• 沒有找到結果。

非結構化對等式網路搜尋效率改進之研究

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "非結構化對等式網路搜尋效率改進之研究"

Copied!
6
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

 

 

 

 

















































































[email protected], [email protected]

















  (Peer-to-Peer, P2P)                P2P !  "Gnutella# $%& ' ( ) P2P* + ,  - . /01Gnutella 2  3 4  - . 5 6789  : ;  < = > ( ? @ A B C D E F  G  H I J KL M N O5 6P Q $5 6RST U VW X 5 6 L  Y Z [ \ > ] ^_P2P ` ^a  Y Z b c d  e    f g hi j k ,$l m n

o0pq r s  t u v w x & g ,y z {

%ST |  } ~ N O> ] ^_P2P -. €  ‚ ƒ „ … † † ‡ } ~ ,- . € 5 ˆ ‰ Š‹ < = Œ   D @ 7Y Ž K   #   ‘ j s y ’,‘ j “ ; s y ? ” • – — ˜  ™ y z { s š› G… œ o       ž> ] ^_   Ÿ- . € Ÿ} 

1.









































































  ¡ ¢ £ ;  ¤ L ¥ ¦ • Ÿ§  ¨ © ˜ ª « O ¬  ­  o   G® ¯ ° s ± q  ¬  ­  o  ² ²  ³ _$%´ µ ¶ U · & ¸ a    (Peer-to-Peer, P2P)   ,] ^_P2P %´ ? ¹ º 1,p %» m n7 ¼ ½ ¾ G& ¿ & À Á  p À Á  à (  dÄ  ¼ ½ Å ‚ & Æ Ç È É

Ê Ë RÌ Í p¼ ½ & Î & ÏÐ m-bitÆ Ç  

",p %» Ñm n¾ 9 v Ò 7Gm-bitÆ Ç

 %Ó & Ô Æ Ç  7 ¼ ½ ‘ j ŸÕ Ö ×

Ø Ù "p'  ` ^Ú Û 1Ü  Æ Ç i

(DHT, Distributed Hash Table)P2P [4]p¹ Ý

 ` ^› G& + Þ „  ` ^ß 8à ‡  

 ,á + Õ Ö â ã ä å æ7Y ç ¼ ½ è é 2

 p` ^* + GChord[5]ŸCAN[10]8êPastry[2]

 E F ] ^_P2P J ë Œ ì Ê Ù € ŠP  í j ,® 8¦ î n[13]ž 1. ] ^_P2P1 ,f g - . /GŒ ì i V0pï ð ñ ò ¹ Ý  ó ô ", m nõ õ ö r ÷ ø /pù Y Ž K? @  D @ s y  2. ] ^_P2P Œ L ú û  ü ý þ - .  8onî   ] ^_P2P ,Ê Ù oGŒ ì i VP  è é   Œ    > ] ^_P2P  Œ ] ^_P2P ,> ] ^_P2P

o» m n7 ¼ ½  Ï& ¿ & m-bitÆ Ç 

7 » Ñm n7 ¼ ½ ¾ 7 m n v Ò ¼ ½ ‘ j ŸÕ Ö × Ø Ù ,p` ^¦     Ï6¬ 7Y ç f g ‰ 0p !    f g - . /à ( Å ‚ ü ý þ - . 8 3 4 5   m n  f g Z ç A B $ m n9     GY ç m n7Z ç f g  G#   ×  Y ç m nÏ#      m n š! f g j ,p % " #Y ç m nï + Šå æ# Z f g ’P  p& ß Š9 < = ? @ A B C D $8¦ Û 1 flooding%  : ;  ÷ & G® ' ( ) * + 1  • – p' ~ 7< = A B C D è é ? , 2 

TCP/IP %- . TTL(Time To Live) 6N /p

& î n’P ,W ' N /~ ¦ í Gß ŠÏ6å æ

7Y ç f g è é 2  p` ^* + G

Gnutella[12]Limewire[3]Kazaa[1]

