ధඕၹĂͽ၆ྖୃࢗ͞ё΍̝Ąķ֍ܠࡻĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲΫįĞΔ ִĈڌ͞΍ۍۤĂ 1996ğĂࢱ 5 Ą˫тౘπࣧ޽΍ĈĶφіតڱ۞εୀĂၟᕝ˞ୖୁ෹ඈˠ ۡତೠ೪઼छ߆ᝋଂְۤົតࢭ۞྽ྮĂֹ׎̙ਕ̙ԯ͹ࢋჟ˧ଂ߆ڼ੽ۋᖼࠎநኢކ ็ćТॡĂ˵ֹ׎ຍᙊזୁ൴ϔிᛇुĂ೩੼ϔᇇăϔംăϔ˧۞ࢦࢋّĄķ֍ౘπࣧĂ Į20 ͵ࡔ઼̈̚ᄲΫįௐ 1 סĞΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ΍ۍۤĂ 1989ğĂࢱ 6 Ą 14 ܠࡻĂIJ୎୻̈ᄲ۞ᓄၷijĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲΫįĂࢱ 7 Ą 15 ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğĂIJଐ͇ๅijௐ 3 аĂĮ̃̄͵ࠧį3(1904.3): 53 Ą 16 ౘ͇රĂIJ໽̄ӠijĂྶٺͳԂຆඈበĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąเᖔ஧įס 4ĞᄂΔĈᇃฮ΍ۍ ̳ΦĂ 1984ğĂࢱ 44 Ąࣧ͛൴ܑٺĮϔಡįௐ 3-9 ཱིĞ1906.4-11ğĄ

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̝ĂĶ఺࣎ҋϤ፾ϲĂߏࢋԧࣇ˘঱઼ϔܲх઼ოĂ፬ጬჟৠķĄ΁ଳפԶਾ ۞͞ёĂ͹ૺϲጳĂĶтң༊˘࣎ϲጳ۞ĺ઼ϔĻĂጳڱإϏԆјĂЯࠎ઼ϔ إϏԆБԼౄķăĶืࢋ࠻඾઼֤ϔ۞ྤॾĂ̖͞рؠ֤តڱ۞ఢሀĄķ17 ੵѩͽγĂүछ၆Ķ઼ϔķໄهѣপؠఢቑĂтՈᇎ̄IJࡴጯϠijͽপ ؠ۞Ķ༰ͤķ୧͛ઇࠎ઼ϔ̝ఢቑĈĶ̻ᔌܢއಞĂ̻ᅅԸົᛨĂႽ΍ٙጯ ͽዳј઼ϔྤॾĄķ18఺ᄃధк౅࿅އಞԼࢭ઼छ݈ഀ۞ኢአ˫ѣડҾĂࠤ Ҍ΍ன࠹ͅ۞ײᓏĄӓ⊓ˠIJጯࠧᙡijͽĶ྽ᇇķࠎ઼ϔ۞ૄᖂĈĶҭᙸ΁ ࣇౌਕѣᕇ྽ᇇĂΞͽჍ଀˯ѣ઼ϔ۞ྤॾĂ఺̖ზ଀ିֈ೼̈́ČČķ19ҭ ߏ၆ٺ྽ᇇ۞̰உ΍ன̙Т۞ԸडĂͽᏲଂٕߏͅԩ็௚۞֎ޘ҃֏Ăܮѣ ̙Т۞ᇾ໤Ą ̈ᄲछЯ࣎ˠநه۞̙ТĂ၆ٺ઼ϔԸड˞̙Т۞̰உĂдĶЧҋķܑ ࢗ۞кࢰଐڶ˭Ăࡶߏᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞઼ϔྻϡͧྵĂݒ˫΍னВТ۞غᛃĈ ൑ኢ׎ຍᙊݭၗтңĂүࠎາᎸ੓۞߆ڼໄهĂ୎୻̈ᄲछሤଐײಓ඾Ķ઼ ϔķĄ఺тТՔڗဋٙჍĈĶд˟˩͵ࡔܐഇ઼ۢ̚ᙊลᆸ۞ᄮۢ॰ߛ̚Ă ĺ઼ϔĻໄه౵ࡎ΍۞পኳĂݒߏ૟ٙΒᛷ۞࣎ˠ಴ᚑăπඈᄃᝋ˧ඈҘ͞ ĞপҾߏࡻă࡚ğҋϤϔ͹߆ڼវטٙᏥͽхϲ۞ኜี८͕ᆊࣃćٽ֏̝Ă΁ ࣇٙநྋ۞ĺ઼ϔĻĂ׎၁ࣘ׍඾Ҙ͞߆ڼޥຐ็௚̚۞ citizenĞ̳ϔğᄃ citizenshipĞ̳ϔᝋă̳ϔྤॾğ۞ຍஉĄķ20ଂ̈ᄲ֎ޘֽ࠻Ă˵Ξځព࠻ זĶ઼ϔķٚፉ඾ՔͩٙᏜ۞Ķ८͕ᆊࣃķĂ׎̚ͽĶҋݍҋᐽķ۰͍кĂт ߐᄂĞౘ͇රğĮ໽̄Ӡį޽΍ĈĶ˵ზԧ͛ځ჌ൾႽ˘Њ઼ϔ۞ཌྷચķă 17 ߋ㎔ĂIJϏֽ͵ࠧijĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąາ઼̚Ϗֽ੃įס 1 Ăࢱ 8 ă 3 Ąࣧ͛൴ܑٺĮ͡ ̈͡ᄲį1 ѐ 10 ཱིҌ 2 ѐ 24 ཱིĞ1907.11-1909.1ğĄ 18 Ոᇎ̄ĂIJࡴጯϠijĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąጯտາኘįס 5 Ăࢱ 42 Ąྍ͛ࣧΏĮᖔည̈ᄲį ௐ 63-67 ഇĞ1905.11-1906.1ğĄ 19 ӓ⊓ˠĂIJጯࠧᙡijĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąጯտາኘįס 5 Ăࢱ 8 Ąࣧ͛൴ܑٺĮ̈͡͡ᄲį 2 ѐ 9-12 ഇĞ1908.10-1909.1ğĄ 20 ՔڗဋĂIJ઼ᝋᄃϔᝋę୎୻۞Ķ઼ϔķኢࢗĂ 1895-1911ijĂࢱ 687 ĄՔͩдྍ͛̚ซ ˘Վ೩זĈĶ઼ϔ̶֗ߊ޽Ⴭ˘࣎߆ڼۤཏ۞јࣶĂՀຍק඾׎ٙᑕֳѣ۞Чีᑕ଀۞ ĞentitledğπඈᝋӀĄ઱ѣགྷϤ઼ϔຍᙊ۞உ̼ĂĺˠϔĻ̖଀ͽҋঐໂ൑ࠎ۞ҋхېၗ̚ ᕿ൒ᛇᏹĂቁϲ׎үࠎ઼छ߆ڼ͹វ۞፾পгҜĄĺଂҊϔז઼ϔĻĂЯ҃ــజෛࠎ߆ڼ ன΃̼υགྷ۞൴ण።඀ćĺ઼ϔĻ˘ෟ۞೼̼̈́ᄃ૱ᙊ̼Ă྾Ϻགྷ૱జ͔ࠎณޘĺϔ͹࿅ ഭĻ۞ѣड़۞޽ᇾĄķ

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Ķ఺ֱጯϠĂҋགྷ͛ځ჌ခᐽ̝ޢĂԠঈੲᆧ˞ѺࢺĂˠˠͽ઼ϔҋ׻ķă21 Ķҋ̎ѣ˞ጯયĂ็଱ගҾˠĂࣧߏ઼ϔᑕႽ۞ЇચķĂ22Ξ֍Ķ઼ϔķᄃయ Їăཌྷચ஝ԵĂѣ඾˘۵ֹ׻ຏĂ઼ϔЇચయ൑य़෷ĂᅮϤБវˠϔВТњ ੓Ą Ϊࢋ൴೭઼ϔຍᙊĂܮਕ྿זߙ჌Αड़Ăт฼Дވ͹ˠĞୖୁ෹ğIJາ̚ ઼Ϗֽ੃ijௐ 5 а޽΍ĈĶனд઼̚ߏጴਠ˘঱ˠ༊඾߆عĂ఺ݒѣ̦ᆃр ᓾĉࡶᔘೱ࿅˞˘൫Ԋࢬâ઼઼ϔᄮৌχᝑ੓ჟৠֽĂፂԧ࠻Ăܻᘲ೻ߏ ՟ѣ̦ᆃΞُ۞Ąķ23ᐟႲĞ഼ᚗၷğĮเᖔ஧įдௐ 26 а೩̈́ĈĶࡶߏЧ ˠۺͽ઼ϔҋЇĂඕјဥវĂፍ଀г͞ҋڼ͹ཌྷĂְ֤ಶрᏱ˞Ąķ24Ϊࢋ ਕૉ྿זĶ઼ϔķĂٙ଀ڍ၁υؠᖳჇĂΞ֍୎୻̈ᄲү۰ⶪჟაᇋĂ౅࿅ Ķ઼ϔķѩ˘າᎸໄهࠎ઼छ̺ઙ΍ᐅᖔ݈඀Ą Ķ઼ϔķдѩΞෛࠎ˘इĶሀቑķ॰ߛĂࠎдҘ͞ޥሗ኏ᑝ˭ٙயϠ۞າ ۢᙊវրڦˢЧีপኳĂтҋϤăҋ͹ăᝋӀăཌྷચă͛ځඈĂ఍఍੫ৗ̚ ઼ϔி۞ĶζᔴķॲّĄ251900 ѐĮ୻ᛉಡį۞በચ౪؜රܮ޽΍Ķ઼ϔ ۰Ăѣҋڼ̝̖˧Ăѣ፾ϲّ̝ኳĂѣણ߆̝̳ᝋĂѣҋϤ̝ض჊Ă൑ኢٙ ેңຽĂ҃࠰଀ࠎԆБ൑৿̝ˠČČ͠ζᔴջĂ݋ߊ൑ҋڼ̝˧ĂϺ൑፾ϲ ̝͕Ąķ26Ķ઼ϔķᄃĶζᔴķд˩˝ᄃ˟˩͵ࡔ۞Ϲତ఍Ăј˞˘௡၆ͧ ۞ໄهĂĶ઼ϔķд਽ᐞ۞ॡԊ̚జ๬ຐјା઼ାϔ۞Ķ̍׍ķĂֹ଀ிкኢ ۰ခә઼ϔЇચĂ૟઼̚็௚វט˭۞ĶζᔴķᖼೱјҘ͞ໄه˭۞Ķ઼ ϔķĂᇜ˧྿јজ̂۞८͕ᆊࣃĄ дѩॡ΃̍඀̚Ăᅮॾγڦຍ۞ߏޥຐࠧᄃ̈ᄲࠧ۞઼ϔኢࢗ΍னЧҋ ܑࢗ۞ໄڶĄ༊ޥຐࠧ૟઼ϔෛࠎ˘჌߆ڼໄهॡĂݒ˵ॡ҃޽Ⴭன၁̚۞ 21 Тො 16 Ăࢱ 34 ă 35 Ą 22 ୖୁ෹ĂIJາ઼̚Ϗֽ੃ijĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąາ઼̚Ϗֽ੃įס 1 Ăࢱ 69 Ąࣧ͛൴ܑٺ Įາ̈ᄲįௐ 1-7 ཱིĞ1902.11-1903.9ğĄ 23 Т˯ොĂࢱ 61 Ą 24 ᐟႲĂĮเᖔ஧įĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րąเᖔ஧įס 4 Ăࢱ 208 Ąࣧ͛൴ܑٺĮາ̈ᄲį2 ѐ 3-12 ཱིĞ1905.4-1906.1ğĄ 25 ᙯٺ˟˩͵ࡔܐഇ઼ۢ̚ᙊ̶̄۞ĶζᔴّԲҿķĂΞણ࠻ͳ˵ೳĂIJኢώ͵ࡔܐԧ઼ซՎ ޥຐࠧ၆ζᔴ͹ཌྷ۞ԲҿijĂĮΫጯ͡Ώį1986.1: 49-54 ćૺೳ๔ĂIJ઼̚ܕ΃ྤயล৺ޥ ຐछ၆Ķζᔴّķ۞ԲҿijĂĮጯ௫ᄃଣ৶į1988.6: 54-61 Ą 26 ๋͕ˠĞ౪؜රğĂIJᄲζᔴijĂĮ୻ᛉಡįௐ 69 ΊĞЍჰ 26 ѐ 11 ͡ 21 ͟ğĂࢱ 1 Ą

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઼ˠĂЯѩ׎ϒࢬຍཌྷ႙ـ̚ϲĂࠤҌ࢑ࢬቑᘞ໣જĄ27ΞߏĂд̈ᄲ۞ෛ ౎྆ĂĶ઼ϔķӈٕд߆ڼநه˯ЧҋܑࢗĂፋវ˯ݒግчٺĶሀቑķ॰ߛ ̰ĂҬͼ̙टၫˢᗔኳĂܲѣ߆ڼໄه۞৷ოّĂ̙҃௚ᛷன၁̚۞઼ˠĄ ЯѩĂ༊̈ᄲԲҿ઼̚ˠॡâਠֹ̙ϡĶ઼ϔķфீĈ ԧࣇ઼̚۞ˠĂ̰ࠧ౵ͣ৿۞ߏ̳ᇇ͕Ăγࠧ౵ͣ৿۞ಶߏဥඕ˧˞ĄČČ ԧࣇ઼̚۞ˠĂ̙ߏ఺ᇹᆃĂࢂѣྴᔖ۞г͞ĂಶѣࣅᏥ۞͕བĂГࢋ୕΁ ࣇ͕֔Ⴝ˧۞ઇְĂՀࠎᙱ˞Ą28 ઼̚ˠ୮൑˘ᕇ̳ᇇ͕Ăଘ᏿ߏෛĂតј˞௫ၚّĄ29 Ұ՟ѣ֍඾ԧࣇ࣫ˠ۞තঈ๜ĉ൑ኢ֤˘ྮ۞ˠĂΪࢋீ݈ѣฺЫĂܮߏѩ ޢ͇๲˞Ăгౝ˞Ă΁Ϊᄲૉԧ࿅߿ܮ˵ზ˞Ą30 д᜔య̈ᄲ̂Җ׎྽۞୎୻̚ĂĶᙜঈঙᜨĂඊ൑ᖟዡķ31г᜔య઼̚ˠĂ ͧͧ࠰ߏĄଂ˯ּٙЕĂΞۢѩԲҿ˜ϡĶ઼̚۞ˠķăĶ઼̚ˠķăĶˠ ϔķăĶ࣫ˠķඈֽ޽ჍĂ҃Ķ઼ϔķд̈ᄲԲҿ̚т༰гਠܲѣ׎Ķৠ ཐķĂჯ޺඾ሀቑপኳĄѩன෪ࢉϠ΍Հ࡝ˠವק۞ဦഀĈ༊ᔟࢩĶ઼̚ˠķ ᄃሀቑĶ઼ϔķд̈ᄲ྆ЧҋܑࢗॡĂ࿰ϯ඾Ķ᜔యķ̈ᄲᄃĶநຐķ̈ᄲ ۞࠹̢ዂߍĂൗӀೌ៍ᄃሤଐሄ៍۞ඊዡĂᄲځ˞ĶԲҿķᄃĶ៙࿵ķ˜ߏ ୎୻͛ˠຐညॡԊ۞׌჌̂࠹ూल۞͞ڱĄѩଂ̈ᄲٙͅड΍۞ॡ΃͕ந၁ ΞΩү˘எˢࡁտĂΞଓд͛ጯΫछ۞Ᏼፄّፆү˭Ă୎୻̈ᄲౣ൒జ᜔య ̈ᄲܬΚгሹĄ 27 тୖୁ෹ٙ֏ĈĶӍ઼ٙ̚ͽ̙јࠎ፾ϲ઼۰Ăͽ઼ϔͻ፾ϲ̝ᇇ҃̏Ąķ֍ୖୁ෹Ă IJ˩჌ᇇّ࠹ͅ࠹јཌྷijĂĮ฼Дވ͛ะį̝̣Ăࢱ 44 Ąౘ፾ս݋ჍĈĶ઼ϔ҃൑ᐼᄊ͕Ă ঎෱ྤੑٺ̙Ϡய̝ϡ౉Ă݋யຽ଼ࣟĂ઼˧਽຋Ąķ֍ౘ፾սĂIJԧ̝ຑ઼͹ཌྷijĂĮາ ܦѐį2.2(1916.10): 3 ĄᅈϠIJ઼ˠ̝̳߲ijĈĶ᝕௚઼̝ϔυڠᕝĂڠᕝ۰υ૞чԛёĄ ૞ ч ԛ ё ۰ υ ̙ ధ ᘃ Ⴗ Ă ̙ ధ ࡁ տ Ą ķ ֍ ᅈ Ϡ Ă IJ ઼ ˠ ̝ ̳ ߲ ijĂ Į ڌ ͞ ᗔ ᄫ į 13.1(1916.1): 9 Ą઼ϔᔵ̙̏ГߏĶАّ͇ķгٚፉ੓యЇຍஉĂΞߏݒߏ˘჌Щෟ˯۞ໄ هĂགྷϤĶͻ፾ϲ̝ᇇķăĶ᝕௚ķඈᄬෟ࣒࿹Ă̖ࢨؠ˞׎࢑ࢬຍஉĄ 28 ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğĂIJଐ͇ๅijௐ 3 аĂĮ̃̄͵ࠧį3(1904.3): 57 Ą 29 Тො 19 Ăࢱ 24 Ą 30 ᘃ̥ĂIJᎊୣᅿijĂྶٺౢૈ㝱ඈበĂĮ઼̚ܕ΃̈ᄲ̂րąڌለ̃ᄹ౰įĞݑپĈѺ܅߷ ͛ᘹ΍ۍۤĂ 1991ğĂࢱ 653 Ą 31 ጆ֝ෞኢ୎୻̈ᄲ̝ᄬĂ֍ጆ֝ĂĮ઼̈̚ᄲΫரą୻ϐ᜔̝య̈ᄲįĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 9 Ăࢱ 286 Ą

