Topic: News as a Medium: Borrowings Adoption by Mandarin Chinese
ABSTRACT
The ubiquitous use of the Mandarin Chinese borrowings has become a part of our daily words in mass media. Researchers often investigate borrowings on semantic loanwords in comparison with phonological loans. However, other patterns of
loanwords are rarely explored. Therefore, the aim of the study attempted to provide an insight for concerning the region use and type of Mandarin Chinese loanwords in news articles of Taiwan. News coverage was collected from six sections including semantic, phonetic, hybrid, letter, and kanji loans. In our results, borrowings related to technology were found as the major loans in news, and semantic loans are highest frequency among all.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mass media has become the worldwide platform which not only reaches every nook and corner of the world but provides the general public to get reciprocal information from other countries. Media-related exposure reflecting the authentic material of social reality shows the pivotal role in our daily lives. Gans (1979) and Gitlin (1980) mentioned that the content distribution of mass media reveals the fact of social reality with little or even no deformation to audiences.
News as a medium provides new information for audiences and even gives them an opportunity to learn the first-hand material such as loanwords. Tanaka (2007) has been conducted to investigate that loanwords are used in actual newspaper discourse in frequent use of 69% which shows a striking number among other ways of
transmitting borrowings (cited from Scherling, J). With the highly frequent exposure to loanwords through news, people can get access to different patterns of loans. Based on the reason, News will be the basis for researchers to conduct the research.
Many researchers have conducted the investigation on semantic loans comparing with phonemic loans without investigating other patterns of loans. Researchers studies on English borrowing in which semantic loans are the main borrowings playing a significant role of integration into Mandarin Chinese, such as the researchers Tian (2012), Tian, A & Backus, A (2013), and Miao (2005) conducted on relevant studies. However, there have been far less research on the studies if other loans, such as hybrid loans, letter loans, and kanji loans, are highly accepted by Mandarin Chinese. Consequently, researchers of the present study will investigate all loanwords as long as it appears in News without limiting specific countries. The main study carries on five sections within News involving Life, Technology, Politics, Business, Arts, and Sports sections.
More importantly, the researchers of the present study would like to target on the purpose of examining which news section would display the largest number
loanwords and what type of borrowing appears the highest acceptance in Taiwan. It is hypothesized that semantic adoptions are frequently used by Mandarin Chinese loanwords on the basis of five loans, such as phonetic, semantic, hybrids, letter, and kanji loans.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The medium connects people in the society and somehow transmits the
connection with other countries as the way of appearing widespread of loanwords in News. Schudson (2003) contended that news is the part of the media content which comes to us as an immediate, real, and significant uniquely truth. The study of
Schoemaker & Reese (1996) showed that audience should read and watch as much as possible since news is a good thing for society. Namely, News is a significant
implement for people to get involved in the truth of language use, especially loanwords. When a loanword comes to launch and be perceived, mass media
disseminates it extensively and rapidly than the governmental and academic agencies (Shibatani, 1990). People from all walks of life are exposed to loanwords through news in their everyday lives. The use of loanwords is a process of influencing by other countries‘ language.
Loanwords also called borrowings have gone through a natural process of language change that one language copies the words which have added new words to its own lexicon from another language (Haugen, 1953 &Trask, 1996). Liu (1986) issued that the purpose and standardization of language is considered as new terminology borrowed from other foreign languages. Trask (1996) asserted that the process of borrowing goes through speakers of all languages and is one of the most
frequent ways of acquiring new words. Tranter (1997) described that loanwords are duplicative items from the second language which can practically distinct from
internal sound changes of a language.On the basis of the statements, loanwords go by borrowings which undergo language change by copying the foreign language as a natural process.
Other researchers also explain borrowing in different ways. Winford & Trudgill (2003) revealed that the condition of language contact is one of language
maintenances that entails ―influences on the lexicon‖ and ushers in a phenomenon which can also be regarded as borrowing. Many researchers compare two loanwords, such as semantic and phonemic loans. Some researchers report that semantic loans are higher frequency than phonological loans in Taiwan. Miao (2005) researched that Mandarin Chinese speakers are prone to decrease the foreign color of borrowings as much as possible, so they adopt high semantic source of borrowing rather than
phonological adaptation from foreign language. Tian (2012) investigated orthographic constraints on the integration of English loanwords in Mandarin Chinese and the finding revealed that semantic loans is well acceptance than transliterated loanwords. Tian, A & Backus, A (2013) examined constraints on English loanwords‘ integration into Mandarin Chinese and the findings showed that semantic loans have the higher token frequency than transliterated loanwords.