",z 0 ü N OGnutella- . ~ H I

%ST U VYAPPERS[9]êPercolation Search[11]

 1 Œ G€ 5 6

YAPPERS,Ê Ù o  ] ^_P2P

DHT2 3 P DHTL M   %m n

ê4  f g  > 4 Ì Í & Ñ&  &  Æ

Ç  " d: Ñ %f g êm ns ¹ + 5 Ñ- Á 1 6 7 5 8 9 ) : ; < G= > ê? > ' - Á 0p, - /& ß Š 6 d pf g e m n@ A  Æ Ç Ê Ë RB C 2ƒ É 1 D æ,- . /ŠGŒ E € Ši VêF  A B C D VG YAPPERS%HÑm n,I I K Ä J ë f g /9 c   pf g  J = > f g e  ? > f g ’ pf g m nJ = > m nK7 f g Ú  = > f g # y L v Ò ’ M N7 f g J ? > f g #O  ? > m nv Ò "01G f g êm n -  0p!& m n,- . /7Ä - . f g J  = > f g #pf g P ç A B < 9 ,M Q  = > m n%4   ’M N7Ä - . f g J ? > f g #pf g P ç A B < 9 ,M Q  ? > m n%4   "1 D æoR - . ~ € š

(2)

HÑm nï ð S $T & + U V ä m nW X Y  & m nAZ A9 d$T m ns m n[IN(A)Ÿ\ © m n[F(A)8ê] 5 m n[EN(A) ^ IN(A)ž,Am nh hopä 7Gm n_ ` Am ny L  ^ F(A)žN(v)1m nva b 7Gm n# ^ EN(A)žF(A)m n !AG& f g # , o /9 c c + pf g J d ' e > - Á  Rdpf g j k ,

IN(A)%pf g J  M e > & Ñm no",

- . /A9 c å K& Ñ,IN(A)%Ä - . f g

J  M e > m n,p: ; 1m nBfBb

g æpf g P ç /9 c  × y L Õ Ö ] šN

RB dpf g P ç   IN(B)hF(B)%Ä

-. f g J  M e > m n

Percolation Search Ê Ù ,› GPower Law

W ¹ i Gnutella o$,N O- . € ŠÙ

618¦ j Ñâ 㠞

1. Content List ImplantationžHÑm nÅ ‚ k

~l â 5  d  7Š f g m

n j k ,k ~l ⠂ o %7 ‚ m n

o

2. Query Implantationž& m n,Gf g Y ç

/9 c Å ‚ k ~l â 5  dÕ Ö p ½ j k ,k ~l ⠂ o %7 ‚ m n o 3. Bond Percolationž- . /,â ã Ð %q G- . p ½ m n9   k ~3 4 - . 5 6dp- . p ½ r $m n3 4  sP , s$t m né 9 c u Ë &  s~< G, s~? ß  s v w  /x 9    s¦ õ 

,Power Law %8o5 6 ‚ 

Q y z ß 8à ‡ ž

1. ,oR â ã & /HÑf g {  9 4 & G

® | } § ] m n7¬ 0p 2. ,â ã Ð {  9 G& ÑG® | } § ] m n~  - .  0p,- . ] šo šÄ - . f g j ,  %p~ ß 8å æ{  & Ñq Gpf g m n Œ  € Gnutella- . ~ F  > ( ß  A B C D 

2.

