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ͽ˯Ξ֍ĂЧ࣎ᅳા̝มĞтޥຐࠧᄃ̈ᄲࠧ۞ͧྵğĂࠤҌᅳા̰ొ Ğт̈ᄲ̰ࠧొ۞ͧྵğĂ၆ٺĶ઼ϔķຐညѣ඀ޘ̙˘۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķĄ̙ ࿅Ăԧ͹ࢋᙯڦ۞ߏ઼ϔຐညтңᇆᜩז̈ᄲୃְĂЯѩдኢࢗ̚Ᏼפ౵ਕ ̺ઙ΍ѩෛ֎۞ͧྵᕇĄ୎୻̈ᄲ၆ٺ઼ϔᔵѣ̰ొ۞ĶЧҋܑࢗķĂҭߏ˘ όᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞઼ϔ៍ͧྵĂݒ˫дͧྵࣧ݋˭јࠎĶВТܑࢗķęѣ˘ ८͕ᆊࣃĄଂ୎୻̈ᄲ࿅ഭזጆ֝۞̈ᄲĂརमࠤ̂Ă׎၆Ķ઼ϔķ۞̰உ ޽ঘѣ඾͇ᚓ̝ҾĂтIJᐝጀ۞߇ְij೩̈́Ķ઼ϔķĈĶԧ౵ׂڇΔִᗕ˩ ༼۞ଐԛĄѝ୐Ăᛋ၅זܝĂӗ׳זĺଭၮĊĻĺߏĂଭၮĊĻЧछ̂Η㊪߶ ߶۞Ꮷ΍˘઼࣎ϔֽĂ⬄੓˘๴೹ᅺౙᗓ۞߶οĄķ32Ķ઼ϔķ۞ԛ෪ă̰ உ̏ଂĶሀቑķ॰ߛช΍Ăࣤར׎ཌྷચăయЇăҋϤඈপኳĂ౅࿅ႝ̙གྷ͕ ۞ଭၮજүणϯ΍઼ϔԛ෪ĂĶ઼ϔķజࢨטдĶ㊪߶߶ķ۞࣒ᙜຍཌྷ̚Ą тѩĶ઼ϔķ̏൑ڱፉఈ੓ĶᛇᏹķЇચĂ˵̙Гߏሤଐຐညᄃႇ࿵۞ϫ ᇾĄޫр࠹ͅĂጆ֝ଂԲҿ۞֎ޘĂֽᆶෛѩ઼ϔຍஉĂд׎ĮӞ಄įIJҋԔij ˘͍͛̚Ξ୻຾࠻΍Ĉ ԧҋ̎۞૚ွߏ̙Ξ̙ᜭੵ۞ĂЯࠎ఺ٺԧ͉൭ࡴĄԧٺߏϡ˞჌჌ڱĂֽ ౫ዕҋ̎۞ីᅿĂֹԧՔˢٺ઼ϔ̚ĂֹԧаזΟ΃ΝĂޢֽ˵Ꮠ።ٕय़៍ ࿅ೀᇹՀ૚ွăՀೌݖ۞ְĂౌࠎԧ̙ٙᙸ੠ᘃĂϟֹ͕΁ࣇ׶ԧ۞ཝ˘Т ঐໝдڪ˿྆۞Ăҭԧ۞౫ዕڱݒ˵Ҭͼ̏གྷݶ˞ΑĂГ՟ѣܦѐॡ࣏۞ၘ ೖ፬ڀ۞ຍޥ˞Ą33 ĶՔˢٺ઼ϔķᄃĶ౫ዕҋ̎۞ីᅿķăĶаזΟ΃Νķ֭ЕĂĶ઼ϔķд࣒ ᙜଵЕ˯˫జࢨؠд࢑ࢬ۞ቑᘞ̚Ăᄃ୎୻۞ሀቑ॰ߛΞᏜૻধ၆ͧĄ༊൒ ׌۰۞Ķ઼ϔķຐညѣ̙Т۞ᆸѨᄃ֎ޘĂ݈۰ߏ߆ڼ˯۞ໄهĂޢ۰݋ߏ ၆໤ٺߊх۞၁វę઼̚ˠĄ ଂ୎୻̈ᄲזጆ֝۞̈ᄲĂд̙Т۞઼ϔຐည̚Ă๬ౄ΍࢛ள۞઼ϔĂ ྼ֕ٺ͵ࡔϹ᏾۞ॡมᖼԶᕇĂјࠎĶ˘઼࣎ϔĂЧҋܑࢗķ۞઼ϔ؈៍Ą ѩЧәЧአ۞઼ϔຐညĂ၆ٺ୎୻̈ᄲᄃጆ֝̈ᄲѣ඾ࢦ̂۞ᇆᜩĂĶ઼ϔķ ຍஉ۞ႊតᇆᜩ˞̈ᄲ۞ˠۏ๬ౄᄃୃְ൴णĂͽ˭׌༼ԧ૟Чଂॡมᄃ۩ ม۞֎ޘĂኢᙋѩᕇĄ 32 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJᐝጀ۞߇ְijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 459 Ą 33 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJҋԔijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 416-417 Ą

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ˬăᛇᏹᄃڃჂĈଂĶາ઼̚ķזĶᜠޏ̄ķ

ĶᛇᏹķᄃĶڃჂķ˜ߏ୎୻ᄃ̣α೼࿆੅ኢ۞ᛉᗟĂଂ࣎ˠ۞ᏹჂېၗ ซ˘Վ͔Ϧז઼छ۞஽਽ĂЯѩĂѩ၆໰ᕇሕЄ඾˘۵࣎វƟ઼វ۞ૺ˧Ą ѩ༼ԧ૟ĶᛇᏹķᄃĶڃჂķ۞׻ᗟٸז۩ม۞ᆸࢬ˯Ă੅ኢ୎୻זጆ֝۞ ઼ϔຐညтңᇆᜩזୃְĂซ҃ዛౘ΍ᙷҬĶາ઼̚ķᄃĶᜠޏ̄ķ۞পؠ ۩ม៍Ą д̶૪ᗓژ۞̂ॡ΃Ă୎୻̈ᄲү۰ໂႽٙਕĂၹޥ΍ధкͧಔᖞ઼̚ ۞ຍ෪ĂтĶ৔ޏķăĶ৔௺ķăĶਣफķăĶਣࣧķඈĄĮเᖔ஧įͽӭ˘ᙝ ۞ٗ̄ͧಔ઼̚ĂĶٗ̄͵͵΃΃ࢋҝ۞Ăᓁ଀ဦ࣎ඕ၁િ׽ć࣐൒ޢᙝ˘ ࣆĂ̙ܲҝ஝ాϒٗ˵ࢋອજĄಶᄲϒٗ൑ᘣĂזغӭ˞˘ᙝĂԯ˘ळፋፋ ᆅᆅ۞ٗ̄ត˞৔ᗼĂј̦࣎ᆃᇹ׊ĉķ34Ꮒ༃ă૪ӭඈ࣒ᙜтགྷቛਠࡍୣ ࿅ອອ୬ᆩ۞ҁ઼̚Ăд఺˘Բ۩มͧಔ̚Ăԧͽࠎ˘ۡజிˠنர۞̈ᄲ ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğIJଐ͇ๅijĂ35౵ਕࠎ୎୻ᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞็ٚ߹តޙၹ΍ າဦഀĄү۰ٺ̈ᄲௐ˘аЪܮд͌̃ᛂරေ۞ေ̚๬ౄĶਣࣧķਠ۞ჺୀ ಞഀĂᛈீ࠰ߏ˘׍׍ฑჂ۞֗វĈ ܠӡĂ఺ߏ̦ᆃг͞Ăࠎңਣᆿ଀̙ј࣎ᇹ̄ĊܠӡĂ఺ߏ̦ᆃˠछĂࠎң ਽ୀ଀̙ј࣎ᇹ̄ĊܠӡĂ఺ߏ̦ᆃᇹˠĂࠎң઄༓઄ӑ۞዁д֤྆Ăтዕ тਜ਼۞Ⴢд֤྆ĊྌளČČ̂ྌளČČϒӑӑгϲд֤྆Ăຐ̙΍఺ֱշշ ̃̃Ăտౣࠎ̦ᆃቡ߇Ă఺ᇹፖ˛ከˣâ൑̶Ҿ۞Ⴢ඾Ą36 ౅࿅˘࣎·႕មత۞ୃࢗ͹វĂͽĶ̦ᆃăࠎңăտౣࠎ̦ᆃăࠎ̦ᆃķඈ Ⴗᚭ൴΍ాҚયᗟĂ˵ฟ٤˞ୃְ۞ΞਕّĄѩୃְ͹វ̂ᓏ়಄ĈĶ̙р ˞Ċ̙р˞ĊҰࣇԣֱ੓ֽቪĊķତ඾ፋ࣎ୃࢗ൏ᕇᖼொז఺ԲĶշշ̃̃ķ 34 Тො 24 Ăࢱ 2 Ą 35 IJଐ͇ๅijົజنரĂ͹ࢋߏЯࠎವԱ̙ٽĂಶඊ۰ߤྙĂᄂ៉Чဦ३ᐡ൑ᐼхΏ൳ѩ͛۞ ᗔᄫĮ̃̄͵ࠧįâਠΪਕдᑭ৶३Į୻ϐϔܐ̈ᄲϫᐂįăĮ઼఼ܸ̈̚ᄲᓁϫ೩ࢋį ߤ଀ѩ̈ᄲ̝ቔϫĂ֍ፒώ໰ฯበĂĮາᆧྃ୻ϐϔܐ̈ᄲϫᐂįĞᑻݑĈᆅጆ३ۤĂ 2002ğĂࢱ 581 ćѯᛂ࠷ۤົࡊጯੰበĂĮ઼఼ܸ̈̚ᄲᓁϫ೩ࢋįĞΔִĈ઼͛̚ᓑ΍ۍ ̳ΦĂ 1990ğĂࢱ 853-854 Ąѩቔ̈ᄲ۞פ଀˜ߏ౅࿅Δ̂͛̚րౘπࣧᄃआፍࢆି଱۞ם ӄĂপѩຏᔁĄ 36 ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğĂIJଐ͇ๅijௐ 1 аĂĮ̃̄͵ࠧį1(1904.1): 41 Ą

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д᝘֍಄Ψᓏޢ۞ͅᑕĈ ѣֱۡϲ੓ֽĂ˾̰યĶ̦ᆃְă̦ᆃְķ۞Ăѣֱԯ֗̄ӱ੓Ăຐࢋϲ੓ ֽ۞ĂѣֱĶܠӡķ˞˘ᓏĂᖙֶ࣎֗ᖞჂ඾۞ĂѣֱჂေֶ̚ᖞᝂᄬ˞ೀ ήĄ౵к۞ߏĂ዁д֤྆тѪˠ˘ਠ̙જ۞ĄГѣ˘ІΞ৯Ăֱ֤ϲ੓ăӱ ੓۞ĂҬͼᏹ࿅ֽ˞ĂݒإϏ૟׌੸ீ༗ૺฟĂߏͽѣ̦ᆃមَ۞ְĂ΁ࣇ ఼఼՟ѣፍ଀Ą37 ᚶᜈڃჂ۞Ă൘тѪˠ˘ਠĂ҃୻ᏹ࿅ֽ۞ݒϏ૟ீ༟ฟĂЯѩ̪ߏ఍ٺᄋ ߎൃጝ۞ېၗĂᄃڃჂ۰˫ѣңमҾ׸ĉ఺઼࣎୉̼۞ڃჂᙡᐝĂቁ၁ౄј ዩፁ˧ณĂ΄ˠᓑຐזـޢጆ֝๬ౄ۞Ķᜠޏ̄ķĈ ઄т˘มᜠٗ̄Ăߏ඗൑඄͗҃༱ᙱ৔໑۞Ă྆ࢬѣధкሢჂ۞ˠࣇĂ̙˳ ಶࢋ್Ѫ˞Ă൒҃ߏଂڃჂˢѪໝĂ̙֭ຏזಶѪ۞ೌݖĄனдҰ̂ᚏ੓ ֽĂម੓˞ྵࠎ୻ᏹ۞ೀ࣎ˠĂΪ఺̙ض۞͌ᇴ۰ֽצ൑Ξॖା۞ᓜ௣۞ࡴ ຾ĂҰࣆͽࠎ၆଀੓΁ࣇᆃĉ38 ጆ֝๬ౄ΍˘࣎ͧಔᖞ઼̚۞ދౕ۩มĂଂ̚஝͔΍Ķ୻ᏹ۰ķᄃĶڃჂ۰ķ ׌჌֎ҒĂ֭ͷనؠĶ൑ڱ੟΍ķ۞АរඕڍĄѩ׻ᗟ۞ᙯڦᕇ˜ߏࢋӎಓ ᏹ఺ֱˠĉĶڃჂ۰ķᏹޢ˫ިᇹĉ IJଐ͇ๅijព൒ѣ፾প۞ྋඍĄ̈ᄲ̚΍னՀ΄ˠម͕જጄ۞൪ࢬĈαࢬˣ͞ জজᎿᎿཻጾֽ޺˥ोႀ۞ЎवᇷމĂಛᖒ඾֗఍П፟ݒ̪̙ҋۢ۞Ķڃ ϔķĂඕڍĶ୭۞୭Ăו۞וĂใࡃ۞ใୈ۞˘ੱĂҕ߹႕гĂΞᇔֱ֤շ ̃ĂଂჂေ̚Ăజˠ୭˞ా˘࣎ĺࣙĻф˵՟ѣ಄଀Ąķ༊൒ѩᇷवЎމᄃ ˘ԲЇϤङ୭۞ڃϔĂಔϯ୎୻઼̚జҘ͞͹ङ۞ϔ୉ೌଐΫĄזጆ֝ඊ ˭Ă఺࣎͹ङ۰ଂĶҘ͞ķЕૻតјĶ็௚ķᖃିĂϤ۩ม˯۞ĶڌҘ͞ķ ˘ត҃ࠎॡม˯۞ĶΟ̫ķĄೱ֏̝Ă఺Բαࢬˣཻ͞ጾֽ҃۞ĶЎवᇷމķ дጆ֝۞३ᆷր௚̚តј˞็௚ᖃି۞޽ঘĂΞ֍дĶϔ୉ೌଐΫķ۞คቢ ˯Ă׎͹ࢋ၆ԩ၆෪̏ଂҘ͞ᖼז็௚Ą ࣃ଀ڦຍ۞ߏIJଐ͇ๅij̝ү۰՟ѣ࿰న൑ڱ੟΍۞Ķᜠޏ̄ķĂ൑ڱᏹ ֽ˜ߏኜĶշշ̃̃ķ۞࣎ˠຍԠّٕ࣎યᗟĂΪࢋ၆া˭ᘽĂܮΞᛇᏹĂ 37 Т˯ොĂࢱ 42 38 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJҋԔijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 418 Ą

