臺灣職業棒球運動發展之研究-簽賭事件之個案分析
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(6) ƩʆVDŽe9ĭƩ̾Ȑ˒ɰǻ#. ̸. ̲̑a 6̽1 ˓Ȼ̸̼̞̣ƭ 6 Ţķ 4 Í̼Á# 3 ÍȪʊˈÍ 2008 Ŷ 6 ǯ 10 ǜ ǺɚǔȪɗřƸƿúʃɹȻĔ ƫNjȒȻ̼ʂʻĎǢ˞˯¶DŽeƭƵǐɸ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 10 ǜ ÿɽĝú·̀Ʃ Jose G Leon Vega̺#ǔĉÛȊ̻̼ñĢɅǜɀȹȡú ǺŕƢƺȆƍűʋǺɚǔ̗Ġˡ¾őʎǺɚǔǭ̦ ̼̚ǙʺĽÛȊaȍĪɽ̂ 8000 ±\¨ȪǺɚǔƫNjȒȻ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 11 ǜ ɪ˥> VS ʏˢȲ 6̽9 ˆ. ̺Ǐ̻. ȋĪ˒6ɀˆÛDŽe³ɆƭƩ ̼Ú̦ ŢèƈƤ§Ţ̼ɪ˥>³ǣ 2:1 ̩³̼ āÔ³ɆƭƩˆÛĢĖŢ̼ʡǒ 2. Û. džŊƫŢƷ 4 Í̼8 ȉɈĖĮȻ˪̼ ˂ĭê˺Džȣ̼ǬƍˆÛ 3.1 Ţ̼ ɪ˥>a 6:9 ˟Ȼ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 16 ǜ. ɪ˥> VS #̲ 7̽10 ˆ. ̺Ǐ̻. Ȑ˒ĪģȪǖʔȻĪ̼³ɆƭƩȪˆ Û̼Ú̦ 7 Ţǣ 5:5 ŵƩ̼˒Ţǣʿ Ɔ×ȧ˳ȵȗšɆȾĢ 8 Ţ̼ ƫÔƍ̦šǣǰ ŢķÍ˳́Ɉȵ. Û. ȗǬƍ̼³ɆƭƩˆÛ(ƭ 4.2 Ţ̼ ķ 3 Í̸̞̣̾#ɺƭ 2.1 Ţ̼ķ 4 Í̾˼tIƭ 2 Ţ̼ķÍ 3 Í̾Ʋɖ ŧDŽeĭƩ̼ķʶ 2 ȉ̾̎µŭDŽ eƵƩ̼̎±ɁDŽe#į̀Ʃ̺Ȑ˒ #ljʹăį̀Ʃ̻̾ʆVDŽe9ĭ Ʃ̾ř̼̔ƭƩɈęɮĖĮȻ˘ķ ʶį̼Æ{ǣ˽ȻɈ˸fƭƩ˽Ɉǣ ĵÚƥĵɭ#̼˺˂ƫǭƌĺƫ̼x ķÍǩij̼Æɿšǣ̀Ʃ̰̊vʢķ ʶ ̺̮Ɠ#ˏɂȥƔņɥǵ ĪɿĢiƚîƋĒ̻ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 21 ǜ Ǻ´ōǚ 7/21 ̛ʄ̼êȦȖˁǎʻȹəć 7/22 ƺǫǺŕō ʄ̼ ®ʽ̍ʚ Ȓį̼ȍǯÆɲ[ 10 ʖ±˾̂ȪȠƹȻĔƫȻƝ̯ú¡˵ƫNjȒȻʫƚ ÿÆ¥ʻˏƉǞuȪʓǔɾˀ̼˯¶Ȼ̑·ȪȠƹŞįɩȻĔƫNjȒȻƝ̯ú ¡˶ƫNjȒȻʫƚ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 23 ǜ Ħʝ̅ǛƁǖadadnyȪĉĢʍȨijňPPTɶɡ̼ppt.cc T-rex ɑǸɶ̨ ƆˋȻ̜̑ɧɈɒɐǔɣ̼·ŗƳǓǨ̸̑ȻĔț łLJþ̂̃ƫNjȒȻ 6Ɯ 2008 Ŷ 7 ǯ 25 ǜ ɪ˥> VS #̲ 1̽0 ˆ. 170. ̺ä̻. ³ɆƭƩˆÛ˭ĪāʡƫÊ Ŋƫ̼ Ōśä.
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(12) Development of Professional Baseball in Taiwan ─ A Case Study of a Gambling Event. Abstract The main purpose of this research was to investigate the development of professional baseball in Taiwan. This research conducted a case study focused on the gambling and game-fixing scandal of the Taiwanese baseball team, D-Media T-REX, in 2008. The researcher analyzed the power structure of the organization, the roles played by various actors in the scandal and the interactions between them. The researcher based the analysis on relationship theory and client theory; relevant data was collected through interviews and an in -depth review of related studies. The research began in 2008 when the D-Media T-REX scandal was first revealed, until the investigation was completed in 2009. This research data source from interviewed of those directly involved, and c ollected government bulletins and media commentaries. In this research, the researcher discovered that as professional baseball developed in Taiwan (A case study of 2008 gambling event), a number of individuals had been forming alliances, connections, and networks of influence. Some of these networks cooperated with each while others were in competition, but all of them had one thing in mind – the pursuit of profits. The actors included political parties (local factions), underworld figures, and team owners. They formed a unique relationship of client-domination through resources exchange (kickbacks), cultural relations (influence peddling), and violence mechanisms (extortion). They maintained this operation through connect ions of client relations.. Key words: CPBL, Gambling, Guanxi, Political clientelism, Actors. III.
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(14) ĻĽ. ŕĄăģŽvĿŴ,……………………………………… .…. 86. Ļ Ľ. þĹÃŃ…………………………………………………….…….. 98. . «Y½»ª. ĻĽ. 2008 ŀŷ. úƕƋW ŝŕăĮŖù ………………………101. ĻĽ. 2008 ŀŷ. úƕĿŴ,ĝĦ°ý …………………………… 108. ĻĽ. 2008 ŀŷ. úƕĿŴ,ÕƎ ……………………………… 130. ĻĽ. þĹÃŃ………………………………………………………… .134. º. £E¦……………………………………………………….1 35. ĻĽ. ŃŮ……………………………………………………………….1 35. ĻĽ. Ïů……………………………………………………………….1 45. b$^ …………………………….101. /Us……………………………………………………………………. 146 ·±…………………………………………………………………………. 168 ƈƅ. ŀŷ. úƕƋ 2008 Ëŵ´ Ġŏųô…………………………168. ƈƅ. ŀŷ. úƕĿŴ,ŧŬ®ʼn …………………………………. 172. V.
(15) ± š 2-1. Ƈ@ĤŮıĶţš……………………………………………… 15. š 2-2. >ÙŒīĵĆm©à š……………………………………… 34. š 3-1. ŧŬŠvœŚıĶųôŅŦš…………………………………… 50. š 3-2. ŧœţš……………………………………………………… 61. š 3-3. ¹œÂ¾ũ5YÁñÍţš …………………………………… 62. š 4-1. SÚØřĚ]ÆÜīþ£ēŁš ……………………………… …68. š 4-2. řĚŕăƄŢ,ŚĦÄš ……………………………………… 99. VI.
(16) 3±. . 2-1. ƓƀÊē0ĄŲ¡Ś¥õēŁî»ƆīƇ@Ńą ……………………………………………………… .…….…...…26. . 3-1. ıĶĀą ..……...………………………………………………. 54. . 3-2. ıĶĔĴ ..……...………………………………………………. 57. . 4-1. řĚSÚgûČƔŚ¥õēŁîđŃą ..…….….…….….69. . 4-2. MEŨŴƌ¡yģçJģƇ@ ………………………..94. . 4-3. ƍqƌ¡ĿŴŕăĠŏĔĴ ………………………………… .….97. . 5-1. ŕăŀŷ. . 5-2. 2008 Ëŀŷ. úƕƋĿŴ,īłōƇ@Ńą ….…….126. . 6-1. 2008 Ëŀŷ. úƕƋĿŴ,ŠvœƆ>ÙƇ@Ŷŋ ..….137. úƕĿŴƁ …………………….…….…….….116. VII.
(17) N!K T f NQ BF]3b 7 1945 ơ̥ʄÃdžЈľɝЃϴφ̥ʄЈ̥ʄʸȉɧƷǕƈɓςŤŧɍ˿ɧȝhЈľɝ ЃȉΉȂǴЈȉɍʬ̻źǟǥǪЊĹϭ 1912 ơľɝЃ(KMT)ǘ˟ЈˁDž$Șǜʑ éľÒÇǜЈľɝЃȉƥΕű̥ʄЈ̻bˇʸΉȉƥϹê˿ɧDžɦȅͭΤ Јϐ̷õ=ʸ ȝh̛ȞЈǜȊǀʸľɝЃʆϞĽÓ̥ʄʸŅ ЈēȆŗύʆîϨŽȖǚĶ˿ɧЈk óƵ˿ɧʸɒʲǍϐǀЈľɝЃǯǸŽɍǴê̥ʄȉɧ ̀ʂȐāˎȨЈʆ ȉɧ̦ȉЃĠȝȰ(Brown, 2004)IŽ Ј̢ľɝЃǼụ̥̋ʄЈŧɍ(̒ʸ˿ɧ ɌijЈ9Ξƈ̥ʄŅȔɭˮ̦$Řȉƥ ІЃЇʸDž˼ɈτІƹǗ˃Ј1994ЇЈ ςŤρ+ȉɍʸ̠ȊʡͰЈЁζđŅȔDZþ̦Ο'ƣͪđçʽVǷЈͮŅȔɭˮđ $Ř/σƷǘʔɖʸτđɍðŇǕ ЈΙ˖τ̦DžʸʔɖʡͰ ЈóΝŅȔʸ̠ȊЈ ɿɿŅȾɃńľɝЃ̦̥ʄˎȨ/$ 1971 ơǙľΕÞ̘ĠľЈ$ľ̦̐ľ/στΗɿΎʆĒšЈ$ľϐǀçʫ58 œVЈń˳˱̳ʾϤˤŅΠ͈ 13 Ŏʸ͉ɽǛɛͿЈ ńʶŸʝDŽƉÄɂ̆˿ʸdz ͑Іu˺ˏЈ1999ЇƈńΙ˖ 70 ơhľϏǏûʸΎ̦ͭ$ľʸ Ϸ̻ȉ˥ЈǙ ľɳÞľϏ̨̥Њ ʬȕʲȝ̻bˇǶÞɾÌ˟ȉ˥ІίŴɰЈ2003ЇЈńΙ ˖ǟͦϘĪǞʸLJţτЈ̥ʄ|ΕÞ̘ĠľЈύ̌͊ǰȃÞŜΣ θˤ̀ͶœVȐāˤľϏǍ˻̈ЈήVľ9˵˵̦$̳ɝľȒVІ̭ɒʺЈ1993Ї ɒʲ̥ʄœV ΗɿřČŅЈľɝȉƥńœVǭȊŭ˟ʇǹ/ϏЈĮʜɁʢĚDž̐ľ ʸ͆ƞ ЈΎǾ̥ʄʸģūЊɁʢΣõƛʆ̥ʄʮɕěʸ˰κІόŪΊЈ2007ЊChen, 2006ЇЈ®Ȝǀ̌ʸ˲̶ƆɁЈȁȊȘȳʸʭØΉЈđńͺŒɨƉSƘŧƪɩʔʭ. 1.