‚ ƒ z { [6]„Kè é 8Gnutella* + 1… > ] ^_P2P o& Ñm n,  - . /dTTL; 18K,A B  s‚ o %HÑ m n† ‡ dpA B   $l 8Ñm n,W ' ö Y ¦ å æ& Ñf g 7Y ˆ ‰ D @ 1 1.2GB pß Š K8flooding5  ,  - . / 7‹ s A B C D Œ  ( ) i 0py z H è ,• – è é 8Gnutella* + 1… > ] ^_ P2P o,  - . /7< = A B C D VG  " Ž è é ,N /p& Œ  o´ ( )  61m n,- . é ï ð d  7Š f g e  ß ë  f g m n j k ,$ m noP ,W '  6¦  m nJ ë  f g ÷ Œ | e  ,J ë ‘ @ f g /,d f g e  ß ë   f g m n j k ,$l m no/ 9 < = ? @  D @ "01p 6 1 D æ,f g - . / GŒ ì € Ši V0py z { ’ 1pé â ã 7 < = D @ q “ ” ,• @ - . € Ši V/0 – N&  1 < =   € Gnutellae  $l —  5 6GŒ ì - . € Šy z { dŒ  Q 1¦ hj nY ç ž 1.  V˜ > ] ^_   ` ^L  ™ š [ Ø  2. ,- . é m nL Y d  7Š f g e  ß ë  f g m n j k ,$l m n o 3. ,- . /Å ‚   Ém n~  › ß å æ7Y ç f g ’pnq œ  ® ,-. /ŠF  & + o } : ;  D @ 

3.

!

!

!

!

"

"

"

"

#

#

#

#

$

$

$

$

—Index

è é Gnutella,- . ~ Ê Ù o ž17 Ÿž    1 Gnutella    (     ) m nAr $m nBŸCŸDŸEU Kf g P ç A B (query)BŸCŸDŸE9 ,b  æpf g P ç A B R9 c  Õ y L   G¡ ûf g  Ï#BŸCŸDŸE9   r $m n¢  pquery A B ’,pquery s‚ o %GÓ & m nG¡ ûqueryA B 7P ç f g ,p£ %1m nN

(3)

N9   query  × queryHitA"RA

B ¤  queryŸqueryHit     pushN

Z ç  s7Y ç f g fN  æR› 9   A 7Y f g A y z { : + H& m n¾ 9 I I   ‘ j ¥ ¦ § ¨ ©  s‚ pushA B "p‘ j ¥ ¦ 7§ ¨ A B d 1NR~ ª $l m n- . /} 0py z { dp‘ j ¥ ¦ Û 1index y z { 7; u  N O- . ~ Ù 6 ž 2(« bž1)7Ÿ¬ ~    pushm np£ % 1m nCêm nJ§ ¨ A§ ­ f A (IPŸ® A ) 8êAd¬ æf g    2    Index  (     ) 0p ž3(« bž2)NRm nOG Né m nAGM Q f g P ç /,  query $t m nJ/J9 c  Õ pquery- . p ½   j ,  Index%01Jp/GA§ ­ f A 0pJL 9 dpquery3 4 $t m n " a bdpqueryA B   AA,Né G ¬ æp f g K¯ œ dpf g I I $l m n#O› ß ¬ æpf g    3 Index        (     )

4.

%

%

%

%

&

&

&

&

#

#

#

#

$

$

$

$

y z { d8Java° ± ƒ „ Gnutella* + > ] ^_P2P ¨ © ¬ … † - . ² ³ ~ ¬ 8,Œ ß ´  U V ¦ /˜ ƒ „ … †  ",- . ~ 1 Œ oy z { ƒ „ … † %d¬ HÑm n› G8¦ µ ' - . ¶ Šž 1.  € Gnutella* + %- . ¶ Š 2. YAPPERS~ %- . ¶ Š 3. Percolation Search- . ¶ Š 4. y z { Index~ - . ¶ Š ,P2P ó ô ; u o‚ ƒ z { [7][11]„ KGnutella7r s  ó ô › GPower Law