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ଂ҃଀ାĄေ̚ᏹֽ۞̃ᄹ౰ᛂරေ˧ॖճᚡĂඕЪధкຏॡᇎ઼۞Ķච̃ ˠĂචշ̄Ă߹඾ຑ઼۞ሤҕĂႽ઼֤ϔ۞͇ᖚķĂֹ଀઼̚Ķ႙႙൴΍֤ໂ ዂ໴ඝᜀ۞Ѝ֊ķĂд 1964 ѐĶ፾ϲдֲ߷̂ౙ˯Ăᄃ͵ࠧЧ઼πඈـֽĂ ا൒ે඾ֲ߷Ч઼۞ͱ҅Ąķ39Ξଓѩ̈ᄲϏԆјĂ༊̚׍វྎႽ۞Ķᛇᏹķ ͞ёᄃ࿅඀̙଀҃ۢĂ̙࿅Ķ઼ϔķຍᙊព൒ߏ˘͹ࢋጱЯĄтѩĶ˘Վ˼ ֧ķ۞̂᜙ซĂ૟ԓ୕ԸडזϏֽĂ౅࿅።Ϋ۞୕ᅈᙡޙၹĶ࡚ᚊາ઼̚ķĂ ˜ߏ୎୻̈ᄲ૱֍۞ୃְሀёĄ ۢᙊ̶̄ຍဦಓᏹڃჂ۞܉܉ிϠĂ⅛ᆞຏᇙ۞Җ͛̚˘ГᖙႊĶᛇᏹķ ۞ଐ༼ߛၹĂ֭ͷኬ̟Ķ઼ϔķ˘჌ሤଐ҃঎ႝ۞ຐညĂĶᛇᏹķኢࢗ྾д ୎୻ۢᙊࠧ̂̚ࠎ߹ҖĄ401887 ѐĂഅ઼ᘸĞ1811-1872ğ۞׊̄അࡔ፨ Ğ1839-1890ğ൴ܑĶ઼̚АჂޢᏹኢķ41˜ߏᗆؠдĶჂķᄃĶᏹķ۞ᆸ ࢬĂ၆ٺ༊ॡۢᙊࠧౄјᇆᜩĂͅߍ˞˩˝͵ࡔ۞઼̚఍дՔࢦ۞ϔ୉П፟ ̚ĂࢬᓜҘ͞Еૻ˘گ˫˘گ۞ԽᑝĂۢᙊ̶̄ާٺವԱ΍ྮĄـޢ̣αॡ ጆ֝ᄃ᏿ϛТĞ1887-1939ğᙯٺĶ୻ᏹƟڃჂķ۞੅ኢĂ၁Ϊߏ୎୻Ķᛇ ᏹķኢࢗ۞Д̋˘֎Ăݒឰிкෞኢ۰ᔌ̝ࡶ㓐Ă၁ᛳ֍ፘ̙֍ڒĄ ༊൒ĂIJଐ͇ๅij֭ܧ؝ּĂ୎୻΍னኜкೡᆷĶᜠޏ̄ķĞᖞ઼̚ğଐ ဩ˭۞ڃჂƟ୻ᏹĂ૟઼̚૲Ш੿ጃ۞โຳ̚Ăቁ၁Ξүࠎጆ֝̈ᄲ۞А ጱĂтॠϠĮ༓ˠᄲေ੃į൴΍൏ᇋ̝ᄬĈĶீ֍଀͵ྮ˯۞ˠႽߏڃڃՔ Ք۞ĂΨ΁ᏹ˫̙ߏĂΨ΁Ⴢ˫̙ߏĂΪۢᜪ඾˘֗Ă̙ፍ଀˵ያ඾ˠछ࿅ ߿Ąᛊт̂ٗ̄ࣆ˞Ă֤ҝдٗ̄྆۞ˠĂਕ̙ᑅѪ๜ĉķ42ୖୁ෹IJາ̚ ઼Ϗֽ੃ij݋ߏϡԲҿ۞ෛ֎ĈĶ˘઼۞ˠĂкΗᔘдჂေ྆ᐝĂ΁ᔘ̙ۢ 39 Тො 36 Ăࢱ 39-40 Ą 40 тТՔڗဋд׎ኢ͛ٙ֏Ăдܕ΃઼̚۞઼୉ኢࢗ̚ĂĶᛇᏹķĞawakeningğ˵ߏ˘ีໂ ࠎࢦࢋ҃૱֍۞ϓᗟĞmotifğĄ֍ՔڗဋĂIJॎ̂႔̝͇ᓏęϔ୉ࡻฯրᙉᄃ୎୻۞઼୉ ຐညijĂĮ̚δࡁտੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙะΏį33(2000.6): 89 Ą

41 ࣧ͛ͽࡻ͛ᆷؠĈņChina: The Sleep and the AwakeningŇĂ൴ܑٺ Asiatic Quarterly Review, vol.3 (Jan. 1887)Ă֍ՂाஉĂĮഅࡔ፨۞γϹįĞᄂΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙĂ 1966ğĂࢱ 272-275 ĄՔڗဋഅኢࢗѩቔ͛ౢ၆ٺ༊ॡޥຐࠧٙౄј۞኏ᑝĈĶĺჂ໽Ļ˘ᄬ ୊ӈ̙∧҃֕Ăಂᛡி˾Ăቶࠎܕ΃઼ۢ̚ᙊ̶̄౵૱ϡͽڶಔ઼छ఍ဩ۞ຍ෪Ąķ΁д ො͛ซ˘ՎᓝּĂ 1899 ѐୖୁ෹Į୻ᛉಡįIJજۏኘijͽĶჂ໽ķᔳಔ઼̚ă 1903 ѐഅ㎴ ̼Į઼̚።Ϋą઼̚።Ϋ΍͵ᙜįдԔ͛̚޽઼̚ࠎĶ˟˼ѐͽֽ̝Ⴢ໽ķඈĄТ݈ොĄ 42 ॠϠĂĮ༓ˠᄲေ੃įĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րįס 36 Ăࢱ 89 Ą

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྽ѣ఺࣎యЇĂΨ΁ިᆃਕ◯ఈ΁׸ĉķ43ΞߏĂᑕڦຍ۞ߏ఺ֱ̈ᄲт IJଐ͇ๅijਠĂдĶ઼ϔķຍᙊ۞̬ˢ˭ĂϤჂᖼᏹĂ൴ण΍Ķາ઼̚ķĄ̈ ᄲछ၆ٺĶڃჂķېၗтᓜ̂ᇲĂ੫၆ѩП፟ຏ˘Г൴΍ᛋଖĂП፟ຏ۞ࡎ ពݒ˵࿰న˞П፟ྋੵ۞ଐ༼ୃࢗĂтIJᎊୣᅿijຐညтңĶಓᏹķኜкڃ Ⴢ۰ĈĶኢ੓࣫ˠ઼Ăг఺ᆃ̂Ăˠ఺ᆃкĂΪрШ֤ͪྮ఼ឯΝྻજೀ࣎ Щ߹ˠ̀Ă൒ޢᖣ඾΁ࣇĂГΝα఼ˣ྿ĂಓᏹБ઼ቪ˞Ąķ44 дĶಓᏹķ۞ୃְคቢ˯Ăԧࣇ࠻ז̙͌୎୻̈ᄲү۰тТIJଐ͇ๅij ਠளຐ͇ฟĂඕЪˠ͛ăᗁጯᅳાĂ౹൴΍Ч჌։ᘽĂтIJາ઼̚ij۞๊ᏹ ఙĂ૞ڼՔჂ̙ᏹঽĂĶѣඈˠĂ͕إԆрĄ̙࿅Ăਜ਼ਜ਼ቘቘĂ௣͇͟ڃг ຳĂ͟΍̙ۢڌĂ͡Ք̙ۢҘĄ֤ܮߏՔჂ̙ᏹঽĂΪࢋϡ๊ᏹఙ˘๊Ăಶ ົᏹु࿅ֽĄķ45ĮາϮᐝ੃į྆۞ X ЍᑭរఙĂΞរ΍ّኳߏӎ͛ځĂࡶ ߏ౎៌Ăజਖ਼זԼ։ّኳٙĂϤᗁϠֽԼ։Ą46Į͡஧തϔг̈ᄲįՀߏ૟ ፋᔺনโ̝͕ྋ࣠΍ֽ߾ஐĂᔘа׎୻໚Ăֹ଀ঽˠ੓ѪаϠĄ47ଂѩᕇଣ ੅ĂĶᗁϠķ̏ଂᗁጯ˯۞ᗁϠᖼז̼͛˯۞ᗁϠĂтңಓ੓ڃჂ۰۞ី ᅿĂޙၹ΍઼ϔຐညĂΞෛࠎـޢୢᗁଂ͛ାڼĶຌऴ઼ϔķ۞ጆ֝۞А ᜭĄ ఺ֱ̈ᄲ၆γૻአχ˭γ୉Ă၆̰ᕚπలءĂޙၹ΍ૻ઼̂̚Ą༊൒ፋ ࣎࿅඀⿾ྮᖡᒽĂӣ֙ਭࡴĂҭߏдপؠ۞ᅳጱࢲቑ˭Ă઼ϔཏඉཏ˧Ă൴ ੓ᚯᔘ઼ๅྻજăΡะ઼ົăࠎ઼̚ౠऺĄĶ઼ϔķຍᙊૻধĂтĶ͵ࠧ˯ ࣹ˘઼̙ߏያ඾઼ϔГౄ˘൫Ă̖ਕૻ஽ķă48Ķͽ઼ϔҋЇĂඕјဥវķă49 ĶൾႽ˘Њ઼ϔ۞ཌྷચķă50Ķ఺࣎ҋϤ፾ϲĂߏࢋԧࣇ˘঱઼ϔܲх઼ოĂ ፬ጬჟৠķĄ51఺ֱˠۏຐညĶ઼ϔķĂͽႽ઼ϔཌྷચࠎ̎ԠĂ൴೭΍ϔ୉ૻ 43 Тො 22 Ăࢱ 20 Ą 44 Тො 30 Ăࢱ 654 Ą 45 ౙ̀⺨ĂIJາ઼̚ijĂĮ઼̚ܕ΃̈ᄲ̂րą઼̚ซ̼̈ΫįĂࢱ 480 Ą 46 ӓ⊓ˠĂĮາϮᐝ੃įĞዑэĈ̚эΟᚱ΍ۍۤĂ 1986ğĂࢱ 167-169 Ą 47 ਣѯ౑ࣩĂĮ͡஧തϔг̈ᄲįĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րįס 35 Ăࢱ 64-66 Ą 48 Тො 22 Ăࢱ 20 Ą 49 Тො 24 Ăࢱ 208 Ą 50 Тො 16 Ăࢱ 34 Ą 51 Тො 17 Ăࢱ 8 Ą

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ิ۞Ϡ׻˧Ą઼ϔ˘Гणฟ߆ڼă̼͛˯۞ୁᄋ̝ॠĂ҃ಡᐡăጯ७ăႊᓾ ඈགྷ૱ৼˢѩ॰ߛෛ౎̚ĂтĮเᖔ஧į྆۞ᇁăঢ়ૅ˵ΞԼүጯૅĂͽຐ ည˧቙ౄநຐ઼̝ĂВТޙၹ΍˘ຐည̚۞Ķາ઼̚ķĄ ΞߏĂ༊Ķ઄༓઄ӑķăĶтዕтਜ਼ķ۞շ̃Վˢጆ֝۞Ķᜠޏ̄ķĂ௣ ົ൴னĶ঎̄аᐝܛ̙ೱķߏ൑ڱҸன۞ܛϜ։֏Ąӈٕѣ୻ᏹఙăೱ͕ ఙă X ЍᑭរఙĂᏹֽ˫ިᇹĉ൑ኢߏ୻ᏹ۰тIJܜځ፶ijႺ̄ĶҲᓏĂ໢ ׶ķгΨĶҁโฟܝķͽәႪܜځ፶ĂٕߏڃჂ۰тIJϨЍijౘ̀јĂĶӣ ඾̂ԓ୕۞ऻٍ۞ೌᓏķӞ಄ĶฟݱܝֽķĂΞߏĶᜠޏ̄ķݒ◟൒̙જĄϤ ѩ̈ᄲѣ඾Ķދᗆķ۞ෛᛇဦညĂ׍វ۰тIJճˠ͟੃ijăIJܜځ፶ijႺ̄ᄃ ճˠ̶Ҿజ༰ᐈٺĶ௖ۡ͢ߝ۞Ăՙࢍ޶̙ฟķ۞ᇁٗᄃĶโ႗႗۞Ă̙ۢ ߏ͟ߏ؆ķ۞३ٗăIJܠ Q ϒ็ij྆۞ܠ Q జᗆдϤᆸᆸˠཏಛ඾۞β֘ ˯ăIJ߇ฏij྆۞พ˿జĶځ।।۞ᅙᐚ઻ķᗆҝć٩෪۰тIJځ͇ij྆۞ ׌࣎ϓᏐజދᗆдᏂ༃۞ဪг྆൑Ⴝޥه˸׊ăIJ؝፾۰ij۞ۢᙊ̶̄జᗆ ٺਢਢ̂ౠ̚Ă̙ۢңΝңଂĄIJд੧ሁ˯ij݋ߏͽཻ̄ᄃᙀ̄۞ࢳҖೡᆷ ދౕ۞۩มĈĶӈגࢳΝ˞Ăҭߏࢳ˞˘࣎̈઻̄Ăܮ˫аֽઃдࣧгᕇČ Č̙࿅ᖒ˞˘ᕇ̈઻̄Ă˫̙फ़Ұ˵аֽ˞Ąķ52൑ኢߏ׍វٕ٩෪Ă̺ઙ ΍۞ދᗆဦည૙ಲ˞Հஎᆸ۞ދᗆĈˠۏజᗆдދౕ۞វט྆Ă൑ڱ੟΍Ą ࠹ͧ੓୎୻۞Ķ˘Վ˼֧ķĂ఺ֱ֎Ғӈٕߏ˘Վ˵ព଀ᖶ෾ᦕᦑĂ·႕Քࢦ ۞࢑ፉĄ дڃჂƟ୻ᏹ۞३ᆷคቢ˯Ăጆ֝۞̈ᄲ൑ڱ೩ֻᙷҬIJଐ͇ๅijᄃ୎ ୻ኜк̈ᄲ۞ۍώĂ఺ྫྷ΁ٙ఍۞።ΫҜཉѣᙯĄᔵ൒΁ࣇ۞ॡ΃෼ᗓ̙ ᅈĂΞߏͧ੓୎୻̈ᄲү۰Ă΁ѣՀ·ྈ۞ͅޥ۩มĂтIJ̼͛ઐҌኢij၆ ̚Ҙ̼͛൴णү΍ࢼᒟё۞ବႿĂੵ˞࣠ژ઼̚۞඾඾εୀĂՀଂҘ̼͛͞ ႊតኢᙋĶۏኳķᄃĶிᇴķߏ˩˝͵ࡔҘ͛͞ځĶઐҌķ۞ඕڍĄிᇴ Ğтϲጳ઼ົğ̙֖ͽĶໂߏܧ̝ბķĂΪјࠎкᇴᑅ͌ᇴĂۏኳĞтᄦౄથ Ҥğ݋ߏ̙֖ͽĶႽˠϠ̝ώķĄд̈ᄲ३ᆷ˯Ă΁ព൒൑ڱ໰ಏБќ୎୻̈ ᄲछ၆ٺҘ͞ໄه˭۞઼ϔຐညĂ൴ण΍Ω˘჌઼ϔ۞ܑࢗĂдາᖞϹତ۞ ۤົ྆˘Г߹ٸඊ˭۞ˠۏĂ౅࿅Чลᆸ۞ˠۏ̢જĂдன΃Ɵ็௚ăࡊጯ Ɵਜ਼ܫăϔ͹Ɵ૞טඈᛉᗟ˯ܑன΍ଲ͙ă൭ࡴăӞ಄ăຊ೉Ą 52 ጆ֝ĂĮԜ೉įIJд੧ሁ˯ijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 26 Ą

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ጆ֝ඊ˭۞ޅආז೼ᘲѺؖăۢᙊ̶̄ඈĂ࠰Ա̙זщ֗ϲ׻̝ٙĂ൑ ኢ఍дЇң˘࣎ؠҜٕវטĂౌ௲ᗓ̙˞կ̙Ξ৔۞ᜠޏ̄ĄIJ͋˙̎ijଂ ᖞۤົ࿅ഭזາۤົዋᑕ̙։۞͋˙̎Ăዎצᆸᆸ۞ଵᑟĂ̙ᛳٺܜఞăൺ ఞᑒĂ̶֗΍னᕝෘĂ൑ڱᏉˢາᖞ۞Ї˘৩Ԕ̚Ąࢬᓜ˘ཏ̶֑Ы۞ޅ ̄Ă΁ҩฟ̣޽ཊ඾Ⴤ̄ᄲĈĶ̙к˞Ăԧ̏གྷ̙к˞ķăĶ̙к̙кĊкͼ ݙĉ̙к˵ĄķѩĶ̙кķࣧࠎү۰၆֎Ғ۞ᆚ৯ᄬĂΞߏݒңဘ̙˵ពϯ ֎ҒĶ̙кķ۞ဓ৿ېڶĄౘ̀јдᖞטࡊᓝ̚˘ГརၳĂჟৠުଚརͪ҃ ѪĂ෪ᇈ˞΁൑ڱᗐˢᖞѣ۞ᆊࣃវրĄ҃ͽᜨ੻ኟ಩۞ݻၗֽаᕚᒜٺາ ᖞۤົវր۞ܠ Q Ă˭ಞߏˠᐝརгĂ̊ࢵᕝෘϒрߏ෪ಔ˞΁дາᖞវט ۞࿣ᅣĄጆ֝ൗӀ۞ீЍᄃᇎଈ۞ຍᙊጱ࡭ӈٕߏࢭ׻ޢ۞Ķเܛ͵ࠧķ۞ ဓ৿ĂIJ๋ీij̄ӖᄃখϠѩ˘၆າ͵΃۞ۢᙊ̶̄˵൑ڱдࢭ׻ޢ۞າ̚ ઼๬ౄ੓ĶӃޢࡻฯķ۞ԛ෪Ăጆ̙֝ᅅٽആ΁ࣇΐકĂ౵΄ˠಐရ۞ߏ̄ ӖᄃখϠϡֽٯטᜠޏ̄۞ຑଐăࣧ݋ᄃநຐĂݒߏឰ΁ࣇ႟غዎזᏩ០۞ ჹЯĄ ࡶߏ඾ீٺĶ઼ϔķቢ৶ĂԧࣇΞ࠻ז઼ϔຐညᄃॡ۩ޙၹिि࠹ᙯĂ পؠ۞઼ϔຐည૟ᇆᜩזˠۏਕӎᗐ΍Ķᜠޏ̄ķ۞ୃְĄୖୁ෹അͅᖬຏ ရĶ൑઼݋ᅿ൑ٙᕩķĂдೌӴ۞ކϯ̚ݒѣ඾˘჌᎕ໂڀೳ۞ჟৠĂĶ൑઼ķ ܳј˞Ķѣ઼ķ۞ݵ፟Ą୎୻˘Բຏॡᇎ઼۞ү۰৾৾ྏဦ౅࿅̈ᄲ۞ॡ۩ ޙၹĂࠎࢲܥᛜອ۞ॡ΃ವԱ΍˾Ąтͽ˯ٙࢗ۞Į༓ˠᄲေ੃įĂྥԓ΅д ઼̚˿г˯צזᑅטĂĶԧࣇ઼̚ߏҝ̙଀۞˞Ăంт੟ـγ઼ΝķĄ੟˸ঔ γĂԓ΅μ࿃΅ˠफĂдѩᎸ֣ޙ઼ĄĮเᖔ஧į۞ٗ̄П፟ጱ࡭Ķࢋᅁღ ဌ࣎Нˠ࣒ந࣒நķ۞ݵ፟Ăд̃͹ˠਃ۞૲ᅳᄃԼౄ˭Ă૟۩มĶઇ଀Т ᐅᖔ˘ਠķĂՀ೼̈́΁͞Ă఺˘Բ઼ϔ਒ᘃӴԠĂϲԠࢋࠎБ஧ᖔ΍ᐅᖔ݈ ඀Ą୎୻̈ᄲछ၆ٺĶ઼ϔķѣপؠ۞ຐညĂ૲ѣҋϤăయЇăπඈăᝋৈ ඈຍஉĂѩֹ଀үݡ۞ॡ۩ߛၹڻ඾ĶЍځࢬķޙၹĂ቙ౄ΍າ઼̚Ą ጆ֝ӎؠ˞୎୻̈ᄲ྆۞઼ϔຐညĂ٩ᗓଫĶ઼ϔķࣧѣ۞ຍஉĂ໣Ш ઼ϔКॲّ۞ቑᘞ̚Ąтѩ۞઼ϔຐညᇆᜩז̈ᄲୃְ۞ॡ۩ޙၹĂღᗆд Ķᜠޏ̄ķ۞ԛ෪̚Ă۩มజΟҁăދౕăᑅ࢝ă૚၀ăโຳă൑ᓏăರҽඈ ຍ෪ᆸᆸಛᖒĂᙱٺԱז΍˾Ąᜠޏ̄ྼᎿ඾൑छΞᕩ۞؝ᅿ౎੿Ăд็௚ ᄃன΃۞ॡมᕇ˯Ա̙זщ֗ϲ׻̝ٙĂฏᙯң఍ĉጆ֝۞̈ᄲ৿ͻࣧฏĂ

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֕଀⟂┞ᙹᘩ۞ˠۏΪਕՎШโຳ൑Ѝ۞ٙд̝гĂ൑ኢߏᗐ֗າᖞវրĂ ݒ̙଀҃ˢĂΪਕღღދᗆٺޖຳ۞۩มĄ

αăေຐᄃጝေĈଂĶϏֽķזĶ࿅Νķ

ͽ˯˜ߏଂ۩มኢ઼ࢗϔຍᙊ۞̬ˢтңᇆᜩז୎୻ᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞ୃ ࢗĂѩ༼ᖼזॡม˯Ąࡶߏԧࣇჸ൏ٺૻአĶ઼ϔķຐည۞୎୻̈ᄲĂυົ ൴ன׎ॡม॰ߛ̂ณ΍னĶ࿅ΝķٕĶ༊˭ķᄃĶϏֽķ۞၆໰Ăԧ૟ѩॡ ม۞၆໰ٸז୎୻ᄃ̣αགྷ૱΍ன۞ေဩĂኢ઼ࢗϔຐညтң๬ౄٕĶрေķ ٕĶေើķĂซ҃ዛౘ΍ĶϏֽķᄃĶ࿅Νķ۞ॡม៍Ą д୎୻̈ᄲ྆Ăᔵ൒࿅Νٕ༊˭ΞਕโຳĂΞߏࡶགྷϤĶ઼ϔķຍᙊ۞ ߾ᖃĂϏֽ·႕ЍዂĂ૟Լࢭ۞ԓ୕ଯШϏۢ۞ॡม݈ბĄĶ઼ϔķຍᙊܳ ֹ˞ୃࢗॡม۞ᖼԶĂүछдซ̼ኢ۞ሄ៍ຐည̚Ăລޙ΍Ķโຳ࿅Νķ఼ ШĶЍځϏֽķ۞፜ሇĂĶᛇ̫ߏ҃ߑܧķ࿲൒јࠎ˘Гኑᄦ۞྽ᇇିᄴĂ ࠎ୎୻͛ጯΫၹ᎝΍˘ೃଐᙸ۞ᚚॄ؈៍Ą дѩᛉኢࢦٺୃְă̂ᄲ౼ٺ̈ᄲ۞ᚚॄ፾Ϩ̚Ăү۰᎕ໂ૟Բҿ۞ෛ ֎ᖼШ̰࠷ё۞ԲҿĂ઼̚ˠώ֗ᅮٚፉ።Ϋεୀ۞యЇĂЯѩ˘Гҋԧፀ ЂĄԧࣇྏͽIJາ઼̚Ϗֽ੃ijăIJϏֽ͵ࠧij۞ॄ࿅३ࠎּĈ ઼̚ߏ˸ؠ˞Ă̙˸ٺγ઼̝ጴ౗Ă̙˸ٺ߆ع̝࿱ᖞĂΪߏ఺α༱༱՟͕ քඏă՟ཝඏă՟ҕّ۞ˠϔĂڃઇ˘ဥĂ̖ߏ˸זႽᐝâᕇڱ׊ౌ՟଀ ຐ׸Ċ53 ઐઐ۞༊඾఺࣎Е઼ۋૻ۞ॡ΃Ă઼̚۞ѺؖĂ׍඾఺ᇹ۞ζᔴপኳĂ֤྆ ᔘॎү଀΍ֽĂԯ˘࣎рр۞͚֤Б઼ĂԘ଀࣎͹ᝋ݇ऴĂ჌୉஍˸Ăम̙ кౣј˞֤࣎ૻ઼۞ᅳ˿Ą54 ׌ቔ̈ᄲ۞ᗟϫૻአĶϏֽķĂд఼ШϏֽॡĂү۰ࡎព΍઼ˠҋפໝ˸۞྽ ᇇି੊ĂଂĶ՟͕ք۞઼̚ˠķזĶζᔴপኳķĂдд೬ϯ඾үछ۞ҋԧԲҿ ᄃͅޥĄѩะវ၆ҋԧ۞Բҿҋѣ׎ॡ΃ࡦഀĂϥ̾ጼۋ႟غৰ༤˞߶ચࠁ 53 Тො 22 Ăࢱ 15 Ą 54 Тො 17 Ăࢱ 2 Ą

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ጡۏԼࢭ۞நຐĂෛ֎ᖼזĶˠķ۞Լౄ˯Ă55ૻአˠᄃ઼छ̝ࣼጎ࠹ֶĄ дॡม۞คቢ˯Ă୎୻ү۰˘Г౅࿅Ϗֽॡมವ଀΍˾ĂĶ઼ϔķдѩ ݈೩˭࿅ޘᎶණĂјࠎା઼۞༱ីᘽĄIJϏֽ͵ࠧijฟ؟ځཌྷᆷ΍઼̚ˠ۞ ζᔴّĂ˜ߏࠎ၆໰΍Ķ઼ϔķĂϤĶ઼ϔķԼࢭζᔴĂĶˠˠౌҋѣҋڼ۞ ჟৠĂछछ׍ѣ઼ϔ۞ޥຐĂ఺ᔘ̙ј˞࣎ԆБϲጳ۞઼̚๜ĉķ56ѩԼࢭ ̏ᔳ൒΍னॡม۞၆ͧ॰ߛĈζᔴّጱ࡭࿅Νᄃ༊˭઼̚۞ჺୀĂ઼ϔ݋ܑ ᇈϏֽ۞ЍځĄ઼ϔຍᙊтᛈಫਠ઼ֹܳ๕ڟڟШၷĂͅߍд̈ᄲ۞ୃࢗ ˯Ă΍ன̂ਗ਼ᖼĈĶˬѺѐҁ̂ޓ઼Ăنј፾ϲ̝֣ćαѺЏเ჌ТࡪĂВ ซ͛ځ̝ાĄķ57ඕڍдĶ઼ϔķຍᙊ۞൴ೳ˭Ă஍ٺໝ˸ᙝቡ۞઼୉Ԭອ ۡ˯Ăдү۰࿰న۞Ϗֽॡม̚Ăౣ൒јࠎૻᝋĄ၆ٺ઼ϔ۞পؠຐညĂֹ ଀Ѝځ۞ϏֽјࠎΞਕĂүछ৾৾ͽॡ΃۞୕ᅈᙡ௃୕Ķາ઼̚ķĂຐညĶন ћ֣ķĄ ౅࿅ĶေဩķĂԧࣇΞซ˘Վ̶ژ઼ϔຐညтңౄಶ୎୻̈ᄲᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ ۞ໂბ३ᆷĄ୎୻Ϗֽ۞ေ͑̍඀Ăѣధкߏ౅࿅ေဩၹౄĂтIJາ઼̚ij ކ௚˟ѐ۞າѐഇมĂำਃ޵ѐޢܔаĂ౅࿅ေ̚؈ഀĂ๬ౄ΍Ϗֽ۞າ̚ ઼Ă߆ᝋ̏ќаĂĶࡊጯپځăˠ̖ໂ஽Ą൑ኢౙ࢕ăঔ࢕Ă࿪፟ᄦౄЧ ጯĂᑖ۞ˠޝкĄķ58઼̚ϲጳα˩ѐ̂ৡ׏Ă͵ࠧЧ઼ֽ݈ણᄃĂ઼̏̚ ̙ГߏЈˠᆄिĂјࠎ͵ࠧૻᝋĄБ͵ࠧ˟˩к઼ົᛉనϲޛһົĂЪ׀༱ ઼෗ҿཿܝĂϤ઼̚࠱ޓ΍ЇົܜĂќበ˞ᇇă࡚ăຍă͟ăܻඈЕૻĄд Ϗֽ۞ॡมᕇ˯Ă઼̚໵൒˘າĂĶ႙႙൴΍֤ໂዂ໴ඝᜀ۞Ѝ֊ķĄ59ఈᐡ ͹ˠIJາࡔ̮ijͽ 1999 ѐ۞઼̚ࠎ׎ॡ΃ࡦഀĂ૟ॡ΃΍˾ԸडזϏֽĂ̍ 55 ୎୻۞Ķା઼ኢķтܥޢߋඎਠ݂΍Ăтિ௺ӀࠔኢăเܛโᜠኢăથྥϲጳኢăೇΟ ኢăБሹለ̼ኢඈĂ߶ચࠁࣄפҘ͞གྷᑻă߆ڼă̍ᘹඈଂវטזԫఙ۞Ķ̍׍ķĂͽܮ Ķ̚វҘϡķĂચυ઼ֹ̚ૻ஽ĄΞߏѩྻજЯϥ̾ጼۋ̝ୀ҃֕ШϐྮĂ૵ѣࠎăᚑೇă ୖୁ෹ඈˠͅޥ߶ચྻજ۞εୀࣧЯ˜ߏĶາ׎߆̙າ׎ϔĂາ׎ڱ̙າ׎ጯĄķ֍̖࣫ ૱ĂĮ̖࣫૱ะįĞΔִĈ̚ර΍ۍۤĂ 1980ğĂࢱ 32 Ą఺ֱۢᙊ̶̄ଂγؼ۞ࡊጯԫఙă ߆ڼטޘ۞ᆸࢬᖼШ˞Ķ઼ϔķ̰дჟৠ۞ޥ৶Ă൴ன઼ϔ۞ം˧ăវ˧ăჟৠă྽ᇇ۞ རޢ̖ߏାڼ۞͹ࢋ၆෪Ăଂ၆ጡۏז၆ˠ۞ͅޥĄ 56 Тො 17 Ăࢱ 92 Ą 57 Тො 17 Ăࢱ 131 Ą 58 Тො 45 Ăࢱ 463 Ą 59 ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğĂIJଐ͇ๅijௐ 1 аĂĮ̃̄͵ࠧį1(1904.1): 39 Ą

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ຽ൴྿Ă઼๕Ꮈ஽Ąᔵ൒Чቔ̈ᄲ၆Ķ઼ϔķ۞ຐညѣপؠ۞ԸडĂଂ߆ڼ ϲಞ҃֏Ξਕጱ࡭ϲጳٕࢭ׻Ă˵ѣ̚Ҙ͹މ̝ۋĂ̙࿅΁ࣇݒ࠹ܫдĶ઼ ϔķຍᙊ۞̬ˢ˭ĂυਕࢭੵζᔴّĂಛࡂ΍ڟڟШၷ̝ഀĂࠎ୎୻۞͛ጯ Ϋၹ᎝੓˘ࢱজ̂መു۞Ķ˼ࡌ̂ေķĄ ࠹ͧ੓ͽ˯۞ሄ៍አ̄Ăጆ֝۞઼ϔຐည൑Ⴗٵྋ˞୎୻̈ᄲ۞˼ࡌ̂ ေĂӈٕߏן຋̝ေຐĂ׎઼ϔຍᙊ˵൑ڱٚፉĄIJԙΈij˘၆ଐຏ፧ݓ۞ ΈԙҬͼߏĮຊ೉įᄃĮӞ಄įะ྆ᙱ଀˘֍۞ˠۏቑώĂԙԙϠঽॡĂච ։୳ݓ۞Έܜ൑຋̙Ҍг໰ᜪĄҭߏĂጆ֝ͽౘЕঽॲࠎਕְĂщଵ˞ҕ୽ ୽۞ေဩĂ೬ᜨ΍׎ሕຍᙊ۞Ўࠛࢬᄻęೠၧԙԙ۞ޅ̄ĈĶҋ̎۞͘ೠ ͧπ૱̂˞ˬαࢺĂᜠᝤҬ۞ĂШఈϠ۞ᓚ˯˘ೠԲ࿅ΝČČఈϠ႕ᓚߏ ҕĂࣵ඾ซֽ˞Ąķ60౅࿅ေဩĂጆ֝ྋੵ˞׎ඊ˭ˠۏјࠎ઼ϔሀቑ۞Ξ ਕّĂֹ଀୎୻ႇ࿵۞઼ϔຐည൑ڱ็ભז׎̈ᄲĄIJճˠ͟੃ij۞ճˠд ေ̚ׯׯ࿀ˠĂֹ࢝˘࣎৯ट႕ࢬ۞ѐᅅˠٚᄮЫˠְ̝၁ĈĶ˵ధѣ۞Ă ఺ߏଂֽтѩ۞ČČķճˠдေܑ̚ன΍۞ૻ๕Ăᄲ΍˞ጆ֝۞͕ᓏĈေ̚ ˵ࢋޙၹ΍ണᅖ۞઼ϔĂ࿀ֹ၆ٚ͞ᄮѩЫˠ͵ࠧ۞ன෪Ą ଂ୎୻זጆ֝̈ᄲ۞ေဩĂԧࣇ࠻ז׌۰࠰дေ̚ુࡂ΍˘྽ॡЍᐋ ྽ĂΞߏ͞Шݒ࢛ளâ݋წؼฟणШϏֽĂᖀ୕ᚈ඀̂྽ć˘݋֛ѡа໖ ז࿅ΝĂଠ෦็௚ޖຳĄጆ֝۞઼ϔຐည൑ڱ͚ᇣ੓෍͑۞ϏֽĂాေౌព ଀̙ಝ˘ᑝĄ༊୎୻̈ᄲд઼ϔຍᙊ۞̬ˢ˭ĂᝌײϏֽᄃຐည݈඀ॡĂጆ ֝ݒ૟΁۞୕ᅈᙡአШ࿅ΝĂ൑ኢߏࢭ׻݈ٕࢭ׻ޢĂᚢႝ඾᜻୶ҲՔ۞ঈ िĂΟҁăౚຳăދౕ۞ຍ෪Ꭷᖒ̙ΝĄጆ֝ӎؠ˞୎୻̈ᄲ྆۞઼ϔຐ ညĂଂ҃˵ᕝ඗˞઼छϏֽ۞݈౉Ăд׎ຐည۞઼ϔّ̝͹ጱ˭Ăॡมซ඀ ઃ႖Ă៌ਣ˘ͯĄ ఺Ξଂ 1933 ѐĮڌ͞ᗔᄫįଯ΍Ķາѐপཱི̂ķ࠻΍ბࣔĄྍ૞ཱི೩΍ Ķေຐ̚۞Ϗ઼ֽ̚ķĂጆְ֝ޢಶѩᛉᗟ൴ܑຍ֍ĈĶޝкˠေຐ඾૟ֽ۞ рۤົĂĺЧႽٙਕĻӡĂĺ̂Т͵ࠧĻӡĂޝѣֱĺ෸࢖Ļঈि˞Ąķ61 Ξ֍΁࠹༊ଵϋĶϏ઼ֽ̚ķ۞ცᚊຐညĂซ҃૟ѩĶေຐķએೱໄهј ĶေķĂ΁ᄮࠎေ۞̰टᑕߏĶۤົͽ݈۞ล৺੽ۋĂϨҒऻٍĂ᜛ࠓĂࢅ 60 ጆ֝ĂĮԜ೉įIJԙΈijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 136 Ą 61 ጆ֝ĂĮݑටΔአะįIJ᝘ᄲေijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 4 Ăࢱ 465 Ą

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୭Ăᆄ̄྆᛿ᅇചͪĂ࿪ЖČČķĂࣧЯдٺĶ࣐̙ေ఺ֱĂрۤົߏ̙ົֽ ۞Ă൑ኢިᆃᆷ଀ЍځĂ௣տߏ˘࣎ေĂ۩ᐝ۞ေĂᄲ˞΍ֽĂ˵൑ܧିˠ ౌซ఺۩ᐝ۞ေဩ྆ࢬΝĄķ62΁૟ۤົԼࢭວˢေĂĶေķϤѩјࠎ˘჌ Լౄ઼ϔჟৠ۞͞ёĄͽѩᇾ໤ֽ࠻ĂᙷҬ୎୻IJາ઼̚Ϗֽ੃ijăIJϏֽ͵ ࠧijඈ̈ᄲౌົజထ̶ˢ۩ᐝ۞ေဩ̚Ą ጆ֝۞Ķ୕ᅈᙡķ൑ڱԶड΍ሮᒘ࡚ഀĂᛈீ࠰ߏਢਢϏֽĂଐჰঐՔ ۞ˠۏ൑ڱည୎୻̈ᄲIJາনћ֣ij͇ৌ҃ሄ៍гລ˯Ķࢳ۩ཟķĂࢷـĶন ћ֣ķĂٕߏညIJາ઼̚ijਠ˘ᛇᏹֽܮߏĶາ઼̚ķĄ఺ֱ఍дॡ΃ᙯ˾۞ ˠۏĂдາᖞ̝มଃޟĂ̙ۢңΝңଂĂĶϏֽķ࿲൒јࠎ˘჌΄ˠନ̙͘ ̈́۞ॡม॰ߛĄдѩ॰ߛ྆Ăԧࣇ࠻זIJд੧ሁ˯ij۞ۢᙊ̶̄ӕቛնਢ൒ г୕඾݈͞׸಍ĈĶͽޢĉęԧ̙ۢ྽ĄҰ࠻ԧࣇ֤ॡᏢຐ۞ְΞѣ˘І тຍĉԧனд̦ᆃ˵̙ۢ྽Ăాځ͇ިᇹ˵̙ۢ྽Ăాޢ˘̶ČČķ63क़Զ ̝གྷរᄃڷಉ̝ଐĂ๱ྃٺѩॡม॰ߛ྆Ăซ̼ኢኬ̟ĶϏֽķሤଐ߶໕۞ ຐညၝዎ˘ඊ̺ঐĂனдυ౼࿅ΝĂϏֽυ౼னдĉӕቛն۞ຊ೉ᄲځ˞ᜠ ޏ̄۞ދّౕܡጿ˞݈ᖀّ۞ॡม៍Ă٩ᗓ˞Ķซ̼ķ۞ॡมຐညĂ఺ֱ֎ Ғ۞ϏֽߏтѩሀቘĄ ˠۏດߏವԱϏֽດߏεརĂ၆ٺϏֽѣٙ૙੉۞ˠۏҬͼົజߛ۩Ą IJځ͇ijဿ૎ಏα຀ٱ඾ঽࢦ۞ޅ̄Ă૟ԓ୕ԸडזĶځ͇ķĈĶז˞ځ͇Ă ͉ว˘΍Ăሤ˵ົੜĂঈಆ˵ົπ۞Ąķү۰дѩቔ̈ᄲ྆גຍ඾ࢦٺॡม ۞ዛणĂд໫ሣ۞ႝܜඈޞ̚ĂĶڌ̏͞གྷ൴Ϩć̙˘ົĂ඄ᓀ྆౅ซ˞ᅙ ϨҒ۞ᑨЍĄķᑨЍߏӎਕૉ૲ֽЍځ۞ԓ୕ĉጆ֝ତ඾˫ГࢦኑĈĶனд ا൒ځܪ˞ć͇۞ځܪĂᑅࣆ˞፶ЍķăĶ͉วѝ΍ֽ˞Ąķጆ֝щଵ˞т IJᘽijਠ۞ᑚቅĂၨ໑˞ѩԓ୕Ăឰಏα຀дĶ͇ځķ۞ᑨЍ̚ವՐ૶ᗁң̈ ΅Ăפ଀Ķܲᑈ߿׻˱ķĂঽආ˘׻๣ײĄಏα຀д׊̄ѪޢĂ˫ԯԓ୕૙੉ זĶځ͇ķĈĶځ͇ᏹ࿅ֽĂҋ̎рр۞ჂдԖ˯Ăᚗ׊˵рр۞Ⴢдҋ̎ ֗ᙝĄ΁˵ᏹ࿅ֽĂΨ˘ᓏĺ๽ĻĂϠᐷ߿܎Ҭ۞ྯΝە˞Ąķ఺྆ГѨঘ̈́ זڃჂƟ୻ᏹ۞͹ᗟĂт݈˘༼ٙࢗጆ֝۞̈ᄲ৿ͻĶᛇᏹķĂᚗ׊˘Ⴢז غĂಏα຀۞Ķځ͇ķ༊൒˫ࢋར۩Ąү۰˘Гٵྋಏα຀۞Ķځ͇ķĂĶᗗ 62 Т˯ොĄ 63 ጆ֝ĂĮԜ೉įIJд੧ሁ˯ijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 32 Ą

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˵Ψ˞ćڌ͞႙႙൴ϨĂ඄ᓀ྆౅ซ˞ᅙϨ۞ᑨЍĄᅙϨ۞ᑨЍ˫႙႙ன΍ ⦩ࡓĂ͉วЍତ඾໰זޏਖĄķ༊Ķځ͇ķז˞Ăᚗ׊՟ѣܔаĂߜඈፋ؆ ۞ಏα຀ܓֽ۞ݒߏ˘׍ᚗ׊۞ഉՄĄ64Ϥѩಏα຀Ϡ׻۞ᑨЍݒд၆Ѝځ ۞ഇధ̙̚ᕝజঐਈĂځ͇۞ԓ୕޺ᜈజؼޢĂࠤҌͽഉՄүࠎĶځ͇ķ۞ ௣ඕĂ˵࿰ϯ˞Ķԓ୕ķΪਕःˢဧ˿̚Ą тڍᄲӱд̰ٗඈޞĶځ͇ķ۞ಏα຀ព଀జજĂ֤ᆃIJϨЍij྆ౘ̀ јଂޏ̰෿זޏγăੰ̄ă̋ᙝĂಝჍ͹જĄ΁Ķӣ඾̂ԓ୕۞ऻٍ۞ೌ ᓏĂഫකҬ۞дҘᙯܝ݈۞ጌځ̚Ăጼጼဏဏ۞Ψ಄Ąķ65Ξߏጌځ֭՟ѣ ૲ֽЇңϠ׻۞ᔳಔĂౘ̀јĶӞ಄ķ̙΍ځ͇Ąౘ̀ј၆ٺᚗᖟĶνᝈ˫ ᝈķ۞ವడ࿅඀Ă۩ม˯۞݈ொޢॗĂݒពϯ˞ԓ୕̙ᕝజؼ᭸Ă൑ڱར၁ д֎Ғ۞Ϡ׻ଐဩ̚ĄIJᗓ૓ij۞ຑؑ˵тТౘ̀ј၆۩มѣ඾˘჌ຐညᄃ ૙੉ĂͽࠎχءΦĂĶᎩ̙྆ҖĂᔘѣع྆ķĂ౅࿅۩ม˯۞ொજĂವԱ̳ ྽ĄଂछזᘀఄĂຑؑࠎ੅а૓ބ̳྽҃ጬ੽Ă൴னᘀఄ̙ҖĂ૟ԓ୕Ķ˯ ொķזݱ྆ĄΞߏ఺჌Ķ˯ொķΎព۞ߏԓ୕̙ᕝـޢؼ᭸Ă̙଀̙΄ˠኳ Ⴗᄃޥ҂ѩؼޢّ۞ࡦޢߏӎѣ˘࣎Ξ΄ˠщ֗ϲ׻۞௣ໂវրĉٸז؟ି ۞֎ޘֽ࠻Ă఺ֱ֎ҒԱ̙זĶ઼͇ķٙдĂٸז୎୻۞ୃְሀёֽ࠻Ăˠ ۏԱ̙ז˘࣎Ξͽࢦॎฯࢲ۞নћ֣Ąጆ֝˘ѝಶߛ۩˞ѩԓ୕ؼ᭸ّ۞ᆊ ࣃវրĂೱ֏̝Ă՟ѣ˘࣎௣ໂ۞ᆊࣃܫЈΞͽщᇬጬ੽Ӆ˧۞ˠĄຑؑ۞ ۩มொજព൒൑ڱٸдĶ˯ொķ઼͇۞ metaphor ߛၹֽ̚࠻ޞĂ66ޫр࠹ ͅĂߏ˘჌ـ˭Ķᆩརķ۞࿅඀ĄՏ࣎֎ҒԜقౌፉ࢑඾็௚۞ࣧཋĂ઼͇ ̝ܝ̙ࠎ̝ฟୁĂЯѩ৿ͻା᝞۞࿅඀Ăཋೋ൑ڱ߾Ⴄஐ̼Ą ଂౘ̀јᄃຑؑ׌݋۩ม˯۞ொજֽ࠻ĂĶϏֽķѩ˘ॡม॰ߛ྆ੵ˞ ྅඾ĶโຳķăĶ᜘ᙕķĂݒ̪ѣధк၆ٺЍځԓ୕۞ഇధᄃሀᑢĂΞߏѩ˘ ሀᑢٵࡍՀк۞εརᄃ͑ໝĄౘ̀јያ඾͡ܪ຋ᓠ۞ϨЍٙ೩ֻ۞ቢ৶Ăವ Աछ୉ಲ֏็ᄲ۞เܛĂଂٗ̄Աזੰ̄ă̋྆Ă۩ม˯۞ொજ೬ϯ۞ߏ၆ 64 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJځ͇ijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 453 Ą 65 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJϨЍijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 543 Ą 66 Ҙ͞ઐр metaphor ĂЯࠎι۞ޥჯĞcognitiveğүϡਕጱШ෹෸۞үϡĂѩ࣒ᙜॾѣ჌Ш ˯͇໛఼۞ΑਕĂ࿰న˞௣ໂ۞វրĂඈˠϡᔳಔ۞͞ёΝᛈજĄણ҂੼֙݌ĂIJᙜॾă ͛ጯّШăୃְඉரijĂĮ࣒ᙜጯᄃ͛ጯዦ᝝įĞΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ΍ۍۤĂ 1997ğĂࢱ 71 Ą

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Οҁᆊࣃă؟୉ಲ֏ăਜ਼ܫវր۞੠ుĄౘ̀јڻ౉޶ז۞֭ܧܛᅙ঴ᚗĂ ҃ߏโ˿ڪՒĂඈТٺ޶ଧזፋ࣎छ୉ಲ֏۞෍൑Ăয়А۞ܛࡊϜޠ૪ෘࣆ ๲ĄՀٌϫម͕۞ߏ΁ᛈၤזᗫ਑۞ۏវĂֽࣧߏގᐩĂፋ࣎छ୉۞ಲ֏̏ ჺ̼јގᐩĂ঴ᚗᖟг۞͑ໝ˵ކο˞ፋ࣎நຐ۩ม۞ྋၹĄ೹೹ᅺᅺ۞ᜀ ੻ᐝăโ˿ڪՒј˞ጆ֝ͅ็௚۞׍෪ۏ۞ౘЕĄ тڍᄲIJϨЍij۞ގᐩ෪ᇈ˞࿅Νॡม۞ჺᄞĂ֤ᆃIJд੧ሁ˯ijঐε ۞ގ੻݋ߏϏֽ۞ར۩ĄIJд੧ሁ˯ij̈ԙःдڪՒ̚۞ގវϒрΞෛࠎ˘ ჌ᔳಔĂѩρ۰ܧҭ൑ڱͽ׎ቿݎࢬᄻ͚ᇣ੓າ઼̚۞ຐညĂ҃ͅͽގវ۞ ჺᄞĂܑᇈԓ୕۞ར۩Ą୎୻ײಓ۞Ķ͌ѐ઼̚ķז̣α۞Ķρ۰ώҜķĂត ଀тѩ̙ಝ˘ᑝĂፋ࣎၆ͧߛၹ̏൒ĶჺᄞķĂӣ஄௚ᛷј਽ୀ۞Ķ઼ϔķវ րĄĶ͌ѐ઼̚ķࣧߏࠎפ΃Ķҁ̂ޓ઼ķĂĶρ۰ώҜķࠎפ΃Ķܜ۰ώ ҜķĄΞߏдѩĂܜ۰ώҜƟρ۰ώҜ۞၆ͧߛၹĂౌჺᄞ଀т̈ԙ۞ഉ͢Ĉ ĶԣࢋᜀႽ˞ĂΪ౺˭˘ુ͢ක׶̈ͯ͢ČČజᏍĂҗڇĂ੻ᐪĂ̦ᆃ˵՟ ѣĄԧຐĂ఺ֱౌঐႽ˞ĂШֽ᝘ᄲ౵ᙱᜀ۞ߏᐝጀĂ˵ధᔘѣቪĄԧܮЄ ˭ΝĂдྍߏڋᐝٙд۞ڪ˿྆ͿͿ௟௟۞࠻Ă˵՟ѣĄᖸᇆБ൑Ċķ67ԧ ࣇٕΞሀᑢѩୃְਔඛĂෞҤĶ͌ѐ઼̚ķᄃĶρ۰ώҜķдጆ֝̈ᄲ̚۞ ዎ࿃ĈĶШֽ᝘ᄲ౵ᙱᜀ۞ߏ͌ѐƟρ۰Ă˵ధᔘѣቪČČ˵՟ѣĄᖸᇆБ ൑Ċķͽ˯׌׍ގᐩĂᄲځ˞Ķ࿅ΝķᄃĶϏֽķౌ൑ڱүࠎˠۏщ֗ϲ׻ ۞វրĂĶ݈̙֍ΟˠĂޢ̙֍ֽ۰ķĂΪਕར଀Ķهĺᜠޏ̄Ļ̝ଊଊĂ፾ ບ൒҃ஊ˭ķ۞˭ಞĄጆ֝൑ڱՎ˯୎୻̈ᄲ۞ޢဧĈར၁ซ̼ኢ۞઄నĂ ᚶٚĶᛇ̫ߏ҃ߑܧķ۞ୃְĄ ͽ˯ଂ۩มᄃॡม֎ޘ੅ኢĶ઼ϔķຍᙊтңᇆᜩז୎୻ᄃጆ֝̈ᄲ۞ ୃְĂଂᛇᏹזڃჂăາ઼̚זᜠޏ̄ĂٕߏଂေຐזጝေăϏֽז࿅Ν۞ ଐ༼ୃࢗ˯ĂĶ઼ϔķቁ၁ܑႊ΍׌჌ໂბ۞ୃְĂд઼୉۞ା᝞ᄃͅା ᝞ăୁᄋᄃͅୁᄋ۞คቢ˯Ă༥ᑝ΍͵ࡔͫ܅ĄϤѩĂĶ઼ϔķणႊ΍୎୻ Ҍ̣α׌჌ໂბ۞३ᆷĂ၆ٺॡ΃ăϔ୉ă઼छѣ඾ໂࠎሄ៍ᄃೌ៍۞ຐ ညĂซ҃ዛౘ΍ٕࠍᚊᚵٕ৾᜻୶൑Ѝ۞ଐ༼Ą 67 ጆ֝ĂĮԜ೉įIJд੧ሁ˯ijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 27 Ą

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݈ࢬ׌༼۞੅ኢΞ֍Ķ઼ϔķຍᙊтң኏ᑝז̈ᄲ۞ୃְĂώ༼૟ซ˘ Վଂү۰ᄃ።Ϋ୧І۞֎ޘĂଣ੅ࠎңົ΍னѩୃְ˯۞ਗ਼ᖼĄՀ࡝ˠವק ۞ߏѩ׌჌ݑᔔΔᖽ۞ୃְĂݒ˫тңঅ౉Тᕩј˘इା᝞۞॰ߛĉ дࢲܥᛜອ۞ࢭ׻݈́Ă୎୻۞ү۰ྏဦ౅࿅̈ᄲࠎϏֽࢭ׻ޢ۞઼̚ ޙၹ΍າᖡဦĂ౅࿅វטăࡊԫ۞ன΃̼Ăࠎҁ઼̚ซҖĶྋጃķ۞̍үĄ ࡶߏᏲೈ඾Ķซ̼ኢķ۞઄నĂଂ୎୻ז̣αົՀซ˘Վዮ׽ன΃ّ۞ྮ ቢĂ઼ϔຍᙊјࠎ቙ౄາ઼छ۞ಫ̬ĄΞߏଂጆ֝۞̈ᄲֽ࠻Ăಏቢ۞ซ̼ ௣ࢋར۩Ă׎পؠ۞઼ϔຐညĂ҃ͅ቙ౄ΍˘ळ̙അซ̼۞ࣧΟਣ֣ĂӔன ΍ΟҁЫˠ۞͵ࠧĂјࠎΩ˘჌ĶˢጃķĄጆ֝ᔵд͛ౢ̚˵അԲҿன΃ّĂ ᄮࠎன΃ّ૲ֽࡶ̒ၑঽĂ68Ξߏд̈ᄲ̚Ă΁҃ͅШன΃ّያᘇĂϡֽͅ ็௚ĈЯࠎநّϏഅᕖૺĂጱ࡭็௚ညĶᜠ᝕ķਠދᗆ඾ˠཏĄ ଂ።Ϋ൴णֽͧྵĂ୎୻̈ᄲछ఍дԼഈೱ΃̝݈Ă౅࿅Ҙ͞൴ण੓۞ ઼ϔໄهĂٯԩ็௚߆ڼ˭۞ζᔴېၗĂ೼࿆˯၆ٺٕࢭ׻ٕϲጳޢ۞઼̚ ·႕ცᚊ۞ຐည۩มĂĶ઼ϔķϒрߏ˘इॎ੓઼छ۞າᎸڠጡĄ҃ጆ֝˵ ።གྷѩາᖞѐ΃̈́߆ڼវրϹആ۞ᙯ˾Ă΁ѝഇдЧቔኢ͛̚ᆷ΍Ķᇝᘲྐ ˠķ۞ࣧݭĂ៙ካ޵ࣖĂĶࢦ፾ϲ҃ຑҋϤĂࢂζᔴϲ׎݈Ăυਾೌ়҃ ෛĂਾೌٙͽݖ׎̙ضĂ়ෛٙͽޤ׎̙ۋĄķ69д͟ώୢᗁଂ݈͛۞΁ٺ IJ೻͐྿̝ᅿiĵ˧͹ૺ֗វࢋӴઉт೻͐྿̝Ӵ̀Ăૻઉ׎ඏ੻ă౎៌׎វ ጄĂ۷࢑੓ٯԩγ૗ˢܬ۞ЇચĄϤѩ҃֏Ă୎୻̈ᄲ۞઼ϔ៍ቁ၁ߏ΁൴ ೭ᇝᘲྐˠă೻͐྿Ӵ̀ă޵ࣖăౠ඿ă೼ԓܛăκܚඈநهᄃԛ෪۞ሀ ቑĄΞߏĂࠎң΁Ᏼፄ˘୧ԆБ࢛ளٺ୎୻̈ᄲྮቢ۞઼ϔ៍Ăኳય੓Ķ̫ 68 ጆ֝IJ̼͛ઐҌኢijͅޥ̚Ҙ̼͛͞۞߹តĂ֭ͷᕩඕ΍̼͛۞ઐҌĂܑன΍ࡶ̒ͅன΃ ّ۞ޥሗĂтૻአ࣎ˠăͅ၆ጳົវטĂͽҺ૲඾ϔ͹઄෪۞Ķிˠ߆ڼķតјΩ˘჌ᜦ ᝋវטĄ΁ຍᙊז็௚ᄃன΃ّౌົ૲ֽၑბĂΞߏ๐ੵ݈۰ᅈͧޢ۰ՀࠎࢦࢋĂࠤҌΞ ࣄϡޢ۰ֽ๐ੵ݈۰ĂЯѩ׎̈ᄲЯ၆ԩ၆෪۞̙Т҃ଳפ̙Т۞ඉரĄ֍Įጆ֝Бะį ס 1 Ăࢱ 46 Ą 69 ጆ֝ĂĮᆨįIJᇝᘲྐ˧ᄲijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 80 Ą

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৶ኜ઼̚Ăࠎჟৠጼ̀۰ңдķĉ70 ࠹ͧ੓୎୻ү۰Ăጆ֝ٺܦӴഇ֍ᙋ˞Լഈೱ΃۞።඀Ăଂࢭ׻݈זࢭ ׻ޢĂ՟ѣயϠາ઼̚Ăഇధར۩Ăֽࣧࢭ׻̙࿅ߏ˘ಞጂᆐĂ୻ϐϔܐ˘ ᇹ΄ˠε୕Ĉ ԧᛇ଀ࢭ׻ͽ݈Ăԧߏઇζᔴćࢭ׻ͽޢ̙к˳Ăಶצ˞ζᔴ۞ᙾĂតј΁ ࣇ۞ζᔴ˞Ąԧᛇ଀ѣధкϔ઼઼ϔ҃ߏϔ઼۞ᇲˠĄ71 ѩ߱ྖᄲځ˞֙ϻࢭ׻၆ٺጆ֝λ̂۞኏ᑝĂధкኢ۰˵дѩૄᖂ˯ѣ͔ٙ ϦĂтՂ፨ݓٙ֏ 1909 ז 1918 ѐߏጆ֝Քᐵ۞˩ѐĂܦѐ঎ႝޥຐഇ̏གྷ ࿅ΝĂ֙ϻࢭ׻ޢ۞โຳன၁Ăֹ࢝ጆ֝ԯѝѐĶԧͽԧҕᖧ੕ᔔķͫ˘ᇹ ۞ຑ઼ሤଐĂՔ፥дД˘ਠ۞ҽᐖ۞៍၅ăଣ৶̚Ą72̂ౙጯ۰गϜϮ݋Ⴭ Ķᓁඕ֙ϻࢭ׻εୀ۞ି੊ĂࡁտԼౄ઼ϔჟৠТࢭ׻੽ۋ۞ᙯܼĂߏጆ֝ޥ ৶۞͕̚યᗟĄķ73 ጆ֝ͽ˯఺˘൫ྖĂᔘΞឰԧࣇซ˘ՎͅޥĶζᔴķᄃĶ઼ϔķ۞၆ ໰Ąт݈ٙࢗĂ୎୻۞Ķ઼ϔķࣧߏࠎ၆ԩĶζᔴķĂд።Ϋ۞ሗ߹̚Ă̂࡭ វன˞ଂĶζᔴķซ̼זĶ઼ϔķ۞ײ៰Ă͍׎д 1900 ѐνΠ۞ޥຐࠧയன ధк࠹ᙯኢࢗĄΞߏдጆ֝۞៍၅ෛ౎̚ĂĶζᔴķᄃĶ઼ϔķ֭ܧٸдซ ̼۞ྮቢ˯Ă҃ߏඈТ੓ֽĂࢭ׻݈ᄃࢭ׻ޢ࠰ߏζᔴĄࣧώ୎୻ഇޞ˘࣎ າ߆វֽᓜĂ૟ζᔴᖼ̼ј઼ϔĂͅᏝ۞ߏ༊ϔ઼זᓜĂ઼ϔݒјࠎᇲˠĄ ጆ֝ෛ౎̚۞઼ϔ̏ܧநຐ۞߆ڼໄهĂ҃ߏ઼̚ˠ۞၁޽ĂᅌᅌײᑕЧ჌ ζᔴ۞পኳĂԼᆷ˞୎୻ĶζᔴķᄃĶ઼ϔķ۞၆໰ڱĄ ጆ֝ͅᖬд͛ౢ̚೩̈́΁၆ٺ֙ϻࢭ׻۞ε୕ĂĶᄻᔵтѩĂ̰੻̄ߏ ֶᖞ۞Ąķ74ࡶߏٸд઼ϔ۞ୃࢗྮቢ˯Ă֙ϻࢭ׻ጱ࡭ᗕࢦሤଐ۞εརĈ ˘ߏଂ̈ᄲΫ҃֏Ăεར˞୎୻̈ᄲሤଐ۞઼ϔຐညć˟ߏଂ΁࣎ˠ۞३ᆷ ҃֏Ăεར˞ѝഇኢ͛IJ೻͐྿̝ᅿijăIJᄲ╣ijăIJ઼̚гኳரኢijăIJࡊጯ 70 Т˯ොĂࢱ 100 Ą 71 ጆ֝ĂĮරᄏะįIJن൒ຐזijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 3 Ăࢱ 16 Ą 72 Ղ፨ݓĂIJரኘጆ֝ޥຐ۞൴णijĂĮ઼̚ܕ΃ޥຐΫኢįĞᄂΔĈ֐ࢲ΍ۍۤĂ 1987ğĂ ࢱ 441 Ą 73 गϜϮĂIJጆ֝Լౄ઼ϔّޥຐયᗟ۞҂၅ijĂྶٺ˯ঔ͛ᘹ΍ۍۤበĂĮጆ֝ࡁտะΏį ௐ 1 ะĞ˯ঔĈ˯ঔ͛ᘹ΍ۍۤĂ 1979ğĂࢱ 98 Ą 74 ጆ֝ĂĮഈ܅́߂įIJࡰຑྺijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 308 Ą

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ΫିቔijăIJ̼͛ઐҌኢijăIJᇝᘲྐ˧ᄲij۞ሤଐĄтڍᄲ୎୻̈ᄲдĶ઼ ϔķຍᙊ۞̬ˢ˭Ă๬ౄ΍˘࣎ᚹீЍ֊۞າ઼̚ߛၹĂϡֽٯԩᖞѣវ טăζᔴĂҋᛇຍᙊĄ֤ᆃĂጆ֝ߏд઼ϔКॲّ۞࿰న˭Ăፋ࣎ॡมᄃ۩ มӔனਣᏃ˘ͯĄ ֙ϻࢭ׻ޢĂጆ֝གྷ።˞ܜॡม۞̰д߹ᗓېၗĂĶтཉ֗୮൑ᙝᅫ۞ ਣࣧĂ൑Ξନ͘۞˞Ă఺ߏިᇹ۞ೌݖרČČķ75൑ኢтңĂ΁ᔘߏྏဦॎ үĂ౅࿅˘ቔቔ̈ᄲ३ᆷĂ၆ٺॡ΃ܑ྿˘̎۞ĶӞ಄ķᄃĶຊ೉ķĄଂ 1918 ѐ൴ܑࢵቔϨྖ̈ᄲIJճˠ͟੃ijז 1925 ѐ౵ޢ˘ቔϨྖ̈ᄲIJᗓ ૓ijĂ76ܜ྿ˣѐ۞̈ᄲ३ᆷౌдວႊ઼ϔّĂ҃΁д 1925 ѐ 3 ͡ 31 ͟ᆷග ధᇃπĞ1898-1968ğ۞ܫϒΞឰԧࣇෛࠎ׎̈ᄲ౹ү౵р۞ොཙĈĶѩޢ ౵ࢋღ۞ߏԼࢭ઼ϔّĂӎ݋Ă൑ኢߏ૞טĂߏВ׶Ăߏ̦ᆃ̦ᆃĂ٢ൕᔵ ೱĂఱҒ໰ᖞĂБ̙Җ۞Ąķ77ϤѩΞ֍Ă׎ᆷүજ፟هਬдਬ۞ߏԼౄ઼ϔ ّĂ઼ϔّజ࿰నдĶԼౄķ۞Ҝཉ̚Ą Ϥٺ።Ϋ୧І۞ᖼតĂֹ଀୎୻̈ᄲזጆ֝̈ᄲĂᔵΪ࿣˩ዶѐĂݒߏ ѩ˘ॡĂك˘ॡĂ୎୻൴ण੓ֽ۞Ķ઼ϔķຍஉдጆ֝̈ᄲ྆̏ࢬϫБܧĄ ఺჌ᖼត၆ٺ̈ᄲ۞ˠۏౄјۡତ۞኏ᑝĂ̈ᄲঙன΍̙Т۞ᆜᓚĄ̶ژ୎ ୻̈ᄲ۞ˠۏĂΞ൴ன఺ֱࢋ᎕ໂ൴ೳĶ઼ϔķ۞֎Ғυ૲඾˘૙ಲ߆ڼă ̼͛ຐည۞ЩфĂтเᖔ஧ăᛂරေăڌ͞ૻăරҋϲඈĂдĶ྽યጯķᄃ Ķ಴ᇇҖķ˯࠰ਕ፾ፘ˘ॾĂдၚѣ۞ĶॠҖķୃࢗ̚Ă78׎٣ߐᑛ͡Ă౻௢ ؋گĂચυֹ଀Ķ˘઼઼ϔᄮৌχᝑ੓ჟৠֽķĂഈ඾ĶԆј઼ϔ۞ྤॾķ۞ ྮ౉݈ซĂχౄ˘࣎ĶϏֽনћ֣ķĄࡶߏԧࣇଂˠۏϠநᆸࢬ̷ˢĂົ൴ன ఺ֱ͔ᅳࢲᛢ۞Ķ઼ϔķநهခә۰Ăౣ൒࿆̈́Чѐ᛬ّҾĂΒӣIJϏֽ͵ 75 ጆ֝ĂĮӞ಄įIJҋԔijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 416 Ą 76 ጆ֝ඕՁ˞IJճˠ͟੃ijͽࢫ۞າ̈ᄲ౹үĂѩޢд̈ᄲ३ᆷ˯ΪᆷĶ߇ְາበķĂפՄٺ ৠྖă็ᄲăಲ֏ă።ΫĂĶΪפ˘ᕇЯϤĂᐌຍᕇߖĄķ֍ጆ֝ĂĮ߇ְາበįIJԔ ֏ijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 337 Ą 77 ጆ֝ĂĮ׌г३įIJˣijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 11 Ăࢱ 45 Ą 78 ౘπࣧăՂለ୚ăͳማරඈˠ၆ĶॠҖķߛၹѣஎˢ੅ኢĂ֍ౘπࣧĂIJ็௚͛វ̝Ⴃˢ ̈ᄲijĂĮ઼̈̚ᄲୃְሀё۞ᖼតįĞᄂΔĈ˳̼̂͛Ă 1990ğĂࢱ 196-203 ĄՂለ୚Ă IJ؝፾۞ॠҖ۰ijĂĮன΃ّ۞੠ՐįĞᄂΔĈ౪ϣ΍ۍۤĂ 1996ğĂࢱ 117-137 ĄͳማරĂ IJଣ৶ঽၗۤົᄃโຳីᅿ̝ॠijĂĮጆ֝̈ᄲາኢįĞᄂΔĈڌ̂ဦ३̳ΦĂ 1992ğĂࢱ 69-88 Ą

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ࠧijࠎҋ̎ۋפˢጯ۞̈ޅ൴΍ײ៰Ĉ ԧࣇ఺ᇹ۞ѐࡔĂࢋซጯૅĂϒߏᑕႽ۞యЇĄࢋፍ଀т̫۞ॡ࣏Ăԧࣇ઼ ϔ۞ྤॾᔘ՟ѣԆБĂ̙ኢ̦ᆃˠĂౌྍᑕ˘࣎࣎ԯҋ̎ౄಶј˞ѣϡ۞઼ ϔĂ̖͞ߏ࣎྽நĂੵ˞ซጯૅᔘѣ̦ᆃҾ۞ڱ׊Ą79 ׎ཌྷϒᙜᚑĂঈ๕መുĂ΄ˠഢׂ̝ዶ̙Һຏז᏾೒Ă༊ޅආລ˯ॡ΃Е ֘Ăކೳ઼ϔຍᙊĂ઼ϔ̏ᝀ൒јࠎБϔྻજĄ ྕт݈ࢗĂጆ֝̈ᄲ۞Ķ઼ϔķຐည̏ਣට֕ڕĂଂˠۏ׻ЩܮΞ᎚֍ ˘˟Ăтˬ֎ᓚă͞ᐝăᜄᐝስăҁ͈̄ăሴ̄ăѪ៦౦ăҁ౬ϾăႺ̄ă ೋ߲૎ăң྽௚ă˪ᓧ๩ă੼ҁ͈̄ăᎻ঴΅̄ă༱Ⴑࣿăᙂഥᓚă˛̂ ˠăᇐҁ໺ăҁহϠă̈হϠඈĄ޽Ⴭᄃ׻Щᛃӣ඾ү۰ᝋ˧ᄃຍԠ۞ྻ үĂ఺˘րЕΒӣ˞ؖЩăუཱིăٕߏγ៍޽Ⴭ۞ЩфĂҬͼ΄ˠ࠻̙זԓ ୕Ą݈ࢗ۞ڌ͞ࡻăරҋϲඈ૙ಲ˞ϔ୉ૻ஽۞Щфдጆ֝۞̈ᄲᓁߏ৿ यĂܑ҃ᇈᖞ็௚ᄃϔ୉਽ୀ̝ЩݒᎧᖒ̙ΝĄԧࣇࡶஎ၅ЩཱིĂܮΞ൴ன ጆ֝౅࿅׻Щ۞͞ёĂဳΝᄃࣤར˞୎୻̈ᄲ̚΍ன۞઼ϔཌྷચăჟৠࢲ ቑă྽ᇇࢬᄻඈ̰உĄ ።Ϋ۞ᖼតౄј˞Ķ઼ϔķ៍ه۞ᖼតĂซ˘Վ኏ᑝז̈ᄲ۞ୃְĄΞ ߏĂ͓྘۞ߏ׌჌࠻ҬݑᔔΔᖽ۞ୃְݒ˫௚˘дĶା᝞ķߛၹ̚ĂमҾߏ ׌۰۞ା᝞៍఍ٺ̙Т۞ᆸѨ̚ĄIJଐ͇ๅij݈̝̈́ࢗ୎୻̈ᄲĂд͛ώ̰ ពϯ˞Ԇፋ۞ା᝞॰ߛĂ֎Ғ።གྷਥഌĂᄰͽԆјĶ઼ϔķࠎ̎ԠĂԸड΍ Ķ઼ϔķຐညĂтĮเᖔ஧į۞૎̃౅࿅ႊᄲᓾભᄃିֈĂຏ̼БՅˠĄIJᎊ ୣᅿij྆׌Ҝሤଐ߶໕۞ጯϠĂྼ֕΁͞Ăຏ̼̂ிĄᙯᔣˠۏ၆ٺۤົ̂ ி᛿Ꮾ઼ϔநهĂĶୁᄋķࢲᙴБϔĂдৌ၁ன၁ă̈ᄲ͛ώ̚෍၁णฟĄ ࠹ͧ੓୎୻ሄ៍۞઼ϔຐညĂጆ֝݋ߏᆷ΍་ԛโຳ۞ۤົᄃԮѡ۞ˠ ّĂଣᛈזஎՔ۞඗୕ຏĄࡶߏ૟΁ѝѐĶ͛ᘹା઼ķ۞நຐٸдѩ͛ώ̰ ۞ୃࢗ॰ߛĂົ˘ГពனڡཌྷĈд̈ᄲ͛ώ̚൑ڱ଀ା۞֎ҒĂঐྋ˞׎౹ үજ፟۞Ķା઼ķЇચĄΞߏ˘όχ৔͛ώ॰ߛĂٸזү۰ᄃүݡ̝ม۞֎ ޘֽ࠻Ă݋Ҿѣ͇гĄጆ֝дኜкಞЪ˘Гᄲځ׎ᆷүၗޘĈ ԧᓁᔘߏຐ၆ٺॲஎའ׽۞ٙᏜᖞ͛ځ߉Җ᝚ᑝĂ΄׎જອĂጔٺ૟ֽѣ༱ 79 Тො 17 Ăࢱ 13-14 Ą