(18) ƆɁ̘ʿʭŗͿƗϛϦ͖ʸ ζЄƆɁІͧeɵ̬ͧЈ2003ЇЈʹȫξʸ͉ʡ ȳƐȕƅȭĒőjʏǍͼʸɛͿЈ/ǀˠǘʆÊɝǟɪˀʸʈЂЈĢȝ9Ύ˔ΰáľɝ ЃńœV ʸǭȊЈ ǽǖ̥ʄ]ΤΙɗľϏȉǏɻɀʸɕě ϐ̷̥ʄ̀ʂϯЈľϏˎȨІŜΣɬõЇ$DŽk$̳̥ĂȠƊЈÓσ̦ƁƔʸτ đ͎ϖȉɧʸĺ˶9ƺϠéΣõʸƎϝ Ј ʩʨƆ˂τʸͩϨ/ǀЈϐ̷Ì̻ȝ Ȱ˼ȶЈȴʳΌ̆˿ƈrǀ˙ɅɴÆŅȔɭˮ Ј̦ŅȔđɭˮ/σȫ˂ʲɴċʸτ Ј kł̆˿ŗΫ̜̋̌ΟrІȹζųЈ2004ЇЈϮʉȉƥ̦ŅȔɭˮΙ˖˼Ɉτɋ ƯȫƾɴΟ˼ЈΤČľɝЃρ+kǥǪ̥ʄȉɍЈ̤Ёζ̦̠ȊʸɍðτʡͰȢ Ϯ̕ț͑ЊƈńΙ˖͎ϖʸǏŏ͌Ј̥ʄń 1989 ơǘ˟̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿ(CPBL)Ј1997 ơ ďȫĖ̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿ(TML)ʸǘ˟Ј|ϐ̷͕˄]ȏʸɸƆ̦ 1997 ơ̙Ɂ̘ʿϳƦʐ ʴ̙Ɂ˪ͽ͈ͷIqЈƂ̤ʢΓ˵˵ÞЈÌ̘ʿ̀ʏϝ̡ļϗЈΡń 2003 ơąͩ Ġ(Lee, 2008)Њ2000 ơɝΠЃ(DPP)ʼnȉǀЈȝr̆˿όɡǠƈ̾ʬɁʢ¤ʆÙ̖ľ źđ]͟ĢʸϢçijЈ ˙Ʌǵƍ̥ʄɁʢ̦ʲȝÌ̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿʸĠ ЈϮ ʉɁʢ̦ʲȝȉЃ/σʸτżâ ʉ̕ɝΠЃʼnȉǀ̦Ёζ/σʸDZþ ɦȫȅı Ј ό̆˿9ύ̌ĺŕƮȿЈƂ̤ŵĝ̍ΈЊ2006 ơЈ̥ʄľÇȉɧ϶õȢóĶδЈΈʆ ʲȝɝΠЃʸϥƂ]όɡǠЈ̦ÓźƧńɨƿ͌ɲđˮå̠Ȋγ̗ (Chen, 2006)ɕě ʸτŇƯy2ÖɎ͎͍ЈʬȕȄβ̦̔͊Ȅβ̔ɍðđɹʸƠˤáβЈư ̤Ȣŕ]ʆΔɤçʽЈƀɤń̔ʸƣ̦ͪȄǪЈЁζȉɧʡͰń̥ʄ ɦȫĺʆȉ ЃȦɱΜʇƷ(Chin, 2003)Ј˂τʸˎȨʡͰϮˍ̥ʄЁζȉɧʸɣʃЈȉƥ̦ŅȔ˼ ĠЈń̔͞łȄβȎˮ˿ЈσdzŅɼÆɘˮ˿ʦ˨ЈƈΟ̙ɄɁʢΣõ9 œ Dz˚ΤČľÇɁʢΣõʸʴƍЈ̥ʄ̙ɁDž̙Ɂ¾ơéʡń͕˄̢͔éʡŎɏͻ̙ ɄɁʢɛͿʸ]ȏɘơαΤʷ̴]Ɏk Ј 1994 ơȢ˜ˉʷÑă̴]ɎІ$̳ ̙Ɂ̘ʿЈ1996ЇЈ|̙ɁΣõƈń 1997 ơЁϾ˪ͽIqǀςŤʩʨͭāЈIq$. 2.
(19) |ȫ˻Ϧ ̱ЈȫЁΥbÆЈkç͠ŧ̝ȔƯЈĭΰáʢĬȇɡǣ ʢІ̺ƒ \Ј2003ЇЈ͕˄]ȏϸψЈʢΓύ̌ÞЈ̥ʄ̙ɁΪĕîǟȱȫʸǣȁЈʢŃ̀ʏ ςŤÞʡćɌЈį́đĩÊЄώ9ĺρȰͅǺđÌ̘ʿǐϻ ʢĬȇɡЈƂ̤ 1998 ơȝōϾώŷ~͗ȍЈɎơʸЄϽ̆ØΉǜЈɛͿ$ʢώǣȻIqЈ9y2ȜƂ̤ʢώ į́đĩÊЄώÂǀ͗ȍʸvˣІȹ̳ϟЈ2000ЇǟƢЈ2001 ơń̥ʄ̧͈ʸˢ ăķƋʭʼɁʢͿЈςïE̥ʄɁʢΣõʸdžʪЈ$̳ώ9̢ 1988 ơ/ǀЈÖɎń ʭʼɁʢνɊ$ʝDŽιʒІ̥ʄɁʢ̂ŌϲЈ2009ЇdžЈ2002 ơʸSΣɁʢͿʝ DŽθʒЈΙ˖Ɂʢʋʀ̦¸ʱʸǘ̇ÖƦʌʎʢΓlj ЈʚŢĹé˲̶ƆɁȝȰʸɁʢʋ ʀЈȢΎ˔EȞɠǟΞǘʸř̵Іͧeɵ̬ͧЈ2003Ї2003 ơ$̳̙Ɂ̦άϼ ʄÐĝĠǀЈ2005 ơ̙Ɂ˪ͽ˄ŕΫǡɲÆ͈ͷ2007 ơ$Ͻʐʴ̙Ɂ˪ͽ2008 ơˬΐSȡЄ ʢIq2009 ơÁƲͰ̙Ɂ˪ͽʸʐʴЈdzΟʸ̙Ɂ˪ͽIqʴʨЈɁ ʢΣõʸʴƍϝ̷̡ɅŗʸćɌ̦Ǭǜ І̥ʄɁʢ̂ŌϲЈ2009Ї˪ͽIqʸϧ ¦ЈƁɁʢʭʸʴƍƛ̀ΞǘĶδ©ŹЊʉ̕ЈńΙQ˪ͽIqȿ$ЈЁΥûðǤɽ ̷ϜƝδ͐ʸ͖̫Ј̕Dž̥ʄʸȉɧɕěʴƍʴʡЈĢȝȰʸʼnȉȉƥŅȔɭˮ̦ ЁΥ/σy2Ŭń̷LJţʸMõτ ĺɓЈ̥ʄȉɧˎȨʸʔɖƷǕ ─Ёζȉɧ̦͈ õ̔/σ˼ɈʴƍЈ̦ŕʸ̙Ɂ˪ͽȿʸʩʨȜ˖ƷƯʸτΟ ЈDŽħ]Πɔ ʸDz˚ ĖȔϝЈĹϭ̣ΣõͽĆʸ͈ʆ͌Јů̔ʠŴġІ1996ЇǫÞńΣõˎȨāʸˀ Ɋ$ЈȜƜȯ̜ʩÞ̦ˎȨɊɺǛ͒˩̤ʸϹ ЈńΙ˖ǏŏˎȨ ϗÅȨʩʨ¢ ƙ͈ʆˎȨůź̲Ϥ (Merton)í͟ʆΔɤǘñʸǡɗȜȐāͯ͜ʸЈŢǦȝσ ˭ðń͛̅ǛɒƯůȽȋ̚ Ј ̷͞ńįŎ̙ŎǛÓgĠɨʸ̙Ʉ$ЈƽĚ̜Ȣȫ ģȯǛȢȫçĚłʸ̙ɄΘǁ ʲϹńͣΩŐðkΦéǘñЈɲđEȐāσĢʸ ǡɗǛˀʸ/˂ŻЈƈȨʩʨğƯʸ¢ƙ͈ʆІʠŴġЈ2000ЇɓœЈΣõȳÔ ȫȢϺȢNjȢƵʔǍІȹƬDŽɫ˅ʨЈ2004ЇЈǒ̷ͦΣõˡͿIJĘΔɤ. 3.
(20) ˡͿ÷çЈȢĚϮʡÞƁ̢ǙʸǬǜƖϺʸʣǑ̦ôȌϝƁȑǬǜʸǒ̒Ŭń Ɂʢ Σõʭ$ZȜŢɓЈΔɤʸȜŃώȢƖϺʸɇͫđʣǑЈǬǜʸȜ̢ƚ̦Ńώʇωʸ ɇ̓ЈΙ̦]ϬˎȨΠɔʸŶƿ˂ͥĠĮDz˚ʡ_̥ʄ̙ɄɁʢΣõ̦Ɂʢʴƍ Ј˪ ͽİϨȒŅɯʡЈİϨy2ʦ̷̉˼ɈĨŀʸ]Іȋ̅ΣõĬʢŃЁΥȉƥ đłç̔ЇІȥȐ͡ʻƕʤЈ2004ЇЈDžçʽʸbÆΠ̕ˁІσЇdzƺϠɛͿ˼ȺЈ ϋEǧʊΣõˡͿʸȳͼЈȢΧ̛ˎȨʸΥLj·͕ЈďĺľÇʸɁʢΣõʴƍЈDžŌ ƎɁʢéȧϡƇʸ̙ɄΣõ̞˂ΟЈ̙ɄɁʢΣõʸʴƍʆŌƎʸ͉ʟ̦ÂϷІ̼Ã ΨЈư̢Ͽ̥Ϲ̚ōЈ2009ЇЈĮȫ̙ɄɁʢΣõɒƝʴƍЈ̥ʄʸɁʢΣõǢȫȱ ǍĚ͘ ȫπȕɓЈʆˆ̥͗ʄ̙Ɂ˪ͽʸ˼ɈЈȳˈ˚ʔηƁ˄ŕȿ$Јʆʔɖ/ ȿáȸЊDzȸ̙Ɂ˪ͽ˂τ˻̈σʸτ̞˽ЈΠ̕ƁƎÞ˝ʸ˪ͽIqǢ̜͕́Ê ͲɓœЈ/ǟkΫȀ 2008 ơˬΐSȿʆЈíȜʬȕɓȿĢȕÓgȿǡ ɨđ˼ɈЈΤČ˪ͽIqŕĄȜ]ʸȇɡЈǛ̦Óʕưʸʶǡś˂þ˼Јʬȕ̙Ɂ ʨǕ$ϒ̿EçʽʢŃ̛ǀЁΥkđȉɧˤûðʸ˯̸τЈˈ˚̔Ɓȕɓʔɖʸ ȉɧˎȨτ(guanxi)NJϣεɷDz˸ĺɓЈȳˈ˚̾kτ̦DžʣͤͤΒЈ áȸ$̳̙Ɂ̘ʿʢŃ̦ỚǀȉɧȉЃЁΥđŅȔɭˮˤ͈õ̔/σʸMõ͈ʆ ɋƯЈυΒ̥ʄ̙ɁϹˮ$˂M;ʸτ̃·đÓʔɖʸ˼ɈǍ. NQ BF@=bi Ōȕ ΒЈȳˈ˚/ˀʸŢЉ . ˆ͗ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώ˪ͽIqʴƍʸ̛ȞđʘǕ. L. Dz͚ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώ˪ͽIq$ğ͈õ̔/σʸMõτ. . áȸ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώ˪ͽIqƁȕ̥ʄɁʢʴƍ/ƺϠ. 4.