W ¹ i 0py z { ,m n§ ] · od ¸ n",m n¹ €   W o ÏH I „K P2P ¹ €   W 1š 0py z { : + ¹ € /  W q  ¡ ûPower LawW  ,m nÉ@ 5 ˆ 01g º ß C ¬ API» ¼y z { è é ƒ „ … † %< ƒ „ K100Ñm nP p100Ñm n§ ] É· ¡ ûPower Law ,f g É@ 8êW 5 ˆ 1  f g W q Š¡ ûPower Law· 0pt u %L M f g É1200Ñ ƒ „ … † %& ½ trial… † â ã 1ž 1. k ~¾ ¿ & m nU Kf g P ç  2. À ˜ f g P ç m n¤ µ ' L M - . ~  U K M f g P ç  3. ,H' - . ~ ] Á R   L M   - . ~  7< = ü Ƀ  & ½ ƒ „ … † 9 ,7Gpeer¬ æt u %7G   R] Á ž41ƒ „ … † À ˜ â ã    4         (     ) … † R7Z Ã Ä Éƒ dG8¦ 5 Ş 1. Coveragež- . /7 ‚ m nÉ/Æ m n É 2. Query Hitsž- . R7å æß J ë 7Y ç   peerÉ 3. Query Messagež- . /7< = D @  4. Success Ratež- . s ¶ ~ = s ¶ ½ É/Æ ½ É

(4)

5. Success Rate Coveragež- . Ç È y É 1 =

H1%Coverageß 8I I   Ê 1

Success Rate

6. Min. Response Timež- . æË & Ñß J ë 

 peer7Y  ‚ ´ Ì hopÉ

7. m n×   † Í ½ É

8. m n‘ j ¥ ¦ v w @ žYAPPERS%1

m ninsertæproxy nodef g ɒ

Percolation%1m nk ,$l m n

content list’Index%1m n‘ j index É

5.

%

%

%

%

&

&

&

&

'

'

'

'

(

(

(

(

,Percolation threshold10.3YAPPERS

-É13ö Y ¦ µ ' - . ~ ,A B D @ 5 ˆ

1 Œ ž5Ÿž61… † ] š

  

5          !!!! """" #### $$$$ %%%% &&&& (    )    6          !!!! """" #### $$$$ %%%% '''' (    ) ž6 Î ž5%Ï C Ð & Ñn7Ñ Kž dGnutellaƒ „ ] Á R7< = A B Ò Ó @ Ô 1 100%Î $ j Ñ- . ~ A B Ò Ó @ ¦ i 1 7Ÿ ( ( ( (1         !!!! """" #### $$$$ (((( (    ) A B Ò Ó @ Gnutella 100% YAPPERS 145.3% Percolation 33.69 Index 2.55%

8o] šß Š KPercolationŸIndex~

 ,- . 7< = A B @ 5 ˆ ‰ GÕ ? N

/"YAPPERSD @ N789 Ö ‚ Gnutella

 01ST dYAPPERSm n,× 7 f g

j k ,$ m no/7< = A B @ Ø o»¼

» ~ CoverageSuccess RateN¦ ü

Ùž7Ÿž81… † ] š    7      Coverage#### $$$$  (    )   8      Success Rate#### $$$$  (    ) 8o] šß Š KIndexÚ Y Z  ‚ t u % 5%Û Ü m n, a ß D æ| D 98%- . s ¶ "» Ñ- . ~ H1%Coverage7I I

Success Rate ¦ ž97Ÿ pß Š KIndexy

É 1  !| "YAPPERSŸPercolation,p5 ˆ q ]Ý Gnutella    9     SuccessRate/Coverage#### $$$$  (    )

(5)

Gnutella- . ~ 72 C  Þ t u flooding- . 78- . Success Rate| 

YAPPERSŸPercolation ß ß à P 1š y z {

Index~ á Šâ | GnutellaãäQ 

0› ,y z { Index5 6%HÑm n, G

& å index,TTL=0/index%G¡ û§

¨ j ,9 1 Gnutella   & Ñm nKpm n ß J ë 4 Z ç    & m nH& ½ s ¶ - . † Í ß ¬ æ5 Ñ query hit¦ ž101… † ] š  

