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第二次期中考英文

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第一部分 單選題: 1-56 題,共 65 分,由電腦閱卷

I. Listening 16% (1-10 題,每題 1 分; 11-13 題,每題 2 分) <Part A> Best Response 最佳回應句

Choose the best response to each question or statement. 1. A. I know. I am too young to pay bills.

B. I know. I am a very lucky guy. C. I know. I don’t like the job at all. D. I know. I don’t think I need a job.

2. A. Does he make a lot of money right now? B. So, how fast can he run to the store? C. So, how long has he been unemployed? D. Does he still like to read to little kids? 3. A. Thanks. I like to exercise when I wear it.

B. Thanks. I feel beautiful when I wear it. C. Thanks. I just finished our big project. D. Thanks. I just gained a few pounds. 4. A. Here, try this one. It’s not as tough.

B. Here, try this one. It’s not as spicy. C. Here, try this one. It’s not as soft. D. Here, try this one. It’s not as salty.

5. A. People think he should stop spending money. B. People think he is a very smart man.

C. People don’t like his wife at all. D. People don’t believe a word he says. <Part B> Short Conversation 簡短會話

Listen to the conversations. Then choose the best answer for each question. 6. A. Because she lost the game.

B. Because she left him. C. Because she cheated. D. Because she fell asleep. 7. A. Because the traffic is terrible.

B. Because she doesn’t like to spend money. C. Because she doesn’t like to drive.

D. Because the scooter is not working.

8. A. Because Sue’s best friend doesn’t like the first four cakes. B. Because Sue enjoys spending time in the kitchen.

C. Because Sue needs five cakes for a big party. D. Because the first four cakes didn’t turn out right. 9. A. She thinks it’s a proven fact.

B. She thinks it’s just a joke. C. She thinks it’s wise counsel. D. She thinks it’s a crazy belief. 10. A. It’s probably true.

B. It’s really funny. C. It’s completely false. D. It’s an old legend.

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<Part C> Short Talk 短文

Listen to the passage. Then choose the best answer for each question. 11. A. They can replace foods you don’t like.

B. They are easier than eating citrus fruits. C. They can give you many vitamins at once.

D. They are full of other good things besides vitamins. 12. A. They think they’re too expensive right now.

B. They are afraid of unnatural ingredients. C. They prefer eating more fruits and vegetables. D. They worry about getting too much vitamin D. 13. A. By eating an orange.

B. By drinking some milk. C. By getting some sun. D. By eating chocolate.

II. Vocabulary, Idioms & Phrases 12% (14-25 題,每題 1 分)

14. Losing weight takes time and efforts. There is no ________ to getting slender.

(A) myth (B) shortcut (C) atom (D) forum

15. To cross the ________ between Canada and America, you need a valid passport.

(A) border (B) filter (C) glacier (D) capital

16. The World Vision Organization has been taking medical supplies and foods to some ________ countries in Africa which are in urgent need.

(A) unaware (B) luxurious (C) steep (D) impoverished

17. It is unwise for Jeremy to spend a great amount of time fooling around in cyber cafes ________ school work and family life.

(A) for the purpose of (B) at the expense of (C) in addition to (D) on the basis of 18. A person’s ________ alone won’t lead to his or her success. Besides this natural ability, it also takes training,

practice, and experience to become successful.

(A) chasm (B) potential (C) ailment (D) database

19. Economic ________ refers to the process of integrating national economies into the international economy through such means as trade, migration, and the spread of technology..

(A) transportation (B) implementation (C) globalization (D) observation

20. Cycling is highly ________ to our health and the environment. That is one of the reasons why more and more people in Taiwan like to ride a bike.

(A) beneficial (B) qualified (C) resourceful (D) analytical

21. The first step to time management is to ________ what you have to do. In other words, we should do the most important things first.

(A) advertise (B) convert (C) delete (D) prioritize

22. The Niagara Falls is absolutely worth a visit. Its size and beauty will ________.

(A) cut to the quick (B) take your breath away (C) play into your hands (D) pull the wool over your eyes 23. Keeping our classroom neat and clean is every class member’s ________. It’s the duty none of us can escape.

(A) credibility (B) feasibility (C) obscenity (D) responsibility

24. I’ve spent all the afternoon trying to figure out how to operate this ________ machine but still failed. I need to find some skilled mechanic to help me out.

(A) acceptable (B) intricate (C) decorative (D) massive

25. Strawberries and cream ________ each other perfectly. They taste better when combined.

(3)

III. Cloze 25% (26-50 題,每題 1 分)

<A> Professional adventurer Mike Horn never met a challenge he didn’t welcome. 26 , according to Horn, “The impossible exists only until we find a way to make it possible.” As a child in Johannesburg, South Africa, Horn 27 sports and loved adventure. But his life of adventure 28 until he moved to Switzerland in 1990.

Horn had always loved sports and taking risks, and he was known 29 his crazy sports feats. He traveled in the South American Andes Mountains in the early 90s and then in 1997 crossed the entire continent on foot. He finished by floating 7,000 km down the Amazon River! Horn’s biggest challenge to date came in 2006. He and a fellow adventurer walked from Russia to the North Pole in the sunless winter. In 2008, Horn began 30 unique adventure—one that will take four years to complete. In perhaps his most important expedition, Horn will pass down his passion for Earth’s wonders to the next generation.

26. (A) In a word (B) Thereby (C) On the other hand (D) In fact

27. (A) excelled at (B) covered up (C) tingled from (D) bragged about 28. (A) really began (B) did really begin (C) had really begun (D) didn’t really begin

29. (A) as (B) by (C) to (D) for

30. (A) other (B) another (C) the other (D) others’

<B> What is a friend? The definition varies from 31 to 31 . In the dictionaries, friends are generally defined as people who one knows well and is fond of. 32 young people, friends are our playmates or classmates. However, some friends move away as we get older and it is not easy to keep in touch. Sometimes a friend changes so much that the friendship we once cherished decays and comes to an end. Those 33 the test of time and change become our true friends. A true friend is someone with whom we can always 34 ourselves. A true friend is a trustworthy companion to whom you can tell everything and who will always tell us the harsh truth. A true friend is 35 a great comforter who offers support and encouragement in time of n At every stage of life, we always need friends who share the special moments and memories with us.

eed.

31. (A) one…the other (B) first…last (C) individual…individual (D) A…Z

32. (A) With (B) Like (C) As (D) To

33. (A) have stood (B) who have stood (C) people have stood (D) who having stood

34. (A) be (B) do (C) make (D) have

35. (A) also (B) not only (C) nothing but (D) everything but

<C> The global population, currently at 6 billion, will have doubled by the year 2050. A question following this fact is: can the earth feed that many people? The answer is yes. Farmers all over the world 36 produce more food for each person and at a lower cost than before since the introduction of pesticides in 1961. Now, farmers can even produce more food at a much quicker pace by growing stronger plants, 37 has been ma possible through genetic engineering. Foods from such plants are called GM foods. Whether GM foods are saf to eat is now one of the most hotly debated issues. There are two groups putting forward the

de e 38 of GM foods respectively to convince consumers to take their side. One side argues that GM foods can help feed the world’s growing population as well as fight human diseases, while the other side argues 39 the safety of GM foods, saying that they are unnatural and that GM plants will upset the balance of nature in time. It’s still too early to tell whether GM foods are good or not, and it will probably 40 many years 40 the long-term effects of GM foods.

36. (A) could (B) are able to (C) may be able to (D) have been able to

37. (A) that (B) which (C) what (D) it

38. (A) pros and cons (B) ups and downs (C) ins and outs (D) odds and ends

39. (A) for (B) with (C) against (D) about

(4)

<D> Acupuncture has been used to treat millions of people around the world. It is believed that this ancient treatment can be used to help people solve 41 medical problems. Traditionally, in a typical acupuncture treatment, the doctor puts a needle into the patient’s body. Much to people’s surprise, 42 , the needles are not inserted in the place where the patient feels pain. Rather, those one-inch-long needles are inserted in some particular points 43 the channels of the body’s flow of energy. People 44 an acupuncture treatment feel nothing but a slight pinch when each needle goes in. By changing the flow of energy, the patient is getting better and better. Tens of thousands of patients are fond of this alternative medical treatment. They feel 45 more comfortable and healthier after the treatment of acupuncture.

41. Choose the WRONG one.

(A) a great deal of (B) a large number of (C) a variety of (D) a wide range of 42. (A) as a result (B) as it turns out (C) however (D) otherwise

43. (A) to match (B) matched (C) matching (D) to be matched

44. (A) performing (B) undergoing (C) sticking (D) supplying

45. (A) much (B) very (C) so (D) too

<E> Professional athlete Rebecca Lobo and successful entrepreneur Richard Branson shared their stories about how their fathers influenced their lives. 46 in a family filled with love, Rebecca experienced the true meaning of the saying—“the most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother.” She grew up watching her father 47 his full love on her mother. 48 being the source of lasting love, he was always supportive of his family. Even when his cancer-inflicted wife decided not to have a breast-reconstruction surgery after the mastectomy, he didn’t say anything about it.

In Richard’s story, he recalls the things his father said to encourage him. His dad wanted him to fulfill his dream, 49 it meant not finishing schooling. As a result of his relentless pursuit, he 50 to be a

multi-billionaire who started more than 300 companies.

46. (A) Bringing up (B) Brought up (C) To bring up (D) To be brought up

47. (A) pour (B) spill (C) squeeze (D) sprinkle

48. (A) Though (B) Without (C) In addition to (D) In spite of

49. (A) because (B) even though (C) since (D) unless

50. (A) brought out (B) ended up (C) passed along (D) went on

IV. Reading Comprehension 12% (51-56,每題 2 分)

<A> It is no surprise that many people love to eat the delicious and healthy kiwifruit. But what may come as a surprise is the fact that the fruit most of us associate with New Zealand actually comes from China.

The Chinese have a long history of eating kiwifruit. It is even mentioned in the Book of Odes, a collection of poems more than 2,000 years old. It was not until 1847 that the kiwifruit—or “Chinese gooseberry,” as it was first known–was seen by Westerners.

Yet it is Westerners who made the fruit famous. New Zealanders were the first people to plant the kiwifruit commercially in 1934 and to export it to other countries. They were also the ones to name it “kiwi,” after New Zealand’s national bird. From China, to New Zealand, to the rest of the world, the kiwifruit has become a truly international fruit.

(From Reading Master, Level 1) 51. According to this passage, when did Westerners see the kiwifruit for the first time?

(A) In 1847. (B) In 1934.

(C) More than 2000 years ago. (D) There is no clue in the passage. 52. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?

(A) Many people may not know that the kiwifruit comes from China. (B) The Westerners introduced the kiwifruit to the rest of the world (C) The kiwifruit was named after New Zealand’s national bird.

(5)

<B> Scientists are conducting experiments to learn the causes of tooth decay, how it develops, and how to stop it. What causes tooth decay? Bacteria called “S. mutans” is the main cause. S. mutans produces a substance that breaks down sugars into lactic acid. Lactic acid can eat away tooth enamel, which is the outer covering of the teeth.

Since S. mutans gives our teeth so much trouble, a vaccine to protect against S. mutans could stop most tooth decay before it starts. Such a vaccine has been developed. Scientists injected certain rats, hamsters, and monkeys with S. mutans cells. Other animals in the test got no injections. Then, all the animals were fed food that contained a lot of sugar. The animals that received the injections had fewer cavities than the group that had no injections.

The vaccine seems to work on animals. But does it work on humans? And is it safe? Even if the vaccine seems safe now, could there be problems later for the people who got S. mutans shots? Should a vaccine that prevents tooth decay be used at all time? Since tooth decay does not threaten life, some scientists question the value and safety of using a vaccine to prevent it.

(From Project Achievement: Reading Book E) 53. S. mutans is __________.

(A) a form of tooth decay (B) a substance containing lactic acid (C) a kind of bacteria in the mouth (D) a kind of medicine

54. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

(A) “No More Tooth Decay” (B) “A Vaccine for Tooth Decay?” (C) “Testing a New Vaccine” (D) “The Main cause of Tooth Decay”

<C> In March and April 2009, more than 1,000 cases of Swine Influenza (H1N1 more correctly) in humans were detected in Mexico, and more than 80 deaths are suspected to have a connection with the virus. The Mexican fatalities are said to be mainly young adults, a hallmark of pandemic flu.Following a series of reports of isolated cases of swine flu,the first announcement of the outbreak in Mexico was documented on April 23, 2009.

Swine flu is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza virus that regularly causes outbreaks of influenza in pigs. While swine flu viruses cause high levels of illness and low death rates in pigs, they do not normally infect humans. However, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred. Most commonly, these cases occur in persons with direct exposure to pigs, for example, children near pigs at a fair or workers in the swine industry. Human-to-human transmission of swine flu can also occur. This is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly

person-to-person transmission through coughing or sneezing of people infected with the influenza virus. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.

The symptoms of swine flu in humans are expected to be similar to those of regular human seasonal flu and include fever, lethargy, lack of appetite and coughing. Some people with swine flu also have reported runny nose, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

Now everyone is concerned with the question, “Can people catch swine flu from eating pork?” The answer is no. Swine flu viruses are not transmitted by food. You can not get swine flu from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork and pork products is safe.

One suggestion to prevent infection by the virus includes frequent washing of hands with soap and water or with alcohol-based hand cleaners, especially after being out in public. People should avoid touching their mouths, noses or eyes with their hands unless they have washed their hands. If people do cough, they should either cough into a tissue and throw it in the garbage immediately, cough into their elbows, or, if they cough in their hands, they should wash their hands

immediately.

55. The word fatalities in the fist paragraph probably means _______________.

(A) diseases (B) deaths (C) viruses (D) citizens

56. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage in order to prevent the disease from spreading? (A) Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze.

(B) Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. (C) If you haven’t washed your hands, avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. (D) Stay home and reduce outdoor activities while the disease occurs sporadically.

(6)

第二部分 非選題: 1-27 題,共 35 分

V. Vocabulary & Derivatives 20% (1~20 題,每題 1 分)

1. Some scientific studies have shown that lengthy sun exposure and smoking will make the skin w e prematurely.

2. Charlie raised his arms in t h as he crossed the finish line for his 100-meters race.

3. Life is not easy for foreign spouses in Taiwan because they have more barriers and obstacles to o e. 4. Since Michael doesn’t want to be s ted from his family, he turned down the tempting job offer to work

abroad.

5. As he became a dad, David was totally changed and became more m w toward the idea of life and marriage.

6. A baby shower, a party for celebrating a new a n to a family, can take place either before or after a child is born.

7. Recent research shows that the Earth’s c e has warmed between 0.6 and 0.9 degrees Celsius over the past century, largely caused by the emissions of greenhouse gases.

8. Paper r ts about 28 percent of the total waste we produce every day, while plastics make up about 20 percent.

9. It is reported that after a combination of drought and flooding, the southern and coastal lowlands in Africa are suffering serious crop f e and the people there are facing starvation.

10. Since it costs a lot to stay at a five-star beach resort, I usually take full a e of the recreational facilities it offers so that I may not waste a penny spent on it.

11. Mary’s mother has been suffering from c c arthritis for years. Now she has to see an acupuncturist at least once a week to cure this long-lasting and recurrent disease.

12. Uncle Tom works out every day, so despite his old age, he is still very strong and e c.

13. The written record of our conversation doesn’t c d to what was actually said. They simply didn’t match! 14. Two witnesses t ied in court that John’s mother did abuse him.

15. The nurse told me to use a heating pad to r ve my back pain, and that really worked. I felt less pain after putting it on the sore area for about twenty minutes

16. After two hours of shopping, she was so tired that she didn’t have the s th to walk any further.

17. John tried to p de me into going abroad with him this summer, but no matter what he said, I won’t change my mind about spending my vacation here in Taiwan.

18. Doctor, I am wondering if this drug has any side e ts. Will it cause skin rashes, stomachaches or loss of hair?

19. It seemed in e that people would still want to smoke when many medical studies have already pointed out smoking as the leading cause of cancer.

20. There was widespread _________ (criticize) of how the government handled the disaster which left thousands of people homeless. VI. 連貫翻譯 15 % (21~27 題,每格 1 分) ※本大題英文題目在非選題答案卷上,請直接作答於空格上,每格答案不限一個英文字(word)。※ 21根據語言專家說法,學英文的最好的方法是住在一個說英語的國家。22如果不可能去那裡, 我們還能怎麼做才能成為成功的英語學習者? 23專家建議我們應該抱持積極的學習態度。 24換個說法,成功的學習者就是訂下目標再嘗試各種辦法完成目標的人。25例如,不要怕在別 人面前犯錯,我們應該抓住每個機會與人用英語交談。 26我們可以藉由唱英文歌曲或觀看英語 電影學習英語,即使我們可能不太了解其意義。 27因此,雖然我們不住在一個說英語的國家, 只要我們努力永不放棄,我們仍然可以精通英語。

(7)

[請尊重智慧財產權,不得部份或全部轉載,任何使用需經本雜誌社同意] 1

I. Best Response 最佳回應句

Choose the best response to each question or statement.

1. Son, you’re so fortunate as to have that job at such a young age. (3/23-24)

A. I know. I am too young to pay bills.

B. I know. I am a very lucky guy.

C. I know. I don’t like the job at all. D. I know. I don’t think I need a job.

2. After my dad broke his leg, he lost his job. (3/30-31) A. Does he make a lot of money right now?

B. So, how fast can he run to the store?

C. So, how long has he been unemployed?

D. Does he still like to read to little kids?

3. Wow, you look fabulous in that dress, Laura. (4/9-11) A. Thanks. I like to exercise when I wear it.

B. Thanks. I feel beautiful when I wear it.

C. Thanks. I just finished our big project. D. Thanks. I just gained a few pounds.

4. I don’t like this piece of meat. It’s too chewy. (4/22-23)

A. Here, try this one. It’s not as tough.

B. Here, try this one. It’s not as spicy. C. Here, try this one. It’s not as soft. D. Here, try this one. It’s not as salty.

5. That politician has no credibility. (4/29-30) A. People think he should stop spending money. B. People think he is a very smart man.

C. People don’t like his wife at all.

D. People don’t believe a word he says. II. Short Conversations 簡短會話

Listen to the conversations. Then choose the best answer for each question.

6. (3/23-24, MP3 考題)

M: Quit trying to act innocent!

W: I don’t understand. What are you talking about? M: I saw what you did.

W: Hey, I play to win. I do whatever it takes to win. M: I know, but you don’t play by the rules.

Q: Why was the man mad at the woman? A. Because she lost the game.

B. Because she left him.

C. Because she cheated.

D. Because she fell asleep.

7. (4/3-4)

M: Let’s go shopping after work tonight.

W: No way! The roads are always congested after work. M: What if we ride a scooter?

W: No, thanks. Scooter pollution makes me miserable.

M: Well then, maybe I’ll just go by myself. We need groceries. W: That’s fine with me. I’ll stay home and relax.

Q: Why doesn’t the woman want to go shopping?

A. Because the traffic is terrible.

B. Because she doesn’t like to spend money. C. Because she doesn’t like to drive.

D. Because the scooter is not working.

8. (4/6)

M: Why is the kitchen such a mess, Sue?

W: I’m trying to bake a cake for my best friend’s birthday. M: But there are four cakes already on the counter.

W: I know. This is my fifth attempt at making the perfect cake.

Q: Why is Sue baking so many cakes?

A. Because Sue’s best friend doesn’t like the first four cakes.

B. Because she enjoys spending time in the kitchen. C. Because she needs five cakes for a big party.

D. Because the first four cakes didn’t turn out right.

9. (4/9-11)

M: What are you drinking, Freda? W: A nice glass of refreshing ice water.

M: What? But you’re pregnant! Pregnant women shouldn’t drink ice water!

W: Oh, really?

M: Really! It’ll make your baby bald! W: Oh, that’s just a superstition!

Q: What does the woman think about the man’s advice? A. She thinks it’s a proven fact.

B. She thinks it’s just a joke. C. She thinks it’s wise counsel.

D. She thinks it’s a crazy belief.

10. (4/22-23)

M: I heard that Uncle Louie once met President Obama. W: Oh, really? I’ve never heard that story.

M: Well, according to Uncle Louie, he had lunch with the President at the White House.

W: I don’t believe it. That’s just a myth.

M: You’re probably right. Uncle Louie loves to play jokes on people.

Q: What does the woman think about Uncle Louie’s story? A. It’s probably true.

B. It’s really funny.

C. It’s completely false.

D. It’s an old legend.

III. Short Talk 短文

Listen to the passage. Then choose the best answer for each question.

(4/13-14)

Some people think taking multi-vitamins is the best way to stay healthy. They can get all 13 vitamin molecules that the body needs from one pill. But others don’t think it’s necessary, especially if they eat a balanced diet. They fear that multi-vitamins may add other things that aren’t necessarily healthy. They think it’s better to pay attention to the nutritional labels of the foods that they eat most often, and make up for what they’re missing. For example, if you’re already in the habit of eating citrus fruits, or drinking fruit juice, you may not need to take additional vitamin C. Likewise, if you spend a lot of time outdoors, you probably get enough sun exposure so you don’t need extra vitamin D.

11. What is good about taking multi-vitamins? A. They can replace foods you don’t like. B. They are easier than eating citrus fruits.

C. They can give you many vitamins at once.

D. They are full of other good things besides vitamins.

12. Why don’t some people like multi-vitamins? A. They think they’re too expensive right now.

B. They are afraid of unnatural ingredients.

C. They prefer eating more fruits and vegetables. D. They worry about getting too much vitamin D.

13. How can you get more vitamin C?

A. By eating an orange.

B. By drinking some milk. C. By getting some sun. D. By eating chocolate.

Answer Key 1-5 B C B A D 6-10 C A D D C 11-13 C B A

(8)

班級: 座號: 姓名: 得分﹕ V. 文意字彙與詞類 20 % (1~20 題,每題 1 分) 1. _______________ 6. _______________ 11. ______________ 16. _______________ 2. _______________ 7. _______________ 12. ______________ 17. _______________ 3. _______________ 8. _______________ 13. ______________ 18. _______________ 4. _______________ 9. _______________ 14. ______________ 19. _______________ 5. _______________ 10. _______________ 15. ______________ 20. _______________ VI. 連貫翻譯 15% (21~27 題,每格 1 分)

21.__________________ language experts, the best _________________________ a language is _________________________ country.

22. If this is not possible, what else can we do _______________________________________? 23. They ______________ that ______________________ a positive attitude toward our studies. 24. In other words, a successful learner is __________________ sets goals and tries every means

____________________.

25. For example, instead ________________ making mistakes in front of others, we should seize ____________________________ with people in English.

26. We can learn by singing English songs or watching English movies, even ________________________ understand ____________________________.

27. Therefore, despite _________________ in the country ________________________, we still can master the English language if we work hard and _____________________.

(9)

V. 文意字彙與詞類 20 % (1~20 題,每題 1 分)

1. wrinkle 6. addition 11. chronic 16. strength

2. triumph 7. climate 12. energetic 17. persuade

3. overcome 8. represents 13. correspond 18. effects

4. separated 9. failure 14. testified 19. incredible

5. mellow 10. advantage 15. relieve 20. criticism

VI. 連貫翻譯 15% (21~27 題,每格 1 分)

21.According to language experts, the best approach to learning a language is to stay in an English-speaking country.

22. If this is not possible, what else can we do to be a successful English learner? 23. They recommend that we should have a positive attitude toward our studies.

24. In other words, a successful learner is someone who sets goals and tries every means to achieve them.

25. For example, instead of fearing making mistakes in front of others, we should seize every opportunity to talk with people in English.

26. We can learn by singing English songs or watching English movies, even though we may not understand

the meaning completely/fully.

27. Therefore, despite not living in the country where English is spoken, we still can master the English language if we work hard and never quit.

1-20 BCBAD / CADDC / CBABA / DBBCA 21-40 DBDBA / DADDB /CCBAA / DBACD 41-56 ACCBA / BACBD / ADCBB /D

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Like the proximal point algorithm using D-function [5, 8], we under some mild assumptions es- tablish the global convergence of the algorithm expressed in terms of function values,

support vector machine, ε-insensitive loss function, ε-smooth support vector regression, smoothing Newton algorithm..

19 Sue Hamilton, Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being According to Early Buddhism, London: Luzac Oriental, 1996; Sue Hamilton, Early Buddhism - A