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閱讀、批判與分析角度的自我省思--論多元開放的治學方法

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(1)

Ꭷ᠞ȃ׳րᇄϷݙُ࡙ޟՌרࣸࡦ!

ȋ፣ӻϯ໠ܹޟݽᏰПݲ!

ླྀ!ਕ!ᓪ*!

Ȫ!ᄢ! ौ!ȫ!

ġ ԪМԟӵ௤ଆंـႆแϛஉᎴӻϯ໠ܹࡦՃޟȶݽᏰПݲȷ୰ᚠȂٮਖ਼ЅЮ᠌ড় ߝԒࡦՃᢎᘈޟ׳րІࣸȄԪМᙤҥຟ፣ᇄ׳րΠɒɒϤԑѲТᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰ ౥ಀ୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥٱӇޟࣸࡦᇄϷݙȂល݂ӵᢎࣼᇄ၌᠞ႆแϛю౪ޟຜഏՌ३ ୰ᚠȂ໌Մ௃ᔮଆІࣸޟُ࡙Ռר၌ᄺȂᇳ݂ԃդԤਝ࡚ҳၶࡊᢎޟंـᄘ࡙ᇄПݲȄ ԪМആႆհޱ౪٘ᇳݲޟՌר၌ᄺϷݙЅϛѴࣺᜰᏰ೚ၥྛޟሄօ፣ᜌȂІࣸӵ׳ր ୤ࡶႮ୽ડޥٱӇϞሬޟЖ౩ᄘ࡙ȇӰՄШၶԤਝӴٺ᠞ޱ౩၌ंـޱӵ׳րϞሬՌ ܻۨଽ՝ޟޡᘈȂоЅѶў൶ࣺؑᜰᏰ೚ၥྛڷѶў໠ีཱིដᚠՌҥЖ᡹ޟᝒ१ࡣ ݎȂ೻ᄇܻߑᏰޱ໠ܹЖ᡹Մ຺ູܒտᇄМϽ้ཎᜋלᄘ؂ᑩȂ࡚ᄺཱིޟंـຜഏȃ ंـᄘ࡙ȂоЅ໠ีཱིដᚠޟ૖ΨȂ࿋၎ڎԤඪᒺᇄЕᏲޟђ૖ȂӣਢᄇᏰ೚ंـޱ ԃդ߳ࡻࡊᢎڷଡؑԤਝޟஅҏौؑȂ࿋၎ζԤ໢௥ޟօઉђ૖Ȅ ᜰᗤຠȈЮ᠌ড়ߝԒࡦՃ! ᢎࣼᎧ᠞! ຜഏՌ३! Іࣸ׳ր! ӻϯ໠ܹ! * ύѧࣴزଣύ୯Ўণࣴز܌

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A Self-reflection on Reading, Criticism, and

Analytical Viewpoints: An Open Ended and

Pluralist Approach of Studying

Yang Chin-lung*

Abstract

This essay explores the adoption, in the process of inquiry, of an open ended and pluralist approach to studying as well as a critical reflection on the authoritarian patriarchal way of thinking. In April, 2005, the Chairperson of Taiwan Solidarity Union led a group of people to pay their tribute to the Yasukuni Shrine of Japan. With a reflective analysis of this event, my essay aims (1) to explicate the possible self-limitation involved in seeing and reading, and furthermore (2) to analyze the way of establishing an objective attitude and approach of inquiry via the practice of self-criticism. By a self-analysis and with references to relevant studies on this issue, I have examined one’s state of mind at the moment of criticism. My study discloses that, more often than not, critics are unaware of their own pretentious viewpoints and, as a serious result, lose the chances of looking for more relevant resources and of opening their minds and uncovering new issues. Such a discussion, it is hoped, shall serve primarily as a reminder and guide for the beginning inquirers to move beyond his/her gender and ideological boundaries, to build up new perspectives and attitudes of study, and to cultivate one’s ability of developing new issues. Secondarily and indirectly, this paper is expected to also help those in the academic world to, more efficiently, keep objective stances and meet the basic requirements in their pursuits.

Keywords: patriarchal way of thinking! seeing and reading! self-imposed limited perspective! critical self-examination! pluralist and open ended

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Ιȃࠉِ!

ȶݽᏰПݲȷ൷ڏࡦՃቹԩՄِȂΙڨޟᏰՏܖٷᒦ࢐ڏσקȂ҆໸ौӰ๿ࠉΡ ޟࢋԤԙݎȂ໌ՄԤ؁౏Σܖኄᗯޟีථܖ౏ϽȂᡋ࢐ȶݽᏰПݲȷᏰಬޟҏཎȄ൷ ఀᏰޟᄂሬၼհޑݷՄ፣ȂఀৱᇄᏰҡ഍ϚџܖીȂծӈդ൐ᐿޟΙПȂࠌζ഍Ϛ࢐ ୲ΙޟкᡝȂఀৱڷᏰҡ࢐ӵȶᚖөҺᒿᒊӫȷήȂձϛԤרиרϛԤձޟȶϣ࣏к ᡝȷȄఀৱᇄᏰҡӵ௲ڧΰޟᜰ߽Ȃఀৱौݧཎ༈௲ޣᜋᇄ٘ఀޟϴ߬ΨȂᏰҡौ१ ຜஉᎴᏰಬᇄഺีޟԤਝ૖ΨȂиڍޱ؁ौӓӣஉᎴӻϯࡦՃᇄՌרࣸࡦޟஅҏᄘ ࡙Ȅӵࠉक़அҏনࠌήȂ൷ंـܚఀৱఀᏰޟُِ࡙Ȃఀৱඪټ๝Ᏸҡޟӈդޣᜋϱ ৠȂ҆໸഍ौڎԤ໠ีܖܥኄंـຜഏޟђ૖ȇᄇᏰҡޟӈդ፞ཾौؑȂζ഍҆໸࢐ ఀৱᒑ٘ஈ՗ႆܖ૖Ԥਝᜌ݂ڎԤᑖྃਝݎޱȇᄇᏰҡᏰಬਝݎޟຟ໔ȂؚϚџҢ୲ Ιޟ኿ྥ໌՗൐ΙܒޟᑢᒵȂ҆໸ٷᐃᏰҡএտޑݷՄ࡚ҳϚӣޟ኿ྥȄ൷ंـҡᏰ ಬޟُِ࡙Ȃ໸ӑጂۡंـޟடཾᏰऋȂٮौؑоԪंـடཾ࣏кᡝȂᏑџ૖֜ઽࣺ ᜰᏰऋޣᜋȂ၄шܖᘗшंـடཾຜഏΰޟϚٗȄӣਢӵᎧ᠞֜ઽڏтᏰ೚டཾ፣๿ ϞሬȂᗙ҆໸ӑܲࡻΙএٮߨौԙ࣏၎Ᏸ೚டཾޟடড়Ȃѫ࢐෈ఖ௃ϛᏰಬڗܖᕕு ࢚ᆍంีȂо߯Ԥօܻඪ݇এΡᏰ೚டཾंـޟஅҏনࠌȂ७ᄇڏтᏰ೚டཾ፣๿Ϟ ሬȂॶӑौࡦՃ၎፣๿ᄇՌϏޟᏰ೚டཾȂڎԤդᆍཎဎᇄቋ঄ȉՍܻ၎፣๿ӵڏட ཾᏰ೚ϱޟཎဎᇄቋ঄ࠌ࣏ԩौȂԃԪᡋϚՍܻҏґইညՄԝᛦԤ३ȂࣥՍయฒԝᛦȄ ΰक़፝୰ᚠ഍࢐ȶݽᏰПݲȷ҆໸рಠ௤ଆޟϱৠȂԪМࠌӑ௃ఀৱ٘ఀϴ߬Ψޟُ ࡙ΣЙȂ௤ଆఀৱ७ᄇٱӇਢȂӰ࣏ړݖӟຫᑖಬᜲ׽ޟ؂ᑩȂӰՄԆӵޟຜഏ३ڙȂ оЅԃդആႆՌרࣸࡦޟᐣแȂี౪ٮ׽๡ຜഏՌר೩३ޟ፝୰ᚠȂ໌ՄᏰಬஉᎴࡊ ᢎޟंـᄘ࡙ᇄࡦՃȂ࡚ҳၶӫнᏰ೚౩དনࠌޟݽᏰПݲȄ1 ԪМԟӵ൷ӻϯࡦՃᇄՌרࣸࡦޟُ࡙Ȃ௃ఀᏰޟҳൟ௤ଆఀৱ٘ఀϴ߬Ψޟࣺ ᜰ୰ᚠȂо߯ඪټΙᆍӵंـႆแϛၶ࣏ԤਝޟՌרࣸࡦᇄғጂݽᏰޟПݲȄఀৱ٘ ఀ ϴ ߬ Ψ ޟ ཎ ဎ Ȃ σ म џ ᙤ ݲ ୽ ঱ Ᏸ ড় ᇄ ఀ ى ড় ᑋ త Ȟ Jean-Jacques Rousseau Ȃ 1712-1778ȟਪቸȮ᝛ਅᓃȯਢޟҢཎᇳ݂ȂᑋతᇳȈ 1 ԖᜢȨݯᏢБݤȩҁ፦ᆶচ߾ޑ࣬ᜢୢᚒǴـܟ๱ǺȤȨݯᏢБݤȩ஑ឯȥޑ૸ፕǴـȠ୯ЎϺӦȡಃ 24ڔಃ8යɡಃ25ڔಃ7යȐ2009ԃ1Дɡ2009ԃ12Дȑ฻ೀ܌قǶ

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ࣁΑᡣΓॺૈ୼Ꮲ཮՗ሽԾρǴך܌଺ޑոΚΏࢂᡣдॺԿϿૈԖ΋ҹёаК ၨޑܿՋǴ٬дॺঁΓૈ୼ᇡ᛽ԾρǴΨᇡ᛽дΓǴ೭ঁдΓ൩ࢂךǶ2 ೻ζ൷࢐૳ᆰۄȅԜӻࣄЉȞTzvetan TodorovȟܚᒝȶװՌϏܹӵՌ٘ᇯᜋޟஅᘈΰȂ ՄитװՌϏޟҡҁۈᝦюپհ࣏тঈџ૖ޟᄇྱᘈȷޟཎࡦȄ3൷࢐оఀৱএΡޟင ᡛᇄငᐣȂୈ࣏ఀᏰϞሬᇄᏰҡࣺୢտޟȶᄇྱಢȷȂо߯໌՗ंـ௤ଆޟПԒȄҥ ܻԪМ࢐ΙᆍՌרϷݙПԒޟ௤ଆȂ࢈Մкौ࢐ڥݲωᇳਪቸϛȂоȶ಑ΙΡᆎȷ໌ ՗௑࿽Ԋ௶ᇄี৤ޟПԒ࣏ϞȂ൷࢐ٺҢΙᆍᇳ࢈ٱޟПԒȂ༈ႀఀৱሯौ༈ႀޟ྅ ܈ϱৠȄ೻ӣਢζ࢐ΙᆍຎᔣՌ༈Ԓޟങक़ПԒȂӰԪМϛᗶ࡞Ѝю౪ȶרȷԅȂծ ȶרȷԅڏᄂΙޢᗴᙠӵԅѯधࡣȂծМϛฒ፣࢐݂ᇳܖᗴᙠޟȶרȷࡾਖ਼ޟᄇຫȂ ࠌࢋϚ࢐સᆞޟȶএᡝרȷȂһߨѪΙএڎԤ຺ູܒՄලႇԆӵޟȶܪຫרȷȇՄ࢐ ࢋџ૖࢐ࡾਖ਼࢚᜸ڎԤᇯӣӓᜋޟȶတᡝרȷȂ؁џ૖࢐໱ӫࠉक़ཎొҺϣኇ៪ήȂ ѪΙএ༉ӵМҏϛᡋڎԤҡڼཎဎޟȶМҏרȷȄंـដᚠϱৠଆ፣ޟᄇຫȂଶհޱ ҏ٘ޟІࡦѴȂٮоΠɒɒϤԑѲТᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰȂ4౥ಀ୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥΙ ٱ࣏ंـϞሬଆ፣ޟٽᜌȄ5ंـ໌՗ޟแוȂॶӑᇳ݂Ԫंـដᚠቸհޟଢ଼ᐠᇄཎဎȇ ڏԩങक़ᄇ୤ࡶႮ୽ડޥٱӇޟ׳րᇄϷݙȇ௥๿௃ၶࡊᢎޟُ࡙ᄇ׳րޟԙӰ໌՗ ᔮଆІࡦȇณࡣӔᇳ݂Іࡦᔮଆޟ༈ಛМϽెྛȇശࡣಛᐌܚு๖ݎୈ࣏๖፣Ȅ 2 ЇЎـȘݤș૥ᆢڶǷԎӭࢶϻ๱ǴЦܿߝǵЦః໚᝿ǺȠץຑޑץຑǺ௲ػλᇥȡȐч٧ǺΟᖄਜ۫Ǵ 1988ԃȑǴ।91Ƕ 3 Șݤș૥ᆢڶǷԎӭࢶϻ๱ǴЦܿߝǵЦః໚᝿ǺȠץຑޑץຑǺ௲ػλᇥȡǴ।91Ƕ 4 ᆵ᡼ი่ᖄ࿉ǴᙁᆀȨᆵᖄȩ܈ȨᆵᖄលȩǴ҇୯90ԃ8Д12В҅ԄԋҥǴ၀ល൧߻ᕴ಍׵ฦ፵Ӄғࣁ ബលሦ೑Ϸᆒઓሦ೑ǶബលޑѤ໨চ߾ࣁȨᛙۓࡹֽǵਁᑫ࿶ᔮǵᎡڰ҇Ьǵ֧εᆵ᡼ȩǴ٠аЍ࡭ύ ๮҇୯ޑ୯ৎ҅தϯǵᙯࠠ҅ကȐTransitional Justiceȑǵᆵ᡼ҁβϯ฻ࣁځЬाҞޑǶࡪǺȨ୯ৎ҅த ϯȩջࡰᆵ᡼ࣁ΋ᐱҥܭύ๮Γ҇Ӆک୯ϐѦޑ୯ৎǹȨᙯࠠ҅ကȩЬाࢂଞჹჹၸѐࡹ۬ၴݤکό҅ ကՉࣁޑ΋ᅿᔆံբࣁǶ൩ᆵ᡼ԶقǴջࢂଞჹύ୯୯҇លጯϟҡࡹ៾ჴࡼיᝄᆶқՅ৮܀ਔжǴፏӭ ό྽ߟҍΓ҇៾੻բࣁޑଓزᆶۓ࿾ǴٯӵȨΒΒΖ٣ҹȩᆶȨលౢୢᚒȩǹȨᆵ᡼ҁβϯȩচҁޑᆒ ઓӧமፓȨᆵ᡼ᓬӃȩǴڀԖ΋ᅿख़ཥᇡޕᆶޭۓᆵ᡼ҁβሽॶ฻ЎϯБय़ޑཀ఼Ǵࡕٰᙯډࡹݯ΢Զ ᡂԋȨᆵ᡼Γ྽ৎ଺ЬȩץղȨѦٰࡹ៾ȩޑࡹݯ៾ΚݾღରݾǹӆᙯࣁȨѐύ୯ϯȩޑࡹݯၮ୏ǴЬ ஭ᆵ᡼ޑЎϯᆶޗ཮ਥྍᆶύ୯ЎϯคᜢǴᡂԋ໻ڀࡹݯཀ఼ޑ੟႕ཀကǴѨѐচԖޑᙦࠆϣ఼Ƕ೭٤ Ь஭ᆶᢀᗺჹ྽жᆵ᡼ޑࡹݯǵޗ཮ǵ௲ػ฻Бय़Ǵ೿ڀԖ࣬྽ుڅޑቹៜǴӢԜόૈ۹ຎǶ 5 аԜࡹݯ٣ҹࣁٯ᛾ǴЬाޑ౛җԖΒǺ΋߾೭ࢂѤԃ߻ޑᙑ٣ҹǴࡹݯਔޜᕉნςԖࡐεޑᡂϯǴԜ ٣όӆڀԖ྽ԃޑࡹݯཀ఼ǴӢԶКၨ৒ܰ೏྽ԋ΋૓ޑ૸ፕ࣮ࡑǹӆ߾Ԝ٣ҹޑݾ᝼܄፦࣬྽ܴᡉǴ ջ٬ӧࡹݯཀက΢ςਔၸნᎂǴՠځڀԖޑᏢೌཀက٩ฅᗋࢂڀԖ࣬྽ε௖૸ޑޜ໔ǶќѦԜЎੋϷȨႠ ୯ઓޗȩޑૻ৲ǴӭԖୖԵȠᆢ୷ԭࣽȡȤႠ୯ઓޗȥచൔᏤϐೀǴᙣӃҙܴǶ

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ԪМࢋณ࢐ࣸࡦܒޟቸհȂࠌ൷Ԥ҆ौӑᇳ݂ቸհџ૖ԆӵޟޡᘈȄҥܻԪМ࢐ ΙᆍՌ༈Ԓቸհޟ೩ॎȂ࡞ৠܾӰհޱ࢚ᆍȶᄛಬȷዖཎᜋޟኇ៪ȂӵਪቸϛӰՄ൷ џ૖ю౪٥᜸ȶӒශᢎᘈȷωᇳড়ᑯ௉ޟЩ੾Ȃ൷࢐ȶငல୅೩ՌϏҬӎ׉σȂԤડ Ιૡޟ੫᠌ȂџоࣼആωᇳȞΡސȟЖ᡹ശ౏ړϞ೎ȂζџоऎູਢުȂ᏿ԤюΣႆ ўᇄҐپޟޣᜋᇄҏሴȷޟϚՌឈՄ঄ுІࣸޟՌଽՌσЖ౩Ȃ6൷࢐ӵ፣क़ޟႆแ ϛȂ࡞џ૖ོю౪࢚ᆍȶଽଽӵΰȷȂՌо࣏ڎԤȶ຺ਢ໢ܒȷ੫᠌ޟᓺູཐȂ೻ζ џ૖࢐ԪМོю౪ܖႄڗޟ୰ᚠȄ

Πȃ୤ࡶႮ୽ડޥٱӇЅڏ׳րຟ፣!

ؐএຜΨғலޟΡȂ഍ོҢಁ࿘ȶᢎࣼȷжࣨȂծᢎࣼϞሬ҆ۡԤШၶݧཎܖ๿ ΨޟฐᘈȂϚџ૖ϧቄ഍ࣼȂԃݎϧቄ഍ौࣼޟݿᢎȂࠌٱᄂΰ࢐ϧቄζࣼϚڗȂӰ Ԫ։ٺᢎࣼӣΙএھۡශސȂࣼڗϧቄ൷ϚΙۡؐএΡ഍ࣺӣȂӰ࣏ΡѫོࣼڗՌϏ ݧཎڗиདौࣼޟݍՙȂϚོࣼڗՌϏϚݧཎܖܢ๘ࣼޟݍՙȄȶᎧ᠞ȷζ࢐ᢎࣼޟ Ιᆍ᜸࠮ȂӰԪӵᎧ᠞ႆแϛȂӣኺζོю౪ԪᆍѫࣼڗՌϏݧཎՄདࣼޟݍՙȂӰ Մᒸᅓ೨ӻՌϏؠԤݧཎܖϚདࣼޟ१ौݍՙȄ़୽᛺೚ຟ፣ড়घᑱȅղਿȞJohn Bergerȟ൷ᇯ࣏Ȉ ᢀ࣮ӃܭᇟقǶǾǾᢀ࣮ዴҥΑךॺӧڬൎШࣚޑӦՏǹךॺҔقᇟှញٗঁ ШࣚǴǾǾךॺᢀ࣮٣ނޑБԄǴڙޕ᛽ᆶߞһޑቹៜǶǾǾךॺѝ࣮ـךॺ ݙຎޑܿՋǴݙຎࢂ΋ᅿᒧ᏷ՉࣁǶݙຎޑ่݀ࢂǴஒךॺ࣮ـޑ٣ނયΕך ॺૈϷޑጄൎϣǶǾǾև౜ܭךॺय़߻ޣǴҭջךॺϐ܌ـǶ7 ࢧਿ೻এᢎᘈȂџୈ࣏ԪᆍȶຜഏՌ३ȷ౪ຫޟԤਝယຝȄࢋณȶݧຜȷ࢐Ιᆍᒵᐅ ࡣޟ๖ݎȂܖޱ࢐ޣᜋᇄ߬Ӊኇ៪ޟ๖ݎȂӰԪܚَޱϚџ૖࢐Ιᆍయฒᎍ௫ޟȶӒ ශȷȂ҆ณζ࢐ΙᆍளԤຜഏ३ڙޟ୑َȄоή։ਲ਼ᐃԪΙϚՌឈᒵᐅݧຜฐᘈȂӰ Մ౰ҡຜഏՌ३ޟٱᄂȂବᄇᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰ౥ڏ᏿៖တಀȂ୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥ 6 է୯᛫Ӄғ๱Ǵ׵በᏢ᝿ǺȠख़᠐ҡᓐ૶ǺȠआኴფȡ္ޑ௃టᆶ຀ᄬȡȐᆵчǺഝҖрހޗǴ2004 ԃȑǴ।358Ƕ 7 ȘमșऊᑣǸդ਱๱ǴᔎՉ✒᝿ǺȠᢀ࣮ϐၰȡȐਦ݅ǺቶՋৣጄεᏢрހޗǴ2005ԃȑǴ।1-2Ƕ

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ΙٱȂ໌՗ȶᢎࣼȷᇄȶ၌᠞ȷȂٮ௃Ϸݙޟُ࡙໌՗҆ौޟՌרȶ၌ᄺȷȄବᄇᢎ ᄆٱӇޟ׳րȂߒक़ޟПԒ҆ณਖ਼Ѕᇭِ᜸࠮ޟᒵᐅȇඪ୰ޟПԒᇄϱৠȂζਖ਼Ѕඪ ୰ȶԤਝܒȷᇄȶඪ୰ၥਿȷޟ୰ᚠȇ׳ր኿ྥ؁ਖ਼Ѕжࣨᢎޟ৯տ้้ȂծԪМ༉ ௃Ϸݙُ࡙໌՗ІࡦȂкौᆹฐӵࡦདПݲΰȂӰԪଶࡦདПݲ้ࣺᜰޟϱొѴȂᗶ ζ฿ཌਖ਼Ѕࠉक़፝୰ᚠȂծѫོୈ࣏୰ᚠޟधශю౪Ȅ ҕ୽ΞΪѲԑѲТ༈ኬ൬ᡝσൽ࡙ൢᏲȂҥࠉᖂಛ؃ิᎃЛࡻஉේԙҳޟᇃᢊღ ๖ᖒ࿗ឩတಀȂӵ༈ಛϛ୽ᇄᇃᢊಊઠ१ڐ఼݂࿽ࠉςޟѲТѲРȂϚӵҡߝᎴىт ঈޟȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷȂ8ܖઠӑՖಛپྛޟȶবόȞϛ୽ȟЮᒑȷ้ӴȂ௭ძ୤ࡶՌϏޟ ઠӑȂ9ࠓҥ࿋ਢᐊӈкৰޟឃ໌஼Ȃ10౥ಀν٨ग़ग़ເڗРҏȂ໪१୤ࡶټۈѓࢂ٥ ᜸ෆငమኝႆᇃᢊΡҕޟဌқӵϱޟႮ୽ડޥȄ11࿋ᇃᢊΡӵȶᢎࣼȷᇄȶᎧ᠞ȷ೻ࠌ ൢᏲਢȂϚᜓԙޱ࿋ณོஅܻϚӣޟ౩ҥȂޢឈޟᇯ࣏ȶϚџࡦដȷܖȶ܏౴ߨலȷȂ ӰՄю౪៕೰㊶ጪϞᖐȄӰ࣏։ٺ௶ଶІᏽތȃІ߭౱ȃІ෥ҕȃІफ़৛้Іᄇॖ୽ кဎޟᢎᘈȂસᆞમӵк஻ᇃᢊкᡝཎဎήȶᇃᢊΡȷޟҳൟȂԃݎᖒᛮ఼݂࿽ӵᇃ ᢊ༈ಛনҏ፭ϠޟоЮفઠӑ࣏ϛЖޟབತଡሉޟಊઠཎဎȂឃкৰ้Ρޟհ࣏Ȃฒ ᅸ࢐ΙᆍȶᇯၤհЮȷޟȶਈଛȷȂՄи࢐ᄇȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޟȶσϚ׃ȷȂоЅശᝒ 8 Ȩ҆ᒃȩ೭ঁཀຝǴᆪ΋ӭȐ1899-1946ȑӧځȤ၃Β२ȥύޑȤ३ෝȥᆶȤΐᓪȥ၃ύǴࢂҔٰࡰੋд ᇡӕޑ௼ဂ୷ӦȨύ୯ȩǴЬ஭ᆵ᡼Ьᡏޣ߾Ҕٰࡰੋдॺ҅ӧࡌᄬޑ௼ဂ୷ӦȨᆵ᡼ȩǶεഌѤοᝤޑ բৎՆᑶȐ෯ၰહǴ1904-1992ȑӧ1935ԃрހޑȤ३ෝޑ΋ڹȥύǴઠӧύ୯Γޑҥ൑ஒ३ෝඔॊࣁȨ೏ मࡆ୯Ьကம࠵๱ȩޑӦБǴЬ஭ᆵ᡼ЬᡏޣҭҔӕኬޑཀຝࡰੋȨᆵ᡼ȩǶՆᑶϐፕـȠᅆݲᚇ૶ȡȐܲ ܴǺ໦ࠄΓ҇рހޗǴ1982ԃȑǴ।162-168Ƕёـவ᎙᠐ޑفࡋٰ࣮ǴคፕЬȨ಍ȩޣᆶЬȨᐱȩޣǴ ೿ϩ٦๱ӅӕޑЎϯᆶཀຝၗྍǹ೿Ԗ๱ჹȨ෗҇ޣȩޑኌࡗᆶȨ೏෗҇ޣȩޑൿኈǹ೿Ԗ๱ᐟว௼ဂ௃ ᆣޑນ؃ᆶࡌᄬ௼ဂᇡӕޑҞޑ฻ޑࡹݯၮբǶѝࢂ౛ှᆶှញޑࡹݯБӛᆶࡹݯҥ൑ԖձԶςǴӧԜ΋ ှញጄൎϣǴऩૈຬຫ߄ቫޑࡹݯ៾ΚޟလǴ߾ஒёаว౜ٿޣϣӧԖ೚ӭ੿ჴޑӅӕᗺǶ 9 ܌ᒏȨύ୯Рᒃȩ྽ฅѝࢂਥᏵȨঞξၸᆵ᡼ȩаϷȨѝԖঞξϦǴؒԖঞξ҆ȩޑ߻ගᇡޕΠǴவᏢ ౛ޑفࡋ຾Չޑ΋ᅿᡄᒠ΢ၨࣁӝ౛ޑ௢ෳǴԾᆶЬ஭ᆵ᡼Ьᡏޣࢂց੿҅ᇡӕֹӄคᜢǶ 10 ᝵຾மӃғǴᆵ᡼໦݅ᑜፅ۸ໂΓǴ҇୯58ԃԵΕഌैγ۔ᏢਠǴаಃ΋Ӝߥଌഌैै۔ᏢਠǴΟैε ᏢᏯౣࣴز܌౥཰ǶමҺࠄ๮εᏢکѳᆶᏯౣࣴزύЈЬҺǵȠᆵ᡼ਔൔȡᕴЬ฽฻ᙍǶ᝵ӃғаȨቬ Ꮵȩޑ฽ӜቪբλᇥǴ่ӝቪჴ॥਱ᆶໂβϣ఼ࣁځ੝ՅǴමᕇ୯ैЎ᛬ߎႽዛᆶഌैЎ᛬ߎྰዛǴ٠ ᕇֆᐜࢬЎᏢዛǴӧ҇୯66ԃԿ73ԃ໔ǴᕇளޑЎᏢዛ໨ԖΖԛϐӭǴԿϞ՟ЯۘคΓૈઇځइᒵǶอ ጇλᇥȤླྀਲᐋȥමᕇȠᖄӝൔȡಃϤۛȐ1981ȑอጇλᇥዛȐ٠ΕᒧԃࡋλᇥዛȑǴЪම೏୯ҥጓ᝿ ᓔᒧΕ୯ጓҁȠ୯ύ୯ЎȡፐҁȐϩࣁ΢ΠٿፐȑǶ 11 ȨႠ୯ઓޗȩՏܭܿ٧ίж୔ΐࢤчǶځԋҥၸำǴ२ӃࢂӧЎΦ2ԃȐ1862ȑ೛ҥȨܕሲ൑ȩǹܴݯ2 ԃ6ДȐ1869ȑׯᆀȨܿ٧ܕሲޗȩǹܴݯ12ԃȐ1879ȑۈᆀȨႠ୯ઓޗȩǴࡿک12ԃȐ1937ȑԋࣁȨ୯ ৎ੝ձεઓޗȩǴЬाٮںԾ჏҉6ԃȐ1853ȑаࡕډࡿک20ԃȐ1945ȑ8Д15ВӧВҁϺࣤ࠹թȨಖᏯ ຕਜȩࣁЗǴٗ٤ࣁВҁϺࣤᏯԝޑ246࿤ӭӜΫᡫǴځύ໻Ԗ14000ӭӜࢂԝܭВҁޑϣᏯǴځᎩ೿ࢂ ӧᐕԛߟౣᏯݾύ೏ѺԝޑߟౣӁ২Ǵ೭٤ΫᡫᗋхࡴύВҘϱᏯݾࡕ೏ᆵ᡼ΓѺԝޑ1130ӜВҁߟౣ ޣǹаϷว୏ߟౣᏯݾԶ্ԝύ୯ǵරᗲᆶܿࠄ٥฻Ӧί࿤Γޑܿచमᐒ฻14ӜҘભᏯҍǶ

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१ޟߺଙ՗࣏Ȅณࠌоᆰ៖ᇃᢊкᡝᆠડ࣏ᙛ೰ޟᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩȂᜲၾϚޣၾԪᆍ ՗৷ϚಒӫȂࣥՍႂधڏഺឩஅҏᆠડܖনࠌ༝ȉԃݎޣၾՄࠓٷณஈ՗೻ኺޟࣀ ଢ଼Ȃ҆ณԤ౩ҥȂณࠌڏџ૖ޟ౩ҥդӵڹȉ ࠉМ஠ឃкৰ้୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥޟ՗࣏Ȃ࣏ࣨۡᄇȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷԴଙޟ౩ҥȂ кौ࢐ਲ਼ᐃӻኵк஻ᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱࡦདᢎᘈॊဎޟ๖ݎȈ൷ΙૡܒޟᇯޣՄِȂк ஻ᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱᖂ࢐ᇯ࣏ȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷ௃پ൷ؠԤӵᐿҳՌкޟРυϛҡࣀႆȂߝ ෈оپΙޢڧڗȶѴپҕఊȷڷȶѴپ஼᠌ȷޟኸΨȶ஼ኸȷȂٮиӵೝ३ڙՌҥޟ ௑ݷήȂႆ๿ࣼϚڗ໨ӎޟۧଙ៼షՄؠԤӈդ൵ᝒޟҡࣀȄк஻ᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱՌ ᇯ࣏࢐ȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޟࡆυȂӰՄϚ༉Ռณ᏿ԤфߒȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷଡـ஼ኸޱȶဌඌȷ ޟ᠌Ψȇӣਢζध॒Ԥ၌ܹᎏ஼ኸޟȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷಳᚔव੕Մ᏿ԤՌҥޟᚖ१ડထӈ ୛Ȅਲ਼ᐃԪΙஅҏᢎᘈȂՃᄆᇃᢊࢇݽี৤ޟᐣѬȂࠌ஼ኸȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޱՍЍौѓ ࢂ೉៌ȶ෥ҕкဎޱȷȃРҏȶ෥ҕкဎޱȷᇄȶ៧ၾޟȷϛ୽Ѵپࢇ᠌Ȃ12༌৛ȶᇃ ᢊҔᒑȷശ౏ޟࠌ࢐ȶ෥ҕޟȷРҏᇄȶ៧ၾޟȷϛ୽Ѵپࢇ᠌Ȅծ౪ӵ೻ٲᖐᆎौ ࣏ڏȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷଆӱϴၾޟࡆυȂϚ༉ؠԤᇯઍଡـȶ஼ኸȷᇃᢊҔᒑޟРҏȶ෥ ҕкဎޱȷޟဌඌȂࠓເў୤ࡶټۈ٥ٲෆင୤ᇄ஼ኸڏȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷඌ৶ӵϱޟȶ़ ᡹ȷȂ೻Ϛ࢐хΡឈுЊႆᒿඓՄϚџࡦដ༝ȉ೻Ϛ࢐ΙᆍхΡឈு࡞ȶ܏౴ȷޟ՗ ৷༝ȉ ٱᄂΰԪ᜸ȶ܏౴՗৷ȷȂष௃Шၶ౩ܒޟپࣼȂࠌܖ೨ζџоԤӫݲܒᇄӫ౩ ܒޟཎဎȄ೻џо௃Ֆጢᇄࢇݽڍᆍᇯӣޟُ࡙ଆ፣Ȃॶӑ൷ȶՖጢᇯӣȷޟُ࡙፣Ȃ ୤ࡶޟΡρषݎઍܛᇯՌϏ߽ȶРҏ෥ҕޱȷޟࡣ၂Ȃਲ਼ᐃȶ៧ၾϛ୽ȷ१ຜޟЮ᠌ ՖጢڙȂࠌ୤ࡶ՗࣏Ϛ༉Ϛᔖ၎ڧڗ៕೰ȂІՄᔖ၎ڧڗ౾σߒපȂӰ࣏೻ғ࢐ӵЮ ᠌ڙཎဎήޟΙᆍབತଡሉޟ׃ၾߒ౪Ȃԃݎᇃᢊޟޥོ༈ಛΙޢ഍ᇯӣϛ୽Ю᠌ڙ ޟ٥ৈ׃ၾೣጒȂ࿋ณ൷ؠԤ౩ҥ៕೰ȶ൶ਲ਼ᇯઠȷޟғ࿋՗࣏ȂӰ࣏Ιৈೣጒौڎ ԤලжܒᇄԤਝܒޟቋ঄ᇄཎဎȂ҆໸࢐ᄇܚԤΡΙຜӣϦޟᎌҢȂ࿋ณϚ૖ѫᢚछ ՌϏ୤ࡶϛ୽Юᒑ࢐׃໷՗࣏Ȃࠓ៕೰тΡޟ୤ࡶ࢐ਈଛߒ౪ȄӔޱ൷౪фࢇݽ౩፣ ήఊတᇯӣޟُ࡙ՄِȂӈդΡ഍౩ܚ࿋ณޟџо᏿Ԥ௃Ռר१ཱི࡚ᄺ٘Ӌޟȶᇯ ӣȷȂ໌՗ՌרᇯӣޟᒵᐅȂငҥԪᆍȶࢇݽఊတȷޟᒵᐅȂӰՄᕕுΙᆍ᜸խՖጢ ᜰ߽ޟȶЮυᜰ߽ȷȂஅܻ൵१ޟনࠌȂ࿋ณζᔖ၎ᇄஅܻՖጢগ౩לԙޟ׃ၾΙຜ 12 ԜȨȩࢂڅཀу΢ޑज़ڋຒǴҭջԜЎу΢Ȩȩࡰੋޑ಻ើǵВҁᆶύ୯฻ǴΏࡰٗᜪڀԖԜᅿ෗҇៙ ၰཀ᛽׎ᄊ܈ڀᡏՉࣁޣǴԜЎ٠όӕཀٗᜪడค࿯ڋޑੌᔲࡰ௓БԄǴ೭ᜪࡹ࠼ࠠడคज़ڋޑදၹࡰ ௓Ǵࡹݯཀ఼ϼၸமਗ਼Ǵ٠ό፾ӝ྽բȨݯᏢБݤȩ૸ፕޑᏢೌཷۺǶ

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ӣϦȄӰՄฒ፣࢐அܻȶՖጢগ౩ȷޟᇯӣܖஅܻȶࢇݽఊတগ౩ȷޟᇯӣȂѫौܛ ᇯ୤ࡶޟᄇຫ࢐ՌϏᇯӣޟȶЮفઠӑȷȂࠌ഍ᔖ၎ӵᇃᢊ༈ಛᇯӣϛ୽ЮفՖጢগ ౩׃ၾޟޥོӓӣቋ঄ཎဎήȂڧڗӣ้൵१ȄϚႆ೻џ૖ོЕีѪΙএތដޟᅸඋȈ ᇃᖒឩ࢐ȶᇃᢊΡȷޟឩȉᗙ࢐ȶРҏࡔ୽෥ҕޱࡣ၂ȷޟឩȉឃкৰܖ೨Ο၌೻এ ДၙܚӵȂӰՄߨலڎԤও᜝׬ѽޟӱᔖ׳ຟޱᇳȈȶרঈȷфߒȶᇃᢊΡȷў୤ࡶ ټۈڏϛޟȶᇃᢊΡȷޟȶ़᡹ȷȄ13೻࿋ณؠԤϧቄϚџ֙ΡϞ೎Ȅ ൷ࡊᢎϴҁޟُ࡙ࣼ࡟ԪٱȂ೻ٲܚᒝȶРҏᇃᢊռȷᗶณζԤᗵ឴ܻРҏࡔ୽ кဎ߭౱ޱཎဎήޟȶϚғဎȷ឴ܒȂծζ҆໸ܛᇯڏϛ҆ณԤߨՌ᜹ȃೝႁफ़ܖڧ ЕᇶޱȂឃкৰ้Ρ୤ࡶޟ࢐ȶᇃᢊΡȷՄϚ࢐ȶРҏᇃᢊռȷޟᇳݲȂՌԤڏഋӋ ޟғ࿋ܒᇄӫݲܒȄณՄےϚ፣ᄇᐌএׇᐌՄΙᡝޟႮ୽ડޥȶ़᡹ȷȂ࢐֏џо໌ ՗୤ࡶᄇຫޟϷസՄ໌՗୤ࡶȄծᗙԤΙএ୰ᚠሯौ၌ؚȂ൷࢐ឃкৰݎઍΙ໠ۖ൷ ܲԤтܚࡇᆎޟ٥ᆍ౩ҥᇄҬޟȂݎઍ࢐ઍЖՄጂᄂᇯӣи᏿៖ԪΙ՗࣏ȂդоϚӵ юีϞӑϴ໠ࡇҰȂ೻ଏϚ࢐џоᡱڏ୤ࡶ՗࣏ڎԤ؁ଽޟғ࿋ܒᇄӫݲܒޟғ७ࡇ Ұཎဎ༝ȉष௃ڏюีϞӑᇄ୤ࡶϞࠉȂ഍Ґෆϴ໠՗แޟᄂሬߒ౪پࣼȂࠌϚջᡱ ΡԤΙᆍϚஊӎ݂ғσޟཐឈȄਲ਼ᐃ೻ٲߒ౪ޟӫ౩ϷݙȂ೻൷Ϛ૖ϚᡱΡӫ౩ᛄᅸ ೻ٲٱࡣޟӱ๎Ȃ൷჋ܚԤތដٱӇޟีଢ଼ޱΙኺȂ࿋ี౪՗࣏Ԥџ૖Еี࢚ᆍӠᐠ ܖॳᓎਢȂΙོۡײΙএџоᡱՌϏၵ໌ўՄџ૖ȶ၌ੑ୰ᚠȷޟ౩ҥ៝၌ޟ௑לΙ ኺȂծ೻ᆍ៝၌ᄂሬΰ࢐ΙᆍЖ౩ΰޟՌרԊኑȂٮؠԤઍғौӱ๎тΡඪ୰ȂӰԪ ࡞ᜲڎԤᇳ݈ޟђ૖Ȅ࢚ٲᏰ೚ོដޟ፣МีߒޱȂӱ๎тΡඪ୰ਢȂζԤᙤҢԪᆍ ៫ѾѡՄِтޟПԒȂо၌ੑтΡඪ୰ޱȂࢇݽΰԃԪӱᔖՌԤڏђ૖ȂծᏰ೚ΰҢ ೻ᆍПԒӱᔖٮϚџڥȄ ࠉМങक़ޟᢎᘈᇄཎَȂкौ࢐ҳஅܻᆰ៖ᇃᢊкᡝܒᇄᐿҳՌкҳൟޱᢎᘈή ޟΙᆍӫݲᇄӫ౩ޟ၌᠞ȂٮϚ࢐મӵȶ៧ၾޟȷϛ୽ȶѕٵᢎᘈȷήޟϚ࿋ܖϚӣ 13 Кၨ҅ዴԶֹ᏾ޑഋॊᔈ၀ࢂǺȨٗ٤рғܭᆵ᡼Ӧ୔ǴԾᜫᆶߚԾᜫ୺ՉВҁࡆ୯ЬကޣཀדǴӢࣁ ڐշВҁࡆ୯Ьကޣ຾ՉߟౣஓఠՉࣁǴܭࢂᎁډڙ্ޣ΋Б҅྽ٛፁޑϸלǴӢԶѨѐғڮޑ΋ဂਏ ۸ܭВҁϺࣤޑВҁծᡫՏȩǴ᝵ЬৢڅཀҔȨᆵ᡼ΓޑमᡫȩǴаߡኳጋǵೕᗉ೭٤೏ٮںޣڀԖޑ ȨߟౣޣȩǵȨॐ্ޣȩᆶȨஓఠคູޣȩ฻يҽޑ௵གୢᚒǴ܌аᇥ᝵ЬৢޑঅᜏמѯߚதଯܴǶ٣ ჴ΢ਥᏵ΋૓܄ޑΑှǴЬ஭ᆵ᡼Ьᡏҥ൑ޣӭኧȐόࢂӄ೽ȑࣁڀԖமਗ਼൧ख़Γ៾ᆶϸߟౣޑ౛གྷΓ ၰЬကޣǴόᔈ၀ჹ೭٤Ȩमᡫȩޑߟౣஓఠޣޑឦ܄ᗉԶόፋǶќѦόӕࡹݯЬ஭ޣ٬Ҕޑᆵ᡼Γ΋ ຒǴځჴ೿ᔈ၀Ҕࡴ۱ȨȩൎଆٰǴҔа߄Ңځ܌ᒏȨᆵ᡼ΓȩڀԖ၀ಔᙃཀကΠဂᡏǵ੝ਸǵߚදၹ ฻ࡹݯ΢ޑཀ఼ᆶமፓǴԜᆶ΋૓ؒԖ੝ਸࡹݯ܄ཀ఼ޑᆵ᡼ΓཀကԖձǶคፕ୯҇លǵ҇຾លǵᒃ҇ លǵᆵᖄល܈Ӆౢល฻ࡹݯΓނαύޑȨᆵ᡼Γȩ΋ຒǴ೿ᔈ྽଺ӵࢂᢀǴࣴزޣ྽ฅाૈ୼ղձځϣ ఼໔ޑৡձǶ

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ҳൟޟ၌᠞Ȅ14՗МϞሬϐࣺ࿋ՌឈӴ௶ଶӑᡛཎᜋלᄘޟϓᘙȂᏑџ૖௃Ϛࣺϓޟਠ ᢎޱُ࡙Ȃ൷ࡊᢎٱᄂᇳ݂୰ᚠȂٺҢޟМѯζᏑџ૖оජक़ܒᇭѯᇄങक़ܒᇭѯ࣏ кȂᏑ໔ᗗջю౪ளԤ׳րཎᜋޟຟቋܒᇭѯ୤ᚕڏϛȄ

έȃ׳րຟ፣ޟІࣸᇄϷݙ!

ІࡦՃᄆࠉक़ᜰܻ୤ࡶРҏȶࡔ୽෥ҕȷ߭౱ᏽқ՗࣏ޟങक़ᇳ݂Ȃᗶณϐᅾ໔ ௃ࡊᢎϴၾޟُ࡙ᇳ݂Ȃծ՗Мϛᄂሬΰٷᙟю౪೨ӻϚҁᇄ׳րޟᇭѯܖᇭ੉Ȃю ౪Ԫᆍᇄהఖߒ౪ПԒࣺਈଛޟ౪ຫȂ࿋ณᇄҁР஀ࡻޟՌឈܖϚՌឈޟӑᡛཎᜋל ᄘࣺᜰȂ೻ᆍϚՌឈ׳րޟཎᜋלᄘȂџ૖پՌέএП७ޟኇ៪Ȅॶӑџ૖࢐ߝ෈௥ ڧ୽ҕឩࢇۺޟឩϽఀىᇄࡇ༈ޟ๖ݎȂӰՄϚޣϚឈϛዖᙠԤΙᆍӑᡛܒᇯӣ୽ҕ ឩᢎᘈޟཎᜋȂ࢈ՄᄇܻႂІᎯھ୽ҕឩཎဎޟ՗࣏ȂϚՌឈޟю౪Іཐȇڏԩ࢐ߝ ෈௥ڧϛ୽༈ಛМϽޟ๖ݎȂᏲमӵฒלϛڧڗငᏰоϚᡐ࣏லᄘޟஅҏᢎኇ៪ȂӰ Մ༊өܻᆰ៖ࢋԤܖࢋԆޟٱސȂᄇҁலϞѴޟ׽ᡐܖएีޟٱӇၶฒݲ௥ڧȇ಑έ ࠌ࢐Ӱ࣏௥ڧ࢚ٲ౪фఀىඪټޟҕкȃݲࡡᇄΡ᠌้ࡦདޟ๖ݎȂӰՄՌឈӴ௃Ρ ၾȃڷҁᇄІᏽޟُ࡙Ȃᄇ೻ٲРҏΡܚᒝȶҕఊ़໰ȷᇄȶᏽތ़੨ȷޟҏ፴౰ҡ ஼੨፴ᅸٮ׳րȄ൷࢐Ӱ࣏Ԥࠉक़έ໶ӑᡛܒ፴ޟ๘ᄇܒІᄇᇄ׳րᄘ࡙ޟᜰ߽Ȃᡋ ོᄇ୤ࡶРҏᏽқޟ՗࣏Ȃю౪ϚՌឈޟ׳րІᔖȄծ࣏٘҆໸ࡊᢎ७ᄇٱӇޟंـ ޱȂҏ൷၎௃౪фΡМंـޱ҆໸ڎԤޟΡМશᎴौؑȂ௶ଶӑᡛޟ׳րᇄ௑ᆱȂ൷ ࢐҆໸મӵ൵१அҏΡ᠌ᇄӫݲҕ᠌ቋ঄ޟڍএُ࡙Ȃ७ᄇࢋԆޟٱӇܖ୰ᚠȄӰՄ ζ൷Ԥ҆ौᄇࠉक़༊өܻ൐Ιُ࡙ޟ׳րȂ໌՗Ιᆍ౏ϸՄȶߨΡܒȷԒ౩ܒཎဎή ޟՌרІࣸ׳րȂငҥԪᆍՌר్ࢿޟแוȂᡋԤџ૖ಳᚔዖӵཎᜋלᄘޟ௡ڙȂܖ ޱ஠ᗴᙠޟཎᜋלᄘആ݂ϽȂӰՄџоஉᎴΙᆍၶғலᇄӫн౩དޟंـᄘ࡙Ȃ໌Մ џоՌҥࡊᢎޟ໌՗ंـȄ ౩ܒཎဎήߨΡܒԒޟՌרІࣸ׳րȂџо஠Ϟᙽ඲࣏ΙᆍᎧ᠞ᇄ၌ភُ࡙ޟՌ ר၌᠞Ȃܻ࢐ζ൷џоװᎧ᠞ᇄ၌ភ౪ຫܖٱӇϛޟȶרȷȂܪຫϽ࣏׳րޱȂӰՄ 14 ઠӧȨύ୯চໂҥ൑ȩჹᚶۺВҁ෗҇಍ݯޣޑץຑǴКၨڀж߄܄ޑፕᗺǴёаୖԵ1946ԃࡾϺவε ഌډᆵ᡼ޑ໳ᓉ჏ǺȠࡾԁኴΠఁᔱ࡚ǺВҁჹᆵ᡼ޑ෗҇಍ݯϷځቹៜȡȐч٧Ǻ୘୍ӑਜᓔǴ2003 ԃȑǴ।435-449ޑፕॊǶ໳Мץຑޑϣ৒ǴڀԖᚈख़܄ޑ᎙᠐фૈǴӢࣁӕਔΨёаှ᠐рઠӧᚶۺ Вҁ෗҇಍ݯҥ൑ޣ୲࡭ޑȨ҅྽܄ȩ౛җǶ

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೩ॎюήӖޟඁএȶІ୰ȷȂณࡣ໌՗Ռר׳րޟІөࡦՃȈȞΙȟ׳րޱ࢐።ȉȞΠȟ ׳րޱҢϧቄಁӎࣼ࡟ԪΙٱӇȉȞέȟ׳րޱԤϧቄၥਿᄇٱӇ໌՗ᇳέၾѲޟࡾ ೰ȉȞѲȟ።፭Ϡ׳րޱ೻ٲ׳րܒᇭѯޟᓺӑีِ᠌ȉȞϤȟ׳ຟޱ࢐֏Ԥႆ࡙Ռ о࣏࢐ޟમӵଽΡΙ้ޟଽ࡙ȂӰՄՌᇯ࣏ڎԤᓺӑีِ᠌ޟϚՌឈ៧᠌৚ڙࡦՃޟ ୰ᚠȉȞϲȟ׳ຟޱҏ٘࢐֏Ӱ࣏ࠉक़ϚՌឈޟᒿᇲᇯޣȂӰՄဣΣ٥ᆍીм൵१т Ρߒႀ᠌ΨޟடڙᐿᘞޱϚ࿋ҳൟϞϛȉष࢐૖ஊବᄇࠉक़ϲ໶୰ᚠ໌՗׳րԒޟՌ רІࡦȂࠌ൷ШၶԤџ૖לԙၶ࣏ಒӫΡМᏰޱஅҏौؑޟᢎࣼᇄຟቋޟᄘ࡙ܖᢎ ᘈȄϚႆ೻ٲ୰ᚠਖ਼Ѕޟቹ७ࣺ࿋ኄȂԪМՌฒݲ၏ᅾޟΙΙᇳ݂ȂоήӰԪ༉൷Ԫ ٱӇџо໌՗ޟඁᆍϚӣُ࡙Ѕڏ౩፣ޟਲ਼ᐃȂᗙԤԪᆍϷݙࣸࡦڎԤޟ༈ಛᏰ೚ਲ਼ ྛȃݽᏰПݲΰџ૖Ԥޟཎဎᇄቋ঄้П७ёоᇳ݂Ȅ ॶӑବᄇ೻ΙٱӇޟࢇݽཎဎՄِȂᐣѬΰϛ୽ᇄРҏȃᇃᢊᇄРҏȂӵࢇݽЅ ڏߣளޟ፝ӻٱ໶ΰȂھณԤ೨ӻΙِᜲᅾޟ৿ࡪ௑ϪȂϛ୽ΡܖᇃᢊΡӵРҏ߭౱ ϛ୽ᇄ෥ҕᇃᢊϞࡣȂጂᄂෆᐭଔ࿋ਢڍ۬ӻኵΡҕޟϪР௑ᆱȂծϚ҆ᒖِฒ፣࢐ σചܖᇃᢊȂ഍ԤݠဏРҏܖڧڗРҏԁ೎ޟᒑРΙࣂȂᒑРᇄϪРڍࣂȂӵ࿋ήޟ ࢇݽਢުᕗცήȂٮϚོϴณࡇᆎՌϏᄂሬޟҳൟȂՄ࢐஠ڏкौҳൟᙤҥȶಛȷᇄ ȶᐿȷޟᇯӣѓ၆ᗴཌߒ౪Ȃӵ୤ࡶႮ୽ડޥٱӇޟތ៝ϛȂฒ፣࢐મӵІᄇ׳րܖ ІሻՌ఼ޟᚖПधࡣȂٱᄂΰ഍ᗴณԆӵԤࣺ࿋ᐨࠔޟ୅ཎٷߣܖઍғᇯӣޟಛᐿࢇ ݽཎဎޟϱొȂծ஠୤ࡶٱӇৈΣಛᐿϞތޟ਱࢜ϛȂࠌ࢐ᚖПړཎᏲЕޟΙᆍࢇݽ ܒᐇհȂΙᆍ៫ѾѡՄِт၌ੑ୰ᚠޟӱᔖȂٮؠԤᔞϛ၎ٱӇкौޟਯЖ୰ᚠȄӰ ࣏к஻ಛޟΡџоᙤԪՄ஠ኳᄇΙПᘪ᜸࣏൪РןᇃޱȂк஻ᐿޟΡࠌџоᙤԪՄಳ ᚔதࡶᏽތ೯υޟІΡၾࡾ೰ȂᚖП௃ࢇݽُ࡙ӨڥܚሯՄᅋюޟᔛጆȂਲ਼ҏ഍Ϛ࢐ ઍғӵ௤ଆ୰ᚠޟ࢐ߨȂӰ࣏षਲ਼ᐃලжΡၾޟ኿ྥȂԪΙ୤ࡶٱӇ၎ݧཎޟฐᘈ୰ ᚠȂᔖ࢐ၚ୰೻ٲႂІΡၾලжቋ঄ޟ߭౱஡మฒ໇ޱȂ၎Ϛ၎᝷៉ڧڗ୤ࡶȉᗙԤ ၚ୰ڎԤΡၾᜰᛄޟ౪фȶᇃᢊΡȷȂ၎Ϛ၎୤ࡶ೻᜸ฒ፣࢐Ռ᜹ᗙ࢐ೝफ़Ȃծጂᄂ ෆင୤ᇄႆ߭౱஡మтΡޟȶᇃᢊΡȷ้้ȂՍܻಛᐿϞތӵԪලжቋ঄ϞήȂ༉૖ ࢐এߣளޟࢇݽΡސᜰЖޟࢇݽ୰ᚠՄϐȄҥԪџޣІᄇޱીмΡၾᆠડᜰᛄޟՃ ኌȂѫོ௃ಛᐿϞތޟࢇݽُ࡙ีِȂӰՄٺு୤ࡶޱԤᐠོ໷Ы௰Ցޟ஠ތដۡ፡ ӵಛᐿϞތޟཎဎጒ൜ϞϱȂܻ࢐ζ൷џоցҢȶግ૩Ρ౩፣ȷޟᡒᒮᙲᇲȂԤਝӴ ௶ଶ୤ࡶ՗࣏࢐֏ႂІΡၾஅҏቋ঄ٱᄂޟଆ፣ܖຟቋȄ ᄇܻಛᐿϞތᗴ֤ޟཎဎȂष௃౪ᄂޟᄂᜌкဎԒࡦၯή໌՗ࡦՃȂࠌζ൷џо ӑᗗ໠ԪΙ੫੆ٱӇȂনҏڎԤޟ҆ौᖒདޟ၌᠞ܖႆ࡙ᖒདޟ၌ភ้ࢇݽཎဎήޟ

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ڙघȂસ൷ಛᐿϞތᄇ౪ۨᇃᢊတಀџоளپդᆍցઉޟПө໌՗Ϸݙ၌᠞Ȃһ։ӵ Ϛਖ਼Ѕ୽ఊкဎ٘ϷᇯӣޟࠉඪήȂ௶ଶࢇݽޟ౩དՄસ൷ࢇݽցઉޟُ࡙ՃኌȂࠌ ܚԤࢇឩϷυھณ഍ོоᇄϏցฒݲಳᚔᜰ߽ޟࢇឩցઉ࣏ᓺӑՃኌȂծ൷ᇃᢊ౪೎ ޟӴ՝ᇄᄂሬޟжࣨ׋༖ՄِȂࠌζ҆໸ܛᇯؠԤӈդΡᇄࢇឩȂџо᏿ԤؽՌȶ፲ ᇃȷޟ૖Ψᇄ᠌ΨȂӰԪ೻ٲࢇឩϷυޟցઉȂᄂሬΰһϚுϚߣ឴ӵᇃᢊޟᐌᡝց ઉϞήȂ೻ٲ࣏ՌϏؽց๿དޟࢇឩϷυȂ࿋ณϚ᜹ཎѶўᇃᢊ೻এџоᡱՌϏޢ௥ ᡀڥᄂ፴ցઉޟкᡝȂԃݎ೻এႱ೩ؠԤЊႆᚔᜊȂࠌฒ፣к஻ಛܖᐿȂٱᄂΰϚႆ ࢐ࢇឩϷυӵԃդ࣏ՌϏڥுശσցઉޟࠉඪήȂߨலᄂሬޟ࣏ᇃᢊҐپюၯ໌՗ࡦ Ճ೩ॎޟΙএᙢყՄϐȂ࿋೻ٲϚӣޟк஻ᇄཎَᗙؠԤઍғဣᄂϞࠉȂᔖ၎ܛᇯڍ ޱ᏿Ԥ้ࣺޟӴ՝ȂоЅ഍ڎԤғ७ᇄ॒७ቋ঄ޟџ૖ܒȄᇯӣ࢚Ιк஻ޱȂᇯ࣏ڏ ᇯӣޟк஻ၶтࣂଽ݂ܖᓺӑȂஅҏΰζѫ࢐୑َհટՄϐȂٮϚڎԤӈդ຺ູϚӣ к஻Ȃи҆ณᓺܻڏтк஻ޟԤਝᜌᐃቋ঄Ȅ೻൷ԁ჋࢚ٲܚᒝࢇݽᏰޱ׳ຟ৘М Ȟ1866-1925ȟޟȶϤ᠌ᏴݲȷԃդԃդΙኺȂ഍ѫ࢐࢚Ρܖ࢚ЮυفᏰࣂޟ୑َՄϐȂ ೻᜸׳ຟശӻζ༉ڎԤοՏތ៝ޟቋ঄ՄϐȂਲ਼ҏฒݲڎԤӈդᄂ፴ܖџ߬ޟቋ঄Ȃ Ӱ࣏৘МޟϤ᠌ᏴݲՍϬ࣏ХȂ௃ҐઍғԤਝޟဣᄂӵᄂሬࢇݽၼհϛȂᄇΙএ௃Ґ ઍғࢊ՗ޟ౩፣Ȃᇳԁڷᇳᚽ഍ӣኺџ߬ζӣኺϚџ߬ȂӰ࣏഍࢐឴ܻᡒᒮΰџ૖ܒ ޟΙᆍౠᖼՄϐȂՍܻᇳӰ࣏Ѵ୽ؠԤΡᇳܖᇯӣȂӰԪ೻এ౩፣ϚԁܖϚџ՗Ȃࠌ ࢐ΙᆍϚՌឈޟࢷѷϗҳൟȂਲ਼ҏϚ঄ுΙፙȂᄇܻᇃᢊ࢐ಛ࢐ᐿդޱ҆࢐դޱ҆ߨ ޟތ៝Ȃ࿋ณζџо௃ԪΙُ࡙ࡦՃȄ೻ኺᇳٮϚ࢐ӵІᄇ࢐ߨԁᚽޟތ៝Ȃܖޱད ࡚ᄺѪΙᆍࢇݽᇯӣȂ೻ڏᄂѫ࢐ӵᇳ݂ތ៝ᚖПޟᏰ೚ቋ঄ᇄӴ՝Ȃᄂሬΰ഍࢐೎ ӵӣΙҁ७ΰȂٮؠԤӈդΙПӑܻۨᓺӑޟଽ՝Ȅһ։ӵඪᒺंـޱ७ᄇᏰ೚ތ៝ ϞሬȂᚖП഍҆໸ӑौԤԪᆍܛᇯՌϏޟᢎᘈܖк஻ȂᄂሬΰڷтΡ೎ܻҁ้Ӵ՝ޟ ӑᡛᇯޣȂ೻ኺᡋԤџ૖໌՗ᄂ፴ܒޟᏰ೚ଆ፣Ȅ ԪѴ؁џо௶ଶ୽ఊкဎᇄΡၾкဎཎᜋלᄘޟϓᘙȂ௃સᆞޟݲࡡُ࡙ϷݙԪ ΙٱӇȄԪΙસᆞݲࡡُ࡙ޟϷݙᢎᘈȂкौ࢐ᙤҢኈ୽ࢇݽᏰޱњᅭȅࢊԽ੫ȞCarl SchmitǴ1888-1985ȟۡဎήȶҳݲ࠮୽ড়ȷࢇݽӓӣᡝ᜸࠮ޟ྅܈ȂԪΙϷݙᢎᘈޟ அҏনࠌȂџоᙏ౱ޟ྅ࢂ࣏Ȉ ΋ᅿҗೕጄϯٰЍଛޑ୯ৎᡏڋǴ೭٤ೕጄࢂߚΓ਱ޑǵӢԶࢂදၹޑǴࢂ٣ ӃೕۓޑǵӢԶࢂрܭ࡭ΦԵቾޑǴࢂଞჹёෳۓکёೕۓޑϣ৒ڋۓр

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ٰǶǾǾȨჴՉ಍ݯޑࢂݤࡓȩǴԶόࢂΓǵ៾࠶܈ޣ྽៾ޣǶ15 ᙤҥࢊԽ੫Ԫᆍસݲࡡಛݽޟ౩ད࠮ᢎᘈ໌՗ϷݙȂܻ࢐ζ൷џо௃ҕк୽ড়સᆞޟ ݲࡡ߳ራஅҏΡ᠌ᇄӫݲҕ᠌ޟПөࡦՃȄӵԪસᆞݲࡡনࠌήȂࠌᔖ၎џоܛᇯ୤ ࡶ٥ٲᄇӻኵ୽ড়ᇄΡҕՄِ࢐߭౱ޱᇄ஡మޱޟᏽқȂᄇРҏ߭౱ޱՄِ࢐དྷ୽ᇄ ܆॑ߒ౪ޟȶ़᡹ȷޟ՗࣏Ȃᄂሬΰ࢐ᗵ឴ܻᏴݲ߳ራήِ፣ՌҥޟΙᆍӫݲܒޟߒ ႀȂтΡӵᏴݲ߳ራήھณџоԤߒҰ൉Ϛ൉᠍௑ᆱޟՌҥȂծࠓ҆໸൵१୤ࡶޱ᏿ ԤޟᏴݲ፭ϠޟՌҥߒႀޟ᠌ցȄӰ࣏ӵસᆞݲࡡޟཎဎήȂѫौϚਖ਼Ѕႂݲ՗࣏Ȃ ӈդΡ഍џоਲ਼ᐃݲ౩ΰ᏿Ԥޟஅҏ߳ራȂ౩ܚ࿋ณޟԤ᠌ΨȞpowerȟᇄ᠌ցȞrightȟ ࡸྱՌϏޟཎ᜹ȂՌҥӴ໌՗ΙٲӵලжޟΡၾஅҏቋ঄ཎဎήȂਖ਼ЅၾኈΰȃΡܒ ΰȃཐ௑ΰܖޥོΰȂхΡȞ։ٺ࢐๘ᄇӻኵޟΡȟᜲо௥ڧޟٱ௑Ȅ16 छ୽঱ᏰᇄఀىᏰޱٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱȞAlexander MeiklejohnȂ1872-1964ȟ ෆငଆ፣ႆछ୽Ᏼݲܚо҆໸ᆰ៖ِ፣Ռҥޟጢ࢈ȂԽպᅭघᑱߒႀΟήक़அҏݲࡡ নࠌޟᢎᘈȂтᇳȈ ೭ঁᏦݤচ߾֋ນךॺǴךॺёаӧϦӅ૸ፕύԾҗӦץຑᏦݤǴ΋ӵךॺё аԾҗӦࣁѬ៏ៈ΋ኬǶѬ๏ϒךॺߞһکᏱៈޗ཮Ьက܈ӅౢЬကᆶךॺޑ ࢌ٤ӕझϦ҇ᏱៈၗҁЬက΋ኬޑԾҗǶѬ߄ܴǴᖄٖፓֽࢗǵѦႾࢲ୏ፓࢗ ہ঩཮ǵљݤ೽Ϸځ౽҇٣୍ֽǵᕴ಍۸၈зޑ܌Ԗᙼᓸࢲ୏Ǵό໻ӧ౛ፕ΢ ࢂᒱᇤޑǴԶЪӧჴ፬΢ࢂԖ্ޑǶѬ֋ນךॺǴፏӵ׆੝ୌޑȠךޑᏟରȡǵ ӈჱޑȠ୯ৎᆶॠڮȡǵଭլࡘکৱ਱ථޑȠӅౢល࠹قȡ฻ਜᝤǴёаӧऍ ୯ԾҗӦӑڇǵԾҗӦว୧ǵԾҗӦ໺ኞǵԾҗӦ᎙᠐ǵԾҗӦ૸ፕǵԾҗӦ ࣬ߞǵԾҗӦ፦ᅪǶ೭΋ೕۓޑҞޑ٠όࢂाᅈىٗ٤੝ۓΓޑȨ߄ၲғࢲཀ ကکሽॶȩޑሡाǶךॺΨόࢂाߥៈӑڇޣǵ໺ኞޣǴࣗԿբޣޑ࿶ᔮճ੻Ƕ ѬޑҞޑࢂǺऍ୯Ϧ҇ѝԖкϩǵคࣙӦय़ჹଞჹдॺڋࡋޑ΋Ϫ៏ៈک΋Ϫ ץຑǴᠽ፾ӝܭჴՉԾݯǶϦӅ૸ፕޑԾҗࢂόёज़ڋޑǴ೭ࢂԾݯࡹ۬ޑ୷ 15 ȘቺșьᅟǷࡼԯ੝๱Ǵ׵ࣿ႟᝿ǺȤӝݤ܄ᆶ҅྽܄ȥǴቅےڷ฻᝿ǺȠࡹݯޑཷۺȡȐ΢ੇǺ΢ੇ Γ҇рހޗǴ2004ԃȑǴ।192Ƕ 16 ܌ᒏӧݤࡓ΢ёаЬ஭៾ճǴ਒Γค៾ၸୢǴՠӧȨၰቺ΢ǵΓ܄΢ǵག௃΢܈ޗ཮΢зࢌ٤ΓȐջ٬ ๊ჹӭኧȑᜤаௗڙޑ٣௃ȩǴ൩ࢂȨѝाךӝݤǴԖϙሶόёаȩޑբ॥ǶٯӵǺሹ࿤൤શȨ٩ݤȩ ሦڗȨԴΓԃߎȩǴȨ٩ݤȩ٦ڙȨ଼ߥȩޑ୍ܺϐᜪǶ

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ҡǶҥܭ೭ኬ୷ҡϐ΢Ǵךॺόᔈ྽ӧܴᡉЪջڅޑɡࣗԿࢂཱུᝄख़ޑɡӒ ᓀय़߻ࣙᕭॹଏǶ17 ೻এᇳݲᗶณкौ࢐ବᄇࢇۺಢᙑޟ௡ڙՄِȂծᔖ၎ζџоҢپୈ࣏ᄇ᏿៖ϴҕِ ፣ߒႀՌҥ౩ҥޟΙᆍڎᡝᇳ݂ȄσചᏰޱ߮୊ζෆင፣Ѕछ୽Ԟ෈໐ᚊڙ࡙ϛȂՌ ݽᄂ፺ޟ໐ᚊོដᄂࢊޟޑݷȂ߮୊ᇳȈ ؂΋ঁΓ೿ёаԾҗӦᆶ཮Ǵ؂΋ঁΓ೿Ԗ៾ճکက୍ᐱҥࡘԵǵקวρـǵ ໼᠋ځдᆶ཮ޣޑวقǶ୷ҁচ߾൩ࢂନΑௗڙ᝼٣ೕำޑፓ᏾ѦǴقፕԾҗ όᔈڙډज़ڋǶҺՖ࣬ᜢޑཀـǴόᆅࢂց҅ዴǴ೿ёаԶЪѸ໪Ԗ೏໼᠋ޑ ᐒ཮Ƕ18 ೻࢐ӵ஼፡໠ོϞሬȂ҆໸൵१ϚӣޟཎَȂࣥՍ࢐Ϛԁཎَޟߒႀ᠌ցȂծӣኺџ оᙤپୈ࣏൵१ޥོΰ᏿Ԥϴҕ᠌ޱՌҥߒႀཎَޟᇳ݂ȄΠɒɒέԑೝᒵӈ࣏σݲ ۢޟᇃᢊݲࡡᏰޱݓυቈȂෆีߒΟ൵१ՌҥߒႀཎَޟᢎᘈȂтᇳȈ ൧ख़؂ঁΓᐱҥӸӧޑ൧ᝄǴЬ஭؂ঁΓ೿ᔈڙډѳ฻ޑᜢЈᆶ൧ख़Ǵѳ฻ޑ ٦ԖдΓ܌٦Ԗޑӕ฻ԾҗǴჹܭ؂ঁΓޑقፕ܈ཀـ೿ᔈӕ฻ޑ൧ख़Ƕ19 ೻࿋ณ࢐ӵِ፣ȶߒ౪ՌרᇳȷޟࠉඪᇯޣήȂк஻ȶِ፣ߒႀᐠ้ོ֯ȷޟᢎᘈȄ оΰ೻ٲᢎᘈζ೨࢐ΙᆍளԤႆଽ౩དޟວؑȂծᔖ၎঄ு٥᜸᜹ཎܛᇯٮ௥ڧ ِ፣ߒႀՌҥቋ঄ޟΡᇯઍӴࡦՃȂоᗗջՌϏޟЖ᡹ӵϚՌឈϛഞΣِ፣டڙ៧᠌ ޟഞ٫ϛȂӰՄӔζฒݲо൵१ޟᄘ࡙ϴҁӴᄇ࡟ՌϏܚІᄇޟȃܚϚ൉᠍ޟܖՌϏ ᇯ࣏Ϛԁޟِ፣ޟ୑ሳϛȄоΰ࢐ҳஅܻᏴݲݲ౩ΰ፭Ϡِ፣Ռҥޟලႇϴҕ᠌ཎဎ ήޟΙᆍ၌᠞ПԒȄ೻ζ൷࢐ӵඪᒺंـޱंـϞሬȂ҆໸шϷ൵१ՌϏϚ൉᠍ܖ๘ 17 Șऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣ๱Ǵߠ଼᝿ǺȠ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡȐ຦໚Ǻ຦ԀΓ҇рހޗǴ2003 ԃȑǴ।65Ƕ 18 ߠ଼ǺȤ᝿ࡕ૶ǺԯլᅟऊᑣޑقፕԾҗ౛ፕϷځቹៜȥǴȘऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣ๱Ǵߠ଼᝿Ǻ Ƞ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡǴ।83Ƕ 19 ݅ηሺǺȤقፕԾҗޑज़ڋᆶᚈॉ౛ፕȥǴȠقፕԾҗᆶཥᆪԾҗȡȐᆵчǺϡྣрހϦљǴ2002ԃȑǴ ।178Ƕҁਜբޣࢂᆵ᡼ϿኧаȨقፕԾҗȩݤ౛ᆶჴሞୢᚒࣁ஑཰ޑࣴزޣǴԜਜԏᒵΎጇЎകǴε ठ೿ࢂਥᏵՋБ࣬ᜢޑ౛ፕǴଞჹȨقፕԾҗȩୢᚒวقǴॶளᜢЈقፕԾҗޣ᎙᠐Ƕ

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ᄇІᄇ้ϚӣܻՌϏᢎᘈޱޟีِ᠌ȂϚᔖ၎оՌϏޟ኿ྥ࣏୲Ιޟ๎ਰȇӣਢζӵ ඪᒺఀৱ໌՗ఀᏰܖຟ໔Ᏸҡޟߒ౪ਢȂ։ٺ๎ਰԞϐጂۡȂծᗙ࢐ौ൵१ᏰҡՌҥ ߒႀِ፣ޟ᠌ցȂ೻ζ࢐உᎴӻϯࡦՃ҆ौޟஅҏᇯޣȄ Ӕ௃Ꭷ᠞ޟُ࡙Ϸݙ၌᠞ԪΙٱӇȂܚᒝ௃Ꭷ᠞ُ࡙ϷݙٱӇȂ൷࢐஠ޥོΰ࢚ ᆍ՗࣏ߒ౪࿋հȶМҏȷࣼ࡟Ȃ20ณࡣᙤҢᎧ᠞ޟસᆞ྅܈໌՗Ϸݙޟ၌᠞ПԒȄоԪ ୤ࡶٱӇ࣏ٽȈॶӑݧཎޟ࢐೻՝ܖ೻တІᄇޟ᠞ޱȂդоོݧཎڗԪΙٱӇȉդо ᄇԪٱӇ౰ҡϚо࣏ณࣥՍ៕೰ޟ௑ᆱІᔖȉ೻൷౞ਖ਼ڗ᠞ޱܖ᠞ޱတӵᎧ᠞ϞӑՌ ר࡚ᄺޟቋ঄Ⴑ೩ӰՄלԙޟᎧ᠞Ⴑ෈Ȃܻ࢐ᄇᎧ᠞ޟ໌՗ᇄ౩၌Пө౰ҡϓᘙޟᄂ ፴୰ᚠȄӵ࢚ᆍቋ঄Ⴑ೩ޟϓᘙήȂ҆ณོᄇ᠞ޱܖ᠞ޱတޟᎧ᠞ܖ၌᠞౰ҡڙघܖ ؂ᑩȂӰՄ൷Ԥџ૖ᇄᎧ᠞МҏᄇຫޟȶቸհཎყȷȞِ፣Ռҥߒႀޟ᠌ΨȟࣺፐएȄ ൷࢐ᇳ᠞ޱܖ᠞ޱတӵ७ᄇᄂሬޟМҏϞࠉȂԞϐ࡚ҳΙএ୲Ι኿ྥޟᎧ᠞Ⴑ෈ȂӰ ՄӵϚޣϚឈϛ൷ԤΙᆍȶ٥Ι᜸࠮ޟМҏ঄ுᜰЖȷᇄȶٺҢդᆍᎧ᠞ຜഏ໌՗Ꭷ ᠞ȷޟฒלᑢᒵ኿ྥȂҥܻ೻এᑢᒵ኿ྥޟฒלհҢȂࣥՍٺு᠞ޱׇӒϚ౩ོȂܖ ޱϚޣၾ൵१МҏনհޱޟቸհཎყȂһ։ӵΙᆍϚՌឈޟȶհޱϐԫȷޟཎᜋלᄘ ή໌՗Ꭷ᠞Ȃ೻ζ൷࢐࢚ٲІᄇޟ᠞ޱܖ᠞ޱတོݧཎڗ୤ࡶٱӇȂоЅӣਢᄇԪ୤ ࡶٱӇ໌՗॒७ຟቋޟጢ࢈Ȅસ൷МᏰݠ፬ޟᎧ᠞ُ࡙ՄِȂȶհޱϐԫȷޟՌҥ၌ ᠞ȂጂᄂԤڏᑖྃޟཎဎᇄቋ঄ȂծٮϚᎌۣҢӵᏰ೚டཾ፣๿ޟᎧ᠞ΰȂᏰ೚டཾ ፣๿࿋ณ഍ԤቸհޟҬޟȂӰԪϚ૖ᓍཎ၌᠞Ȃ௃ݽᏰПݲޟُِ࡙ȂᎧ᠞҆໸ӵш ϷᇯޣհޱቸհཎყޟࠉඪήȂᡋԤџ૖௃ϛᕕுԤઉޟၥଉȂӰՄܖޱඪ݇ՌϏޟ ंـ૖ΨȂܖޱ໠ᗯՌϏޟंـຜഏȄ ௃Ꭷ᠞ُ࡙ᄇࠉक़๎ਰ໌՗ІࣸȂᗙџоᙤҢϛ୽౪фМᏰ׳ຟंـޱںᖢȞRey ChowȟȶࣼȷޟкࡊᡝϞ໢᠌Ψᜰ߽ޟᢎᘈ໌՗ϷݙȄںᖢюҡᇄԙߝӵ़୽෥ҕӴ ਢ෈ޟॷ෫Ȃ੼Ᏸछ୽ࡣӵ࿋ӴӈఀȂиܛᇯՌϏӵತྃཎဎΰȂ࢐ȶоΙএѴ୽Ρ ޟ٘Ϸپቸ࿋фϛ୽σചȷȇ21؃ቮᏰᇯ࣏т࢐ΙএڎԤȶжࣨϴҕȷޟȶ౅ӫ፣ȷ༊ өޱȂ22ΙΞΤΞԑϲТѲРѕٵȶЈԊߞٱӇȷࡣȂӵࢇݽΰ༊өܻк஻ॷ෫ᇄσച 20 ȨЎҁȩϣ఼Ǵಃ΋ቫޑཀကёаࡰੋჴሞޑЎӷЎҁǺࢌҁֹԋ܈҂ֹԋޑ๱բǹಃΒቫޑཀကёа ࡰੋᗦേ܄ޑЎҁǺൂ΋ޑঁᡏǹಃΟቫޑཀကёаࡰੋεቪޑЎҁǺ௼ဂǵޗ཮ǵ୯ৎǵШࣚ܈ӹۖ ฻฻ǶԜЎ٬Ҕ၀ຒਔǴεठхࡴԜΟቫཀကǴ൩ԜࢤԶقǴ߾ࢂ٬ҔಃΟቫϐကǶ 21 Șऍșڬᖔ๱Ǵ৊ಏፉ᝿ǺȠচ߃ޑᐟ௃Ǻຎ᝺ǵ܄ኅǵ҇௼ᇞᆶύ୯྽жႝቹȡȐᆵчǺᇻࢬрހ٣ ཰ϦљǴ2001ԃȑǴ।75Ƕ 22 ೭ࢂ׵በᏢόࡰӜޑץຑǴ׵በᏢᇥǺȨΜԃ߻ǴࠖՕεᏢ௲௤ӹЎ܌ӼȐstephen owenȑӧȠཥӅک ୯ȡᚇᇞ΢๱ЎፕϷч৞ޑ၃Ǵག჎྽жύ୯၃Γ΋ࢁڗݤ܈ڗ৹ՋБǴς࿶ቪόрڀԖܿБ੝Յޑբ

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ԤտȄ23ںᖢޟᢎᘈ࢐Ȉ ᜢܭȨ࣮ȩȐseeingȑޑᗦേکᐒڋԋࣁΜϩख़ाޑᖱ၉БԄǴ೭ࢂӢࣁȨ࣮ȩ ӧόፕࢂவᅿ௼ǵޗ཮܈܄ձ΢ޑȨԾךȩکȨдޣȩȐthe otherȑϐ໔ฝϩр ҁᡏፕޑࣚज़ǶฅԶǴӧȨ࣮ȩ܌х֖ޑࣚጕฝϩ΢Ǵന֚ᜤޑୢᚒ٠όࡪྣ Ȩ೭ࢂգॺȩکȨٗࢂךॺȩޑٗᅿԾך࠾ഈޑᇡӕک໺಍ޑჴ᛾Ьကϩᜪٰ Չ٣ǴԶࢂࡰፔӧȨ࣮ȩǴаϷӵՖ࣮ޑୢᚒǶӧЎϯӭϡ،ۓޑȨ౳࿊ȩݙ ຎΠǴȨЬᡏȩکȨ࠼ᡏȩϐ໔ޑ៾Κᜢ߯ࢂϙሶǻ24 ᗶณںᖢ஼፡ȶࣼȷޟҬޟȂкौӵᇳ݂჋т೻᜸ڎԤΙᆍೝቷրࠉඪޟМϽ٘ ϷᇯӣӠᐠޟΡȂ25ӵȶհ࣏Ϛӣᆍఊޟкᡝี౪тՌϏ٘೎ڏϛޟМϽ֨ცȷȄծт ӵȶϷݙਢܚٷᒦޟȺࣼȻޟᐠᄺϽΟޟᐠڙɯႫኇȃႫኇ౩፣ȂоЅ൜ᙓ๿೻ڍޱ Մี৤ଔپޟΡঈޟᄘ࡙ڷВདɯ࢐ΙএкᏲޟຫ኉પוȂڏԤਝԙ൷ϚџᗗջӴᇄ ڏᑛຜᐠڙᖒᛮӵΙଔȷޟᢎᘈȂ26ฒᅸᄇᎧ᠞ІࣸޟΟ၌σԤᔓօȄԃݎ஠Мϛޟȶࣼȷ ׽඲࣏ȶᎧ᠞ȷȇȶႫኇȃႫኇ౩፣ȷ׽඲࣏ȶМҏȷᇄȶ၌᠞౩፣ȷȂࠌ൷џо؁ ఼࣏ཿΟ၌᠞ޱӵᎧ᠞ϞሬȂџ૖౰ҡޟ൐ө࡙ȶቋ঄րᘞȷ୰ᚠȂһ։࢐ȶ።ӵᎧ ᠞ȷᇄȶ౩၌ȷȂоЅԪΙȶ౩၌ȷџ૖᏿Ԥޟȶࠉ౩၌ȷᎧ᠞᠌Ψၼհޟ୰ᚠȄ ࠔǶӹЎޑӒᐒགᒐڈӦࠅЇٰԾρޑӒᐒǴӢࣁࢌ٤๮ဴᏢޣᆪ஼ϐࡕǴଭ΢൩ࢂ΋ତ໶෇Ǵภץӹ ЎԖᅿ௼Ьက໼ӛǴόૈᡏ཮ч৞܌و߯೯۳Ӧౚ׸ޑநಷεၰǶவࡕ෗҇ࡘགྷޑȬ଼ӄȭᢀᗺٰ࣮Ǵ ๮ဴᏢޣޑషӝፕзΓӕ௃Ǵёࢂவ୯ৎЬᡏޑ׎༟ᢀϐǴдॺ৮܂ШࣚϦ҇ளԖᗺၸᓐǶȩـ׵በᏢǺ Ȥᙌ᝿ᆶࡹݯȥǴȠύѧВൔȡ2000ԃ9Д28ВǹԏΕȠ࿶ўη໣Ǻᙌ᝿ǵЎᏢᆶЎϯ⢰૶ȡǴȐᆵчǺ ᖄӝЎᏢрހޗǴ2005ԃȑǴ।13-15Ƕ܌аעڬᖔӈΕ׵በᏢץຑޑჹຝǴЬा٩ᏵȘऍșڬᖔ๱Ǵ ԯৎၡ᝿ǺȤቪӧৎ୯аѦȥǴԯৎၡ฻᝿ǺȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡȐ३ෝǺФࢭεᏢрހޗǴ1995ԃȑǴ ।1-38΋ЎჹӹЎ܌ӼޑץຑǶ஭ໜྛӧȤӆፕࡹݯǵ౛ፕᆶύ୯ЎᏢࣴز-เቅநȥǴȠΒΜ΋Шइȡ ಃ20යȐ1993ԃ12ДȑǴ।138-143ύΨჹӹЎගрץຑǹ়ஏΨࣁЎץຑӹЎ܌ӼǴՠךؒԖפډ೭ ጇЎകǶ੝ձࡰрڬᖔȨԾᇡࣁѦ୯ΓيϩȩϷȨШࣚϦ҇ȩǴЬाӧᇥܴڬᖔຑፕύ୯٣ނਔǴёૈ ڀԖ΋ᅿᜪ՟ݤ୯ᏢޣΪೱȨό࣬υȩޑόԾ᝺ᢀᗺȐ၁ΠȑǶ 23 ڬᖔޑࡹݯҥ൑Ǵـڬᖔ๱Ǵᛥู᝿ǺȤ෗҇ޣᆶ෗҇ޣϐ໔ȥǴȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡǴ।91-117Ƕڬᖔ ම࿶Їॊᛥ຦౺ޑᢀᗺᇥǺ३ෝȨाऀఖڬ௽ܭύǵम೭ٿঁߟౣޣϐ໔ǴǾǾόाీࣁम୯෗҇Ьက ܈ύ୯࠶៾Ьကޑ୔୔ވଽǶȩȐ।102ȑЦۢοම࿶வύ୯Ȩ୯௼Ьကȩޑҥ൑ǴჹڬᖔԜ฻ࡹݯᢀ ගр፦ᅪǴـЦۢοǺȤࡕ෗҇ᇟნᆶႾۚޣيҽཀ᛽ȥǴȠቶܿޗ཮ࣽᏢȡ2000ԃಃ2යǴ।150-156Ƕ மፓڬᖔޑࡹݯፕᗺǴЬाࢂёᙖаΑှԜЎੋϷޑࢌ٤Ь஭ᆵ᡼ЬᡏޣࡘԵޑҔЈǶ 24 Șऍșڬᖔ๱Ǵဠϐ݅฻᝿ǺȠ஁ζᆶύ୯౜ж܄ǺܿՋБϐ໔᎙᠐૶ȡȐᆵчǺഝҖрހϦљǴ1995 ԃȑǴ।21Ƕ 25 ȘऍșڬᖔǺȤόᔉύЎȐжׇȑȥǴȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡǴ।ix-xivޑགඉϐقǶ 26 Șऍșڬᖔ๱Ǵဠϐ݅฻᝿ǺȠ஁ζᆶύ୯౜ж܄ǺܿՋБϐ໔᎙᠐૶ȡǴ।21-22Ƕ

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൷ၛភᏰޟ౩၌ՄِȂӈդΡ᜸ޟᎧ᠞ᇄ౩၌Ȃ഍Ϛџ૖࢐௶ଶкᢎཎᜋלᄘܖ ᐣѬਝᔖኇ៪ޟસᆞࡊᢎ౩၌ᇄၛភȇ൷ϷݙЖ౩ᏰՄِȂᎧ᠞ᇄ౩၌ζϚџ૖࢐ׇ ӒؠԤӈդዖཎᜋϓᘙήસ౩ܒޟ౩၌ȇ൷ငᔼ౩ܒՄ፣ȂΡ᜸ޟӈդ՗࣏ζϚџ૖ ࢐యฒցઉޭဪޟ൐સ՗࣏ȂӰԪоΰޟІࣸϷݙȂᗶณՌឈӴौᏑџ૖ӵϚਖ਼Ѕএ Ρкᢎቋ঄րᘞήȂ໌՗ΙᆍШၶસᆞ౩དޟᏰ౩ϷݙȂծ҆ณᗙ࢐ོளԤՌϏҐෆ ཎᜋڗޟкᢎཎᜋלᄘϞ᜸ޟࠉَȂܚоԪМࠉक़Ϸݙ஼፡ޟ१ᘈȂڏᄂ൷ԃछ୽ఀ ىᏰড়ٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱ஼፡ޟ٥ኺȈ നଯݤଣёૈႽځдޑҺՖ௲ৣ΋ኬǴёૈ଺ჹΨёૈ଺ᒱǴёૈ଺ӳΨёૈ ଺ᚯǶǾǾȐՠȑךॺѸ໪ௗڙѬޑղᘐǶǾǾȐךॺԖက୍ȑȨܺவȩݤଣ ޑղ،Ǵՠࢂ೭٠όཀښ๱ךॺѸ໪ȨᜅӕȩѬǶ27 Խպᅭघᑱ஼፡ޟ೻ᆍϚᜓӣࠓ൵१ޟᆠડȂڏᄂ൷࢐Ȯ፣ᇭȆυၯጕȯ஼፡ޟȶڷ ՄϚӣȷޟᆠડȂ೻ζ൷࢐ԪМࠉक़Ϸݙᇳ݂஼፡ޟ१ᘈȂ൷࢐ौ൵१Ᏼݲ፭ϠܚԤ ғலϴҕӵ᠌ցΰᔖԤޟՌҥِ፣ߒႀޟ᠌ցȂӰ࣏ҕкޟઍᒓ൷ӵܻጂᄂ൵१Ӓᡝ ϴҕޟϴӓଆ፣ᔖ࿋ٴԤࣺӣޟջ೰᠌ȄѫौϚਖ਼Ѕႂݲܖқဌ้ݲࡡޟ୰ᚠȂ൷๘ Ϛ૖Ӱ࣏ՌϏޟԁඌܖӈդڏтȶઍ୉σȷᇄȶᇐଽۦȷޟ߬Ӊܖ౩ҥȂӰՄײюܖ ࡚ᄺюᆍᆍޟᙤοȂоߢ๘тΡᕕுߒႀཎَՌҥ߳ራޟ᠌ցȄΙૡΡԃݎ೻ኺୈȂ ൷݂ᡗႂІҕкޟஅҏᆠડȇंـޱष࢐೻ኺୈȂࠌᡗณ൷ϐငѶўᏰ೚ंـޟၥਿȄ ծ࢐ѫौ࢐ԤғலޣឈІᔖޟΡȂฒ፣ڎԤӻ஼ޟ౩ܒȂ๘ᄇฒݲႀڗઍғޟȶΤ ॳ֚Ϛଢ଼ȷȂܚоϚџ૖ઍޟୈڗయฒ௑ᆱޟߨΡܒԒȃ຺ູ౪ᄂϓᘙȃસܪຫԒޟ ϷݙȄծࠉक़ޟՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟϷݙПԒȂՍЍџоᡱڎԤ࢚ᆍ௑ᆱޟंـޱȂΟ ၌ՌϏ׳ຟџ૖ю౪ޟ३ڙᇄ୑өȄंـޱष૖ጂᄂܛᇯΡΡ഍ԆӵԤԪᆍЖ᡹ຜഏ Ռ३ޟ௑ݷȂࠌζ൷ШၶԤџ૖Ңҁ้ޟಁӎ७ᄇܖੑ၌٥ٲЕଔՌϏ१σЖ᡹ཐଢ଼ ܖཎᜋלᄘഺ༌ޟٱӇܖ՗࣏Ȃ೻ᄇंـϞሬ߳ࡻϚ୑ϚআޟЖ౩୊ஶᄘ࡙࿋ณԤ ઉȂᄇ࡚ҳᎧ᠞ϞሬЖ᡹ޟՌҥ၌ܹζσԤᔓօȂ೻൷࢐ݽᏰंـϞሬȂ҆໸ݧཎޟ १ौ୰ᚠȄ 27 Șऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣ๱Ǵߠ଼᝿ǺȠ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡǴ।24ǵ।27Ƕ

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Ѳȃ׳րຟ፣ࣸࡦޟ༈ಛెྛᇄϷݙ!

ԪМଆ፣ϞሬޟႱ೩Ȃ൷࢐הఖӵᅾџ૖ܧణএΡԁඌкᢎཎᜋޟࠉඪήȂᄇ࢚ ٲٱӇޟ௑ᆱߒ౪໌՗સ౩ܒޟϷݙȂ೻ھณζԤՌרೣጒܒޟཎဎȂծк஻൵१ِ ፣ߒႀޟՌҥȂٮϚཎڨএΡ҆໸ฒనӇᜓӣтΡޟܚԤᢎᘈܖཎَȂܖޱϚџоԤ ՌϏ஀ࡻޟᢎᘈȂӰ࣏ԪМٮؠԤඪټΙৈџ૖ႂІܖֹᛤтΡ࢚ᆍ᠌ઉޟᔮᡛᇄ׳ րޟ኿ྥȄ඲ِϞȇ೻ᆍ൵१ߒႀࠉඪήޟІࣸϷݙȂՌ࢐ӵՌҥкဎᇄΡၾкဎޟ ۡဎጒ൜ϱȂٱӑ୅೩Ռҥᇄҁ้ᄇᇃᢊޥོڎԤΙᆍஅҏޟཎဎᇄቋ঄Ȃณࡣӵӻ ϯМϽкဎ൵१ᇄܛᇯ৯౴ޟҁ้নࠌήȂΙᆍસ౩፣ܒޟк஻Ȃ28ԪΙ஼፡ޟࠉඪ࢐ ൵१ؐএΡ഍ڎԤᒵᐅޟՌҥȂоЅএΡޟ੫੆ܒ҆໸ڧڗ൵१ȇ೻࿋ณζѓࢂ൵१ Ռרкᡝޟᒵᐅᇄ൵१ᒵᐅޟ੫੆ܒ้ю౪ȶ፣ތȷȞތ៝ܖ׳րȟџ૖ܒޟौؑӵ ϱȄࠉक़ޟᢎᘈषႆ෮ڗᏰ೚ंـޥတȂࠌ൷џоୈԃήޟ౩၌Ȉ൷࢐ंـޱ҆໸૖ ஊ߳ԤᄇтΡܖՌϏޟंـӣ้൵१ȇӣਢζ൵१ՌϏܖтΡᄇंـ໌՗፣ތޟՌҥ ӓᜋȂӰՄຜϣࣺፐएȃӻ१ᖐॱȃӻኺߒ౪ȌȌ้้౅ᚕܒޟᏰ೚ߒ౪Ȃ29߽Ᏸ೚ं ـޥတ၎ԤޟலᄘȂӰՄלԙЖᄘΰԤΙᆍྥരᓍਢ๡ཎྜ೽ޟႱ෈Ȃٮиܹణӵ฻ ෈ϱ೩དܖк஻ԃդႀڗΙमܒ๎ਰޟࡦՃȃПݲ้ಛΙ዁ԒޟᢎᘈȂ೻ᡋ࢐ΙএШ ၶԙዣޟंـᄘ࡙Ȅ ࠉМ፣Ѕ൵१ِ፣ՌҥޟᢎᘈȂߒ७ΰࣼپӒ߽ᙤօՙПᏰ೚ၥྛ࣏ᇳȂծ࢐֏ ӰԪ։џᇯۡ൵१ِ፣ՌҥȂׇӒ࢐پՌՙࢷᒯΣޟޣᜋȂ࿋ณϚ࢐೻ኺȂӰ࣏໌՗ ԪंـިࡻޟஅҏᢎᘈȂٱᄂΰѪԤ༈ಛМϽޟၥྛӵȄԪМ֜ઽՙПᏰ೚ၥྛ࣏ᇳ ޟ౩ҥȂкौӵܻࢋ࢐ҡԆӵငᔼӒ౨Ͻᇄޣᜋଉ਀୽ሬϽޟ౪фޥོȂ࿋ณϚ૖ᄇ ౪фޟᏰ೚ၥଉΙฒܚޣȂ։ٺ࣏٘༈ಛငᏰޟंـޱȂζ҆໸ԃࠉМܚِ٥ኺȂᅾ Ψ֜ઽࣺᜰᏰऋޣᜋޟԤਝၥྛȂо၄шܖᘗшՌϏंـடཾຜഏΰޟϚٗȂӰՄԤ օܻඪ݇Ᏸ೚டཾंـޟߒ౪ȂࣥՍӰԪՄ༭അלԙΙᆍϚӣᏰऋ໢ᄇၗޟ੉ݥȂܻ 28 ԖᜢԾҗᆶѳ฻ޑᜢ߯Ϸځሽॶǵѳ฻ᢀᗺޑᐕўว৖ǵӭϡЎϯЬကޑ܍ᇡৡ౦аၲԋѳ฻ޑሽॶᆶ ޓᗺǴـᒲ҉౺ǺȤԾҗЬကࣁϙሶᜢϪѳ฻ǻɡ྽жޑ΋ঁ࣮ݤȥǴȠᕵటᆶ຀คϐ΢Ǻ౜ж௃ნ ္ޑࡹݯউ౛ȡȐᆵчǺᖄ࿶рހ٣཰ϦљǴ2001ԃȑǴ।347-369ޑ૸ፕǹ຾΋؁ޑᇥܴǴـᒲ҉౺Ǻ Ȥၰቺѳ฻ᆶࡑၶѳ฻Ǻ၂௖ѳ฻ཷۺޑΒϡ่ᄬȥǴ೚इᓄǵቅᔏЬጓǺȠ᜽࠱ݞ੪ፕࡘགྷǺ๮ܿৣ ጄεᏢȨࡘᆶЎȩᖱᄽᒵȡȐ΢ੇǺ๮ܿৣጄεᏢрހޗǴ2004ԃȑǴ।213-229Ƕ 29 ೭ᅿ൧ख़ό಍΋ǵ൧ख़ৡ౦ǵሽॶ࣬ӕǵᜐጔᆶύЈѳ฻ǴஒᜢݙޑขᗺவύЈᙯ౽ӛᜐጔޑᖿ༈Ǵ྽ ฅࢂࡕ౜жԄࡘԵΠ׎ԋޑᢀᗺǶԜୖԵȘऍșൈݯǸྷᐛᅟȐGeorge Ritzerȑ๱Ǵᖴҥύ฻᝿ǺȠࡕ ౜жޗ཮౛ፕȡȐч٧Ǻ๮হрހޗǴ2003ԃȑ΋ਜ࣬ᜢޑ૸ፕǶ