10      # of query hits found#### $$$$ %%%% &

& &

&(     )

ž10ß  Ž æL œ æGnutella017 

 flooding- . 787¬ æquery hit ´

 ",y z { Index~ %m n,index

%U V¡ û§ ¨ › L 9   ç ¦  ¼7¬ æ query hit ´   ,; u Index~ RST © J : ; žIndex ~ ß F  è n(hop spot)VG Ú › ? ù  queryHitL 9  Ém n7× ž111… † ] š ž11ß Š KIndex~ ,F  è nVG 5 ˆ ‰ GÕ ? N /F  è nVG 7 i œ é ,t u %» Ñm nI I  Œ 1† Í L 9 ‹ s Ó X m n01ï ð v ê ? @ × "L ¯   f,P2P o    11       )))) **** ++++ ,,,, ---- .... //// 0000 1111 2222 3333 #### $$$$    (     )

,YAPPERSŸPercolation8êy z { Index

~ %1 D æŒ E - . € » Ñm n7Ž K‘ j ë @ v ê ž121… † ] š    12      )))) **** 4444 5555 6666 7777 8888 9999 :::: ;;;; #### $$$$  (    ) ,ž12%YAPPERS2  9  ¬ - . 7 < = D @ ´  N /5 6† Í < 9 G17Ñm nê ™ Proxy nodeì > P HÑì > 7Y í æv ê ‘ j ë @ n 1138ÑÛ Ü $‘ j ë @ ? î 1p138Ñn B ï o$† Í ? î ,y z { Né … † © J êST  H& ё j n ? î ,   /79 ‹ s D @ : ; 13000$,- . D @ < =  GnutellaZ 1145% $? î \ ?  D @ < = q a ² ?  ",PercolationŸIndex%Hё j n

r  ß Š   <key, value>r  $%key1

 ð Û value1ß J ë p  m nf A W Q & ñ f A   YAPPERS  Z  > ( î "m nv ê 9 k ®  ? î "[ _’› 8 p PercolationŸIndexZ $v ê á  > ( î 

6.

















)

)

)

)

*

*

*

*

,P2P ¨ © ˜ É ò ˜ — ˜ á  J ë  ST ,  C ¬ o !? 8 | i P   q  è é  ; ó ê: ;  ¨ © ‹ s  !? v ê   ,è é U · oP2P ô  > ] ^` ^Næq x æG] ^_P2P ` ^J ë  Œ ì - . ~ P g º $Œ ¹ Ý ` ^è é ,  o L ê ,y z { %ST z {  L M ,N Oè é  Gnutella* + > ] ^_P2P - . ~ S T õ ö  s € Œ E YAPPERSŸPercolationq x æJ K & ÑN O- . ~ [Index, ‚ ƒ „ … † Rq † ‡  y z { Index~ ô  ,-. D @ 5 ˆ Œ GnutellaG !o } N ON

æ,CoverageŸSuccess Rate5 ˆ Œ 

YAPPERSŸPercolationq ÷ L ø >  y z { ,3.1m © J êù ú 7; u - . ~ Š¡ û¦ R Y ç ž 1.  V˜ > ] ^_   ` ^L  ™ š [ Ø  2. ,- . é m nL Y d  7Š f g

(6)

e  ß ë  f g m n j k ,$l m no 3. ,- . /Å ‚   Ém n~  › ß å æ7Y ç f g ’pnq œ  ® ,- . / ŠF  & + o } : ;  D @  ,y z { 5 6; u /›  ¬ 7; u 5 6¡ no R 1Ÿ2n, ‚ ƒ „ … † † ‡ Rq † ‡  oR Ë 3n "Å ‚ ƒ „ … † ] šß 8U VIndex~ û G8¦ j nI I ž 1.  > ] ^_P2P %,f g - . /7 < = A B C D G& + o } F   2. Å ‚  Œ  m n~  › ß å æ7Ä - . f g  3. ß F  è n(hop spot)VG Ú › ? ù  queryHitL 9  Ém n7× 

+

,





+

+

,

,









+

,





[1]. “How Peer-To-Peer (P2P) and Kazaa Media Desktop Work”, Kazaa Website:

http://www.kazaa.com/us/help/guide_aboutp2p. htm, 2003.

