National Sun Yat-sen University Institutional Repository:Item 987654321/30965
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(2) ¬Èø\½®0((ï£ÿ P ñ I Prediction and Modeling of Reverberation in Ocean Waveguide Near Taiwan(I). ix¹ßÙ Æ»ñ .ì*@~X H»Iº»§I*s"]n.)®Üà ƧÜèÞO×`×^ÜèÞOèÞ`ëè×^ i_rNSC 92-2623-7-110-001. @~W ×. ÜèëOë`ëè×^ 1.
(3) ` Íi ]Û3y"D¬È!½®0(ή(Ý® ÞJÍi5ëO &OÆ¥FAì 1. Ï×O ÜèÞO
(4) ®¥F3yZ¤/)§¡ÿP x |C¢ã±ö½»jÎ.@ £]® 0@~x5 ( ÿP]° 2. ÏÞO ÜèëO ¥F3yx¬È!½@ Xm é£]2Σ]|-® @óë µA¬ @ßæ ãn?( ÿa5 3. ÏëO Üè°O @½ @?£]5xÎû[ Ý£ JÍiW ¡TÈñ(@?5 æ-y^¡ @O5 "D¬È!½(
(5) ®.
(6) ê Ï×a bn(ÝÃÍÌF 1.1 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 (ù RL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 bn DSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 «( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 bn SBSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v. ÏÞa §¡ÿP 2.1 Õ·«÷ §¡ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 ή]PÝ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.2 \&ö° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Õ·&«X®ß (Î . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 «ÎÙX®ß ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ïëa @£]. 1 2 5 6 6 10 12 12 13 14 16 17 19. i.
(7) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4. @ ½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @£] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (£] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 èÎP² . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Î>5µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.3 2ÎDÕ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ï°a óÂÿa5 4.1 ®0 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 ²¸ú®0 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ï"a ¡¡@~. 19 20 20 24 24 24 26 28 28 33 41. ii.
(8) %ê 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2.1 3.1. 3.2 3.3 3.4. Îl(Gr [47] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ήXï ÕÝi b[Y÷ . . . . . . . . . . eN Y÷ ú ; . . . . . . . . . . . eN Y÷ ú £ ; . . . . . . . . . . . ®@&«®à ¿¢î% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . «÷ ú £b[®{ ; . . . . . . . . . . ÷ ú á ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ÿP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @ î%îù5ì%îÎÙ2Î DÕ@2FÍNË + ýî Ý` û 10 5ÖÝù` ëýî CTD Ýãø2F Ïrkàp (VLA) Ý2F . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Hz (@H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5kHz (@H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850 Hz @?£] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii. 2 3 4 5 7 9 9 13. 21 22 22 23.
(9) @£] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 øß«%î% ø>ì% ]' . . . . . . 3.7 Ï 158 K^X?ÿÎ>5µ% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 ÎÙH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 ÎÙH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 RMS 0.01 m ®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 RMS 0.1 m ®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 RMS 0.5 m ®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 RMS 1.0 m ®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7 RMS=0.01 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` . . . . 4.8 RMS=0.1 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 4.9 RMS=0.5 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 4.10 RMS=1.0 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 4.11 L 2 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( . . . . . . . . 4.12 L 5 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( . . . . . . . . 4.13 L 100 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( . . . . . . . 4.14 RMS=0.01 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` . . . . 4.15 RMS=0.1 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 4.16 RMS=0.5 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 4.17 RMS=1.0 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` . . . . . 3.5. 3.5 kHz. iv. 23 25 26 29 29 30 31 31 32 32 32 33 33 34 34 35 35 35 36 36.
(10) 0.01 m ²¸ú®0( . . . . . . . . . . . 4.19 RMS 0.1 m ²¸ú®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.20 RMS 0.5 m ²¸ú®0( . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.21 RMS 1.0 m ²¸ú®0( . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4.18 RMS. v. 37 38 39 40.
(11) ê 3.1. ¿à SR 3 1.7 km X?Ý£]XDռݢó |C¡Ù (PPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vi. 27.
(12) Ï×a bn(ÝÃÍÌF 3xÎûÙãÎûXë Ýήº. &xêýÎÝ÷ Fê®ß(Ýeÿ ¯hË([Tð3®0®ßv« 3 ñ¢X®ß/¯[T× ãy([TÎÙÝWÑ f.hAxÎûÎÙ´úJ(XCWÝeÿ ¯ø ÷( ¯§×ÝÎûÝE®ûÒh˵×Ë®ßJ¡Î ¦úÎÙT3#[´KPÃy;ÎûÝE®[hÛÌ å×y( ÎûÙ (reverberation-limited sonar system) 3õ(CW(Ý.ô5WËvÍ×Ì ( (volume reverberation)¨×vÌ «( (surface reverberation)(xμiÝ&xêýÎXCWÝ/¯[T »A3^?^ xêýÎieNi ßÎ ÷ · (Deep Scattering Layer, DSL) J &xêýΫ(x Îãyõ&«À«XCWÝ/¯®àÎlÝ (GrA% 1.1 Xî [47] (4&ãixêýÎX0l¬Î
(13) §Ä
(14) §êýÎ8 1.