(21) ηƁˈ˚ˀʸЈȳˈ˚ɐDz͚/İϨŢ Љ ˆ͗ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώǣ ʢIqɲũ˪ͽʸʴƍîǀŤȲʆ Ћ LDzȸ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώǣ ʢIq˪ͽ̃˽Ç͈õ̔/σʸτ̦MõʆЋ Dz˚ 2008 ơˬΐSȡЄώǣ ʢIqƁ̥ʄɁʢʴƍʸƺϠʆЋ. NQ d-*(W ˪ͽ( Gambling ) ˪ͽďĚ˗ʆͽĆЈ)ſÓȫ·ʸʓīǩ ×ϑʸͽɪǛ˫ˊЈkȰȯ̜ńȼ ˖ɌʟЈʝDŽȢȫ·ȢŕʸʛīЊΙ͌ǟǫʸɌʟĺͽĆɬõʸϢˀĢ̕ʱ (Thompson, 1994)ͽĆɹ̢ȕǞЈʆ]Ϭ̑ϹÒĢǟΠ͈ʸ͈ʆ/ЈͽĆȜkλ ZǛȜȫÓ·ńʸȷ͏Ј ΔΗȕÓ$çʽǦɌǍëʁǍˡʑǍ×ϑǍʸ ˖˭ː͉ʡЈ(͐ˀʸńȕDŽϪœŽͼʸλǛʓͼʹʓІƌȚЈ2003Ї̕ͽĆʴ ʨńϕȔ̢ϫ˂MϫǒʸǏƷΠ ͈Ј ȜƁȕ̓á̢ƚͳʩ͈ʆʸΰá ЈͤÓǍ ͼĀĦŨɉϻȟɌʟˤІŮ̒ϓЈ2005ЇЈʆEζλǛÓgçʽ̕Π͈ʸǞ LDž(̒( Clientelism ) ̩̕͘ЈDž(̒9Ě˗ʆǎƣDž(̒Ј(͐ń͢ȚΖΤɹǿȫʸŗƅ áβЈk]Ǐʆ(͐ŌˌЈǟƬ˟ʸ˖ʔɖVǷτșȰΤČʸzΏʨɬǛȜ͏ɑ ʸŞƻΈ ĚkʴʡЈDž(̒(͐ʫk̂̊ÓϥƂʸŅđτЈǎ(ΚƝǿȫ ŕʸζλ̦ͳʩЈ̜̕Ŗϐǒϫáβ˾GΆϐʸDž̔Њ̕Dž̔˂Ɓíǿ ȫƆʸɹЈĺɓg̦ǎ(/σʸVǷτЈNJϣk˒]ʸȮöЈƶ͋ΙVǷ ʸ΅̕(Džσ ʇɒƯ̦ɨŶʸŚ˱τЈ|ΖΤρȰʸ˒]τЈƛƬ˟Ι˖ϒ ƷʸŚ˱Јɒĺʆ(Dž/σɦȫɨŶŚ˱Ј9ʇɒƯʸ˻̈ŇƯ̦ÇŻЈĺɓ ʇɨ ƿ͒˩Ι˖τЊŰȜœńȕɒƯêƦʸˎȨΣ ȔƯЈĹϭΤƽ¦˿ˎȨ$Ņ(̦. 5.
(22) zΏ/σʸτЈĚ˦ȜȧÕŇʸDžτЈ ̷̂̊ʲȝ¦˿ˎȨʸȉɧ˓ƤІʠǮ žЈ1998Ї $̳̙ɄɁʢŗ̘ʿ( Chinese Professional Baseball League, CPBL ) ȳˈ˚ǟǫ̘ʿȜ̥ʄʡȫ/$̳̙ɄɁʢŗ̘ʿЈȕ1989ơ10Ȫǘ˟ɓœЈ$ ̳̙Ɂ̦άϼʄÐĝȕ2003ơ1Ȫ˪̏ĠąͩȤǀЈ ʬϹ̚(˧IJ͈ȉϊϹťȨ (ťȹLjˑęϔ$̳̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿ̦̥ʄ̙ɄɁʢŗ̘ʿh͉Ï] ЈńόɡǠ̆˿͑ͨ ЈɒƯȢģʆ$̳̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿ І$̳̙ɄɁʢ̘ʿЈ2009Ї ķЁΥ( Gang , Heidao ) ЁΥńȐʞ ǟÞʡʸϬyģ͝ƾŕЈŌȳ ĚŶ̒ʆkϜɨǡɗʝĔçʽ̔ЈǛ kʖ̎ʆɄ/̪áŪЈÔȫ˻̈ûð̛ǀ¤Ȅǻ̔Ј˿˗ЁΥЊ̥̕ʄ̩Ɲ͑ Ϭyģ͝ȫЉɮɟƟɭʖ̎˻̈ˤІЀȐȵЈ2007Їń̥ʄЁh͉ЁˎȨ ІόľϚЈ2004ЇЈ̕ЁΥíȜ̥ʄ]Ɓɓ˖Ɵɭ˻̈ϔŃʸ˖˗Јů̔ ΄ɢ̰І1997Ї͟ʆЁΥǫÔȡðʖ̎¬ĥʸ˻̈Ǜ]ЈÓ$ΰá]ȥĺʖ̎Ȯã Ǜ͊ǶōʆɮɟĕǓ͛̓áЈȫȿ̢ƫ̒̕͘ЈĀǨč̦ƟɭǛȡðʖ̎˻̈ЈƁ ˎȨÔȫȡðǛ̝ΑΧɨ¬ĥ̔ Њʧ̣̦ЁΥđÓϜɨ̀ʏIɄτżâ̔ Њʙ̒̕ ͘ЈĉǫɮɟǛЁˎȨûðĺɓ̣ƆĀǨk˖]Љ(1)Ɵɭ˻̦̈sŪ( gang )ɮɟЊ (2)]ȡðʖ̎ãɮɟ( mafia )Њ(3)̦ƟɭŇɮɟǛ]ȡðʖ̎ɮɟǟ̀ʏʸŅϜ ɨIɄτΤȕżâ̔ OŅȔɭˮ( Local faction ) ǟͦŅȔɭˮǟǫʸȜȼŅȔʸ˻̈$ЈǟŬńʸɎ˴ŃϹЈÓɭˮĚ͓ʆ L¾ʸ˻̈ŇǕȻɈЈńʲŅǟƷǘʸ˖̖̑ ʡͰǛŅȔŃϹÇΰЈĺ(ƴ˟ ŎʣnjǑɨĢЈZǛȜɍççʽʸáβņΠ̕ˡʑ̕áāʸƅŃϹІόƸǔЈ 2005ЇЊ̕ŅȔɭˮĚ͓ʆL¾ϜɒƯ˻̈̑Ϲ( dyadic noncorporate group )ʸ˼ ɈϹІόȚΚЈ1999Їů̔ЀˑLjІ1990Ї΄ɢ̰І1986Ї͟ʆŅȔɭˮ)Ȝǫά. 6.
(23) QŅȔʸȉɧ]ʓkŅ͇̄̄ŴȗǛˎȨτʆŌˌЈ˂M̘ĠЈkʑĔʲŅŅȔ ȉɧɍðЈΠ̕ƺϠŅȔȉ˥êŶʸΤ˕Јʧ̣ɐǴêŅȔȉɧϹˮΣ Ј ʆ(͐ ˀɊʸȉɧŃϹ Ñ͈õ̔(Actors) ͈õ̔Ě͢Ȝ]ʸΈáЈǛȜŃϹ˻̈ʸ˼ɈЈ̕ɘqIʸ(͐ɥ˥Τ˕$ЈȜ ʇɨŲÊIJȔϝʸΣ ǛΦǘ˻̈ˀɊЈΚƝń˻̈ÇʸΣ Τ˕$ƽƽαNJϣδğ ͈õ̔ЈΠ͈ɹǛȜÊð;ʸMõτ ЈȔ̜Φéğ̢çʽʸˀɊǟϙʉ̕ЈΙ Q͈õ̔ÔȫƺϠ͙ʰ˥ʯʸʼn͈ɍð ń͈õ̔ɋƯ$Ј̃˽ʬ]Ƭ˟ʸЈ˻̈ʆ ΦéǘñˀʸЈƈNJϣn;͈õ̔ʸbÆ̕ǟ͈ͦõ̔ЈĀǨ̆˿ϳ˂Īŵµ ǘĬˤŽϏʸ͈õ̔ЈĖœ9ĀǨ®QʇŶŇʸ͈õ̔ЈŢ˼Ɉçʽτ̔ˤ ̕ȳˈ˚ǟǫʸ͈õ̔ЈȜǫ̙Ɂ˪ͽIq$Ј˂τʸτο]ʓ˻̈Ǜ˼ɈЈ( ͐áʆŗϝĥЈáæʆȉƥɌτ̦˂τŃϹЁΥƟɭ̩ɝ˄ˤЈğϝĥÖ˹á Þ˼Ɉ̦˻̈ŢǟˍЉ ІЇȉƥɌτ̦˂τŃϹЉȉƥ$ŘȉɧЃɭŅȔɭˮ̙Ɂ̘ʿʢŃʢĬ ˤ ІLЇЁΥƟɭЉЁΥɮɟʶǡśͽǃ ІЇ̩ɝ˄ЉʢΓ͕˄. 7.
(24) 8.
(25) ÃÙÁ ¦Ó ̚ϳГĢ̠0ӇxփµχӫҋªɤχӫΥƴϷ ףцӍՍŞҊΡѴ̵ФԕJ~ϡϝ ύ'ףΧϳГѨĢ̠ФԕJ~,փµѨҋփµѨ7տ н́ɴϡγ͝NļփµףҚx փµšªɤĐχӫӥ˺ӏըףŬxȉĖн́ɴšփѲɴʿ Г'ףիЪ,ҋփµc7տħǻҋ͍ĴNļϡՅн ̚Й7˩πʿӓĔĢΥץЛСփµχӫ(Guanxi)צЛMСªɤχӫ (Clientelism)צЛСփµҋªɤҋՋļצЛƕС̚ЙȑнƕÂ՟ףՇҷϪփ˩π ϡʿӓҋĢ̠. ÃÅ. æ$®Ô. æ$®Ô¶±n փµ̏˸ŬxɤŧtϡЏ˳տ՟ң˳ѠƝǼšʒί,ϝυףĖ,ņʮ0ɤփµ c֒փµƝҋƝ7տϡփµМѩ̚ӫ˩ʗӓӫ7փµχӫ0Ӈxc֒փ µшԦχӫΥ0ףѩփµшԦƥҡcϹ̐,ֿɣγĦťթӊףԽՍՀЏփµϡɈ ́ҋՋףϹ̐ɕʏx͖ΥՅȬƴϷϡՋ͉ĪףcѼҋփµшпϡɈЗףѩʗӰϡփ µʱϡ˾ЏÂcϡγ͝ϡ֩ɿӴɕʂϡc֒шԦ̜סɖʈף2006́ףעʏփµ ϡƴϷ̐Ƙ˩Ňϡŵѩ̑ʗȥϗƥ,Ɲ˩Ň,ףփµϡƴϷ˾¥҇˱̤ЏĔŵх ʑӢŵȍӾףӢŵȍӾŬѺ¥҇˱ĆljϡʑĔŵхϡͦסćף2000עѩƥҊΡƦ ŋ˸̗µxҶюץǘסǵӋǥǢӣӐƦюաӧףעǵˤЃϺסǘɂ̐ʅĘע ˤѸѹ̃סǘŵǯףעŠʑѨ˾Ѵ̻փµסǘŵJףעųЏϹ̐c֒н́ΥƴϷϡнŴ ˺סՁ̛֡Ιף1992צԠͦҜף1997עҊΡ˸̗Ϲ̐ƘΥ͖ЏÝсš͚ŭ˩Ňн ́ɴƘжףѩɕʏՀЏѠѰփµ̗˸ףҊΡϹ̐xǼȾ0ѡǵ˳0ѡΥ0ϡԱҞхΟ. 9.
(26) Ϲ̐֩̑ףȭ΅īϡϹ̐՟ңɹнףǼȾ0ѡǵ˳0ѡxšԱҞ՟ңΥĘ̇ɩϡн́ ף ֪ҥҶӋƄǢӋxšĖrϹ̐хΟփµ ףчіѨƦ˰Ϲ̐ϡNļšɅј̜סɖʈף 2006עչ͖ɣϱ̗˸ףҊΡԱ̻ύB˾ΥчіՀЏփµǫƥ ףѩNϪƦʞʰףęԽ Սփµ¥мѕĖЪƢМ ϮDžϳГֿϸףUͷҡc֊ɒӨփµDŽףę¥Ȕ˾cɹƘжףփµĶ cɹx́ʏÝсϹ̐,ϪϘթӇϡc֒փµшԦ ǯѨJacobs(1980)BӢΥc ɹ˾ɕʏЪ7ũթӇƘж7 צcɹĶփµ˾чʰ˟ͰѲϥϡջ̗ǫƥƘж ף B¢ֽ͖˟ͰѲϥɣĩԫϡϹ̐ԏΐcɹxƺՇə͖տϡǿģփµ ͖ףDŽ'иБÀ ҋÀϏף¢ՀЏփµʰјŞ'ףԽՍՀЏcɹփµϡиБʥԏףxƗ˜ə͖7Ĕŵ ħϣףɕʏЏγ͝ϡԏ̚ɕʂסɖʁף2005עѩ́ʏփµϡƴϷ̐ƘΥ˩Ň ϡŵѩ̑ʗȥϗצƥҡcϹ̐˩ŇӂףϩǫҥЏxн́ɴϡ͍ĴшԦƴϷ ףѩш Ԧ,ϡcԽՍփµɈЗ҇Ԩшпףƴ̚B̑ĖԥƦƯ tмѕϡнŴףՀЏփµ ɕʏƘə͖տ˒̑ҥγ͝ɴ ףՀЏփµϡƴϷ¥҇˱̤ЏĔŵхʑӢŵȍӾ JĽ М ǯѨJacobs(1980)ϡϳГʱġҊΡայϡcɹҋփµǫƥҥՀЏγ͝ɴ ףцӍ,Ɲ ˩ŇףփµϡƴϷ֥ӊĐÂʑĐÂxϡc˾ź˒̑ĔŵϡӢŵȍӾѩǷ ףՀЏӢŵȍ ӾϘΩBņʮҶюʑƦюփµצĔŵхףǘŵա̐ŵǯ̐ǵӋ̐МϹƢצx҉փ µ˾ԽՍĐÂcxϡϹ̐NļʗɈЗϡ ףхϑγǷϡ͛țɴҋӢŵʀףÂҋ տxό҈˾ĖrϹ̐ѠϝșġՅȬϡփµףѩՀЏՅȬփµϪϘDžă̛֡סΙף1992צ ף̝˩ז2007צƎÑף1982צPye, 1981עũDŽףǯѨͦćס2001עBʱġףɤc ֒փµшԦχӫƁӘʐÅףƥ˶ȭύ,҇ףΩ̑ɕʏѠѰЪʏƆϡ̳~ףcҋ c7տΧɕϡɈЗԝփµ˳ѠмѕЪצՀֿϸġ˳Ѡмѕcҋc7տϡփ µףƥ˶ȭύ,҇ΩŬxɕʏ ףB˾ϪϘϡթӇ˷ףə͖ɈЗFփµϡшԦףƥ Jɹՠ̑ԯƣϡׇƦףό҈˾ΧɚħԽՍՀЏcɹփµϡиБʥԏҋƗ˜. 10.
(27) ə͖ϡĔŵħϣףΛΛƦɕʏЏԏ̚չ͖ףՀЏփµϡχӫυӾףƥUͷƦŋ ό҈˾ҡcƦŋףBıЗġˮϡîÉӍҋ˩Ň̋ףҸύġυjɟռ˩Ňחլ˩ Ň҇Ȧc˩ŇϡυӾףԽՍփµώύ̋DžƌֺףҍğԆͨחլƿ˯Мף ŬӈυjϹ̐փµϡƌֺ˶ϣƔթ ˟ףȺҋϹ̐ɪִϳ˗̋Džϡ˟Н¥˝ƍʑ˾Пχ ף xӏͪՀRƌֺϡώύʑ˾ęġυףѩփµχӫ˱υjӻՖϡϹ̐,ף:ѺŐķϪ փϡӷֺի ףÉɣʐÅ̋΅ĊϡʿӓҋϳГ. æ$®Ô¶|¡ ʗӰփµʱϡ˾ЏÂcϡγ͝ϡ֩ɿӴƬʂϡc֒шԦȔǪ֫ɿѡѩ Ӑףփµ( guanxi )ƥǪ֫̑փѲ( relationship )7ɿѡףƥƋƶ̏ǗϡǷ ѡ˾ՅнסŗcѼփµףעBŬxӊΥЏcɹףƥՀЏփµ̐̋ĶϡӋǿ ף ' иБÀҋÀϏצˀјףԽՍՀЏcɹϡփµϡиБʥԏҋƗ˜ə͖ϡĔŵħϣף ɝ˺ֿϡփµʏFЏԏ̚סżҗհף1996צɖʁף2005עçՍŞהϘŀĒů Ȕ˾ƘΥћ=̜ƑʏסәץҡcȀעƥҡcϹ̐ʗ˒̑ϡcѼփµףƘ͖BӼהϘŀ ǍŞFƥňaȨ,ɩϡЊЭ (Minder, 1996)ɤ,˩ϡփµ˩˶ף,ϡkankeiĩ֯˩,ϡ kwankyeӣɿփµף:̺ӥ˺ףվʫcѼփµҋчіĖc֒փµ ˾ףUͷ˩Ň,ϡ ˺ֿ׀ԀצѩՀ͈ϡփµшԦՅнĩ˟ͰַƯ,ףПĪҋϦχϡͪНѨʑ˾Ƌַ̻ Ư,ʗԹͧħϣϡ̻0 ףʬ҉ƶҀ׀Ҷ֠ȭȭ˾֟xՙĉ סƂɨDZף2007ע JȃףՀЏփµшԦ̂ՌɈЗ˱ҡcƦŋףՍŞB̑ӗDžǯѨȉҡcփµӊ ΥóǼ˩ŇϡЏγ͝ώβסƂΞף1996זצćƝף1991צɑǯ̄ף2000 ףעҡc ϡՀЏмѕփµ͇ɊףʉȉÂcփµҩ˱Ėċףӆ˰ǯѨ֚BɒӨc֒փµȍƋ̻ҷ ΥϡթӇɴףDž˨ǯѨřΧͲȉc֒փµĶxǷ ףԽՍҡc˩Ň/ՅՀЏփµ͇ Ɋ̑ףķ˱ӏըՀЏмѕփµ͇Ɋƥҡc˩ŇҋƋ̻ϋƹϡϰӏ (Mavondo & Rodrigo, 2001)͖צDŽףDŽƝǯѨKhatri, Tsang ҋ Begley(2006)BȉƋ̻փµĢֽʏƕЏɕɊ ץ. 11.
(28) cƊӋ( cronyism )Ԇͩѿˢ( corruption )˳ց0ѡ( nepotism )΅ťóǼɲɽɘְ ϡփµ( guanxi )ѼпסƂɨDZף2007צעչ͖֟ףχӏҡcϡՀЏփµƋ̻͇Ɋ ףJ ȃ΅ťՀЏҡcóǼ˩Ňϡɲɺɘְ ףթӊcɹҋփµϡǫƥףŵ˱ӆ˰ϡƋ̻ мѕ͇Ɋ ƥӆ˰ҡcϡ ϔӂףҡcϹ̐š̻տϡփµҷΥŬxӥ˾֩ȭϡǿģ ףҚͭ̑ փµҷΥϡǫƥ ףӇƥҡcϹ̐,ʑ̻˾ύǫ˾ɝƚ֟ϡ (Dickson & Zhang, 2004)ʿГҡcϹ̐ףӫƥ̐ӷ,cҋc ףʑмѕҋмѕ7տϡփµֿɣ֩ȭϡǿ ģףʑӗ˾΅ť,ƝÝсóǼ˩Ňϡɘְ ףփµȧėØ̑ϪϘγ͝ϡɿףɤУƐ ϡмѕ̣́ĩмѕċϡcƆʑƢסʑА҇ȦcעϡħϣףęѧʄшԦxDŽϡcƆʑƢ סʑΥDŽcצעĖγĦ̑ϡcɹҋ֫ǩϡ˩ŇγɴףB¢ɣҡcƥŵϡփ µƴϷʑӋϛՒԴϡӢϱףՕɥŵϡNļŜĬ©ףǘץÈȭІѡӉТМףՀR Ƨ̑Ħ˱ӆ˰xÂc0ѡΥ,ɩϡƴϷ ףɒӨĒȲ͕ѡҋȍМΥƴϷϡփµXɚŜĬ ֙סʅż˩Ԉף2007עŬϬġՀЏփµϡɈЗ˾,Ɲcōȳ˩Ň,˵̑ϡÝʡ ף ɤҡc˩ŇϡóǼɲɽֿ̋ϡ˺ֿ ѩƥՍŞ˩Ňɩχǯϡχӫ,ףǯѨ̂ՌxÂc 0ѡš֘0ѡʿӓ̟ӆ˰ƥcѠʑc֒փµϡϗŵזסʎʃף2002ע փµϡӍɮƥ,Ɲ˩Ň˩Ňϡ̩΅ҧƛ ףγĦ˾óǼƈǯ,ȍϹ̐֏д͎ȸ ĪȻƄNɻϡփµŤŸîÉӍסɑΣή̜Dzɷף2001עóǼӍɮƥ,Ɲȧ̑ĐōDž ȳϡ͚ŭ͖҈ףóǼϡRÈχš͵թcҋc7տϡ cÈ̾ɮף՚їј΅ȚƦ̶̩ ƥҡcϡ˶ȭύ˰֫ףѩՍŞóǼɲɽɒӨՀЏcҋc7տփµϡթӇ ףņʮƥǼȾ ӂӋcտϡփµxš0cƄëc7տϡփµ óǼϡӍɮסәץʱPÈʑPȭפΰǩ ̑ӋףŹ҅̑ѡףNjǧ̑Ħףջȵ̑ȸ̓ףŢ̑ÀעտˀƦӼċӏףcʉӟ̑ϡ֏ дҋǵ˳ĪȻ'ףΠԭcҋc7տϡփµՅнףxңȃóǼϡ֏дӉТףȉÂcҋǼ˳ փµъǿϡՅнףxֳɤՕɥ֏дӉТĪȻסɑΣή̜Dzɷף2001̯צΚΒף1982ע չ͖ףփµƥ,ƝÈχ,ֿѩ˻ӈףƥ,ƝƦŋŬɤÈχϡĪȻŬϝυ ףՀЏЋȸ. 12.
(29) ȔɈЗƥÈʑփµףBȔ˾ɈЗƥȦϡփµףՀЏփµϡɈЗ˾̑ Мдϡȥȸǫƥףǰƀυϡ˾ϑȦŸDŽϡӋϛՒԴփµףx҇ȦΥ̨ɩϡ,ɩ ףיŸDŽ¬ȸɕʏŵփµϡŵɩƜףԟDŽюփµԟҪסԋǬՁף1982עǯѨτʵ ȅס2001עBӢΥףՀЏxÝсcɹփµΥӏըӻֲϡӥͲ ףţ˼F˸̗ȍ,ƝաͤϹ ̐ϡύ˅ףԷ,ƝcϡҰJ˾ףxȥȸ̪ȕϡ˰Ɋףѩ˾x֩c֒ϡƢ̪ȕÎѧ ժʗӰȥȸ̪ȕ˾ףʱƥ,ƝϡϹ̐н́ӂףxȦΥ,ɩçϲǩҒʥĊͥ,ףƄĦ cʗՅіϡϹ̐փµçͥʹЯҒ ףƜƜ˂ġŞףɾ˂ɾՒףBɾ˂ɾҪסԋǬՁף 1982ע ǯѨזćƝס1988עBӢŵՀЏȥȸӍɮףxՀЏȦΥġϝיϡ˰ɊɲѧɾDŽ ֫փµɾҪףrӢΥԋǬՁϡȥȸ̪ȕיġ,Ɲc֫ȍӋϛփµƄħϣփµ˿ ףʗ ώύϡȥȸסʑ֏ȚעփµףƘʗ˒̑ԏΐϡŵ˛ףեѨҋԤ֔Ѩ7տ҇ΩȔɕʏ ŵϡ֏дƦѩƥóǼϡɽͲףȍƥѨסʑȍǼcעϡɭɩšѡĽףҾӊ Υ˾Ͽѯϡԇ˾ףŵ˿ףՀɭӤ̑ǰϡtîϹ̐,ƥѨѹԂϡѡĽ˾ʹIϾ Є¥μԑƥѨϡɭӤצƘ͖ףѡĽ˾NϪϡυjףҡcB˿ȭƳ׆ՀЏփµ шԦףʑҭϑփµшԦ¥NϪȰɬ'ףԽՍՀЏNɻϡѡĽփµףҋǘŵ҂ͥҒ ϡшԦՅнף¢ĐҷļѨ7տϡփµɣxїјƦɅј ̑ףͲїјħϏə͖ϡшԦփ µՇҷѲі(Dana, 2000; Seligman, 1999) ̑չ˱͖ףɣϱҡcϹ̐ϡшԦc֒ȭȭħƴ˱փµŤŸףʑϏxΥħϣϡ ə͖Nɻփµףփµƥ,ƝҾϘΥɈЗջ̗ϡύɿփµ˾ ףdzʏX˻ϡթ Ӈ͉ĪצĖ͎ףҚĐҷļѨ7տə͖̑ϪNטǎϡӢϱ ףŠ͕̑ϵϡփµף՝וȔ О˾ƥ̑ĪϡӉТףə͖7տϡħϣҺЕ]ףʑ˾ӉТBѺҾʚϴףό҈˾¢ȍ˰ Ӽ͗ ƥ,ƝͭփµϡĐÂcBŬҭϑʪփµ˙փµʑнʭĄɍ¥ӃՄə ͖փµףʑʪԴŜ̚ӢӴĐcϡԣ֞ףԽՍՀЏփµcǁϡɋmףxοɣՀЏԏΐ˛. 13.
(30) եѨϡ/Ѳփµסլѥƴף1992צƎÑף1982צעʪփµʱǫƥĮ֫ϡփµ ʑփµŌĢϛՒϡɹͱףɈЗʑĶɒrcϡփµסլѥƴף1992ֱף71עƥՀЏǏ փµό҈˾˙փµϡɈЗףɤΧփµɈЗ҈̑ϡՍЎףԽՍ̤Âʑ˨ÂĔŵϡ Ӣŵ͛țγɧхʑӢӴϡcМΥ}mףϏx˙ӋȬˠףӃՄփµʑʪԴԣ֞צн ʭĄɍʑѡнլүĬ˾ĐÂŜͭ̑̚փµʑփµΈϡc ףԽՍнʭϡïɊɒŇĖփ µףBȔ˾֩ҶюփµϡҶюŇ̜סɖʈף2006עŬӈƥՀЏc֒փµϡѹɟףԽՍ Âcʑrcϡmк˂ҫףփµϡӋϛՒԴףþΩϡփµŬӥ˾ЏÂcϡԏ̚ףѺɕʏ ΥĖʗϏϡѠ7ˠףՀЏҷļҒѠ̚Ԩ֥ӇѪѭчʰ֟ĉƥՀЏՍЎɕʏԏ ώʑ˾ԂàףƘѩƀυԏ̚ƬʂףȭϝύƥXˇϏ˿ףc֒փµ̋˾Џԏ̚סżҗ հף1996ֱף35עչ͖֟ףϝυփµ˾хϑĐÂʑĐÂxė̑ĔŵӢŵʑγ ͝փµϡcףə͖7տϡϹ̐NļʗɈЗѩʏϡףӊÂҋĖrϹ̐ѠNļϝșġDž ăϡӢŵҋ·Ƅɴփµ̷סƝ͆ף1992עѩ,ƝϹ̐Ƅӆ˰Ϲ̐ϡнϹ˰Ɋŵ ףӆ ˰ϡƢȭɈЗƥӢŵʑħϣϡƴϷ˰̟צĬţ7xγ͝0ѡϡӋɹʑ փµΥƢϡмѕļĴ͖DŽףÝс,ƝϹ̐˾ɒӨÂϹ̐փµŤŸϹ̐ ˾ף Èχ̚Ϲ̐]צȔ˾փµ̚ϡϹ̐ŤŸѩƥՀЏϹ̐,ףcҚҾDzѝƥÂփµ шԦ,ףc1ӊփµϡǫƥףԽՍփµϡɈ́ƄՋϏףϹ̐ɕʏxփµtΥՋ͉Īϡ Ѡףƥ˟ͰrÅxЪϡҷɊġυסżҗհף1996עՀЏԽՍϪNɿӴɕʂ ϡՅнҋнϥףԽՍՀЏփµϡՅн'ףɈ́ԝՀЏc֒шпϡփµƬʂ ףɤՀЏփ µϡɅxՏʏшпϡɈ́צȍ͖ףǯѨΎ˩ס2005עϳГ,BϝυףՀЏփµ ϡǷѡϮDžǯѨBееÎġŵϡǷѡӏը ףǘҼ 2-1ʗϸץ. 14.
(31) Ð 2-1. æ$®Ô·æ¸¿ÑÐ ǯ. Ѩ. փµ(guanxi)ϡǷѡ. Jacob (1979). ȇɈփµʑγ͝փµ. Hwang (1987). XͺϡɕɊ. Alston (1989). Џγ͝ϡփµϡƴϷƗƵ. Davis, Leung, Luk, & Wong (1995). ƺɒКίûŁɕɊϡƋ̻ՍЎ. Yeung and Tung (1996). ɈЗѲіÂcҋϪN7տϡħϣ ,˩փµЪс. Hui and Graen (1997) Luo (1997) Tsang (1998) Ang (2000). Յˀϵ½̑ħ˱Âcʑ̻Ľփµ NɻѡĽƄӇͧġţʉ ˊķ. Pearce II & Robinson (2000). ù՚ϪN˛ʰ փµшԍ̫ƳԽՍXˇІβƄûɛ. Hwang (2000). ԹͧϹ̐֘ϡƄӬ. Wu (2001). шпƬʂҋXˇփµ. Solinger (2006). țѡĽрIˀ˜Ƅù՚ϡшпƬʂ. Wang (2007). ԽՍՅнҋՅˀшпףxοɣĔŵǗҰƄħϣ. Nilsson & Lustig (2008). ĐҷļѨտϡՅн. Chua, Morris, & Ingram (2008). ƺĶ̋DžÀҋԏΐփµ. Lindtner, Mainwaring, Dourish, & Wang ĐÂc7տϡІβҋ˛ˊփµшп (2009) ԏ˫¥ΐץϳГѨ˝я҇Ύ˩ס2005ע. ԽՍҼԷBŬϰӏĩǯѨȍփµDž˨̑ϪNտՅнҋXˇϡҷΥ͇Ɋ ףՀЏփµш пϡɈЗףȉ̑ķ˱҇ԨϡħϣŤɣ'ףŬՓ˿Ʀɣĩʉ̑ϡˊķҋȷӸ փµƥ Ƌ̻JĽ,B֔ҰŬӈ ףə͖տšÀփµΩѩףՀЏփµϡϝșƥϪŵƋ̻͇ Ɋϡŵ˩Ňףӆ˰ϳГփµ˾ҋÈχĢ֞ 'ףԫթӊ˱Ϲ̐ɹʀšփʋ֫Ÿϡϝ ș(Sanchez-Burks, 2002)ףŵ˱Uͷϡփµ˩ŇֽƬ͖DŽףc֒փµшԦχӫף 0ӇŬxɤÝс,ƝϹ̐˩Ňϡɣĩ ӳ 'ףcҋc̏ŜǝϡNļՇѩώύփµ ףc ֒փµŬɤƦ˰ɕʏҋĞѰףՀҋ˸̗ҊΡҍՋϏļƆЪсοɣЂϡ͇ɊϪŵ ̑. 15.
(32) ǯѨȍ͖ÎġʿӓףɤϹ̐ɩχҋ˟Ͱ˩ŇϡӎȻġϝףӢΥ,Ɲ˩ŇϹ̐ҋӆ˰Ϲ̐ нϹ˰Ɋŵצӆ˰Ƣħƴ˱Ӣŵʑħϣ̑ףĦ˱̟˰ϡ,Ɲ˩Ňxγ͝ 0ѡ( particularism )ϡӋɹʑփµΥƢϡмѕļĴ(Parsons, 1968)BȔ˾, ƝҡcÝсϹ̐,ʗɒӨϡϹ̐փµŤŸ ףƥՀ͈ϡϹ̐7,ףBЕֿȉcӖѝƥփ µшԦ,ףc1˾փµϡƴϷʗƥסլѥƴף1992עѩՍŞÝсϹ̐7Ʀ˰¼׀ š˩Ňѹ̃ףĬҋ,Ɲcϡǣ͍c̪̑փף,ƝcՍŞxփµšħϣXˇՅн ףϩˀ ʑԽՍ,mѨףϝșǿģϡн́փµƄɹʀՇѩɈЗн́ѲϥףՀЏ˟ͰѲϥ ƄփµϡՅнƥҊΡϹ̐,ɕʏƦ˰Ъ ףƥҍՍЎ,ףЪϡ̏LjĴժ1¥҇x փµŤŸΥ0ϡϹ̐˟ͰҋхΟƴϷ ̜סɖʈף2006צԠͦҜף1989ע. æ$®Ô·æ¸¿ υjxփµχӫ7ϪփϳГףLjDžʿӓƗ־ҡcÝс˩Ňփµ7ɈЗҡcмѕ ̻փµҷΥҋƋ̻ħϣ7փµĖ,ϡӎҔϳГ צĖ͎˩ףπDž˨ʿӓҊΡ˟ƼυӾף ͤҋƦ˰Ъš,njʑ˾חՎ7տփµףϳГLjDžmкƦ˰Ъ7ίבšħϣփµ7 ϪփϳГʿӓףѩփµϪփϳГDžxϹ̐փµшп ( social network )ƀυӥ˺ף0Ӈx̏ ĥϡc֒փµӫԷӏը'ףӓӫҡcмѕċc֒7NļףʿӓҡcփµϡυӾҋ γ͝ɴףѩϮDžϳГֿϸփµƥγĦ˾ҡcš,ƝUͷƦŋԫΥ˺ֿ ̚ףЙСȉˍȌƝ ċ˩πҋƝDŽϡ˩πϳГцŴс˦ףxϰӏϪփ˩πʗʿӓ7փµšªɤχӫĢ̠ϡӍ ףיҭ͖ɤƝċDŽŵϡӍיĢ̠'ףΥϳГ˿ϡşդҋ¬˖ףx˶ɟӷֺϡģ Ċ˩ צπɔ˦ɟϝυփµχӫ̂Ռ̑փ˱ԏΐҋ ˩Ňϡ֫Ÿǫƥ¬'ףΪǯѨτլǂ ס2006עĢֽ͇ɊĢΥԏΐXˇֽƬ˩Ňփµ֫Ÿš̆Ĵ͉Ī֫ŸֽףũԽՍ˩π ʿӓxƀυǘ. 16.
(33) ()Ü¥éY ՀЏԏΐXˇֽƬϡփµƬʂףƥxɚϳГΥϪϘ̂ՌυӾףԽՍՀЏħϣϡXˇ ųŤʗ֥ףxɕʏə͖7տϡփµƬʂĆףç˾Ʀ˰Ъҋмѕտ˟סȺƦ˰ Ъ̻חՎעϪNϡXˇħϣʑԏΐףxՏʏՀЏĔŵƿ˯ϡυӾ̜סɖʈף2006צ ̡լǴף2005צɖʁף2005̷צˮף2001צKau, 1996עƗ־ՍŞҊΡƥɤ˶̚͞ ͤՍɟĩƝͤךư˟ 50 Նȳϡǣ͍сͰ֔ףɟ˟ͰϋƹʙԾΛƦͤ0ҋ҇ϑŇ ף¢ ҉хΟվǝԝׁצƥ˟ͰϡַƯ,ףƗ־ՍŞŌȳƝͤ¬ךΩъˈѨ͍ĴҋÝсϡ ώ'ףЬղҥͤ0ϘƝͤךϡѿҴҋԯӻ ףՍŞƝͤךҭϑחՎϡɘְx҉ȯɟ˔ˁ ВǷ˟͍'ףħϏĖĢͺЪɈЗc֒шпҋփµƬʂ ףƥхΟBѺȬрЈc՟ռҋ Ƌc̼Ljħϣ'ףˣԷ˟ךҭϑůͲˁĪҋĪҿףՇѩȌͧ˛ʰҋ˔ˁסɖʁף2005צ Kau, 1996עŠʑѨγӗ˟Ⱥʗțҷ̻סǘկҷÀϏŴϹύώJ̻ŴϹסǘ֨ ̢ŴϹעԱ̐Ζ̐ƄͫԩǺՋĒůעĢեԏΐšħϣxÎΥԎϡ ԃΐ סɖ҉ף 1993˺צՁ̛֡Ιף1992צԠͦҜף1978צӲψ˺ף2002צHuang, 1989ףעƝͤך ՀЏփµшпϡʶтšփµϡՅнףɈЗÂcϡшпƬʂףԽՍՀЏփµ¥чʰ҇Ԩħ ϣףԽՍփµʪ˚ύɿc'έՄĖхΟγ͍ҋŁĴ ΅ףĊĒ̐ʪ˚ύɿcƦ˰Ъ šͤ ףƥҍ,ԽՍԉЂšƿ˯М˰Ɋxұū̋DžϡÆc (Bosco, 1992)ԽՍՀ ЏƦ˰ЪϡмѕסЪחՎԃƢ͂ҁףό҈˾˟ףעךxƿ˯˦ÂƦ˰ŁĴף 'ҭϑƦ˰Ъҋųм7տϡнϥ ףԽՍħϣĢեxՏĩľϡϨϡ סɖʁף2005צ ̷ˮף2001עƦ˰Ъ7տBȭħϏнϥףxοŤÂcϡ˟Ͱħϣš˟Ͱԏΐ 'ף ԽՍՀЏԏΐϡXˇףxɕʏнϥ ףƥɪӇ˿B̐ȌͧԃƢϡŐķףxΥхΟϡ ɟϫףչ͖ŬϝυҊΡƦ˰Ъҋ̻ʑԃƢ7տϡփµǿģ˹סҡף1993צҤ̟Ґף 2002צԠͦҜף1989ע. 17.
(34) Ė͎ףç˾ՍŞƦ˰ЪԽՍɶ0ԏΐϡĢե ףxˇŤͤϡ˛ʰҋ̔ĽףԽՍՀ ЏħϣϡXˇxˇŤͤϡ͜ɭ'ףԽՍՀЏփµϡՋףxՏĩ֭ƛ҇Ԩħϣҋ͍Ł ϡЏʘ͟סżҗհף1996˹צҡף1993עʿГՍŞҊΡ͚ŭףƝͤךBȭħϏՀ ЏԏΐϡĢեʑXˇףxˇŤͤϡ˛ʰˇ'ףŤrÅϡɭӤףxļƆʼn֘Ђ̡ס ¡ףכ1989צҤ̟Ґף2002 צעƗ־ՍŞƦ˰ЪϡļƆףǝлѾ֞վxħϣΥ XˇϡՋ͇ɊףγĦ˾ƥҍϡ͉Ī,ףԽՍՀЏħϣϡXˇփµףþΩʏΥҊΡʒ ɟϡƦ˰ҍ͇ɊסɀϣҌף1994צӲɫɣף1996עҊΡϡՀЏƦ˰ЪɼԔŇϡυ ӾףԽՍՀЏփµɊϡX˻ҋփµшпϡγԔՋ ףփµɊX˻˾Ʀ˰ЪՋϡՍ Ў7ףțϪϘթӇϡՋ͉Īצƥ˟Ͱϋƹ,ԽՍփµɊX˻ϡγԔ ף¢Ʀ˰Ъʗ ț7փµшпƥŵ͚ŭҋ˟хϋƹ7ףƦ˰ЪϡҷΥҋн́ՠ̐ťĩՀЏփµϡ ɘְזסʋɨף2002 צעƦ˰ЪšĖʏƆԽՍшпϡɕʂ͇Ɋ ףšȚдȴ՟ϡ փµшпƬʂףϏxլճІβМħϣԏΐXˇףxļƆͤ'мѕԝҊΡՀЏXˇ ЂϡփµƬʂסԠͦҜף1989עչ͖ףɣϱҊΡƦ˰ЪϡՀЏփµχӫՋϏ ףƥƦ ˰ЪϡЪҋшп7,ףփµχӫŬӊΥթӇοŤħϣҋύǫϡӇж7 Ʀ˰ ЪԽՍՀЏփµϡɈЗףɈЗ҇ԨϡшпƬʂףԽՍԏΐXˇփµx֭ƛ҇ȦϡƦ ҋư˟ϡѝ]ףʑ˾ɤ,οŤħϣʑ˔ˁҍ סɖʁף2005צԠͦҜף1989ע ̏ɟףՀЏԏΐXˇƥƋcʑ̻мѕӂBϪϘ̂Ռ צҡcмѕҋƋ̻LJտȭԽ ՀЏXˇϡՋϏףxοɣ̋DžϡŴ͉̐ҋħϣԏΐףƥƝċDŽϡ˩πʿӓ7,փ˱Հ ЏƋ̻ʑ˾̻мѕϡփµϳГʿӓ֙סʅż˩Ԉף2007צƂɨDZף2007צУŒЇ УŒͻף2004 צChua, Morris, & Ingram, 2008צGu, Hung, & Tse, 2008צNilsson & Lustig, 2008˸ףעƥՍŞҊΡԱ̝Ϲ̐ϡՀЏшԦн́ ףƋ̻ԽՍXˇħϣҋ˟ךϡՀЏϹ ̐шпн́ȧ̑͟ɸ3͚ŭ ףƦ˰Ъδʝ̋DžƋ̻ϡǶìƌֺסӳΪЍĽͨ ̥ͅΑ(עBosco, 1992)ԽՍħϣϡXˇףxˇŤԙŵšʪ˚cɩףҭϑħϣϡXˇҋ ύɿc֪˚ףѩՀЏփµϡƿ˯ƴϷ¥ΐ҇ԏΐϡXˇփµ ףx́ʏϪN7տϡՅнҋ. 18.
(35) փµшԦѼпԽՍՀ͖µ͇ɊƥƋƶʑ˾˟ͰƜϡՋϏ ףȉ̑ķ˱ə͖Nɻɣĩ7 տϡħϣҋԏΐМ©ףǘՍŞҊΡՉĩSARS˿˕ףĎƝƋђχJջϡτwדȔӇͧ ˟ȺΥÝсώ̻вƚסƂɨDZף2007ףעŠԴ̗ϡո֫҆ĩхΟϡŕ͉ףB˾ՋϏγ ͝ϡ˟ךփµףԽՍԏΐXˇxˇŤħϣփµc˛ʰ'ףԽՍħϣփµc7͍Ĵ˝ӻ Ė ͪНצMason ҋ Mitroff(1981)BӢΥħǻփµcԽՍļ͉Àɮԏΐγ͝ɿӈ ɭӤ͍Ĵ͍ǣԇҋѡĽМփµγԔףx҉ŬxɘְĒĔ˟НĖ,ףҚϘмѕ տǫ̑ԏΐ¬Ԗփµ˿¬ףԖЎȻԟףĬԏΐԟȀ̑ϡмѕȔ̐˒̑ԫLjϡ͍ĴŞɘ ְĖǰԏΐ¬ԖмѕҚ¬Ϊ͖ӍיχӫǏϏ˱мѕ¬Ԗ ¬ףԖփµԟɒףдԟѺ ՋϏ̋Ljϡ͍ĴŞɘְʑˁĪĖ՟ț̋ףթӇϡ˾ՀЏмѕЎȻϡ¬Ԗ̋ƷՄʏ˶ɟϡ ͍ǣփµɕʏףx́ʏʗӰϡĪȻŇϡ͍ǣ˩Ň(זćƝף1988) փµχӫ1ʰ3ϡϹ̐փµҋшпףԽՍNϪXˇxՏʏмѕϡϨϡףՋϏ փµ¥хέ̻ʑ˾Ƌ̻ļ, ףxΥЏПχ͉Īףɘְ̻ȨƶέձѺĴƄ̻ ѓףƥ˶ԡхΟŇϡ,Ɲӂ̋˾ǘ͖ ףҭϑϹ̐ԏ̚χӫףŬϝυυj̻ŵϥϡ ϣҰƄ֕׀փµ ףмѕՍЎ,փµϡċ՟ŇʉΥ̨̻ɩКίĴ (Gu, Hung, & Tse, 2008)צũDŽϳГʱġ̑ףփ˱,ƝҋџƝхχcƥПχȍ՟țϡÀփµƥĖȊ̻ шпϡȥϗףϝυхΟϡɘְҋXˇΥƴϷϡփµΥԫ˻ϝύ˱,ƝƦŋ ףϪţϡƥŢ ӧɘְĬxџƝԫΥ˺ֿ (Chua, Morris, & Ingram, 2008)ũDŽףǯѨNilssonƄ Lustig(2008)BӢΥփµȍӇƥ,ƝȨƶӖЗĒůϡ̻ʑмѕ¥ӥףʉĆՇ͗ʿӓփ µέձ͇Ɋƥ,ƝÎύɿ'ףɤ̻ϡх,ǯѢҰχ'ϰӏ,ƝȨƶ ףՇѩɤ,ɣϱ ǘ¢έձʏĵϡɈЗƥ,Ɲϡ̻ĽףԽՍӫ˾ՀЏc֒шпփµףʑ˾ԏΐXˇ͇ ɊϡՋ͇Ɋףȉ̑ķ˱̻ƥփµέձϡʏĵףԽՍՀЏփµέձϡшпƬʂףȍ ĒůѩӐףȉ˾ֲթӇϡԏώצԽՍԏΐ¬ԖχӫŬϰӏףƥ֫҆ϡϋƹ,ąΕҥų Ɋų͈ϡӻŇףмѕŠɪִƥϋƹ,¬֪ίŤԏΐxчʰύǫ ףĖփմȔ˾ΥοŤ' чіԏΐϡѺĴצƘ͖ףԽՍԏΐ¬Ԗxɣĩԏΐϡ˒̑ҋοŤ ¿סʃҘף2002צעչ. 19.
(36) ͖ףԽՍՀЏԏΐXˇϡփµƥƋ̻,ʗʜΘϡӎҔ̼ΥթӇ . ()>æ$èF ՀЏփµϡ˩ŇֽƬףΐ҇ՍŞҡc˩ŇϡóǼɲɽͤ¼׀ɹšÝсӍɮסƂΞף 1996זצćƝף1991ףע,ƝϡՀЏÝсîÉӍҋϹ̐փµƬʂ ףƥՍŞÝсϹ̐ʜΘ ҥ̼թӇϡӎҔףՀЏÝсϡաƤϹ̐փµƬʂףγĦɒӨՀЏփµϡթӇɴףɤՍŞ ,ƝÝсϹ̐ϡ̝ң,ŬϝυףNϪŴϡcՠ˾Ϋc͠ ףljϡ̖ǃϪҰףƘ͖ə͖ N̑ʀɹ҇ףΩ̑ĖŵաӋǿϡփµǫƥףѩʗӰϡϹ̐փµƴϷϡТƞŬx̾ʮΥx ȶЏֽƬץƦюփµסǼȾƄӋțգȖƄŵափµסעſLj̓ף2001צעϪŵƦ ϡ֩Ӌțփµ֩צӋțϡдփµצѩփµǯƥՍŞ͚ŭϡɈЗףΐԝ˱,Ɲ˨ōȳ ϡȇɈ0ѡƄ҇Ωϡʑ҇р҇ԢϡхΟףҚɤՍŞϡҶюփµҋǵͲĪ ȻŬx̺ƦӜը˺סՁ̛֡Ιף1992̷צџɻף1994̷צˮף2001צԠͦҜף 1978עĆףɤՍŞÝсԱ̻ϡȖɕʂϰӏ ףՍŞųǼ˳̐NϪɬĔŵʨЅ˧ǻ ʑՀЏԱ̝ϡύƬʂLjDžϑĔŵǵ˳ ҶюŵǟͣȖDž]ףʑ˾ŵափµʑƦюփ µϡǫƥ˺סՁ̛֡Ιף1992צԋǬՁף1983צPye, 1981ףעΛΛƦƥŵ̝ǩӂ ϡȖͤ̑ʗӰϡϹ̐ЧϿףϹ̐мѕϡ̣́ɟף²վǝB̐̑ĔŵϡɿӴǫƥףğ̝̚ xDŽϡcϢАΥDŽcףŵ̝ϡĬА7Υ҇ȦcףѩƥՀЏԱ̝ϡϹ̐Ī ף ҹƨ˾Â̏ƴ̚ϡϹ̐փµƐףΛΛƦȉԱ̝Ϲ̣̐Ӗԝcҋc7տϡϹ̐шԦ ףƥ ŵÂ˩ŇϡcÅףվǝ˳Ѡҋ˳Ѡ7տϡĔǫҋĔύυӾסԋǬՁף1983̷צџɻף 1994̷צʊ˽ף1980עѩփµǯBŬɤՍŞՀЏxcÈ,ɩףʑͤ̚0ѡϡІˤ ˩ŇŞģĊףɤՍŞ͚ŭӍיʿГՍŞ,ƝÝсϡӍɮҋϹ̐н́ɤ҇ΩхΟϡȻʏ Ϋ,nj͍֘ȊĪĪȻǵͲĪȻǶìĪȻ˩ŇĪȻLjс͉ĪƝͤɴ̪šĖ Ϲ̐ӍɮɕʂМŵӎȻףϝυ,ƝÝсϹ̐н́ϡƴ̚γɧҋϹ͚̐ŭӻՖ ˾ףx҉ ɕʏυjփµ˩ŇϡϝύҋÝʡթLjƘж7 ͬסLjɨżɇƑף1998ע. 20.
(37) Ė͎ףɤ,ƝϡÝсϹ̐н́,ףŬϰӏ,ƝÝсϡϹ̐ϡн́ҋ͚ŭҋփµ̑ɝ ΅ϡΆΐףɤ,ƝԱ̻ϡн́ϋƹšxǼȾΥƴ̚ŀļƐϡȑԱхΟ ǵǩїʡĪΥ ԮȈ,ɩϡ˟ͰϡсͰ˰ɊҋϹ̐փµшԦ ͬסLjɨżɇƑף1998˱ֽצע,Ɲc Ýсϡȥȸ̪ȕףՀЏӋțփµȔλǘϲָ$Ċͥ, ףʗɕʏϡŵɩƠʹЯϡɴԔϪ ŵףѩӋțփµ˾̩˖ύѸƄǥǢJȃʗϝύϡϹ̐փµ ףՀЏшԦփµȔçҳҲϡш Ғ̑ ףÂ,ɩȔ˾҇ȦףxӋțփµ˥ġŞϡшԦƬʂףՀЏxȦϡփµ ƬʂʐÅА7Υȥȸ̪ȕסԋǬՁף1983ֱף24-25צעɤũ˰֫ˀјՀЏȥȸϡӍ ɮףՀҋՍŞ,ƝÝсóǼxӋțփµϡԣ֞МдƄѡĽϡȚ͎ӨСփµϪֽ ףɒӨ ϡ˾̑cɹϡc֒փµƄÈχxšχϡ̾ɮ סլѥƴף1982צԋǬՁף1983̷צџɻף 1994 ףעՀЏ˩ŇϡփµBɅјĩ,ƝՍŞϡǶì ЪףγĦ˾́ȫƝǶìĪ, ϡc֒փµҋȯìĪȻףϩĩ1949ȳ֬ƃxɟϡȤӻףB¢ɣϹ̐փµώύʔijɴϡԯ ӻףɟ¥˩ŇLj֬ƃȎ҉ՀЏփµϡȞϧבףίҋίǒ¢ɣփµυӾƥ՝˿ϡ,ƝΛΛ ̷֖ͭסџɻף1994ע ͖DŽףǯѨזćƝס1988עBҭϑcɹҋ֫ǩ˩˅ףԷҡc˩Ňɩӂ΅Ț н́ϡţʉ'ףȉ,ƝϹ̐,ϡc֒փµŋĢΥ ɹʀɴփµ·Ƅɴփµ ȠėɴփµЏףrӢΥĘƬϡɹʀɴփµ˾ǼȾփµ ӋŢփµףƥXɚ,Օɥ ֥ͧͲĬצĘƬϡȠėɴփµ˾ևύcփµ ףƥXɚ,ՕɥĒȲͲĬצĘƬϡ ·ŴƬփµ˾ΫcփµףƥXɚ,ՕɥՀЏcɹͲĬѩՀЏփµϡǫƥDžȒҋՍ Ş,ƝÝс˩Ň̑փףç˾ІӔʗˆġϡŌÈףšІӔLjÝӂBӥץӋӋBȋȋB ջջBϓǓ̑Ħ͖ףĖŬɣҋͤӻ֬ѨBףBֿϸՀÂϹ̐н́ϡ̣́˾Ѻ ӻϡףӻϡŪ˾ħϏѨ̣́ʗÎϡJ סԋǬՁף1983ֱף26עѩƥÝсƢ̪ȕӂף ϮcտѲі֪ҥĔŵϡƝǼ ףɤƢƗ͛ĩǼ˳ҋǼȾ7, 'ףxՍŞϡÈІ ɭiМӉТчіҥυtϡփµн́ʿГՍŞ,Ɲփµǯҋ,Ɲ˩Ňϡ͚ŭ ף ̐ϝυփµϡɈЗ˸ȧ̶̩ƥ̟˰ϡ,Ɲ˩Ň 7,ףՍBȭѵĩϡŨӭӣץɁʖ̑. 21.
(38) cűǗצׅcɣՎ֝ףεŎljϡՀЏՍŞÝсϹ̐ףʪփµӪǺԻІŪΥο ŤħϣՀЏփµŠֽ˱ՍŞƵϡcɹӍɮףƘcÅƥȥȸɴփµш,ʗҰ ϡϪȍѝə͖7տ̑ѡĽɴԔ֛˰ջ̗īɿ˔֫ǩĖǰӍɮʗՄʏϡѡĽ ŵѩ̑ʗŵףɤcɹҋ֫ǩĩփµՀՅ/ǯѨϡӓӫ7,סլѥƴף 1988זצćƝף1988צԋǬՁף1983ףעĉҋՍŞ,Ɲc˩ŇҋÝсʡӅϡѢ¼ҋ cɹփµÎӓӫףҚɤ͍ĴϡɘְȚ֫ʿӓ ףփ˱ՀЏcɹ֫ǩփµ ĩƵϡ,ƝÝсӍɮʡӅףx҉ƥՀϹ̐н́,ףÂ7տҷΥϡNϪĪЭףտ ˀϡBɘְə͖ϡҷΥ͇ɊףփµԽՍŵϡX˻ͲĬփµŵӋǿЎȻŵϡc Xɚƥ,ƝϹŋϡϹѠ7,ʰјϡϝէ ףՀЏփµϡǫƥcɹšcɹϡͲĬ¬ףɥҥՍ ŞϡӉТҋӍɮףʰјϡƥ,ƝϡƶƯÐϡӄӃ ©סǘץʪփµסעլѥƴף1988צ זćƝף1988ףעԽՍՀЏփµϡՋϏҋϝșףƥ,ƝϹ̐,ՀЏփµϡՋϏףƥÝс ,ƝϹ̐˾ɝ̂ՌƦ ףՀЏփµϡՋϏΐ҇Ýсϡ˩Ňҋͤ¼׀ɹ ףŠʑѨɤǼϽ ҶюŵաŵJŵǗМףįվǝŬѺƘՀЏŋƘжš,Ɲ ÝсϡóǼcÈ˩ ŇӍɮɘְףx҉ՀЏփµƥ,ƝҡcϹ̐ƦŋϡͺҷҚɤՍŞҊΡƦ˰Ъϡɕ ʏŬӳףՍŞՀЏփµϡɕʏB˾xҶюǵӋǼ˳ʑϹ̐փµΥƴϷшпףțփ µҋc֒шԦχӫףƦ˰Ъ¬Ωƥщǿϡc֒փµшп ףʻˈƦ˰0Ӈϡ˟Ͱ хΟМѴ̜סɖʈף2006צԠͦҜף1986צעƦ˰ЪԽՍмѕƿ˯˔ƥҊΡƦ˰ ЪϡϹ̐š˟ͰхΟ ףƝͤךˁĪϘƦϡƦ˰Ъ 'ףıɈŵϡЪĢѩͰ7 ף չ͖ףŬɣϱҊΡƦ˰Ъϡ˘ɑҋϝșƥՎɨӍ΄Υ˟Ͱϡ͉ƒ ףƦ˰Ъťĩ ĔŵɿӴ֘нšϹ̐ϡфтסӋțփµªɤփµӋŢփµМףעԽՍՀЏփµΛ ҋͤÎՅн'ףħϏϹ̐ļƆфтхΟЪx˰²˟Ͱ˔ё (Bosco, 1992) ̏ɟףԽՍՀЏ˩Ňփµ֫ŸϡӍיģĊҡc̻ʑƋ̻ϡփµՁԦ ̐ףϝυƥҡ c˩ŇҋϹ̐ѼпϡҊΡ̻ףҡc˒̑ϪϘϡĆԓɴҋXˇɴx҉́ʏփµĢֽ͇ Ɋף¢҉ՁԦƋտփµн́փµѓˡϡՋϏʜΘթӇӎҔ ףѩҡcփµƬʂŬɤĖץ. 22.
(39) (1)Ϲ̐ǯӍ(צי2)хΟǯӍ(צי3)˩ŇӍ'ףיȉĖҡcփµӢϱĢΥֽ ɹʀɴ փµ·ƄɴփµȠėɴփµЏ ףփµƥҡcƦŋ̏֊ףƴ̚ϡҶю ŵաŵJМףՀЏֽȥȸ̪ȕ̾ɮףԤ,ƝÝсփµxȦΥ,ɩϡӍיӯѩ Ŵסլѥƴף1988צԋǬՁף1983ףעũDŽףՍŞҡcϡՀЏփµĆԓɴҋXˇɴϡ˩ ŇӍףיнŴҡcҋӆ˰փµ7Ӎיƥҡc̻ҷձՁԦփµϡн́ҋփµƅԔ̑Ƿ ϡȰķףԽՍՀЏҡc̻ՁԦ7փµǷ փµн́xšփµѓˡףȍмѕПχȃĽ ףѺȰķͪНѨχӏ˦ÂփµƴϷϡɈЗҋXɚփµ 'ףիÂĦՁԦփµϡǷš ͇Ɋ֙סʅż˩Ԉף2007ע ՀЏփµχӫBȭՋϏƥҡcƦŋ̻0П, ̂ףՌȉ՟țֽ͛ŋĢΥʗӰϡ҇ ȦcƄDŽc'ףȍŵֽѠϡ՟ț̑ŵϡȍɛ˰Ɋ ףƘ͖0П˾ź̐ƘΥҋ՟ ț7տŵփµϡɘְףѩșυġŵϡɹыʂȻףӗDžǯѨҭϑփµχӫʿӓĖ7տ ϪNփµףʿӓ՟ț˾źB̐ƘΥҋ0Пŵϡփµ ףѩփµȉ̐˾ƥҡc̻, ϡթӇɴף0Пȭ̐ƘΥҋ՟țŵϡփµףѩȍ՟țB̐̑ŵϡֽ͛˰Ɋףչ͖̋ ϰӏҡc̻ɹыҋҡc˩Ň,ťĩփµϡɘְ ף̰̈;ס2005צǡǷDZף2001̃̈́צ Зբ ƽף2000צGu, Hung, & Tse, 2008עũDŽϳГʱġףփ˱,ƝҋџƝхχ cƥПχȍ՟țϡÀփµƥĖȊ̻шпϡȥϗףϳГϝυ,ƝƥՋԫDžǼ˳ҋ֘ 0ѡףԽՍ҇ʐΥ,ɩϡшпӨ̦ϳГϝυףՀЏƴϷϡփµҋÀϪNXѕƥ, ƝƦŋ,ףϪȍϡџƝхχťĩՀЏփµÀԖҋǼȾ0 ѡϡ͡©Ӈ¥ϡ͖צDŽףՀЏ xփµϡγǷЛѨĊ͉ςԫףҭxƺՇə͖ӢϱƴϷϡÀփµףĬ˾ԫ˺ֿġ υ˱,Ɲ (Chua, Morris, & Ingram, 2008)ѩũϪϳГʱġףԽՍӨ̦,Ɲ282ҷ ˟cƆƥͿԋƅ̻ҷ̻,ףϳГϝυӳȃփµϡϩˀɘְȨƶҼυšĖѺĴƄţʉѺ ĴצǯѨ՚ӳȃЉʢКίϡΝΦϋƹףĒůŬxхϑ˝ƍȨƶшп'ףԽՍփµшϡ ɈЗףПχcƆŬxħϏփµϡȃ˲ƥ̻ƶƯ,ɣĩϪȍħϣ ͖DŽףПχѨʉӟӢ Ӵĩփµϡ̅֫ףņʮϪN7տѡĽƄ֘ՋףϳГҼϸÂcփµшп ϡɈѝɝ̂. 23.
(40) Ռť,Ɲc͓Գ'ףė̑ξγϡˡϣšξγϡՋ͇Ɋ (Gu, Hung, & Tse, 2008) Ėrփ˱ҡcмѕϡփµŤŸχӫϳГףņʮʿӓϘtҡcϹ̐,ĒĔփµ ̻7мѕҋħϣփµcփµףԽՍӎӳŜĬՇҷDž˰֫ӳףӕөȍӾ0 Ӈխȍ13ҷ˟։Ɲ̐Ѳпcӕөʗɣԏ˫ףxšխȍ22̻ċšĒփĒůĒփɤ̻ cƆӕөʗɣԏ˫צϳГϝυ̷ףƝ͆ҋ˪ϡփµŤŸχӫȍ˱ϘtҡcϹ̐7 мӴҋħϣփµcփµϵėϪϘЎȻ7ӏըĴזסʎʃף2002צעĖ͎ףxփµ ŤŸχӫΥƴϷʿӓͽȝĐȜϡ̻ɤ̻cƆףҊΡ1188cLj֍1025cΥϳГȍӾף ϝυ͍ǣ0ѡԫΥŇףփµŤŸcɹŤŸoŌĢɒΦ̃̈́סЗբ ƽף2000ע չ͖ףŬɣϱυjҡc՟țҋ0ПϡփµɕɊ ףņʮ̑c֒ɹʀħϣփµšӎҔѡ ĽףӊΥɘְ՟țȍ0ПɭӤϡĮѝƘжף՟țȍ0Пϡԏΐ¬Ԗȍħϣփµҋֳɤ0 ПɭӤϡփµףėֿ̑ҥϡӨСˡ̢]ףȍӎҔѡĽҋ¬ֆ0ПɭӤϡփµףėֿ̑ҥ ϡӨСˡ̢סǡǷDZף2001עхϑԷ˩πʿӓŬϝυףփµχӫƥҡcмѕš,Ɲ ϡՀЏփµЪсףΧӫ˾̻ҋ̻Ƣտϡփµףʑ˾0Пҋ՟ț7տϡַȎփµ ŤŸףՠɪִԽՍՀЏփµшпɈЗ ףʫșț˱҇Ȧϡԏ̚ȃĴ. ()ìë/èF փ˱̆Ĵ͉Ī֫Ÿףϑ˱ՍŞԫȒϳГӓӫףDž˨˩πԽՍՀЏ̆Ĵʑǣѻϡ˰ ɊףxɕʏՀЏмѕϡփµƬʂףɤՍŞҊΡ͚ŭʿГŬɣϱףՍŞҊΡƦ˰ԽՍՀЏ חՎȰмѕнϥ͇ɊףxɕʏՀЏ̆Ĵҋǣѻϡмѕн́ צĖrмѕç˾˟Ⱥԃ ƢšƦ˰ЪBՠԽՍחՎмѕϡɋՇ ףɤ,οŤϘħϣšńнףՀЏ̆Ĵ͉Ī֫Ÿ ȃ֒ȧąˬҥҊΡƦ˰ͦסćף2004̜צɖʈף2006̡צլǴף2005צƝ֦ף2004צ ɖʁף2005̷צˮף2001צԠͦҜף1997צKau, 1996צעҊΡ҇ɤ1980ȳɟףƝͤ ךΥчʰˡѺƥсͰ͉ƒƴϷףLjժϡмѕփµшԦƥ˟Ͱ̑ʢȢϡхέªɤփ µƥҊΡϡхΟƬʂףƔŝϡˁĪҋȌͧӢŵףƝͤךħϏҠқ˟ͰŞ˔ɉ͍Ĵ̋ף. 24.
(41) ĶĊլ͍˟ͰҋחՎՇѩɘְͤ0Ī ףԽՍ̑ˡϡĢե͍ĴƦхΟҋԏΐףƥ Ʀ˰ЪК˰֫ףԽՍ̻ʑƋcϡլˊףũ˰֫ԽՍחՎϡ̆ĴҋѻԶ¢ĖՏʏ ϨϡףѩЪ̡ЗϡͤՇךB̑Ϫŵϡγɴ ף¢мѕƬʂϡփµ͇ɊՋףxՏĩ ԏΐĔ_ϡмѕŁĴƬʂ ףͺҷ˱Ъ7տ(Chin, 2003; Kau, 1996) ʿГՍŞҊΡƦ˰ȰՍŞ7ϝș ֔ףҥϹ̐˟ͰхΟϡӻՖףƀυDž͈Ňҋ ʏջŇףƦ˰Ъ]ɤͤƝŌPȳվǝ(ך˟ףparty)ҋЪ(faction)7Nļףƥ͚͎ϡ ҍՍЎ,ףąĢՋϏªɤփµɜЈ0ѡc֒шпҠқš֛ ЪМχӫףԲՃҌԝҋ˘ɑͤצƝ
(42) ֢ȳtɟ̗̋ףϑ˱ՀЏγ͚͝ŭ̳~ףƦ ˰ȰҋƦ˰Ъƴ˱Nɻփµ֫˰ףƦ˰ЪcβΥ֭ƛЂΐҋ͍Ł ףå˱ Ȳ˿ȔϪNmĊƦ˰˟хЪףҍ˿̋ϑחՎĢǩŐķÆcԉЂт͂šąϘ½պ Мķļצũ˰֫ףƦ˰ȰcǁΥчӸš˘ɑJ̻ѩԾΛҋƦ˰ЪϪNńŴ ף ό҈ϩˀşʏΥ˟ͰcβףȎ҉חլ˟ͰΥҊΡƦŋ˟ͰхΟЪ7υӾ̜ס ɖʈף2006̡צլǴף2005צɖʁף2005̷צˮף2001עԽՍՍŞ˩πϰӏףՍ ŞƦ˰ЪΥϵ½Ԏ7ʏĵƵզςףɋՇȰŁĴՇҷӸϧףϵȃΥϪϘ̑ˡ7ʘ ͟ף¢ɣƴȚ˟͍ԾΛġυחϹ̐ŇףƥחՎńн˟Ǻό҈mĊųֲҍףơҭ˟Ͱ ͍ףȱֵůͲףxħĖԼՙͰDzƐŤэšɤJγǷхΟļϡ½Ӹ× ףϳГϝυȔ ƥƦ˰ЪҋחՎϡĔύփµϝșףƦ˰ЪҋȰмŴƥҊΡϡυӾBԟ¥ԟȭӈ סɖʁף2004צעό҈ԽՍחՎȰϡӸґףʑחՎԽՍҍΗϟ'ףԽՍՀЏ˟Ͱ ȷӸxοŤϘħϣףĖ,ņʮայȨջѐȨӷ̐ӷƆ͕İӷջףšĖ,njͤɿt ҼϢ˾ǘ͖ף̝˩זס2007צԠͦҜף1997ע չ͖ףϰӏĩҊΡƥͤ0˟ͰϡϝșՍЎ, ףĖȃȧɋՇLjժחՎǩmĊ˟Ƽ ף ό҈şΗϟף¢ҊΡϹ̐ҋ˟ͰՋɕʏγ͝ϡփµн́ ףϨĮҊΡחլЪ̏Ɣթ ̏κνϡҊ,ѐ̡֡ѐƑѡѐȘ̟ѐ̀זסʃף2005עγĦ˾ՍŞƝͤךջ̗ ƥƦ˰Ъϡхέ҇ףΩƥƦ˰ϡcѼփµ˾֩ȭϡɒLjףϪȍϡͤՇךƥɟƦ. 25.
(43) ˰ЪԯŸȌͧ˛ʰףՀЏ͍ĴԏΐҋħϣϡĢե˻Ȏ҉ϪN7տϡփµώύ צƝͤ ךƥՍŞB˾ԽՍƿ˯ԏΐ'ףԽՍĢեԏΐҋƦ˰ЪXˇ ħϣxĢեųм7տϡ͍ һփµסơ2-1ףעγĦ˾ƥϘƦҍ˿̗ƝͤךԽՍՀЏ˰ɊчʰсͰ 'ףӛơ˔ё ҋɘְϘƦJĽח ףՎŁĴBmĊȌͧħϣף֫˰ףƝͤךҋԃƢտNϪŴףũ ˰֫ףԃƢBħϏЗͲǠƆϦϯ˟ȺףΥͧύǫɪ֥Ӈҋ˟Ⱥ̑фтփµ͖ףDŽחף ՎBħϏŁĴΔĊ˟ͰЪс'ˁĪƦ˰ ףΩѩՀƥҊΡՀЏυjͤ0ϡϋƹףԽՍų ŁĴϡļƆҋփµϡɈЗŬӥ˾υjͤ0Ňϡȭʂ (Chin, 2003; Kuo, 2000). N 2-1. êárØRÎTÆk å¶æ$ÇN. TÆAk. ÂâÈÛ. C)Õ. w\¶@ 6Îry. â» Ýã êár. ØR ½)Õ. ԏ˫¥ΐץѣӶ҇ǯѨ Chin(2003). 26.
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