[2]. A. Rowstron and P. Druschel, “Pastry: Scalable, Distributed Object Location and Routing for Large-scale Peer-To-Peer Systems,” Proceedings of the IFIP/ACM International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms Heidelberg, Vol. 2218, pp.329-350, 2001.

[3]. C. Rohrs, “LimeWire Design”, LimeWire documents:

http://www.limewire.org/techdocs/design.html, 2001.

[4]. H. Balakrishnan, M. F. Kaashoek, D. Karger, R. Morris, I. Stoica, “Looking Up Data in P2P Systems,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp.43-48, February 2003.

[5]. I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, “Chord: A Scalable

Peer-To-Peer Lookup Service for Internet Applications,” Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2001 Technical Conference on San Diego, USA, August 2001.

[6]. J Ritter, “Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.”

http://www.darkridge.com/~jpr5/doc/gnutella.ht ml

[7]. M. Ripeanu, I. Foster, and A. Iamnitchi, “Mapping the Gnutella Network: Properties of Large-Scale Peer-To-Peer Systems and

Implications for System Design,” IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp.50-57,

January-February 2002.

[8]. N. Sarshar, P. O. Boykin, V. P. Roychowdhury, “Percolation Search in Power Law Networks: Making Unstructured Peer-To-Peer Networks Scalable,” Proceedings of the IEEE 2004 Peer-To-Peer Computing, pp.2-9, 25-27 Aug. 2004

[9]. P. Ganesan, Q. Sun, H. Garcia-Molina, “YAPPERS: A Peer-To-Peer Lookup Service Over Arbitrary Topology,” INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies. IEEE Vol. 2, pp.1250-1260, 30 March-3 April 2003.

[10]. S. Ratnasamy, P. Francis, M. Handley, R. Karp, and S. Shenker, “A Scalable

Content-Addressable Network,”

SIGCOMM’01on San Diego, California, USA, pp.161-172, August 27-31, 2001.

[11]. S. Saroiu, P. K. Gummadi, S. D. Gribble, “A Measurement Study of Peer-To-Peer File Sharing Systems,” MMCN’02 on San Jose, California, USA., pp.161-172, August 27-31, 2001.

[12]. T. Klingberg and R. Manfredi, Rfc-gnutella, http://rfc-gnutella.sourceforge.net.

[13]. Y. Chawathe, S. Ratnasamy, L. Breslau, N. Lanham, and S. Shenker. “Making Gnutella-like P2P systems scalable,” Proceedings of

SIGCOMM 2003 on Karlsruhe, Germany, pp.407-418, 2003.

參考文獻

相關文件

„ &#34;Distributed Management Architecture for Multimedia Conferencing Using SIP&#34; ,Moon-Sang Jeong, Jong-Tae Park, and Wee-Hyuk Lee, International Conference on DFMA ,2005..

A dual coordinate descent method for large-scale linear SVM. In Proceedings of the Twenty Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning

Hofmann, “Collaborative filtering via Gaussian probabilistic latent semantic analysis”, Proceedings of the 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and

in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Very Large Data

Lange, “An Object-Oriented Design Method for Hypermedia Information Systems”, Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1994,

Selcuk Candan, ”GMP: Distributed Geographic Multicast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems,

Wells, “Using a Maze Case Study to Teach Object-Oriented Programming and Design Patterns,” Proceedings of the sixth conference on Australasian computing education, pp. Line, “Age

Li, The application of Bayesian optimization and classifier systems in nurse scheduling, in: Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving