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高雄醫學大學 102 學年度 研究所碩士班 招生考試 科目： 英文
請務必於試卷紙上作答，違者該科不於計分。
I. Vocabulary: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. (20%)
1. Having beautiful hair is such a sign of health and attractiveness, particularly for white women, because their hair tends to be very ___________, and it needs extra care.
a. cybernetic b. wasted c. fragile d. sober
2. Three Americans are among those killed in a deadly ____________ last week in Algeria to rescue hostages taken when Islamic militants overtook a gas facility.
a. raid b. inaugural c. coverage d. hug
3. Nehemiah Griego, who is 15, said he had _____________and suicidal thoughts before he grabbed a rifle from his parents’ closet and shot his mother in her head.
a. responsible b. surgical c. homewards d. homicidal
4. Priests ___________of abuse were sent away for treatment, but often only after long delays, and many cases slipped under the radar.
a. suspected b. limited c. struck d. permitted
5. The number of kids _________with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) rose 24 percent between 2001 and 2010. a. riddled b. diagnosed c. forced d. regarded
6. ____________by the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Institute, the study differs from previous ones in that it offered a comprehensive look at medical records.
a. Caused b. Remained c. tolerated d. Conducted
7. "If there are people trying to do bad stuff to our guys, then we'll take them out of the game, I suppose," he said in one of several interviews __________to the media.
a. petitioned b. emphasized c. released d. initiated
8. Two additional attackers, armed with automatic rifles, stormed the area and fought with security forces for nearly eight hours. The _________killed three police officers and all five attackers.
a. election b. assault c. regulation d. display
9. British designer Mary Katrantzou is known for her ___________prints. Now an artist has reimagined them into vivid photographs.
a. reasonable b. merciful c. brutal d. extravagant
10. While many people appeared __________ last week by the news that the Los Angeles Lakers star and his wife had dropped their divorce action, those close to the couple say this was always the inevitable end for the two.
a. stunned b. charged c. instant d. gained
II. Sentence Completion: Choose the word that best completes the sentence (10%)
11. Hard work can make ___________for a lack of intelligence. a. down b. in c. up d. out 12. A number of questions came _______________at the meeting. a. of b. X c. for d. up
13. The drowning man called __________vain for help. a. in b. X c. at d. for
14. In __________of his youth, the police have decided not to continue with the case against him. a. find b. view c. note d. think
15. Guess who I bumped ________ today? It was Michael! a. on b.into c. at d. for
III. Cloze Test: Choose the best answer for each missing word or phrase in the following passages (20%)
The Holkham Hebrew Bible, in a show of Jewish books and documents from the Bodleian Library in Oxford, now on view at the Jewish Museum in New York. The book was printed in Naples in 1491/2, by one Joshua Solomon Soncino. Not only is it___16_____, but it’s poignant as well. The hand-colored decoration shows how fully its maker______17______, and
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this same time, Jews _____18________ in vast numbers from Spain and were confined to ghettos in Italy. The _____19_____ and segregation made no cultural sense, but that didn’t stop it _____20_____.
16. a. gorilline b. gorger c. gorgeously d. gorgeous
17. a. was immersing b.immersing c. was immersed in d. immerse 18. a. were being expelled b. expel c. was expelled d. was expelling 19. a. persecute to b. persecution c. persecute d. persecuting
20. a. from happening b. happen c. happened d. on happening
The foursome ____21______ a fishing expedition over the holidays and were headed back to Italy to start the new year. Missoni was expected to attend men’s fashion week in Milan this week, but his plane disappeared from radar shortly
______22_______from the island. At first glance, the _____23_____seems like a standard air-to-sea accident, but the Missoni family is not yet ready to give up hope. “A plane ____24______ in this way, on a short route, without leaving any trace,” Missoni’s 28-year-old son Ottavio told an Italian newspaper last week. “I _____25 _____ that the least plausible reason is that they crashed into the water.”
21. a. have b. had been on c. had been d. have been on
22. a. of taking b. after taking c. after take off d. after taking off 23. a. disappeared b. disappears c. disappearance d. disappear
24. a. cannot vanish b. is to vanish c. should vanish d. could be vanished 25. a. remain convinced b. convinced c. cannot convince d. am convince
IV. Written Expression: Identify the underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct (14%).
26. a)The Los Angeles City Council voted b) unanimous last fall to c) build a new football stadium d) in the heart of downtown. 27. Experts say a) sports teams rarely b) regulate cities the economic growth c) that is initially d) expected.
28. 2012 has been a)an ‘awful’ year b)for c)major Wall Street companies, so what should we d)impact in 2013? 29. a)Bonus and salaries b)have been cut at c)all of the big Wall Street d)firms.
30. a)Instead just b)searching for content that already has its own page c)on Facebook—think fan pages, groups, or events— Graph Search will d)allow users to make much more specific searches.
31. Google’s a)big shift in search has been to move away from b)display links and letting users c)go on their way and answer more questions d)directly through information in the Google universe.
32. a)It was an b)audaciously political speech, a statement of personal and c)partisan principle, d)rather the expected broad bipartisan outreach.
V. Reading Comprehension: Choose the best answers to the following questions (36%)
The word euthanasia is of Greek origin and literally means “a good death.” The American Heritage Dictionary defines it as “the act of killing a person painlessly for reasons of mercy.” Such killing can be done through active means, such as
administering a lethal injection, or by passive means, such as withholding medical care or food and water.
In recent years in the United States, there have been numerous cases of active euthanasia in the news. They usually involve the deliberate killing of ill or incapacitated persons by relatives or friends who plead that they can no longer bear to see their loved ones suffer. Although such killings are a crime, the perpetrators are often dealt with leniently by our legal system, and the media usually portrays them as compassionate heroes who take personal risks to save another from unbearable suffering.
The seeming acceptance of active forms of euthanasia is alarming, but we face a bigger, more insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia. Every year, in hospitals and nursing homes around the country, there are growing numbers of documented deaths caused by caregivers withholding life-sustaining care, including food and water, from vulnerable patients who cannot speak for themselves.
While it is illegal to kill someone directly, for example with a gun or knife, in many cases the law has put its stamp of approval on causing death by omitting needed care. Further, many states have “living will” laws designed to protect those who withhold treatment, and there have been numerous court rulings which have approved of patients being denied care and even starved and dehydrated to death.
Because such deaths occur quietly within the confines of hospitals and nursing homes, they can be kept hidden from the public. Most euthanasia victims are old or very ill, so their deaths might be attributed to a cause other than the denial of care that really killed them. Further, it is often relatives of the patient who request that care be withheld. In one court case, the court held that decisions to withhold life-sustaining care may be made not only by close family members but also by a number of
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third parties, and that such decisions need not be reviewed by the judicial system if there is no disagreement between decision makers and medical staff. The court rules that a nursing home may not refuse to participate in the fatal withdrawal of food and water from an incompetent patient.
33. As used in paragraph 1, which is the best definition of “lethal”?
a. proceeding in a gradual, subtle way b. referring to the effect or influence of one person, thing, or action c. sufficient to cause death d. referring to promptness or speed in doing something
34.As mentioned in paragraph 2, “the perpetrators are often dealt with leniently by our legal system” because
a. the perpetrators are committing a crime b. the perpetrators are willing to stop their loved ones’ pain and bear the risk of being charged with killing c. the perpetrators are heroes who are filled with compassion and portrayed by the media d. the perpetrators involve the deliberate killing of ill or incapacitated persons
35. In paragraph 3, one faces “a bigger, more insidious threat from passive forms of euthanasia” since
a. caregivers use active forms of euthanasia b. that caregivers withholding life-sustaining care is easier than using active forms of euthanasia c. food and water can involve in the deliberate killing of ill d. vulnerable patients accepts passive forms of euthanasia
36. In paragraph 4, “put its stamp of approval on” can be rewritten as
a. have or express an unfavorable opinion about something b. have the same characteristics or qualities as c. be grateful for something d. officially agree to or accept as satisfactory
37. The author maintains that death by withholding care is A. largely confined to hospitals
B. difficult to prove if prosecuted C. often requested by family members D. approved by living wills
38. The attitude of the author can best be described as
a. objective b. partial c. passionate d. macaber 39. To conclude, euthanasia is a kind of
a. Greek death b. dehydrated death c. merciful death d. unbearable suffering
In his thought-provoking work, Philosophical Investigations, Ludwig Wittgenstein uses an easily conceptualized scenario in an attempt to clarify some of the problems involved in thinking about the mind as something over and above the behaviors that it produces. Imagine, he says, that everyone has a small box in which they keep a beetle. No one is allowed to look in anyone else’s box, only in their own. Over time, people talk about what is in their boxes and the word “beetle” comes to stand for what is in everyone’s box.
Through this curious example, Wittgenstein attempts to point out that the beetle is very much like an individual’s mind; no one can know exactly what it is like to be another person or experience things from another’s perspective—look in someone else’s “box”—but it is generally assumed that the mental workings of other people’s minds are very similar to that of our own (everyone has a “beetle” which is more or less similar to everyone else’s). However, it does not really matter—he argues— what is in the box or whether everyone indeed has a beetle, since there is no way of checking or comparing. In a sense, the word “beetle”—if it is to have any sense or meaning—simply means “what is in the box”. From this point of view, the mind is simply “what is in the box”, or rather “what is in your head”.
Wittgenstein argues that although we cannot know what it is like to be someone else, to say that there must be a special mental entity called a mind that makes our experiences private, is wrong. His rationale is that he considers language to have meaning because of public usage. In other words, when we talk of having a mind—or a beetle—we are using a term that we have learned through conversation and public discourse (rooted in natural language). The word might be perceived differently in each of our minds, but we all agree that it signifies something; this allows us to develop language for talking about
conceptualizations like color, mood, size and shape. Therefore, the word “mind” cannot be used to refer specifically to some entity outside of our individualized conception, since we cannot see into other people’s boxes.
40. According to the last paragraph, “the word “mind” cannot be used to refer specifically to some entity outside of our individualized conception” because
a. there is no way of checking or comparing what is going on in another person’s mind b. Wittgenstein’s rationale is that a mind makes our experiences private
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d. the word “mind” is an easily conceptualized scenario
41. Wittgenstein would most likely disagree with which of the following statements? A. It is impossible to know another person’s thoughts.
B. The mind is a special mental substance.
C. The color green may actually look different to everybody.
D. Words do not always accurately represent the things they symbolize.
42. As used in paragraph 3, which is the best definition or synonym for discourse? A. information given via the senses of sight or hearing
B. engagement C. announcement
D. written or spoken communication
43. In paragraph 3, since a “word might be perceived differently in each of our minds” a. it is impossible for us to communicate
b. one develops conceptualizations of various objects c. one has to study philosophy
d. imagination is important in regard to thinking 44. In the first paragraph, “thought-provoking” means
a. inspiring b. frustrating c. puzzling d. applicable 45. “Beetle” refers to
a. things that are put in boxes
b. everyone indeed has an insect in his head c. the mind that is comparable to a box d. Wittgenstein’s attempt to communication
SOME sage once quipped that writing about music is about as edifying—and evocative—as dancing about architecture. Certainly most music criticism has a lifeless quality, packed with adjectives yet tuneless on the page. Yet Alex Ross, a music critic for the New Yorker, manages to stand out. His gifts as a writer are all the more impressive given that his subject tends to be the most difficult music composed in the last century, from Gustav Mahler to Steve Reich.
"The Rest is Noise", his best-selling 2007 book on the history of the 20th century through its music, is now being re-worked as a year-long music festival at the Southbank centre in London. Although Mr Ross was not involved in organising the festival, he will be giving four lectures on the history of 20th-century music.
Mr Ross spoke to The Economist about why he wrote this book in the first place, and why it is particularly hard to get contemporary audiences excited about modern music.
“It took you ten years to write “The Rest is Noise”. What was your motivation?”
“It emerged really from an obsession that I had with 20th-century music going back to my teenage years. At university I immersed myself in it very heavily with a radio show that I had. I was also studying literature and history—especially late-19th century and early-20th century period—so it all coalesced.”
“I grew up listening to classical music in the traditional sense, from Bach to Brahms. That was the world I was completely absorbed in. I really didn’t listen to any other kind of music aside from this repertory. So it was something of a shock to slowly realise that there was more to the story, and I was shocked and fascinated when my piano teacher in high school played works by Schoenberg, Berg and Bartok. I started making my way through them at the piano, and after an initial struggle, I really fell in love with the music. I was fascinated by the music itself, by the surrounding cultural and historical context, and wanted to figure out how it all fit together. So it seemed inevitable that this would be the subject.”
46. In the last paragraph, “coalesced” means
a. merge b. distribute c.confuse d. discriminate 47. Most people think that music criticism is
a. contributive b. useless c. harmful d. vivid 48. Alex Ross
a. stands out playing music in a year-long music festival b. organize music festival related to Mahler and Reich
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d. studies literature and becomes a writer of novels 49. The best synonym for “immersed” is
a. fascinated b. persuaded c. extended d. absorbed 50. According to Ross, music
a. is an independent subject that does not involve its context b. usually has a great story
c. always brings one struggle when one tries to play the piano d. is deeply related to culture and history
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高雄醫學大學 102 學年度 研究所碩士班 招生考試
系所：心理學系
科目： 心理學方法
請務必於試卷紙上作答，違者該科不於計分。心理與教育統計學部分（34 分）
注意：前 9 題為每題 2 分、第 10 題每一空格 2 分、第 11 題為 4 分 有一問題行為量表的常模平均分數μ=42，標準差σ=10，假定這份量表施測於 400 位家庭發生變故的小孩其平均 得分為 43 分，試在α=0.05 的顯著水準下檢定這些小孩的得分是否異於常模？ （ ）1、請問上述 t 值為何？ （1）0.5（2）0.1（3）1（4）2。 （ ）2、請問效果量（effect size）為何？ （1）0.5（2）0.1（3）1（4）2。 （ ）3、若依 1、2 兩題結果，下列敘述何者真 （1）t 值可以拒絕虛無假設，所以相信結論。 （2）效果量無法証明對立假設為真 （3）以上皆是 （4）以上皆非 （ ）4、承上題，若 400 位家庭發生變故的小孩其平均得分為 43.48 分時，請問統計檢定力（power）為何 __________________。 （ ）5、下列的數值，那一個可以被當成效果量（size of effect） （1）z（2）r（3）χ2（4）F（5）以上皆是。 （ ）6、進行迴歸分析時，結果報表除了係數檢定表外，還有 ANOVA 表，請問 ANOVA 表的用處為何？ （1）檢定迴歸係數（2）檢定迴歸模型（3）以上皆是（4）以上皆非。 （ ）7、統計分析可以利用迴歸模型來預測與解釋現象，迴歸係數有未標準化數「b」與標準化迴歸係數「β」二種， 請問： （1）β 做為預測（2）b 做為預測（3）b 做為解釋 （4）b、β 皆可預測與解釋。 （ ）8、林老師想要研究主管不同的能力與員工不同的滿意度之間關係，於是他從主管眾多能力中選取了領導與溝 通能力；滿意度中選取工作滿意與認同感，進行 2×2 變異數分析，請問此研究設計效果何者為真？ （1）固定效果（2）混合效果（3）隨機效果（4）以上皆非。 （ ）9、承上題，若能力與滿意度之間並無主效果，但卻有交互作用效果，請畫出該交互作用圖。試題 第 頁，共 3 頁。
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10、請填上空格(a~f)裡的數字
模式摘要 模式 R R 平方 調過後的 R 平方 估計的標準誤 1 .568a .323 .321 （…a….） a. 預測變數:(常數), 自評：Collective Efficacy Anovab 模式 平方和 df 平均平方和 F 顯著性 1 迴歸 100 1 100 （…b .） .000a 殘差 210. 350 （…c….） 總數 310. 351 a. 預測變數:(常數), 自評：Collective Efficacy b. 依變數: 自評：工作滿意 係數a 模式 未標準化係數 標準化係數 t 顯著性 B 之估計值 標準誤差 Beta 分配 (常數) .803 .221 3.628 .000 自評：Collective Efficacy .706 （…d….） （…e…. ） （…f….） .000 11、bootstraping 的使用原理為何（4 分）
心理測驗部分 (每題 6 分，共 30 分)
1. You have an 80-item test with an estimated reliability of .90. What is the reliability of a 40-item version of this test? 2. An examinee receives a score of 107 on a test with a standard deviation of 10 and a reliability of .84. What is the 95%
confidence interval for the examinee’s true score?
3. Test score X has a reliability of .64, and criterion Y has a reliability of .81. The observed validity coefficient is .60. If you could increase the reliability of your measurements, how big could your validity coefficient be?
4. Assume that X is the admissions-test score and Y is the grade-point average. Further assume that the validity coefficient of this admissions test is .6, and Mx=10, My=2, Sx=3, Sy=1. The ith person’s test score, Xi , equals 8. What is the 90%
confidence interval for Yi?
5. What is the estimated reliability of a test if the variance of scores on the first half of the test is 20, the variance of scores on the second half of the test is 25, and the variance of total test scores is 60?
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心理實驗法部分（36 分）
閱讀測驗 注意： 一、請仔細閱讀以下之「假」實驗之說明，並依其內容回答之下的問題。 二、各項題目配分為：A. 解釋名詞，每一小題 3 分，共五小題共計 15 分；B. 操作型定義，每一小題 4 分，共兩小 題共計 8 分；C. 倫理，每一小時題 5 分，共一小題共計 5 分；D. 批判，每一小題 8 分，共一小題共計 8 分。 三、以下之「假」實驗，完全是杜撰的！ 張博士為某大學政治系資深教授，陳博士為某大學心理學系新近助理教授。他們兩位合作研究台灣地區人民政黨支持 性與政黨廣告的交互影響之大腦造影實驗。實驗採 2X2 多因子混合設計，其中一個因子（factor）是政黨支持性，是 受試者變項（subject variables），自國民黨及民進黨之地方黨部尋求自願參加之實驗參與者；另一個因子是政黨 廣告，由兩黨在上一次總統大選時之宣傳電視廣告中挑選長度 30 秒內容不同的六篇廣告編輯成連續之三分鐘影片。 實驗中共找到兩黨支持之實驗參與者共 22 名（國民黨 8 名、民進黨 14 名）。實驗步驟是先約好參與者到實驗室聽取 實驗過程，並填簡單身體狀況問卷，確認沒有重大疾病。接著請參與者進入功能性磁振造影（fMRI，functional magnetic resonance imaging）中，在其前的顯示器先播放中性影片 30 分鐘，內容是某大學之各學系介紹影片，用 以測量其基準線（baseline）。接下來播放其中一個政黨的宣傳影片，連續播放 15 分鐘，是把編輯好之影片重複播 放五次。接著參與者先離開儀器 30 分鐘，請他填寫個人基本資料，並休息。之後再進入儀器之後換另一政黨影片來 重複之前的步驟，至於政黨宣傳影片播換順序以對抗平衝（counter balance）方式控制。 結果發現，政黨宣傳影片與實驗參與者政黨支持性相符時與大腦各區域並沒有太大特別的反應出現，亦即與基準線差 異不大。在實驗參與者在觀看與自身政黨支持不相符時，發現杏仁核（amygdala）及海馬迴（hippocampus）之活動 顯著較大。實驗者結論，政黨支持性使實驗參與者針對與自身不相符的政黨宣傳會有較大的情緒反應。進而可能造成 現今台灣社會對於政黨支持之兩極化的特殊現象。本實驗在實驗設計時已經過人體試驗審查委員會（institutional review board）審查核可。
A.解釋名詞（請勿只做字面說明，並盡可能舉本實驗中之具體例子） 1. 因子（factor）
2. 受試者變項（subject variables） 3. 基準線（baseline）
4. 對抗平衝（counter balance）
5. 人體試驗審查委員會（institutional review board）
B. 操作型定義（請以本實驗為例，下確實之定義） 1. 政黨支持性 2. 本實驗之依變項 C. 倫理 1. 本實驗有無任何倫理道德問題？若有請指出且說為何違反倫理，若無請說明實驗中本實驗中實驗者處理的方式。 D. 批判 1. 針對其實驗（研究）方法，結果之取得，結果之討論、推論等等方向提出你自己的批判。評分重點在於你的說理 的清晰度（即邏輯性），重點的掌握性，說明的具體性等。請勿寫出空洞無內容的文章，太過冗長無意義的敘述一定 影響評分。
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高雄醫學大學 102 學年度 研究所碩士班 招生考試
系所：心理學系
科目：臨床心理學
請務必於試卷紙上作答，違者該科不於計分。 一、選擇題 (每題 2 分)：(作答時，請在答案紙上，註明題號) 1. 存在主義與意義治療法為那位心理學家所提出？A. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi B. Viktor Frankl C. Abraham H. Maslow D. Carl Rogers
2. 母親看到小孩玩水溺斃，呈現異常冷靜與平淡情緒，慢慢地幫小孩整理衣物擦拭身體，請問她可能使用何種防衛
機轉？
A. Isolation B. Projection
C. Denial D. Reaction formation
3. 患有強迫症的母親每天需要清潔地板四次，並用漂白水清潔雙手，以防止細菌讓小孩生病，請問母親可能符合心
理病理中的那種性格特徵？
A. Oral personality type B. Anal personality type C. Phallic personality type D. Genital personality type
4. 一位公司主管因憂鬱症前來接受心理治療，當他告訴你：「我從國小到 40 多歲從來沒有過成功的經驗」，這符
合 Ellis 的那種思考模式？
A. Faulty reasoning B. Self-defeating strategies C. Maladaptive attributions D. Memory distortions
5. 根據 Ashton 的分析發現，Big Five 因素中可能遺漏的第六個因素是？
A. Agreeableness B. Honesty/humility
C. Conscientiousness D. Psychoticism
6. 根據精神分析觀點，針對個案在 Rorschach inkblot test 的反應進行解析，認為豬代表貪吃、狐狸代表狡滑、駝鳥
代表逃避衝突，這些內容解析是一種？
A. Reality test B. Unconsciousness process
C. Symbolization D. Self-analysis
7. Skinner 的 Schedules of reinforcement 中，何者對於行為的維持最有幫助？ A. Time-based schedule B. Response-based schedule C. Fixed ratio D. Variable ratio
8. 下列描述何者不是 Neuroscience 與 Personality 的研究範疇？
A. 左側大腦掌管快樂情緒 B. Neurotransmitters 與憂鬱症的關係
C. 睪固酮與侵略性或競爭性的關係 D. 憂鬱症患者有 child sexual abuse 的經驗
9. 小明一直以哭鬧引起母親注意，希望媽媽抱抱他。但媽媽只在小明乖乖聽話時抱他，哭鬧時不理他，漸漸地，小
明哭鬧行為的頻率就減少了，此為何種技巧？ A. Generalization B. Discrimination C. Extinction D. Shaping
試題 第 頁，共 3 頁。
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10. 李小姐因為憂鬱自殺而住院兩週，家人提及她先前曾有一次躁狂發作，不過她康復已久。她現在的診斷會是： A. 重鬱症 B. 第一型雙極性疾患 C. 第二型雙極性疾患 D. 循環性情感疾患 11. 關於「素質－壓力(Diathesis-stress)」心理病理模式，下列何者錯誤？ A. 遺傳/生物因子不是唯一的病因 B. 環境是必要的病因 C. 只適用於解釋精神分裂症的病因 D. 適用於解釋 PTSD 的病因 12. 要符合精神分裂症的診斷，根據 DSM-IV，下列那一項正確？ A. 病患正性症狀和負性症狀都要有 B. 病患只要有怪異妄想一項症狀即可 C. 病患一定要有兩項正性症狀 D. 除情感平板外，病患還要有一項負性症狀 13. 關於邊緣型人格疾患患者之五軸診斷，下列何者最正確： A. 第一軸常有情感性疾患 B. 第二軸常有暴食疾患 C. 不會有第三軸診斷 D. 必須有第四軸診斷 14. 下列那些人格疾患患者，其人際接觸極少處於社會孤離的狀態： � 類分裂型(schizoid) ‚ 準分裂型(schizotypal) ƒ 邊緣型 „ 逃避型 A. � ‚ ƒ B. � ‚ „ C. � ƒ „ D. ‚ ƒ „ 15. 吃晚飯時，阿貞無理由地感到一陣胸悶，她因此持續擔心她的心臟出了問題，而且可能致死。請問下列診斷，何 者較符合阿貞的狀況？ A. 體化症 B. 恐慌症 C. 慮病症 D. 憂鬱症 16. 古柯鹼會快速阻斷腦中央邊緣區（mesolimbic area）的那項神經傳導物之回收機制，而導致愉快感接著出現？ A. 正腎上腺素(norepinephrine) B. 氨基丁酸(GABA) C. 多巴胺(dopamine) D. 血清素(serotonin) 17. 關於治療酗酒行為，下列何者正確？ A. 「匿名團體」困難在於匿名反而使酗酒者逃避現實和問題 B. 「控制喝酒量」是利用嫌惡法控制喝酒，其效果差 C. 酗酒者問題多來自家庭，採行家族治療效果佳 D. 增強酗酒者的改變或治療動機是有效的戒癮模式 18. 下列那一理論在發展上強調整體性而不是個別性？ A. 心理分析論 B. 動物行為學 C. 學習論 D. 訊息處理論 19. 「發展」測驗結果是否可以用來預測未來智力測驗的表現？ A. 可以 B. 不可以 C. 嚴重發展遲緩可以 D. 發展早熟者可以 20. 目前國際上認為自閉症的早期篩檢要在多大時進行？ A. 18-24 個月 B. 24-36 個月 C. 36 個月以上 D. 48 個月以上試題 第 頁，共 3 頁。
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21. 下列那一項不是器質性智能不足的特性？
A. 中度障礙以上 B. 伴隨生理障礙
C. 清楚的病因 D. 低社經
22. 下列那一種疾患比較可能同時出現自閉症相關問題？ A. Down syndrome B. Williams syndrome C. Fragile-x syndrome D. conduct disorders
二、問答題：(作答時，請在答案紙上，註明題號即可，不用抄寫題目)
1. 試以 randomized controlled trial 設計一個 neurofeedback intervention protocol 在臨床疾患之療效研究？(10 分) 以及此研究之預期結果？(5 分) 2. 學者提出，當個體心理機制的運作變得僵化固著 或混亂失調，會造成個體的心理疾患或變態行為。在各種「焦慮 疾患」中，(1)何者是僵化固著 運作的表現？(2)何者是混亂失調 運作的表現？請說明之。(8 分) 3. 治療恐懼反應，先前多使用系統減敏感法，現在則強調暴露法`，這兩種方法雖然有共同之處，(1)請說明兩者在實 際臨床操作上的主要不同點、以及緣由，(2)請舉一個疾患為例，說明暴露法 如何和認知治療技巧搭配。(10 分) 4. 請說明、比較 Piaget 與 Meltzoff 對模仿的看法？（7 分） 5. 請說明 Compas 等人（1995）青春期的五種適應與不適應行為之發展路徑？（10 分） 6. 有些研究指出：自閉症患者語言能力越好，溝通障礙越顯著。請說明原因為何？（6 分）