(15) % 1.1: Îl(Gr [47]. «.hÕ(Ý]°Õêýúv« [48] . . σt B02 TS = 10 log 2d 4πrref t σ ≡ 10 log , dB//rref 2 4πrref. (1.1). îPσ Ì 5Y÷ ^« (differential back-scattering cross section)Í L σ ≡ σt. B02 dt. (1.2). |ìÞ¿àP (1.1) 5½.0Êàyà(«( 2 P!`Þ"DCW( x.ô 1.1. (. 3iήÂÕP²8!ݲ²»Aõb^ (marine organism)â3i ¼#x (thermal microstructure) Þ®ß÷ WÎû/¯3Ê5 ݵìA N î3ÎûXï Õb[Y÷ V / À÷ óêA% 2.
(16) fe qe. ct 2. % 1.2: ήXï ÕÝi b[Y÷ . X'N×÷ Y÷ ^« σvBh ! 8 (incoherent)J9°&xêýÎÝúÌ (êý ú|îW 1.2. . . Nσ TSv = 10 log , dB//rref 2 4πrref. (1.3). 3h n ÷ ÛùÇ/÷ ÝóêJ3 V /÷ ÝÀó N = n V .h v. v. . . nv V σ TSv = 10 log 2 4πrref à ! nv σrref V = 10 log + 10 log 3 , dB//rref 4π rref. (1.4) (1.5). îP\ÝÏ×4Ì Y÷ úù (volume backscattering strength level)h4ÛãõXâ÷ óÝ9>XX ÏÞ4Ì Y÷ ù (back-scattering volume level)h 4ãÎûÙ P²XX | r = 1 m ¢Â¬ m = n σ îY÷ ú¨²% 1.2 |:Y÷ V ref. r2 Ωe cτ V = 2 3. v. v. (1.6).
(17) 0. DEPTH, ft. NIGHT. 1500. DAY. 3000 -80. -70. -60. -50. 10 log(m v / 4p), dB//1 m. % 1.3: eN Y÷ ú ;. îPr 5'ûÒΩ ®@ [ñτ ´Þ |î9°8nPáP (1.5) ÿ e. Ã. . !. . mv r2 Ωe cτ TSv = 10 log + 10 log , dB//1 m 4π 2. (1.7). îP\Ï×4ÇÎY÷ ú (Volume Back-Scattering Strength, VBSS) % 1.3 % 1.4 5½ eN Y÷ ú £ ; % 1.3 |:eN ½^bSÝ;hÛãyä|îß Ýb^ LSÝn;¨²% 1.4 î÷ ú £ ;n;3± ½î÷ ú £| f Ý]P¦hÛ ¿÷ (Rayleigh scattering)tÂ3erM£
(18) ®ß¡ Ç ìª ¡3{ ½J1¹×îìMÝ¿íðó |î.0/^bÊ5 .ô35 ®0(uSà «;J3i¿]'XÝ=)¢% 1.2*ÞãæÝ rφ ; Rφ 3kà]'JãæÝ rθ ; D Ì b[÷ 4. e. e. e. 4. e.
(19) 100. mv m v max , %. 80 60 40 20 0. 1. 3. 10. 30. 100. f, kHz. % 1.4: eN Y÷ ú £ ;. { (effective scattering height)Þ9°PáP (1.7) ÿ5 ®0(êýú Ã. !. Ã. !. mv Rφe De cτ TSv = 10 log + 10 log , dB//1 m 4π 2. 1.2. (ù RL. (1.8). v. A!Ê( ¯× ã(XCWÝ/¯Ú E*rÝ×Ë WQ( ¯(3P²îQbÝ!u|xÎ ûÌFÚ J3Îû
(20) (ù (volume Reverberation Level, RL ) v. RLv = SL(0) − 2TL + TSv. (1.9). ãy(Û.ÎûXë Î@ï Õ “êýΔ ¡B÷ F/ Îû v«ìÎû E® .h([ñ Ω p[ ñ Ω 8!v®@!' (copointed).h¡3Gp T¡p(ù/ P (1.9) XîX|¡p ¯ù (post-array n. e. 5.
(21) noise level). NLNpa = RLv = SL(0) − 2TL + TSv. (1.10). ùÇp¦Ç ë (AG=0) 1.3. bn DSL. @~îCW(Ýx.ôÛÙyi÷ ·DSL i÷ ·3õûÅD3vãißÎ÷/3×RXW9° ÷ ·bݺ OîTìS;ùyóè2M îû2M¬3^ K1¹ü bni÷ ·ÝZ ¤&ð²°@~]Pô9»A¢ãrçiï8µß Ì?/¯"?¬ÎEyxWi÷ ·ÝßÎËv*) Ρ qA&9@~Ý!î3÷ ·Î®÷ bnÝßÎË vÀuTeÑiÒvΧ¢_XvÎ (Copepods) ¬ ÎÛQNñ]2MGV 0.05 w÷ ·Ey£ÝDTù ×+y 1 kHz 20 kHz ÝDTú9vP× !JDT^ ×x. M20 kHz |î ÷ ú £¦vV 3 – 5 dB/octave 1.4. «(. «ÛCW®0Fê«(Ý.ôLÍΫ(Ey «ùw ÎûE®b¥ÝÅ(ãy«í Õ· 6.
(22) q0 qe rqe tan q 0 r. ct 2. ct 2 cos q 0. % 1.5: ®@&«®à ¿¢î%. «.hήÂÕË&«¡º®ß÷ ÷ I ÞF/Î ûCW(th ²ÒV«×Î/Ýi.âb9¼ .hùCW(Ý.ô ×4Q¼X®ßÝ(T (¬ÎãyH#«|lp|«( 5.h× Þ Í[T«(×R (8««(êýÎ÷ úîW . . ns Sσ TSs = 10 log 2 2πrref à ! ns σ S = 10 log + 10 log 2 , dB//rref 2π rref. (1.11) (1.12). îPn &«÷ Û S ®@&«#ÇÝ«ùÌ b[(« (effective reverberation surface)«Ï×4 «Y ÷ úù (surface back-scattering strength level)ÏÞ4 Y÷ «ù (back-scattering surface level)Âÿ¥Ý\Ï×45 P 5Ò 2π & 4πhÛ. ήEy&«Ý÷ ©Íè 3Ê5 ݵì®@&«#ÇݵA% 1.5 Xî %î|:®@&«#Ç ^« C 8Eb s. cτ 2. 7. rθe tan θ0.
(23) nÝ¿¢n;ÿ S=. rφe cτ , 2 cos θ0 2 r Ωe , sin θ0. cτ 2 cτ 2. < >. rθe tan θ0 rθe tan θ0. (1.13). îPφ Ω 5½ÎÎ@3i¿]'Ý[ù|C[ñù ÞP (1.13) áP (1.12)¬ n σ = m î&«÷ ú! `| 1 m ¢ûÒJP (1.12) îW e. e. s. Ã. !. ms TSs = 10 log + 2π. . s. ¶ rφe cτ 2 cos θ0 , µ ¶ 2 10 log r Ωe , sin θ0 µ. 10 log. cτ 2 cτ 2. <. rθe tan θ0. >. rθe tan θ0. (1.14). îP\ÏÞ4 Ï×PÊàyi¿'ÎûÏÞPÊykà 'ÎûÏ×4Ì «Y÷ ú (Surface Back-Scattering Strength, SBSS) % 1.6 % 1.7 5½ «÷ ú γ = f h sin θ ;C ÷ ú á ` θ Ý;h b[®{ (significant wave height)γ à«Õ·8Ey£Ý¢óË%èº «Y÷ ú SBSS Ê5 ¨é`Eyi¿'ÎûùÇ®@Ð) < `J r θ 5½| R i¿Fû C θ ®@3&«Ý ` ãÇ.h«(êýú cτ 2. rθe tan θ0. 0. s. Ã. !. Ã. Rφe cτ ms + 10 log TSs = 10 log 2π 2 cos θs. !. (1.15). Eykà'Îû5 ¨é¬Î¥.hP (1.14) Ï ÞP)Qb[ y«(ù (surface Reverberation Level, RL )ÍP² (ùv«.h©Þ TS | TS ãÇùÇ s. v. s. RLs = SL(0) − 2TL + TSs 8. (1.16).
(24) SURFACE SCATTERING STRENGTH 10 log(ms /2p), dB. 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 0.1. 2. 5. 1.0. 2. 5. 10. 2. 5. 100. 2. 5. 1000. g = f h sin q, kHz-ft. % 1.6: «÷ ú £b[®{ ;. 10 log(mb /2 p ), dB. 0. ROCK. -10. SAND -20 SILT-MUD -30. -40 0. 30. 60. q. % 1.7: ÷ ú á ; 9. 90.
(25) !`¡p ¯ùù8«ùÇ NLNpa = RLs − AG = RLs. (1.17). ð p¦Çù ë 1.5. bn SBSS. bny«T÷ ú @~×àÎiÎ.bnÕ·&« ÷ ®Þ ¥@~xÞQãy÷ úÝ.á £Õ·«P²9Ë.ô².h^b×ÍÊà&ËϵÝ2 P|à bny«ÝY÷ úEckart [8]Chapman and Scott [2] è º×@à2P SBSSsea surface. tan2 θ = −10 log(8π% ) + 2.17 %2 2. (1.18). á `% õ«® í]E£ (mean-square slope)Cox and Munk [5] èºÕ % 2PAì θ. 2. 2. %2 = 0.003 + 5.12 × 10−3 v. (1.19). ±> (m/sec)P (1.18) Êày θ > 60 v£Pn¬2P Êy#Ñ'á ݵ ή#i¿á «`§¡îY÷ T#y# ë¬Î9@J@h`Y÷ ú¬#ëvµC £bnhÛ. 3«Ýi¼÷ Xl ¨×]«÷ ùÎCW( ¥.ôLÍÎ3y®0 ◦. v. 10.
(26) (3y®0ÎlÝ(«(Â( 5½ −80 dB−40 dB−25 dBî(Ý¥P ÷ Ý9²P² Aþ9ÔËv 9· x2bn¬× 8*2Ît¥.ô £±y 10 kHz `Y÷ £ 8µn;¬{y 10 kHz ÝήJ î9P²b¥8µn;Þ9ÔÝAQwQw© Y÷ £¦{¦V| 3 dB/octave Ý]P¦{Ey í âí T$ Q²J 60 kHz GY÷ ú£ 8nP{. 11.
(27) ÏÞa §¡ÿP ãyÍ@~|"DÌÕ·&« õ®0X®ßÝ( x.h 3Í;Þ/)×°Õ·«÷ Z¤Í| Kuperman and Schmidt [25] C Liu, Schmidt, and Kuperman [35, 34] Xs" §¡ ÿP ¥F9°§¡ÿPÞ® ¡£]5 xµA 2.1. Õ·«÷ §¡. Í;Þã Kueprman and Schmidt [25] Xs"bni¿5·+² Õ·&«÷ §¡Í(ÿPA% 2.1 X¢ã Mö]° (small amplitude perturbation method)x×]óÂºÕ ÿP|¿y"Dõè®Î® Fê (propagation) ÷ (scattering)( (reverberation) Ý®Þ Kueprman and Schmidt [25] Xs"ÝÿPæGÊàFÎÙÝ® Þ ¡Liu, Schmidt, and Kuperman [35, 34] ÞÿP;¨| "D=ÎÙÝÿP¬&;¨ÿP"Dõ« ¯3õ 12.
(28) x zs Surface Random Sources. c0 (z). Water. g Continuously varying sediment layer. r1(z). c1(z). c2. r2. z. % 2.1: (ÿP. (÷ (Ý®Þãyõ«ÝW×àÎõ( ¯Ý¥ ¼Ù.hÍ@~ùÞ"Dh×®Þ8n §¡ÿPù3h × Î®]PÝ ¢ãm¿fÎ5 (Fourier decomposition) Ý]P3i¿·;Ý ( ω >+]P (Helmholtz equation) Ý|î W 2.1.1. 1 Z 2 −j(k·r−ωt) − αi z d ke [χe i (k)e−αi z + χe + χi (r, z, t) = ], i (k)e 2π. (2.1). îPχ Ï i ·Î®ÝT (displacement potential) α α = k − K Ík = |k| i¿®ó (horizontal wavenumber) K = ω/c +²®ó3ø+²χ îDæ ® (compressional wave) T3ÄP+² (elastic medium) i q. i. 2. i. i. 2 i. i. i. 13.
(29) χ ëË®ÝT5½ÎDæ® φ(t, r, z)kàÁ; æ® (vertically-polarized shear wave) ψ(t, r, z)|Ci¿Á;æ® (horizontally-polarized shear wave) Λ(t, r, z) P (2.1) XÓ¨ÝPÛÎîÞή5WîF® (up-going wave) ìF® (down-going wave)ÍM»5½ χ (k) χ (k)9 °M»ÛÎ| k ¢óÝÎ ;ó¢ãή3\&îXÄ6Ð)Ý Î§fÀDæÉ=Ìß|xOÎáM»ÝaP Ù¬|5ºÕ B îW i. e+ i. e− i. i. Bi (χi;i+1 ) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., N − 1,. (2.2). îPN î+²Ý·óÀîìPM+² χ âÏ i ·Ï i + 1 ÎáM»Ý'¢ãm¿f»ðÌßÿ \&fÝaPÙAì i;i+1. f e∓ B i (k)χ i;i+1 (k) = 0, i = 1, 2, ..., N − 1,. îPχ. e∓ i;i+1 (k). (2.3). m¿f»ð¡ '. \&ö° EyÌbÕ·|CÕ·« 8Ey® WÝÕ· &«P (2.2) ¢ãö]° T" P BÄ.0 ÿÑÑ¡Ý\&fAì 2.1.2. Bi∗ (χi;i+1 ) = Bi (χi;i+1 ) + γ 0 ◦ bi (χi;i+1 ),. (2.4). îPγ(r) ë¿íÝÕ·&«Ðó γ Õ·«ÝVÐó (gradient)ºÕ b ÛÎ. 2ý»ðÿÍÛ«I»Ý 0. i. 14.
(30) Ðr ◦ /T² ãXy&«X5+²ÝP² P (2.4) ÝÑ@P O(γ) #½ÞÀÎ5W¿í (mean field) hχ i C÷ (scattered field) s ùÇ i. i. χi = hχi i + si. (2.5). îP÷ TÕ· γ 8!M¿àö]° |.0OÿO¿í÷ XmÐ)ÝaPÙ]PÞ Ý.0¢ Kuperman and Schmidt æ¡Z [25]O¿íÝ \&f . . hγ 2 i ∂ 2 f f B (k) + B (k) + I (k) + I (k) hχe ∓ i 1 2 i;i+1 (k)i = 0, i 2 2 ∂z. (2.6). îP÷ ºÕ I (k) I (k) 5½ LAì 1. 2. f ∂B hγ 2 i Z 2 i (q) d qPb (q − k) I1 (k) = − 2π ∂z f ∂ B (k) i f−1 ×B − j(q − k) ◦ ˜bi (k) , i (q) ∂z hγ 2 i Z 2 I2 (k) = − d qPb (q − k)j(q − k) ◦ ˜bi (k) 2π f ∂ B (k) i f−1 ×B − j(q − k) ◦ ˜bi (k) . i (q) ∂z. (2.7). (2.8). ¨×]«O÷ Ý\&f . 1 Z 2 d k˜ γ (q − k) 2π f ∂ B (k) i × − j(q − k) ◦ ˜bi (k) hχe ∓ i;i+1 (k)i. (2.9) ∂z. f B si;i+1 (q) = − i (q)˜. î]Phχ i s˜ 5½îÏ i i + 1 ¿í÷ ¿«®5ÝM» P (q) Õ·&« H (power spectrum) e∓ i;i+1. i;i+1. b. 15.
(31) Í LAì hγ 2 iPb (q) =. 1 Z 2 d rb N (rb )ejq·rb 2π. (2.10). PN (r ) = hγ(r )γ(r )i ÛÎÕ·« è nÐÐó (correlation function)vGËÍ#[F 8EHbnEHPn ùÇr = r − r b. b. 2.2. 0 b. b. b. 0 b. Õ·&«X®ß (Î. 3ö§¡ÝÚxì(΢ãP (2.9) OÿQ3óÂºÕ îQÎ8 ð`3Í;Þ|¨×]P.0Õ(ÎÝ b[ÿP ¢ãm¿f5ÝÌFÌß|Þ÷ îWì5P 1 si (r, z; rs , zs ) = − (2π)2. Z Z. d2 qd2 k γ˜ (q − k)ei (z, q)A(q, z, k)e−jq·(r−rs ). îPÎp A ì]PÝ f B i (q)A(q, z, k) =. f ∂B i (k) ∂z. (2.11) . − j(q − k) ◦ ˜bi (k) hχe ∓ i;i+1 (k)i.. (2.12). e (z, q) ÛÎ×âbkà5ÝEÎpùÇ i. ei (z, q) = diag[e−αi z , eαi z ].. (2.13). #½¢ãóðp = q − k]P (2.11) îW îP Z. I(p, z, r) =. 1 (2π)2. Z. d2 p γ˜ (p)I(p, z, r)e−jp·(r−rs ). (2.14). d2 kei (z, p + k)A(p + k, z, k)e−jk·(r−rs ). (2.15). si (r, z; rs , zs ) = −. 16.
(32) ¢ã]P (2.14)(Î è nÐÐó|îW hsi (r1 , z1 ; rs , zs )s∗i (r2 , z2 ; rs , zs )i = hγ 2 i Z 2 d pPb (p)I(p, z1 , r1 )I ∗ (p, z2 , r2 )e−jp·(r1 −r2 ) 3 (2π). (2.16). îP.0ÄÌß¿àÝìP². h˜ γ (p1 )˜ γ ∗ (p2 )i = 2πhγ 2 iPb (p1 )δ(p1 − p2 ). (2.17). Âÿ¥Ý]P (2.16) :«0îÝ5PQãy5/ IÝËÍ5P²8!Ý5PGb#[FÝ!. hJÍ5!°îÝ5hÛxWbÕ(ÎÝ¥ .ô 2.3. «ÎÙX®ß (. ãy« WÛÎõ(¥ÝÎÙ.hÍ;ùÞ ÝWÕ«ÎÙXCW(Ý8nÿP À ¯ è nÐÐó|îW Cωt (r1 , r2 , z1 , z2 ) = hχi (r1 , z1 )χ∗i (r2 , z2 )i ∗. = h(hχi i(r1 , z1 ) + si (r1 , z1 ))(hχi i (r2 , z2 ) + si ∗ (r2 , z2 ))i ∗. = hhχi i(r1 , z1 )hχi i (r2 , z2 )i +hsi (r1 , z1 )si ∗ (r2 , z2 )i,. (2.18). îPÐr (··) îE«XbÎÙ 5]P (2.18) Ï ×4ÏÞ45½î¿í÷ ø!8nÐó¨²Âÿ 17.
(33) ¥Ý¿í÷ ¶ À¿í ëhÛ. ë¿í ^ ÎÙ 'h¢ãP (2.19) CìP.0ÿ 1 hχi i(r, z) = 2π. Z Z. 1 (2π)2. Z Z. −jp·(r−rs ) d2 rs d2 p Sω (rs )ei (z, p)hχe ∓ . i;i+1 (p)ie. .0 ^=ÎÙX®ßÝ(.0FÎÙ(Î8«° .ÎÙ PM.hÄ6Bã5Oÿ si (r, z) = −. d2 rs d2 p Sω (rs )˜ γ (p)I(p, z, r)e−jp·(r−rs ). (Îè nÐÐó . hsi (r1 , z1 )si ∗ (r2 , z2 )i =. (2.19). 1 Z Z Z Z 2 0 2 00 2 d rs d rs d p1 d2 p2 4 (2π) ×hSω (r0s )Sω (r00s )˜ γ (p1 )˜ γ (p2 )i ×I(p1 , z1 , r1 )I ∗ (p2 , z2 , r2 ) 00. 0. ×e−jp1 ·(r1 −rs ) ejp2 ·(r2 −rs ) .. (2.20). îP.0ÄÛ' ^ÎÙÕ·« ^©P!8 ¢ã ×M.0]P (2.20) |;WìÿP ∗. hsi (r1 , z1 )si (r2 , z2 )i = hγ. 2. ihSω2 i. Z Z. d2 pd2 kPs (p + k)Pb (p). ×A(p + k, z1 , k)A∗ (p + k, z2 , k) ×e−jk·r. îPr = r. (2.21). hS i P (k) 5½« ¯Ùí]ú (mean-square strength) CÕ·«H t¡¢ãó»ðq = p + kÀÎ è nÐÐó 1. Cωt (¯r, z1 , z2 ). 2 ω. − r2. =. hSω2 i ½. Z. 2. b. d2 qPs (q). × hγ i. Z. d2 k[Pb (q − k)A(q, z1 , k) A∗ (q, z2 , k)] o. + 2πei (z1 , q)e∗i (z2 , q)|hχe i (q)i|2 e−j¯r·q . 18. (2.22).
(34) Ïëa @£] 3.1. @ ½. Í@~xÝêÝ3y"D®0(( ®Þ¬¢ã»I º»j)®
(35) y 2001 O35±ö½»jÎ.@ (Asian Seas International Acoustic EXperiment, ASIAEX)6Ý»j)®i ãL.O2oîl ªvûúõ@~o (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, SIO/UCSD) Ý@ ~$#3 (East China Sea) Æ@XÿÝ£]"D¬Èø \½( (Ý®Þ 3hÄ6¯Î3 ASIAEX »j)®i&]3¬Î 'TÆ8n@.hÍ@~Xm £]/ãx¹4@ ݪvûúõ@~o W.S. Hodgkiss Cr0Ý@~$#Xèº T¢ã£]5Ý¢x ASIAEX 3@ XÿÝ8 n£]5*Í@~Wx¢ã@~$#£]5² D¡ÿx¢Z¤ [20] 19.
(36) 3Ý@ A% 3.1 Xî@ y» n6]V 500 2¦Ý½î% 3.1 î%/XîÝ`aÇÎ SIO/UCSD ÆiÝ@~ù Melville y 2001 OÏ 149 K^ (Julian date, JD) 162 XBÝ5 ASIAEX. 3.2. @H. 3 ASIAEX bn(Ý@HA% 3.2 % 3.3 Xî% 3.2 Û Î|y 52 m ÝÎÙs £ 850 Hz Ý® (CW)¬| 75 m Ý VLA #[ tî#[F3 24.5 m ¨×£ 3.5 kHz Ý® (CW) Ý@HA% 3.3 Xî@| VLA ÝÏ 15 Í element ms¬#[Ëï@/òìÎû (monostatic sonar) @.h Õ·«Y÷ ( @ 3.3. @£]. 3.5 kHz XÝ (£]5½A% 3.4 C% 3.5 Xî% 3.4 áV 0.3 sec 0.8 sec GrÛÎ((Xl 0.8 sec ¡T ( ¯.hu|h£CWÕ·«( P V 0.8/2 × 1500 = 600 m ûÒbn 3.5 kHz GrÍHM 850 Hz 8- 20 dBh×Tò lÑý0 850 Hz. 20.
(37) Shanghai. East China Sea. China. ASIAEX 2001 JD158 Autonomous Receive Array and Source Tow 29.68. VLA CTD Ship track. End 04:43. 29.675. Latitude (deg), N. 29.67 29.665 29.66 29.655 29.65. 08:20 05:47. 29.645 126.77. 126.78. 126.79 126.8 Longitude (deg), E. 01:23. Start 03:13 126.81. % 3.1: @ î%îù5ì%îÎÙ2ÎDÕ@2FÍ NË + ýî Ý` û 10 5ÖÝù` ëýî CTD Ýã ø2FÏrkàp (VLA) Ý2F 21.
(38) % 3.2: 850 Hz (@H. % 3.3: 3.5kHz (@H 22.
(39) % 3.4: 850 Hz @?£]. % 3.5: 3.5 kHz @£] 23.
(40) 3.4. (£]. ¿y(ÿa£]5t¿à¨X?ÝÎ>5µCÍ@ Xÿ 8n2ÎP²²¬Þ¿à Huang and Hodgkiss syZ¤ [20] 2ÎDÕ® (ÿaÝà èÎP² 3 2000 O ASIAEX ÝG0@Bartek ¿à chirp sonar C watergun [43]jEZ 28 – 30 B 126 30 – 128 Ý ½ è ÎP²Ý"?"?î@ S·Ó¨Ë·Ý·; xî· «ì 1 2 m Ý transgressive systems tract (TST) ·ì·J ;¨ 5 8 m Ý sequence boundary (SB)¨ ×]«ã Miller ®9²2øÝ5î· Î>V V 1600 m/s ÝwQ (mud-sand) [43] 3.4.1. ◦. ◦. ◦. 0. ◦. Î>5µ 3Í@5½|Kéøß« (ADCP) C Âá (CTD) ?øÝß«CiÝiZP²iZP²Bã»ðÿÕÎ >ß« ADCP Ï 158 158.25 K^X?i 30 100 m Ýøß «A% 3.6 Xîs /#[Î`ðøÝ߫ϵ3% 3.6 |vfî%î|:3@ÝÄøÝ]' P'V 1 m/sh×úøÞl¸ VLA ®ßHE iÝÎ>ß«Û¢ã CTD ?Ï 158 K^?ëgXÿÝÎ 3.4.2. 24.
(41) Depth (m). 40 U (m/s). 60. 0.6. 80. 0.4 0.2. 100 0. 1. 2. 3 Time (hours). 4. 5. 6. N. % 3.6: øß«%î% ø>ì% ]' 25.
(42) 0 10 20 30 Depth (m). 40 50 60 70 80. CTD0123 CTD0547 CTD0820. 90 100. 1518. 1520. 1522. 1524 SSP(m/s). 1526. 1528. 1530. % 3.7: Ï 158 K^X?ÿÎ>5µ%. >5µA% 3.7 XîCTD0123 @a Û µ' VLA `X? CTD0547 Ìa CTD0820 FÌa 5½ys Î ¡Ý 1 ` 4 `¡X?%î|:3ê«Ý ½ií 8)µ3á· (thermocline layer) Î>5µÓ¨ % ÝåWϵiy 75 m ¡J¿{Âÿ¥Ýî 9ËÎ>5µxEyy 47 m ÝÎÙÞº®ßÎa'ì5 ÝFêÿPX|º®ßÃÝ8!®à 2ÎDÕ ¿àûÒ SR 3 1.7 km X?Ý£]¬¢ã SAGA [14] XDÕ¼ Ý¢ó|C¡Ù (PPD)A 3.1 Xî 3.1 átÝ α C ρ ²I Ý¢óKÈbýÝï£Â 3.4.3. sed. sed. 26.
(43) 3.1: ¿à SR 3 1.7 km X?Ý£]XDռݢó|C¡Ù (PPD) ¢ó DÕ ¿í ýãSR (m). 1714. 1714. 16. SD (m). 48.3. 48.4. 0.2. WD (m). 105.4. 105.4. 0.6. 1.3. 1.3. 0.1. θ (deg). -6.02. -6.02. 0.08. csed (m/s). 1585. 1588. 7. ∆c (m/s). 74. 43. 24. d (m). 10. 10. 3. αsed (dB/λ). 0.28. 0.2. 0.1. ρsed (g/cm3 ). 1.8. 1.8. 0.2. EOF 1. 6.3. 6.1. 0.6. EOF 2. -2.2. -2.0. 0.6. EOF 3. -1.6. -1.7. 0.7. b (m). 27.
(44) Ï°a óÂÿa5 ¢ãÏÞaX.0Ý(§¡¬¿àiκÕ8 OASES [40]Í aÞ|ÏëaXÿ @?C2ÎDÕXÿ ®0(¬| 850 Hz xÿa®0 (¨×]« f´®0(E( Å( ÍaùÞ¸à;ÿPùDz¸ú®0 (Pekeris waveguide). ÿaf´ 4.1. ®0 (. ®0A% 3.2 XîÍCW( .ôÛÎ. Õ·&« Y÷ Xl.h3ÿaÄÞ|Õ·« P² x" D¢ó bnÎÙÞ|@jÎÙú ÿaÃãÍH5½A% 4.1 % 4.2 Xî bnÕ·« à3h|{H (Gaussian spectrum) îÍ XÌbÝÙ¢óÀí]q{ (RMS height) CnÐ (Correlation 28.
(45) % 4.1: ÎÙH. % 4.2: ÎÙH 29.
(46) ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.01 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.3: RMS 0.01 m ®0(. 0.5. −100. qA@~î¿íxåÕÕ·«í]q{Å( ÷ º!`åÕí]q{CnÐÝÅ(.h3hÞ|h Þ¢ó"D®0E(ÝÅ( % 4.3–% 4.6 L = 5 m RMS 5½ 0.01 m0.1 m0.5 m1.0 m (9×Ýî Õ·« í]q{¦` (ú ¦úîÕ·«í]{Ey(b¥ÝÅ( ¨×]«uÎÕ·&«×¢óXÿÝ@?£]f ´J`×f´|.£¨Õ·&« í]q{V+y 0.1–0.5 m hסù% 4.7–% 4.10 µÝ× Ý` %: % 4.11–% 4.13 RMS 0.5 mnÐ5½ L 2 m5 m10 m Ý9°î nЦ` ùÇ ^B3 Length) L. 30.
(47) ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.1 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. −100. 0.5. % 4.4: RMS 0.1 m ®0( ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.5 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.5: RMS 0.5 m ®0( 31. 0.5. −100.
(48) ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 1 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. −100. % 4.6: RMS 1.0 m ®0( RD = 53 m; RMS = 0.01 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.7: RMS=0.01 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` RD = 53 m; RMS = 0.1 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.8: RMS=0.1 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` 32. 0.5.
(49) RD = 53 m; RMS = 0.5 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.9: RMS=0.5 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` RD = 53 m; RMS = 1 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.10: RMS=1.0 m#[ 53 m Xÿ ` . J(úP/ 3±u@?£]% 3.4 f´J| £Õu RMS | 0.5 m £ÕJ{H nÐV 2 m ¨²u;#[ 99 m9% 4.14– % 4.17 ×Ý îh`.#[Fê.hGrÕ¾#[FÝ` f 53 m \ 4.2. ²¸ú®0 (. Ý¡Î>5µE( Å(3h|×;(¼ÿa(h ×;( í8i·Ý²¸ú®0 % 4.18–% 4.21 5½ Õ·«í]q{ 0.01 m0.1 m0.5 m1.0 m Xÿ (ú9°î í]{` »A0.01 m (fí8®03¬Î í]q{´`(Çf 33.
(50) ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.5 m; L = 2 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90. −90. 100 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. −100. 0.5. % 4.11: L 2 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.5 m; L = 10 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90. −90. 100 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.12: L 5 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( 34. −100.
(51) ASIAEX. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.5 m; L = 100 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. −100. 0.5. % 4.13: L 100 mRMS 0.5 m ®0( RD = 99 m; RMS = 0.01 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.14: RMS=0.01 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` RD = 99 m; RMS = 0.1 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.15: RMS=0.1 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` 35. 0.5.
(52) RD = 99 m; RMS = 0.5 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. 0.5. % 4.16: RMS=0.5 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` RD = 99 m; RMS = 1 m. Amplitude. 0.01 0.005 0 −0.005 −0.01. 0. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 Time (sec). 0.3. 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.17: RMS=1.0 m#[ 99 m Xÿ ` . úî®0FêùE(b¥ÝÅ(. 36. 0.5.
(53) Pekeris weaveguide. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.01 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.18: RMS 0.01 m ²¸ú®0(. 37. 0.5. −100.
(54) Pekeris weaveguide. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.1 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.19: RMS 0.1 m ²¸ú®0(. 38. 0.5. −100.
(55) Pekeris weaveguide. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 0.5 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.20: RMS 0.5 m ²¸ú®0(. 39. 0.5. −100.
(56) Pekeris weaveguide. Normal Stress. Point Source. Scattered Field F = 850 Hz; SD = 53.3 m; RR = 0 m; RMS = 1 m; L = 5 m. 10 20 30. Depth (m). 40 dB. 50. −40. 60. −50 −60. 70 −70. 80 −80. 90 100 0. −90. 0.05. 0.1. 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 0.3 Time (sec). 0.35. 0.4. 0.45. % 4.21: RMS 1.0 m ²¸ú®0(. 40. 0.5. −100.
(57) Ï"a ¡¡@~ ÍiÍO @~Û3¿à±ö½»jÎ.@£]"Dy ®0( (®Þ|® Ji 0i ÍO@~W¡À • x|Õ·« (^×Xm §¡ÿP§¡ÿPÊà y"DÌÕ·&«Ýi¿·;((ݮި×]«ù ;¨"D«= ^ÎÙXCWÝ(®Þ • Í@~¿à¨×2ÎDÕ@XÿÝ õ(ÿaÝ Ã¬¿à¨Î.8 OASES5(£] • £]î850 Hz @ (ùV+y -20 dB – -50 dB âPV 600 m – 800 m • Í@~|5@Xÿ 850 Hz (£] x¢ãóÂÿ a5"DÕ·«í]q{Cè nÐEy(Ý Å(5î@ Õ·« í]q{V+ y 0.1 m – 0.5 m è nÐV+y 2 m– 10 m 41.
(58) Íi#
(59) ®3y @ óë5¬H@ßæ êGÑ 2ÎP² ã|Cé£][/¨×]«. ßæÜ ãn. 42.
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