However, there is still a researcher who pointed out that phonological loans are relatively high acceptance as comparing to semantic loanwords. Nelson (2013) found that phonological loanwords in Mandarin Chinese are in the high acceptance rate than semantic loans when carrying on the research of English loanwords. From previous studies above, many researchers just conducted their research on semantic loans and phonemic loans. Nevertheless, with the rapid growth of borrowings, there are
different patterns of borrowings occurred during the borrowing process as can be seen in the following:
2.1 Phonetic loans
Phonetic loans called phonological loans as well refer to borrow the phonemic or phonetic pronunciation from other foreign language by literally translating sound into one language. Kager (1999) described that the adaptation of a loanword seems make a balance between preservation certain aspects of the source word, and simultaneously make the lexical form sound like a word of the recipient language without violating the constraints. Tian & Backus (2013) claimed that phonemic loans or transliterations are roughly phonemic loans as the ―whole form - meaning unit is copied.‖ Miao (2005) addressed that ―Purely phonemic loans‖ in Mandarin Chinese written characters
presents a close pronunciation with the source of word form, but are not associated with the meaning of the word. These are different definitions on phonological loanword source above from descriptions of three researchers.
2.3 Semantic loans
It is a process of borrowing semantic meaning from the other foreign language rather than lexical items. Haugen (1950) mentioned that semantic loans refer to a word in the base language taken to expend its meaning and make it corresponding to a word in the other language. The process of semantic borrowing results in loan shift. Semantic loans bear a resemblance to ‗semantic extension‘, which extends the
meaning of an indigenous word to in accordance with the equivalent foreign meaning (Grzega 2003). In addition to the definition about semantic loans above, Tian & Backus (2003) addressed the distinct interpretation from them. Semantic loanwords is the borrowing generating only the general meaning of the original also called ‗free translations‘ of foreign words sometimes. Thus, the semantic loans can either be
explained as the extending meaning or the translation of the foreign language from the description of researchers.
2.4 Hybrid loans
Hybrids are loanblends adapted from foreign languages combining phonemic loan with semantic components. Haugen (1953) found both ―importation‖ and
―substitution‖ from lexical borrowings. They mostly comprise of a phonemic element with a semantic one, and function as a semantic indicator or transliteration of part of the form, or even both as being an added native morpheme (cf. Shi 2000). It is a concept of phonemically-adapted form. Capuz (1997) regards loanblends as ―[phonemic + semantic] hybrids,‖ conveying both similar phonology and relevant meaning. Taking the word ‗beer‘ for example, it is a kind of hybrid loans from English. In Mandarin Chinese, we borrow its phonemic element of same
pronunciation as ‗啤‘ with the word ‗酒‘ as the related meaning from the semantic feature of ‗beer‘ and then become a word ‗啤酒.‘
2.5 Letter loans
―Letter loans‖ as words in Mandarin Chinese consisting of one or more roman letter elements or the roman letters with a Mandarin unit such as SPA, CNN, CC 霜, 4G, FU, and on (Riha, 2006). We divide letter loans into four types. First of all, some letter forms are coined initialisms or acronyms as a word, such as CNN ‗Cable News Network,‘ SPA ‗Solus Par Aqua,‘ and QRcode ‗Ouick Response Code.‘ Taking CNN as an example, ‗C‘ is picked from the initial characters of Cable, N is from News, and N is selected from the initial character of the word ‗Network‘ as well. These initial characters are combined together as a new lexicon ‗CNN.‘
The second type of letter loans refers to roman letters with the Mandarin units. For example, the word ‗CC cream‘ in Mandarin Chinese is ‗CC 霜‘ which is the combination of two roman letters added with a Mandarin character. The letter loans
‗T-shirt‘ as ‗T 恤‘ and ‗Oceanic Niño Index‘ as ‗ONI 指數‘ also belong to this type of loanwords. As for third type, it is the combination of abbreviations and numbers. For instance, 4D represents as ‗the 4 Dimensions.‘ With the scrutiny of the word 4D, ‗4‘ actually represents the number and ‗D‘ is accounted for an abbreviation of the word ‗Dimension.‘
Lastly, letter loan uses in the domain of internet communication are regarded as the fourth type of loans, such as FU and HOT. Li (2004) & Zhang (2005) claims that this kind of lettered words coined in newspeak. They are conspicuously becoming new lexicons in Mandarin Chinese. As the words mentioned earlier, ‗FU‘ represents as a person‘s feeling at one moment. In the case of the word ‗HOT,‘ it means that
someone is popular or sexy, and we can even describe that people want something in pursuit of fashionable tendency. Thus, we may see that this type of letter loans mostly appears in the social networking.
2.6 Kanji loans
Kanji are ideographs imported from China to Japan nearly two thousand years ago (Greetham, D. C. & Hill, W. Speed, 1995). They are characters containing a phonetic element with a semantic feature. In Kanji system, a large amount of words are bearing with homophones. Under this circumstance, different characters with the same phonetic feature generally have to coordinate with the meaning of a word. For example, the word ‗club‘ in Mandarin Chinese is ‗俱樂部‘ in which meaning can be extended by observing from its literal meaning (Wu, 1988). More specifically, the character ‗俱‘ in Mandarin has its extended meaning ‗聚.‘ Namely, from the word‗俱 樂部,‘we will interpret it is the place where everyone gets together. Therefore, from the instance, Kanji is not just restricted to the literal meaning of a word, but the further explanation can be analyzed from same sound of different characters.
3. DATA COLLECTION
The Mandarin Chinese loanword data in this study were collected from online News mainly published by Taiwan-based media companies for Chinese readers. Most of the data source was gathered from ETtoday, China Times, United Daily News, Liberty Times, CNA News, and other news media which have widely reached for thousands of Taiwanese and Chinese. Therefore, we consider that loanwords found in these news quite represent the common and general use of Mandarin Chinese. News were searched by articles published with random date between January and December in 2015. Articles were selected from six coverage section including Politics, Business, Technology, Sports, Arts, and Life both at home and abroad. Given that most of the loanwords are highly related to these sections, we take these parts in news as the main goals for searching borrowing items.
The loanwords in this study were collected from all the transformed or directed foreign languages into Mandarin Chinese, except for personal name and country name. All the data in this research were collected from the electronic version on news
website and the selected procedure was as follow.
The topics of news were scanned for first consideration if the theme would show loanwords of Mandarin Chinese; the other way was to search known keywords of Mandarin loanwords no matter existing in topic or context.
Second, to give it a loan label, the collected data would be checked according to the Mandarin dictionary by Ministry of Education (MOE). If the possible loanword could not be found in Mandarin dictionary by MOE, we will search for further information from literature to recognize and define whether it is a loanword for Mandarin or not.
Third, the collected loanwords would be classified into the belonging section and loan type among phonetic loans, semantic loans, hybrid loans, letter loans and
kanji loans as the same for Japanese graphic loans. The same item might be showed in the different sections, but every loan would only be counted for one time in a loan type. The tables of detail data are given in appendix.
4. RESULTS
In this study, 238 loans were gathered from 110 articles through different sections, 18 for life, 17 for politics, 15 for sports, 19 for business, 20 for arts and 21 for technology. After subtracting the repetitive loans in collected data, we finally acquire 217 borrowings, and more than 90% loanwords were borrowed from English into Chinese. In Figure 1, the results display the percentage of loan types in this finding, over half of the Chinese loans derive from semantic loans and phonetic loans, and especially semantic loan gets the highest rate among all borrowings. According to the research data, kanji loan from Japan is the least amount which only accounts for 3%.
Figure 1. The loan type categorization
As the result, 61 borrowings were found in technology section for the largest number among all sections. Besides, we can also find that most of the loanwords in technology section are related to computer science as ―雲端‖、―瀏覽器‖、―虛擬實境 and medical science as ―基因‖、―帕金森氏症‖、―核磁共振攝影‖ which words are often seen from daily reading. Furthermore, some of the loanwords as the mentioned
phonetic 30% kanji 3% semantic 36% letter 16% hybrid 15% phonetic kanji semantic letter hybrid
―基因‖ and ―雲端‖ are cross over different sections, especially ―聯合國‖ appears four times in different sections as the highest frequency loan which shows in Politics, Business, Technology, and Arts sections. The another direct letter loan ―DNA‖ found in Business, Technology, and Life sections which was counted three times as the second-high frequency loan.
Direct letter loans such as ―Wi-Fi‖ or letter combined with number or Chinese character as ―4G‖ and ―T 恤‖ have become a more general use for convenience in our daily lives. When searching the data, we have found that some words might appear in Chinese character but sometimes in acronym letter, for example, ―WTO‖ is the often seen loan in this situation. According to Mandarin dictionary officially edited by Ministry of Education(MOE), R.O.C., ―世界貿易組織‖ is defined as a semantic loan from World Trade Organization in English. When collecting news data, we found two kinds of description for this organization, one is ―世界貿易組織(WTO)‖ and the other shows only ―WTO‖ without Chinese character. Therefore, we count these two ways into different loans, for ―世界貿易組織(WTO),‖ it was collected to semantic loan without including the English letter WTO in brackets, but for only ―WTO‖ shown in news without Chinese characters which was counted as letter loan. In our findings, only one word was collected in two ways that is ―世界氣象組織‖ and ―WMO‖ for World Meteorological Organization.
In the semantics loan categorization, except for the largest amount of
technological terms such as ―藍芽‖ and ―智慧手機,‖ many loanwords are related to organization, specific concept from politics and business regions such as ―石油輸出 國家組織‖ and ―自由貿易協定.‖ Some of the semantic loans are also related to other aspects such as life and sports as can be seen of the example, ―大滿貫‖ (grand slam). The other detail in semantic loan categorization is given as follow.
Semantic loan (79) 36% tech28 同性戀、雙性戀、魔法、泡打粉、創客、三星級、大滿貫、網站、籃球、 足球、金氏世界紀錄、數位、鋼琴、聯合國教科文組織、大英博物館、 臉書、聯合國、半導體、超現實主義（法）、美國國家海洋暨大氣總署、 美國國家科學院、鐮狀細胞貧血、美國太空總署、網路、星際大戰、 人工智慧、藍芽、核磁共振攝影、天行者、智慧型手機、空中巴士、商標、 軟體、瀏覽器、關鍵字、白領階級、虛擬實境、歐盟、廣告攔阻器、暗網、液 晶顯示器、聖嬰現象 (西)、世界氣象組織、海洋聖嬰指數、 世界貿易組織、中美洲經濟統合體、石油輸出國家組織、國際貨幣基金會、液 化石油氣、投信、採購經理人指數、美國聯準會、指紋辨識、 自由貿易協定、諾貝爾獎、互聯網、大數據、雲端運算、 行動裝置、電子商務、國際貨幣基金、國內生產毛額、寬頻、 行動支付、黑色星期五、聯合國氣候變化綱要公約、 聯合國工業發展組織、國際能源總署、聯合國環境規劃署、物聯網、幽靈、免 簽證、免簽證計畫安全加強法、非營利組織、世界人權宣言、蘋果手機、美國 在臺協會、聯合國氣候綱要公約、智慧電表
For the part of phonetic loan, lots of words are about life ―優格‖、―司康‖ and arts―馬賽克,‖ also some are from sports ―馬拉松‖、―高爾夫.‖ Except from English and Japanese kanji, phonetic loans collected most of the foreign words such as ―桑拿‖ from Finnish, ―歐巴‖、―歐逆‖、―阿珠瑪‖ from Korean, ―媽媽咪呀‖ from Italian, ―福 爾摩沙‖ from Portuguese, ―排灣‖、―魯凱‖、―馬卡道‖ from Austronesian language and ―利雅德‖ from Arabic, the detail of phonetic loan is given as follow.
Phonetic loan (66) 30% 司康、馬拉松、咖啡、優格、漢堡、起司、卡路里、瑪芬、吐司、巧克力、披 薩、維他命、侏羅紀、咖啡因、桑拿（芬）、歐巴（韓）、 歐逆（韓）、阿珠瑪（韓）、愛滋、香檳、媒體、瑜珈、跆拳道、派對、 高爾夫、桿弟、芭蕾、俱樂部、沙龍、爵士、薩克斯風、阿波羅、嬉皮、 比基尼、模特兒、芭比、摩登、迷你、吉他、蘇打、龐克、秀、嘉年華、 時髦、馬賽克、保麗龍、蒙太奇、鐵達尼號、維納斯、磅、利基、 媽媽咪呀（義）、福爾摩沙（葡）、排灣（南島語）、魯凱（南島語）、 利雅德（沙）、馬卡道（南島語）、基因、馬達、引擎、伊斯蘭、拍立得、 邏輯、富勒烯、瓦斯、奈米
For a more specific view, some of the words entered into Chinese by phonetic borrowing and given it a categorization label in Chinese such as ―奧斯卡(The Oscar) 獎‖ and ―馬林巴(Marimba)木琴,‖ so we can easily understand the word in first sight. Some hybrid loan showed as the combination of phonetic and semantic loan such as ―普普藝術 (Pop Art)‖ and ―道瓊工業指數‖(Dow Jones Industrial Average Index). Hybrid loan (32) 15% 啤酒、泊車、滑鼠、普普藝術、普立茲獎、奧斯卡獎、葛萊美獎、酒吧、 羅浮宮、馬林巴木琴、肌肉萎縮症、帕金森氏症、唐氏症、穿顱磁刺激儀、創 客、攝氏、哈伯太空望遠鏡、雲端、英鎊、日元、信用卡、歐元、果粉、 全球入境計畫、開放資料政策、亞太再平衡政策、社群媒體、保齡球、 標準普爾 500 指數、道瓊工業指數、那斯達克指數、奧多比數位指數
Letter loans are often used for specific term and most of them are highly related to describe a concept or virtual meaning in technological words but also some loans are connected with life. Obviously all the letter loans come from English and most of the them represent a noun in Chinese such as ―logo‖、―3D‖、―IC 晶電.‖
Letter loan (34) 16%
BB 霜、CC 霜、T 恤、SPA、3D、IC 晶電、RNA、DNA、WMO、ONI 指數、 EMAIL、CNN、csv、xls、pdf、OLED、NHK、IS 戰士、Android、iOS、App、 VPN、logo、OTA、M 化、QRcode、O2O、4G、Hz、Wi-Fi、P2P、FU、LOOK、 QQ
Kanji loans collected from Japanese in this research which are highly related to life aspect including ―拉麵‖、―壽司‖、―立吞‖, and also from arts section ―三味線,‖ and business section ―藥妝.‖ The most special one is ―繪文字‖ (emoji) from
technology section which was created by a Japanese engineer to convey facial icon use in text or message through high-tech device.
Kanji loan (6) 3%
拉麵、壽司、立吞、三味線、繪文字、藥妝
According to the results, we found that the largest number of loanwords in news comes from technology, and the second large amount is business section. In the
following Table 1 displays the top three amounts of borrowings in each news article which matches the same as findings. Although the loanword amount top one was from business section, the second and third one are both from technology section. Also, the total loanword amount of second and third from technology is over the first one from business so as the results in this study.
Table 1. Top three amount of Mandarin Chinese loanwords from the news data
新聞來源 新聞標題 外來詞 總數 自由時報 2015/11/25 商業類 企業轉型善用科技 工具 雲端運算、社群媒體、大數據、 物聯網、數位、App、互聯網、 網路、DNA、雲端 10 自由時報 2015/11/25 科技類 超強加密滴水不 漏！恐怖份子最愛 的手機是這兩款！ 伊斯蘭、軟體、瀏覽器、IS 戰士、 Android、iOS、App、VPN 8 風傳媒 2015/12/1 科技類 人類是否有權扮演 造物者？「基因編 輯的科技與倫理」 掀全球熱議 基因、美國國家科學院、 帕金森氏症、唐氏症、 鐮狀細胞貧血、DNA、RNA 7
5. DISCUSSION
From the original hypothesis, we initially assumed that a large amount of semantic borrowings are adopted by Mandarin Chinese. It is corresponding to the results of this present study showing that borrowings in Mandarin Chinese were in high acceptance on semantic loanwords. Furthermore, the results of the study are in accordance with the findings such as Tian (2012) and Tian, A & Backus, A (2013) as well. They
revealed that semantic loans are the highest token frequency in Mandarin Chinese. One possible explanation is that loanwords in Mandarin Chinese highly adopted from English loans. Hall-Law (2002) reported that the borrowings from English are integrating to Mandarin Chinese as it is a global language; it influences the language in Taiwan. From the analysis of semantic loans, the proportion of English loanwords has accounted for high percentage of borrowings among loanwords from other countries. Brumfit (1982) asserted that English has become the world widespread lingual franca on the basis of politics, entertainment, and technology. Most
borrowings in semantic loans from the result of the present study are associated with technology, politics, and economics.
Taking the Free Trade Agreement as an example, this kind of the political with economic argument covering the promotion of balancing trade-related investment, customs valuation, the limitation of regulations, and so on is relevant to the language contact between countries. Generally speaking, the foreign meaning of the word ―the Free Trade Agreement‖ is corresponding to the equivalent meaning of Mandarin Chinese ―自由貿易協定.‖ This kind of loanwords is adopting by people based on semantic loans such as the word ―FTA‖ created between countries owing to the political issue and economic cooperation. As for the association to technology, the word ―Facebook‖ created by the Facebook founder, Mark Zuckerberg, provides a good example for people to translate the word into Mandarin Chinese ―臉書.‖ The word is technically referring to the social network‘s technology which changes the relationship between the status of people.
Some researchers also declare that semantic loans related to technological, political, or economic factors. Fishman, Robert, & Andrew (1977) revealed that the international phraseology of English influences on the language change of a more regionally-confined Chinese. To be more specifically, it results from the current
political pressure and modern advanced technology urging interaction of two
linguistic communities. Tai and Chan (1999) also contended that periods of political contact can be regarded as the historical catalysts for borrowing. Fall (2001)
expressed the similar opinion as well. The current political circumstance and the global economy are significant factors noting for borrowings occurrence. Therefore, as can be seen in the previous findings, the political, economic, and technical factors may be the reason why people lend words from English.
On the other hand, we will also discuss the phonological loans section as the second ranking of high adoption in Mandarin Chinese. The reflection of the reason by comparing with the highest acceptance of semantic loans is necessary. From the word-accepted viewpoint, although the occurrence of English loanwords still mostly appear in the phonological loans section among other languages like Korean,
Austronesian, Finland, Italian, and Portuguese, most purely phonemic loans are related to our life such as diets, sports, and arts. Apparently, words here are not associated with politics, technology, or economics; whereas, as we mentioned earlier, the researchers tend to regard English as ―world language‖ mainly based on politics, technology, economics, and so on. They are the dominant reasons why English has become the major borrowing adopted by Mandarin Chinese. Therefore, we may speculate the above reason related to phonological loans results in the lower acceptance in Mandarin Chinese.
6. CONCLUSION
This study provides an insight of modern Chinese loanwords, based by corpus of Taiwanese new, as results of the loan evidence, many foreign languages entered into as a part of Mandarin Chinese. Most of the Chinese loanwords borrowed from English
as the major part, however, loans from Japanese kanji take its influence on Chinese as well, and still other languages were borrowed into Chinese.
In modern Mandarin Chinese, the loss of borrowings from Japanese graphic words is intertwined with Chinese and difficultly to be set apart. Li (2003) described that a great deal of Chinese characters had been borrowed into Japanese, therefore, kanji loans in Chinese pronunciation were hard to be found any color related to Japanese. This situation between Chinese character and Japanese kanji is just as a sugar melted into a cup of tea which can hardly to be separated.
In this research, to define a loanword is also a challenge once they wear the outfits in Chinese rules no matter in phonology or semantics. Take an example, ―媒體‖ （medium）is a term that we often use in our daily oral so we might neglect the truth as a phonetic loan, so as another semantic borrowing ―鋼琴,‖ if the Mandarin
dictionary by Ministry of Education(MOE) didn‘t categorize it as a semantic loan from piano in English, then we will be hard to find out this truth.
Also it is not easy to define a loanword borrowed from acronym and translated into Chinese which should be counted as a loanword or not. For instance, ―WMO‖ is readily to be collected as a borrowing by its foreign roman letter, however, ―世界氣象組織‖ no matter stands for one word or separated them in each unit ―世界‖、―氣象‖、―組織,‖ they all looked like a member in Chinese character family. Because of the Mandarin dictionary by MOE, which adopted ―世界貿易組織‖ (WTO) into a semantic loan so that we collected all this kinds of Chinese borrowed from acronym in this study.
We acknowledged that our research has some limitations as examining the borrowings. Mandarin dictionary in MOE that we applied is not appropriate for the present time since lots of loanwords were not included and covered. Nevertheless, this study provides an insight of modern Mandarin Chinese loanwords based on corpus of Taiwanese News. Through loanwords adoption by Mandarin Chinese in the article, people can have a clearly
look at how Taiwan interact with other countries, which indirectly influences the language use of Mandarin. The article conveys the connection between the current international affair and the language use of loanwords. The actual exploration of language development and cognitive application in reality would be able to provide researchers in the future to further explore the reason and the history of language westernization in Taiwan, and the
development of the language among countries to countries.
As the language of most users around 1.2 million in the world, Mandarin Chinese now has collected and borrowed many words from other languages. When two languages contact, new concepts and issues will be transferred into another one, therefore, borrowings and loanwords exist in every language and will continue to grow more. As living in this internet generation, the communication opportunities of people from different cultures speaking different languages are more than ever by high-tech device. Therefore, the fact that ―the world is flat‖ will make us experience more changes and cross-influence in languages as well for now and future.
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APPENDIX
A. Classification of Chinese loanwords from news section-238 loans 政 治 (17) 瓦斯、高爾夫、幽靈、免簽證、免簽證計畫安全加強法、臉書、 非營利組織、世界人權宣言、聯合國、蘋果手機、美國在臺協會、 聯合國氣候綱要公約、智慧電表、全球入境計畫、開放資料政策、 亞太再平衡政策、果粉 商 業 (56) 富勒烯、瓦斯、奈米、利基、利雅德（沙幣—阿拉伯語）、 世界貿易組織、中美洲經濟統合體、石油輸出國家組織、 國際貨幣基金會、液化石油氣、投信、採購經理人指數、 美國聯準會、指紋辨識、智慧型手機、自由貿易協定、諾貝爾獎、 互聯網、大數據、雲端運算、行動裝置、電子商務、國際貨幣基金、國 內生產毛額、寬頻、標準普爾 500 指數、道瓊工業指數、 那斯達克指數、網路、行動支付、黑色星期五、奧多比數位指數、 聯合國、聯合國氣候變化綱要公約、聯合國工業發展組織、 國際能源總署、聯合國環境規劃署、社群媒體、物聯網、數位、 雲端、英鎊、日元、信用卡、歐元、QRcode、App、O2O、4G、Hz、 Wi-Fi、P2P、DNA、BB 霜、CC 霜、藥妝（漢字） 科 技 (61) 基因、馬達、引擎、伊斯蘭、拍立得、邏輯、聯合國、 世界氣象組織、海洋聖嬰指數、美國國家海洋暨大氣總署、 美國國家科學院、鐮狀細胞貧血、美國太空總署、網路、星際大戰、人 工智慧、藍芽、核磁共振攝影、天行者、智慧型手機、空中巴士、 商標、軟體、瀏覽器、關鍵字、白領階級、虛擬實境、雲端、歐盟、廣 告攔阻器、暗網、液晶顯示器、聖嬰現象 (西)、肌肉萎縮症、 帕金森氏症、唐氏症、穿顱磁刺激儀、奧斯卡獎、創客、攝氏、 哈伯太空望遠鏡、RNA、DNA、WMO、ONI 指數、EMAIL、CNN、 csv、xls、pdf、OLED、NHK、IS 戰士、Android、iOS、App、VPN、 logo、OTA、M 化、繪文字（漢字） 運 動 (19) 香檳、媒體、瑜珈、跆拳道、馬拉松、派對、高爾夫、桿弟、芭蕾、俱 樂部、大滿貫、球迷、網站、籃球、足球、啤酒、泊車、T 恤、SPA 藝 術 (50) 巧克力、沙龍、爵士、薩克斯風、阿波羅、嬉皮、比基尼、模特兒、 芭比、摩登、迷你、吉他、芭蕾、蘇打、龐克、秀、嘉年華、時髦、馬 賽克、保麗龍、蒙太奇、鐵達尼號、俱樂部、維納斯、磅、 媽媽咪呀（義）、福爾摩沙（葡）、排灣（南島語）、魯凱（南島語）、馬 卡道（南島語）、金氏世界紀錄、數位、鋼琴、聯合國教科文組織、大 英博物館、臉書、聯合國、半導體、超現實主義（法）、啤酒、普普藝 術、普立茲獎、奧斯卡獎、葛萊美獎、酒吧、羅浮宮、
馬林巴木琴、3D、IC 晶電、三味線（漢字） 生 活 (35) 司康、馬拉松、咖啡、優格、瑪芬、吐司、巧克力、披薩、維他命、侏 羅紀、漢堡、起司、卡路里、咖啡因、基因、保齡球、滑鼠、 愛滋、同性戀、雙性戀、魔法、泡打粉、創客、三星級、 歐巴（韓）、歐逆（韓）、桑拿（芬）、阿珠瑪（韓）、FU、LOOK、QQ、 DNA、壽司（漢字）、拉麵（漢字）、立吞（漢字）
B. Classification of Chinese loanwords according to five types-217 loans Phonetic loan (66) 30% 司康、馬拉松、咖啡、優格、漢堡、起司、卡路里、瑪芬、吐司、巧克力、披 薩、維他命、侏羅紀、咖啡因、桑拿（芬）、歐巴（韓）、歐逆（韓）、阿珠瑪 （韓）、愛滋、香檳、媒體、瑜珈、跆拳道、派對、高爾夫、桿弟、芭蕾、俱 樂部、沙龍、爵士、薩克斯風、阿波羅、嬉皮、比基尼、模特兒、芭比、摩登、 迷你、吉他、蘇打、龐克、秀、嘉年華、時髦、馬賽克、 保麗龍、蒙太奇、鐵達尼號、維納斯、磅、利基、媽媽咪呀（義）、 福爾摩沙（葡）、排灣（南島語）、魯凱（南島語）、利雅德（沙）、 馬卡道（南島語）、基因、馬達、引擎、伊斯蘭、拍立得、邏輯、富勒烯、瓦 斯、奈米 Semantic loan (79) 36% 同性戀、雙性戀、魔法、泡打粉、創客、三星級、大滿貫、網站、籃球、 足球、金氏世界紀錄、數位、鋼琴、聯合國教科文組織、大英博物館、 臉書、聯合國、半導體、超現實主義（法）、美國國家海洋暨大氣總署、 美國國家科學院、鐮狀細胞貧血、美國太空總署、網路、星際大戰、 人工智慧、藍芽、核磁共振攝影、天行者、智慧型手機、空中巴士、商標、 軟體、瀏覽器、關鍵字、白領階級、虛擬實境、歐盟、廣告攔阻器、暗網、液 晶顯示器、聖嬰現象 (西)、世界氣象組織、海洋聖嬰指數、 世界貿易組織、中美洲經濟統合體、石油輸出國家組織、國際貨幣基金會、液 化石油氣、投信、採購經理人指數、美國聯準會、指紋辨識、 自由貿易協定、諾貝爾獎、互聯網、大數據、雲端運算、行動裝置、 電子商務、國際貨幣基金、國內生產毛額、寬頻、行動支付、黑色星期五、聯 合國氣候變化綱要公約、聯合國工業發展組織、國際能源總署、 聯合國環境規劃署、物聯網、幽靈、免簽證、免簽證計畫安全加強法、 非營利組織、世界人權宣言、蘋果手機、美國在臺協會、 聯合國氣候綱要公約、智慧電表
Hybrid loan (32) 15% 啤酒、泊車、滑鼠、普普藝術、普立茲獎、奧斯卡獎、葛萊美獎、酒吧、 羅浮宮、馬林巴木琴、肌肉萎縮症、帕金森氏症、唐氏症、穿顱磁刺激儀、創 客、攝氏、哈伯太空望遠鏡、雲端、英鎊、日元、信用卡、歐元、果粉、 全球入境計畫、開放資料政策、亞太再平衡政策、社群媒體、保齡球、 標準普爾 500 指數、道瓊工業指數、那斯達克指數、奧多比數位指數 Letter loan (34) 16% BB 霜、CC 霜、T 恤、SPA、3D、IC 晶電、RNA、DNA、WMO、
ONI 指數、EMAIL、CNN、csv、xls、pdf、OLED、NHK、IS 戰士、Android、 iOS、App、VPN、logo、OTA、M 化、QRcode、O2O、4G、Hz、Wi-Fi、P2P、 FU、LOOK、QQ
Kanji loan (6) 3%