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˘۞ԓ୕Ą80 ̙Һӵᗔֱ૟ᖞۤົঽॲᇷᜨ΍ֽĂ๊ˠ঻͕Ăనڱΐͽᒚڼ۞ԓ୕Ą81 ᄲזĶࠎ̦ᆃķү੓̈ᄲቪĂԧࣇٱ඾˩кѐ݈۞Ķୁᄋ͹ཌྷķĂͽࠎυื ߏĶࠎˠϠķĄ҃ͷࢋԼ։ˠϠČČٙͽԧ۞פՄĂкଳҋঽၗ۞ۤົ۞̙ ض۞ˠࣇ̚Ăຍޥߏ೬΍ঽࡴĂ͔੓ᒚା۞ڦຍĄ82 ఺჌̙Тॡมᕇពϯ۞౹үЋဦâГШ׎ѝѐ͛ᘹା઼Ɵϔ۞நຐ࡭ᖃĂ ពϯ˞็௚͛ˠĶ͛ͽྶ྽ķ۞நຐّĂ༊̚ѣ඾មˠ۞˘࡭ّĈ࿰న˞˘ ࣎జĶ᝚ᑝķăĶᇷᜨķăĶ೬΍ķ۞၆෪ęĶᖞ͛ځķăĶᖞۤົķăĶঽ ၗۤົķ۞ঽॲĂͽܮĶጔٺ૟ֽѣ༱˘۞ԓ୕ķăĶΐͽᒚڼ۞ԓ୕ķă Ķ͔੓ᒚା۞ڦຍķĄЯѩಶ౹үЋဦ҃֏Ăѣ඾ځពπҖ۞၆෪Ğᖞۤົğă ͞ڱĞԽᑝğ̈́ԓ୕ĞԼ։ğĂᔵߏ၀၀ೀфĂݒຍγײᑕᄃԆј˞୎୻̈ᄲ ۞ା᝞ߛၹĄ̙࿅ಶ३ᆷඕڍ҃֏Ă̈ᄲ՟ѣ΍னΞͽᒚା̂ி۞ᜁࠗ۰Ă ҃ͅߏͽਗ਼ͅ۞͞Ш๬ౄ΍˘ԲĶ߿Ѫގ۞βवķĂ83׎઼ϔຐညღᗆдϔ୉ КॲّĂ҃ѩКॲّ˫ٚྶ˞Ч࣎።Ϋॡม۞৿ౝĂ൑ڱ଀זା᝞Ą ˘όଂĶүݡķ॰ߛ֕΍Ă૟౹үຍဦᄃ३ᆷඕڍЪ҃៍̝â̷ត଀ ߹જᄃኑᗔĄ߀ା۰۞৿यߏࠎ͔੓ᒚା۞ڦຍĂޙၹ੓โຳ۞ਣࣧ˜ߏඈ ޞ೼ᘲѼ࣒೻ĞPrometheusğ۞ͫࠐ۞ܪЍĂ84၆Ѫ˸۞Гˬ៍၅ݒߏ၆ϔ ୉Ϡх۞ଣ৶Ăт΁ٙᄲĶؤ൒ϫ༜˞ĺѪĻ۞᝚ֽĂҭТॡ˵எ̷г಄඾ ĺϠĻ۞хдĄķ85၆ٺĶ߿Ѫގ۞βवķ۞઼ϔޙၹĂݒߏࠎ˞੠ವநຐ۞ ઼ϔĄϤѩĂጆ֝д͛ώ̚ϏԆј۞ା᝞ߛၹĂݒдү۰ᄃүݡ̝ม۞॰ߛ 80 ጆ֝ĂĮ׌г३įIJˣijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 11 Ăࢱ 45 Ą 81 ጆ֝ĂĮݑටΔአะįIJĶҋᏴะķҋԔijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 4 Ăࢱ 454 Ą 82 ጆ֝ĂĮݑටΔአะįIJԧިᇹү੓̈ᄲijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 4 Ăࢱ 508 Ą 83 Ķ߿Ѫގ۞βवķפҋጆ֝ᆷٺ 1920 ѐ۞̈ᄲIJࢲگijĂྍ̈ᄲͅᖬ΍னĶѪގķăĶβ वķăĶ߿Ѫގ۞βवķ۞޽ჍĂͅߍ˞ˠۏᔵϠ൘Ѫ۞ېၗĂϒрײᑕ˞Ķᜠޏ̄ķநኢ ˭൑ڱ੟ช۞జދᗆ۰Ą֍Įጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 465-473 Ą 84 ೼ᘲѼ࣒೻ޫрߏጆ֝౵ಈຑ۞ᜁࠗ۰ԛ෪Ăጆ֝дк఍೩ז೼ᘲѼ࣒೻Ă֭ͽ̝ࠎҋ ͧĂтĶԧଂҾ઼྆ង଀ͫ჌ֽĂώຍݒд൓ҋ̎۞҇۞Ăͽࠎ࣐ਕק྽ྵрĂ૷̈́дݕ ᚒ۰֤˘ࢬ˵଀זྵк۞р఍Ăԧ˵̙ږ෱˞֗ᖻć΍൴ᕇБߏ࣎ˠ͹ཌྷĂ֭ͷᔘӵᗔ඾ ̈ξϔّ۞૊රĂͽ̈́ၙၙгၤ΍ྋ࣠˥ֽĂ҃ͅၣซྋ࣠۰۞͕᝙྆ČČԧ˵ᙸຍдۤ ົ྆ѣֱϡ఍Ă࠻މٙ֍۞ඕڍ̪ߏͫ׶ЍĄķ֍ጆ֝ĂĮ˟͕ะįIJĶർᛌķᄃĶ͛ጯ۞ ล৺ّķijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 4 Ăࢱ 208 Ą 85 ጆ֝ĂĮ౎ਨįIJ˘ᛇijĂĮጆ֝Бะįס 2 Ăࢱ 218 Ą

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̚ԆјĄ ጆ֝๬ౄ˞˘࣎็௚វրĂѩΟҁਣ୲۞۩มĂࡶᄃܑᇈາॡ΃۞۩ม ࠎͧྵĂពன˞ధкᅺཌྷĂጆ֝ϒрͽ߲Խ߲Ă̙ᕝኑᄦҁአ̄ਠ۞Ķ̚ ઼ķĂͽ͔੓ᒚା۞ڦຍĈĶ࣐໰఺ᇹ˭ΝĂ઼̚۞݈౉ިᇹ׸ĉČČԧຐĂ ઱˘۞͞ڱĂࢵАߏ٦ୢ˞ҁአ̄ķĂтѩ૟ֽĶ˵ົѣາ۞ᓏࢰ΍னķĂ൑ ᓏ۞઼̚ߏࠎ˞ܓତѣᓏ۞઼̚Ăˢጃݒ˫ߏࠎ˞ྋጃĂ౅࿅ඉரّ۞າᖞ ᓏࢰ۞၆໰ĂΞ֍ጆ֝၆Ķܓາୢᖞķ۞ഇధᄃ൏ᇋĂ઱ѣтѩ઼̖̚ົѣ ϏֽĄ тڍᄲ୎୻д͛ώ॰ߛ̰ܮѣ˘Ԇፋ۞ା᝞࿅඀Ă֤ᆃጆ֝݋ߏ౅࿅ Ķү۰ę͛ώę᝝۰ķ̝॰ߛԆјѩ˘ା᝞࿅඀Ĉ ଂѩ֎ޘซ˘ՎଯኢĂጆ֝͛ώ॰ߛ̰۞ಏ˘ّ˘όٸд͛ώγ۞॰ߛĂດ ൴ᓄኑĂ΁ϡࡦᗓĶҌྕ̝ᓏķᄃĶ໢Ⴇ̝ᓏķ۞Ķೋᓏķֽ੠ವ΁۞Ķ໢ IJଐ͇ๅij ͛ώ॰ߛ̰ ঽၗۤົƖା᝞Ɩ଀ା ˘Ԇፋ۞ା᝞ߛၹ ጆ֝̈ᄲ ͛ώ॰ߛ̰ ͛ώ॰ߛγĈү۰ă᝝۰ ঽၗۤົĈ߿Ѫގ۞βव ା᝞Ɩ଀ାĉ

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ႧķᄃĶҌྕķĂ86ԼᆷĶ͛ͽྶ྽ķ۞३ᆷྮቢᄃ̰உĄĶԓ୕ķᄃĶ඗୕ķ дѩෛ֎˭Հព׎кཌྷّĂ͛ώ̰γ॰ߛϹᖐ඾Ķԓ୕଀ାķᄃĶ൑ڱ଀ାķ ۞ᓏࢰĂ࠹̢᎐Ъዯ⠠Ąдѩ᎐Ъ࿅඀̚ĂĶԓ୕ķᄃĶ඗୕ķ˫Чҋࢬᓜ ׎̰дր௚۞ᕘใĂтጆ֝གྷ૱૲඾ҋᛇຍᙊኳႷ׎३ᆷߏӎਕૉ൴೭ү ϡĂ၆ٺ׎Ķ߀ାķ۞౹үЋဦ҃֏̙ಀߏ˘჌ঐྋĂଂֹ҃ྍր௚யϠధ кᓀᅩĄ࠹ԛ̝˭ĂIJଐ͇ๅij۞Ķ߀ାķԸड΍̙टኳႷ۞ЪڱّĂдሄ ៍۞አ̄̚໕΍ૻধ۞ϒཌྷ྽ᇇຏĂព଀ঈ๕መുĄጆ֝݋ߏͽĶ߿Ѫގ۞ βवķтѩஎՔ۞඗୕ຏֽײಓ΁۞ԓ୕Ăԓ୕˫ሕд඾ҋԧ۞ኳႷĂд͛ ώ̰γ॰ߛ̚ࢉϠ΍кࢰّĄ ᔵ൒Ăͽ˯׌჌઼ϔຐညणႊ΍࢛൒̙Т۞ᑚቅĂΞߏٸд͛ጯΑਕኢ ˯Ăݒ˫ޝ͓྘г̢ࠎײᑕĈ൑ኢߏజႇ࿵ٕԲҿĂĶ઼ϔķٚፉ඾ॡ΃Ї ચĂЧ࣎ү۰дĶॡมķᕇᄃĶ۩มķᕇᏴפ౵ѣӀ۞֎ޘĂႽଐଵЕăዛ ୃ઼ϔᐹƟКॲّ۞ͯ߱ĄĶ઼ϔķј˞ѩͯ߱௡Ъ۞΃֏ˠĂላ൒њ੓ϔ ୉஽਽۞࢑ፉĂ።Ϋ۞јΑƟεୀᕩ׼ٺ઼ϔĂĶ઼ϔķј˞෹ྶ۞ຍஉĄ ଂା᝞॰ߛ҃֏Ă൑ኢߏ୎୻̈ᄲٕߏጆ֝̈ᄲĂԧࣇΞ֍Ķ઼ϔķѩ ˘జĞ߆ڼğຍཌྷ̼۞֗វĂצזధкᝋ˧វր̬ˢĂдኒ෵Чѣ۞३ᆷ ̚ĂĶ઼ϔķٕјࠎٚፉ઼ְ͟ܧăԼࢭ൑୕ăۤົᐞᗼ۞ࢦፉĂٕјࠎ˧ ॎ̋ګăฯ͕ӴԠ۞ԓጔٙдĄ३ᆷ࣎ˠĂݒј˞઼ϔ۞΃ܑĂٚፉ઼វ۞ ֗វజፋវ̼ј።ΫಈƟೌᆐ۞ٚፉ۰ĄϤѩ୎୻ү۰ᄃጆ֝၆Ķ઼ϔķ۞ ३ᆷඉரĂѣ׎ຍᙊݭၗ۞͚ᇣĂԸड˞΁ࣇ၆ٺ઼छϔ୉۞ຐညĂ֭ͷण ฟ઼୉۞ҋԧା᝞۞ᆇёĄ൑ኢߏϒࢬٕ࢑ࢬຐည઼ϔّĂݒঅ౉ТᕩĂј ࠎ׌჌͵ࡔϐᄃ͵ࡔܐϹ᏾۞઼୉Ķ྽ᇇķ؈३Ą ఺჌྽ᇇ؈३Ă၁̏૟ॡ΃۞ຐညăഇధă൏ᇋԸडזĶ઼ϔķ֗˯Ă Ϥү۰ะវّг๱ྃĶ઼ϔķѩ˘॰ߛ۞̰உĂЯѩ઼ϔ൑ڱјࠎ࿅Ν˘ਠ ጆ֝ࡁտ۰ٙჍ۞ώኳኢĄ͟ώጯ۰Յϣฯ˟ࢡಶഅჍĶ઼ϔă nation ă peopleă citizen జᄮࠎߏܕ΃۞ᝋ˧௡Ъдઇࠎ઼ϔ઼छԆј˞ҋԧ൴ण̝ 86 ጆ֝ĂĮᆨįIJᇝᘲྐˠijĈĶ̫৶ኜ઼̚Ăࠎჟৠ̝ࠧጼ̀щдĉѣүҌྕ̝ᓏĂҌӍˠ ٺච࡚ࣣઉ۰ͼĉѣү໢Ⴇ̝ᓏĂ೯Ӎˠ΍ٺਣರ۰ͼĉķ֍Įጆ֝Бะįס 1 Ăࢱ 100 Ą

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ޢ΍ன۞າ۞ܑ྿ԛёĄķ87Ξ֍Ăѩ჌າ۞ܑ྿͞ё˜ߏޢ੓Ă൑ኢтң م၁г໖໚ٺ࿅ΝĂ׎Ρಓֽ۞̼͛៍هдώኳ˯υߏޙၹٕ๬ౄ۞Ą

̱ăඕኢĈĶ઼ϔķܑ̝ࢗ

࿅Νኢ۰дࡁտĶ઼ϔķॡنர˞Ķ̈ᄲķѩ˘ᅳાĂĶ઼ϔķтңజ ̈ᄲᑕϡĂ၁ฟୁ˞Ω˘྽ਜ਼ˠᄃ؈ጃ۞൪ࢬĄĶ઼ϔķ̂ณ̬ˢ̈ᄲĂͅ ߍ˞୎୻Ķ̈ᄲࠧࢭ׻ķ۞ཱིΡ˧྽Ă88̈ᄲĶᄴ൸ᄴ஋ķ۞ᖞѣԛ෪ĶՔ ࣙ଀ౠķĂणϯ΍˘۵Ķା˸ဦхķ۞߿˧Ą͛ጯ۞Αਕజٸ̂Ă྾ֹ͛фய ϠՀ̂˧ณĂүछͽᖳಱ۞ຐည˧Ăдୃኢࣘ׍۞Җ͛ࢲॾ̚ڦˢព຋̙ඈ ۞ԲҿຍᙊĄ дĶ઼ϔķຐည۞คቢ˯Ăଂ୎୻זጆ֝۞̈ᄲĂ൑ኢಶˠۏăଐ༼࠰ ѣໂ̂ᖼតĂሤଐඊአ˘ត҃ࠎൗӀԲҿĄϤٺ઼ϔຐည۞मளᇆᜩזୃ ְĂдĶڃჂķᄃĶ୻ᏹķ۞ᛉᗟ˯Ăፋ࣎۩ม३ᆷଂᛳٺ࡚ᚊາ͵ࠧ۞ Ķາ઼̚ķតјጃᇆ۞Ķᜠޏ̄ķćдĶ࿅ΝķᄃĶϏֽķ۞ᛉᗟ˯Ă୎୻ޙ ၹ੓۞Ķ˼ࡌ̂ေķజមᏹĂјࠎጆ֝ඊ˭۞ĶေើķĄ୎୻۞઼ϔ࣒ᙜĂ૲ ඾Ғ૾೹᛹۞።ΫᇆညĂᔵ఍ٺ̰ᇎγଈϹ࠹᝚Ҍ۞ॡ๕̚Ăү۰ݒϡາᎸ ੓۞Ķ઼ϔķໄهĂүࠎ߀ା઼छϔ୉۞͞ڱĄΞߏдጆ֝·႕ඉரّ۞३ ᆷ̚Ă୎୻઼ϔٚྶ۞ሤଐăπඈăҋϤඈຍஉдфཌྷ̚ᄐ൴Ă҃ٚͅྶ඾ Ķ઼ϔКॲّķĄଂ୎୻ז̣αĂĶ઼ϔķѩ˘टጡĂు႙໣ШКॲّ۞ቑ ᘞĂ౵௣ᖟѳৼݰĂᜭు˞׎фཌྷࣧѣ۞᎕ໂّĄ дĶ઼ϔķ۞ෟཌྷႊត̚Ă׌჌̈ᄲ۞ୃְݑᔔΔᖽĂ၆઼ϔ۞̙Тຐ ညĂ༥ᇠ΍ࠍீͫ܅Ăֹ଀Ķ˘઼࣎ϔĂЧҋܑࢗķĂ˵ឰԧࣇ֍ᙊז୎୻Ҍ ̣α۞Ķ̂ᄲķтңд̈ᄲ྆̂Җ׎྽Ąጆ֝ଂˠۏ׻Щזˠۏԛ෪ೡᆷă 87 Յϣฯ˟ࢡĂIJܕ΃઼̚Ķ઼ϔķ۞ኚϠijĂĮ̚͟ၔغ၆ኢę̚͟Б஧̼ᡤҖ͞įĞڌ ִĈາ३ᐡĂ 2000ğĂࢱ 80 Ą 88 1902 ѐĂୖୁ෹೩΍Ķ̈ᄲࠧࢭ׻ķĂ૟̈ᄲᖼ̼јჯາା઼۞̍׍Ă೩੼˞̈ᄲ۞г ҜĄୖୁ෹А݈ܮкѨ͹ૺࢭາ็௚̈ᄲĂт 1897 ѐĮតڱ఼ᛉįIJኢρጯijĶᄲొ३ķĂ Բҿ็௚̈ᄲĶᄴ൸ᄴ஋ķ۞̰ट৿εĂ೩࣍ĶᛚିķăĶࢗΫķăĶͅᑕன၁ķăĶ೬ᜨॡ ၑķăĶॎᆖϐܸķඈ౹າ̰ट۞̈ᄲĄ֍ୖୁ෹ĂĮតڱ఼ᛉąኢρጯįĂĮ฼Дވ͛ะį ̝˘Ăࢱ 44-60 Ą

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ଐ༼ዛౘĂ࠰ᄃ୎୻̈ᄲ̂࠹ూलĂͽڃჂƟ୻ᏹѩ͛ጯϓᗟ҃֏Ă୎୻̈ ᄲӵ૲඾Ķ઼ϔķຍᙊĂચυॎ਽੓଼ĂԆј˘ୁᄋ።඀ĄΞߏдጆ֝۞̈ ᄲ྆Ăਣට֕ڕ۞Ķ઼ϔķຍஉĂ൑ڱആ఺৾ใ̝͵ᆷ˭ୁᄋ።඀ĂΪਕދ ᗆٺᜠޏ̄̚Ă՟ѣ࿅Νᄃځ͇ĂјࠎĶ߿Ѫގ۞βवķĄү۰д̙ᕝᄦౄ ĶˢጃķᄃĶྋጃķ۞ਜ਼ޥᄃຐညॡĂགྷϤາᖞ̼͛۞ொҜᄃ᏾ཉĂĶГϠயķ ΍ன΃Ɵ็௚̝मҾĂ୎୻۞઼ϔຐညͽன΃ࠎפᙡ֎Ăـາনћ֣۞͞Ш ਝҖćጆ֝۞઼ϔຐည݋ߏਝШ็௚ĂĶᜠޏ̄ķღღދᗆ඾ிˠĄ Ķ઼ϔķ྾቙ౄ΍ன΃ᄃΟҁ۞઼ޘĂΞᏜј˵઼ϔĂୀ˵઼ϔĊ ̙࿅ѩĶјୀķဦഀΪߏ৷ಶ͛ώ॰ߛ̰҃ኢĂࡶߏٸזү۰۞ᆷүજ ፟˯ĂЧҋܑࢗ۞઼ϔݒ˫࠹̢ײᑕĂ઼ϔజٸд઼छ஽਽۞֎ޘ˯Ăፉ࢑ ੓።Ϋă߆ڼ۞యЇĄॡ΃ᯬҌֽ৾۞ใ෪Ăдд๊࢝඾˘΃ຏॡᇎ઼۞ۢ ᙊ̶̄Ă൏ᇋăᇎ๋ăᇙޤඈଐຏࢦࢦ࠹ᝑĂݒ˵፬ᐽ΍੼̤۞ା᝞ഽ୕Ă ౅࿅পؠ۞ୃְሀёĂणன׎ା઼̝྽Ąଂ୎୻זጆ֝۞̈ᄲĂܑᆸ҃֏Ă ઼ϔ۞ෟຉགྷ።߹តĂౄј઼ϔ൪ညăଐ༼ୃְ۞λ̂ᖼԶĂΞߏ׎үࠎ઼ ୉߀ାᄃͅޥ۞ຍཌྷᄃΑਕݒᔳᖟёг߹็˭ֽĂ઼ϔ࢑ྶ඾Քࢦ۞ॡ΃Ї ચĄ ࡶߏ඾ீٺـޢጯ۰၆ٺ઼ϔّ۞ࡁտĂޫрΞ֍זΩ˘྘ள۞Ķ઼ϔķ ܑࢗĄт݈ٙࢗĂኢ۰၆ٺጆ֝۞઼ϔࡁտ̂кॲૄٺˠϠͅߍኢĂк͌ѐ ֽԧࣇ၆ٺጆ֝۞៙ෟ̚ĂĶᇷᜨ઼ϔّ۞⛔়ķᓁߏၳ˯ѣЩĄ̙Тгડ ᄃѐ΃۞ጯ۰ВТ̶ֳ඾ጆ઼֝ϔّ۞ኢࢗඕၹĂᄮࠎጆ֝ඊ˭ˠۏ۞ّ࣎ Ըड΍઼ϔّĂˠۏ۞৿ౝ࠹ඈٺϔ୉۞৿ౝĄтѩ۞ኢࢗຐυ˵ߏጆ֝ٙ ሄ֍Ăְ၁˯Ăጆ֝ಶഅдᗔ͛྆೩࿅઼̚ˠ۞ីᅿౌᆷд׎३ĄѺѐֽĂ ౘౘ࠹Я۞៍ᕇͧͧ࠰ߏĂᔵ൒ॡ΃ѣ̙ٙТĂΞߏ΄ˠមత۞ߏ఺ֱኢ۰ Ҭͼ൑ෛٺॡ۩តજĂԆБତќ˞ጆ֝۞൴֏ҜཉĄ д·႕Ķᕝෘķ۞ѐ΃̚Ăෞኢ۰ౣ൒Ԇј˞ܜ྿˘͵ࡔ۞Ķତ˧ᔈķ ៍ᕇĄଂຏّᆸࢬ҃֏Ăቁ၁ĶመുӴ̂ķĂቶјෞኢෛ౎̚۞઼ϔ؈៍ĄΞ ߏ఺჌ৠྖ̼۞ෞኢĂݒѣኜкΞͅޥ۞۩มĄࡶᐌ඾ү۰۞ཙՎ੓ᄅĂᙱ Һ߇ՎҋދĂ৿ͻ၆Ķ઼ϔķซҖஎˢ۞៍໰Ąѩޥ҂ሀёՀنர˞Ķ઼ϔķ тңజүछ۞ຐညᄃୃְᇆᜩĂĶ઼ϔķࡦޢᔳᖟ۞ᝋ˧ྻүజ˘ඊ̺ঐĂ ˠۏ۞৿ౝநٙ༊൒гјࠎᘦؠّٕώኳّ۞Ķ઼ϔķĂεΝ˞Հஎˢଣ੅ጆ

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઼֝ϔޙၹ۞ݵ፟Ą ᓁ҃֏̝Ăώ͛ଂ୎୻̈ᄲ̷ˢĂ઎ࢦٺୃְ֎ޘĂ೩ֻΩ˘჌Ķ઼ϔķ ኢࢗ۞ෛ౎Ą̙࿅Ăࠎ˞ኢᙋ઼ϔѩ˘ޢ੓ໄهтңᇆᜩ׌჌̈ᄲୃְĂଂ Ķតજķ۞֎ޘ̶ژĂ၁̏ѣຍ൑ຍг٠ঐ˞୎୻ٕߏጆ̰֝ొր௚۞кࢰ ّĂ૟׌۰Ч๬ౄј˘ፋវԛ෪Ă൑ڱҋҺгၹјΩ˘჌઼ϔܑࢗĂԛјͅ Ꮭ۞Ķ઼ϔķ؈៍Ąኢ͛۞ඕՁ̝఍Ăԧ่ਕͽጆ֝IJճˠ͟੃ij۞ճˠճ ᄬүࠎҋᆚᄃྋᆚĈĶα˼ѐֽॡॡಙˠ۞г͞Ă̫͇ដځϨĂԧ˵д׎̚ ஄˞кѐĄķԧ˵Ϊਕͽ౵Ͳጏ۞͞ёײ៰ĈĶ՟ѣಙ࿅ˠ۞ޅ̄Ăٕ۰ᔘ ѣĉାାޅ̄ČČķĄ

͔ϡ३ϫ

˘ăࣧؕ͛ᚥ ͳԂຆඈበĂĮ୎୻̈ᄲ̂րįĂᄂΔĈᇃฮ΍ۍ̳ΦĂ 1984 Ą ઼ۤ̚ົࡊጯੰ͛ጯࡁտٙጆ֝ࡁտވበĂĮጆ֝ࡁտጯఙኢ඾ྤफ़๗በ 1913-1983įĂΔִĈ઼͛̚ᓑ΍ۍ̳ΦĂ1985Ą ӓ⊓ˠĂĮາϮᐝ੃įĂዑэĈ̚эΟᚱ΍ۍۤĂ 1986 Ą ڌঔᛇԧĞषهຎğĂIJଐ͇ๅijĞ1-4ğĂĮ̃̄͵ࠧį1(1904): 39-48 ă 2: 49-55 ă 3: 47-58ă4: 41-50Ą ؼ౗̳̄ĂIJ̈͡͡ᄲ΍ۍৡෟijĂĮ̈͡͡ᄲį1(1906.11): 1-2 Ą ୖୁ෹ĂĮ฼ДވБะįĂᄂΔĈ̚ර३ԊĂ 1960 Ą ౢૈ㝱ඈበĂĮ઼̚ܕ΃̈ᄲ̂րįĂѯҘĈѺ܅߷͛ᘹ΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ౘ፾սĂIJԧ̝ຑ઼͹ཌྷijĂĮາܦѐį2.2(1916): 1-6 Ą ૺ̜͢ăͳԡ̝በĂĮ֙ϻࢭ׻݈˩ѐมॡኢᏴะįĂΔִĈˬᓑ३ظĂ 1977 Ą സݑ࠷ۤົࡊጯࡁտٙበĂĮ̖࣫૱ะįĂΔִĈ̚ර३ԊĂ 1980 Ą ൑ЩͩĂIJᄲ઼ϔijĂྶᘲछࣖ͹በĂĮ઼ϔಡຉበįĂᄂΔĈ઼઼̚ϔᛨ̚δ؎ࣶົ ᛨΫΫफ़በᚷ؎ࣶົĂࢱ 8-17 Ă 1968 Ą ๋͕ˠĞ౪؜රğĂIJᄲζᔴijĂĮ୻ᛉಡįௐ 69 ΊĂࢱ 1-5 Ă 1899 Ą ᅈϠĂIJ઼ˠ̝̳߲ijĂĮڌ͞ᗔᄫį13.1(1916): 1-12 Ą ጆ֝ĂĮጆ֝БะįĂᄂΔĈ֐ࢲ΍ۍۤĂ 1989 Ą

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˟ăܕˠኢ඾ ͳማරā1992 Įጆ֝̈ᄲາኢįĂᄂΔĈڌ̼̂͛Ą ѯᛂ࠷ۤົࡊጯੰበā1990 Į઼఼ܸ̈̚ᄲᓁϫ೩ࢋįĂΔִĈ઼͛̚ᓑ΍ۍ̳ ΦĄ Ղाஉā1966 Įഅࡔ፨۞γϹįĂᄂΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙĄ Ղ፨ݓā1986 Į઼̚ܕ΃ޥຐ۞൴णįĂᄂΔĈ֐ࢲ΍ۍۤĄ Ղለ୚ā1996 Įன΃ّ۞੠ՐįĂᄂΔĈ౪ϣ΍ۍۤĄ Յϣฯ˟ࢡā2000 IJܕ΃઼̚Ķ઼ϔķ۞ኚϠijĂྶ̶઼։јඈበĂĮ̚͟ၔغ၆ ኢę̚͟Б஧̼ᡤҖ͞įĂڌִĈາ३ᐡĂࢱ 172-198 Ą Քڗဋā2000 IJॎ̂႔̝͇ᓏęϔ୉ࡻฯրᙉᄃ୎୻۞઼୉ຐညijĂĮ̚δࡁտ ੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙะΏį33: 77-158 Ą Քڗဋā2002 IJ઼ᝋᄃϔᝋę୎୻۞Ķ઼ϔķኢࢗĂ 1895-1911ijĂĮ̚δࡁտ ੰ።Ϋᄬ֏ࡁտٙะΏį73.4: 685-734 Ą ܠāࡻā1996 Į୎୻̈ᄲΫįĂΔִĈڌ͞΍ۍۤĄ ੼֙݌ā1997 Į࣒ᙜጯᄃ͛ጯዦ᝝įĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ΍ۍۤĄ आԠ୻ā1979 Į઼̚ன΃̈ᄲΫįĂ˝ᐷĈ̓ᓑ΍ۍۤĄ गϜϮā1979 IJጆ֝Լౄ઼ϔّޥຐયᗟ۞҂၅ijĂྶĮጆ֝ࡁտะΏįௐ 1 ᏭĂ ˯ঔĈ˯ঔ͛ᘹ΍ۍۤĂࢱ 86-117 Ą ౘπࣧā1989 Į20 ͵ࡔ઼̈̚ᄲΫįĂΔִĈΔִ̂ጯ΍ۍۤĄ ౘπࣧā1990 Į઼̈̚ᄲୃְሀё۞ᖼតįĂᄂΔĈ˳̼̂͛Ą ૺϜڱā1971 Į୻؞۞ϲጳဥវįĂᄂΔĈ̚δࡁտੰܕ΃ΫࡁտٙĄ ᆒԠൣበā1998 Įܕ΃઼ۤ̚ົ̼͛តዏᐂįĂډэĈকѯˠϔ΍ۍۤĄ ᆒāϰā1999 Įᄬᅫ३ᆷįĂ˯ঔĈˬᓑ३ظĄ ፒώ໰ฯበā2002 Įາበ୻ϐϔܐ̈ᄲϫᐂįĂᑻݑĈᆅጆ३ۤĄ ᗞઉಱā2003 Ķኢጆ֝ĮӞ಄įăĮຊ೉į઼̝ϔّޙၹķĂᄂΔĈᄂ៉̂ጯ͛ٙ̚ Ⴧ̀ኢ͛Ą

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* Kean-Fung Guan is a Ph.D student in the Department of Chinese Literature at the National Chengchi University.

OneņNational,ŇDifferent Interpretations:

The Image of the National in the Fiction of the

Late Qing and Lu Xun

Kean-Fung Guan

Ŏ

Abstract

This paper looks at how, in the field of literature, the image ofņnationalŇ in the fiction of the late Qing and of Lu Xunጆ֝ impacted fictional narrative. We begin with changes in the vocabulary associated withņnationalŇto show how writers applied different interpretations of the image to express differing connotations. We then take topics that were common to the two periods, i.e. awakening vs. slumber, future vs. past, to discuss how these different usages helped to create two great works revolving around the concept ofņnationalŇ that captured the spirit of the time at the end of the Qing dynasty and the birth of the Republic of China. Extreme yet beautiful, strident yet unique,ņnationalŇ in these works became either a source of hope for a new start, or took on the burden of a country in decline and a decaying society. If we speak in terms of the authors’ motive for writing, we see that the different interpretations of

ņnationalŇare actually responses to each other wherein theņnationalŇtakes

on the historical and political responsibility for a country’s rise and decline under the framework of a writing of salvation or redemption.

參考文獻

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