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࢐џоႀڗᐌᡝᏰ೚ϣࣺڥઉȃࣺϣኇ៪ՄԤਝԙߝඪ݇ޟ๖ݎȄΟ၌ԪᘈஅҏݽᏰ নࠌȂܻ࢐ζ൷џо౩၌ΰक़ശࡣᘪ๖ӵᏴݲ߳ራޟӻП७ᇄӻُ࡙ޟϷݙПԒȂھ ณ๘σഋϷࡦདၥྛپՌ࢚ٲ౪фՙࢷᏰ೚౩܈ȂծٮϚ࢐ӵయฒ༈ಛၥྛήޟޡҬ ௥ڧȄ༈ಛငڐϛޟȮѾ༈ȯȂ൷ෆӵຽᚔ౪ӵ຺ႆΠνϤԻԑޟՙϯࠉϤѲΠԑȂ ։ᏇᖸϴέΪΙԑޟ଄ၷϛȂඪڗԤȶ᎒Ρ෬θ໐ਮȂо፣ஈࢇȷȂӰՄ൷Ԥࢇۺۢ ষඪដᜰഖԪΙՌҥีߒِ፣ޟൟܚȂࠓᎏڗ࿋ਢஈࢇޟυ౰Ȟȉ-522B.C.ȟܢ๘ȂЌ υӰԪᢚछυ౰࢐ȶϦΡȷޟٱӇȄυ౰ھณ࢐௃ࢇݽ׽८ޟُ࡙юีՄȶϚྒ໐ਮȷȂ ھณϚޣၾ౪фݲࡡΰ߳ራِ፣ՌҥޟೣۡȂծᡗณϐငጂᄂӵஈ՗Ԫᆍ൵१ҕಀِ ፣ߒႀՌҥޟ౩܈Ȅӣጕζ଄ၷυ౰౏ϸޟᇯޣڗȶΡЖϞϚӣԃڏ७ȷޟٱᄂȂӰ ԪϚමԤ஼फ़тΡ҆໸ȶυ७ԃ֎७ȷޟȶᓳ៧ȷौؑȂ೻Ռณζ࢐Ιᆍ൵१এΡᐿ ੫ܒߒ౪ޟஅҏᄘ࡙Ȅ30ϛ୽ᐣѬΰ३ڙِ፣ՌҥޟٽᜌȂശԞԤकᓃџࢥޱȂ࿋࢐ຽ ϬΠνΤԻӻԑࠉϚᅖ୽ҕ׳ຟڏಛݽ௩ࢊޟں቗дȞȉ-828B.C.ȟȂтࣂюڎԤ੫੆ ૖Ψޟȶፏדȷᅿ᠙Մఉమ׳ຟޱȂܻ࢐ᖞ୽ȶೃමюِȷȂ31೻ܖޱ࢐жࣨΰശԞ࡚ ҳȶᅿ᠙فಛȷՄஈ՗ȶߨݲᅿ᠙ȷޟਰٽȄڏԩ࢐ຽϬΠνΠԻӻԑࠉ઩෉ޟ؃඼ Ȟ133B.C.-208B.C.ȟȂӰ࣏࿋ਢޟȶ፝ҡϚৱϬՄᏰѠȂоߨ࿋жȂඋ༄ᓷॶȷȂ؃ ඼ᐊЖഅԙȶк༖६нΰȂឩᇄԙнήȷޟ๖ݎȂܻ࢐࡚ដ઩ࣲۖȞ259B.C.-210B.C.ȟ ᐶᕏߨിρۢܚᙛޟȶȮၑȯȃȮਪȯȃԻড়ᇭȷѴȂᗙ؁໌Ι؏ޟॏۡݲх࿱๘Ρ ҕՌҥߒႀޟ᠌ΨȂӰՄԤȶමୋᇭȮၑȯȮਪȯޱణѿȂоѠߨϬޱఊȂӢَޣϚ ᖞޱᇄӣဌȷޟᝒ቗೎ᆴೣۡȂ32೻џ૖࢐жࣨΰശԞॏۡݲх३ڙِ፣ՌҥޟਰٽȄ Ԫᆍ࿋᠌ޱցҢߨݲᅿ᠙ڷॏۡݲх३ڙِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌Ȃо҈ᔞ౴ϏᎯھࢇ᠌ޟޑ ݷȂฒ፣ӵϛ୽ܖжࣨӨӴȂᄂሬΰᆭ۽ΟߖένԑՄՍϬҐ૖ׇӒ࿱๘ȂҥԪ։џ ౩၌υ౰ȶϚྒ໐ਮȷޟؚۡڷᇯޣȶΡЖϚӣԃڏ७ȷᢎᘈޟџິȄϛ୽༈ಛᐣѬ ڐᝲϛ൵१ڷ࿱๘ِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌ޟ଄ၷȂ൷࢐௃ғ॒ڍএ७өంีԪМஅҏᢎᘈޟ ༈ಛМϽၥྛȂԪМڏᄂ࢐ӵលีυ౰ᢎᘈޟ౪фཎဎήȂᡀڥ֜ઽՙࢷࣺᜰᏰ೚ၥ ྛޟკၐܒंـПԒȄ 30 ᚒȘڬșѰЫܴ๱ǴȘਕș׹ႣݙǴȘঞșϾᑉၲ฻҅ကǺȠࡾࣿѰ໺҅ကǸᖪϦΟΜ΋ԃȡȐᆵчǺ ᛬ЎӑਜᓔǴ1981ԃቹӑȘమș჏ቼ20ԃȘ1815șԢՋࠄܱ۬ᏢȠख़тֺҁΜΟ࿶ݙ౧ȡҁȑǴڔ40Ǵ ।20-24Ǵᕴ।688-690Ƕ 31 ᚒȘڬșѰЫܴ๱ǴȘֆșॡࡿݙǺȠ୯ᇟǸڬᇟ΢Ǹ߉Ϧᒇ቉ЦࡎᖯȡȐᆵчǺٚϘਜֽǴ1981ԃཥ ਠݙҁȑǴڔ1Ǵ।9Ƕ 32 Șᅇșљଭᎂ๱ǴȘቅֺșᇖ⹀໣ှǵȘঞ]љଭृ઩ᗦǵȘঞș஭Ӻ࿯҅ကǺȠў૶ΟৎݙǸછۈࣤ ҁइȡȐᆵчǺႳЎਜֽǴ1995ԃཥਠ኱ᗺҁȑǴڔ6Ǵ।254-255Ƕ

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ӔޱԪМആႆఀৱՌר׳րоఀᏲᏰҡޟПԒȂଔۖ։ᖞᑋతϞِ࣏ᜌȂխнᑋ తޟᢎᘈΝ࢐ਪቸԪМޟӑᡛܒਲ਼ᐃȂծᄂሬΰԪМޟᢎᘈȂϚႆ࢐Ȯᙄ଄ȅσᏰȯ ȶ֗υԤ፝ϏՄӭؑ፝ΡȂฒ፝ϏՄӭߨ፝Ρȷᢎᘈޟ౪фԒีථՄϐȂ33Еक़ᑋతڷ ԜӻࣄЉϞِȂӣኺ࢐ܻۨఀᏰޟሯौȂᒵᐅ౪фՙࢷࣺᜰᏰ೚ၥྛȂҢоល݂Ѡф ငڐМҏងొޟ౪фཎဎޟЙࢲՄϐȄ೻ڍএᙤҢՙࢷࣺᜰޣᜋၥྛȂоលี༈ಛМ Ͻஅҏᢎᘈޟߒ౪ȂӣਢζџоҢپୈ࣏ࠉМԤᜰȶᎧ᠞Ⴑ෈ȷኇ៪Ꭷ᠞Пөᇄϱৠ ᒵᐅޟᜌᐃȄ೻ζџоҢپӔԩᜌ݂༈ಛМϽޟϱৠϛȂӣኺζџоڎԤ౪фཎဎޟ ၥྛȂ୰ᚠӵܻंـޱ࢐֏ዣொՌϏடཾޟϱৠȂоЅԃդցҢᇄ๖ӫ౪фᏰ೚ၥྛ ՄԤਝޟีථՄϐȊ ਲ਼ᐃࠉक़ޟ౩དܒࡦՃȂ൷౩፣ޟُ࡙ՄِȂσमџоܛᇯौႀԙҕкՌҥޟӓ ᜋȂሯौငҥؐ՝ڎԤҡڼޟԆӵޱȶ๡ཎ೩དȷौᇄڏтΡ໌՗ȶԤਝྜ೽ȷᡋԤ џ૖ႀԙȂӵႀԙӓᜋϞࠉȂᔖ၎џоӵΡၾкဎᇄՌҥкဎޟࠉඪཎဎήȂ߳ራᆍ ᆍࣺ౴ȂࣥՍ࢐ϣࣺፐएȂؐ՝এΡܖؐএတᡝِ፣ߒႀޟՌҥȂӣਢζ߳ራ໌՗፣ ތޟՌҥȄԪΙҕкՌҥޟӓᜋȂζ೨࢐এҗሉฒݲႀԙޟȶВདȷȂծ൷࢐Ӱ࣏೻ ኺޟፒᚕՄ࡞ᜲႀԙȂᡋ؁ሯौ߳ራࠉक़ߒႀᇄ፣ތޟِ፣ՌҥϞԆӵȂоЅֆΨ࡚ ҳྜ೽ޟԤਝ໌՗ȂԪᆍՌҥޟߒႀЅ๡ཎྜ೽ޟ՗࣏Ȃ҆໸ᕕுӻኵΡޟ௥ڧᇄஈ ՗Ȃܻ࢐ӻኵΡהఖޟ٥এಈڷᇄᄇၗޟڷ၌ޥོȂᡋԤџ૖ю౪Ȅ౪ӵᇃᢊ೻এඁ нᐌЈ഍೎ӵӰ࣏ଡؑᆍᆍϚӣցઉȂ࢈Մᅾ໔ܹၗᇄᄇҳፐएޟޥོȂӰՄю౪ޟ ٥޶ᜲоڷᒙޟȶࡪࡥȷϞ੉ȂᡋԤџ૖ംᅚੑ၌ࣥՍܻੑѶȄ೻᜸౩፣ཎဎή౩ད ܒޟࡦՃȂ࿋ณฒݲԙ࣏ޥོၼଢ଼Մኇ៪ܖ׽അޥོȂӰԪ༉૖࢐Ιᆍȶ੩Ԝ٤ȷԒ ޟȶ᜹ශȷȞvisionȟȂٮϚ࢐Ιএଡؑ଻ΰᄂ፺Մҳऐَኇޟȶ՗ଢ଼ȷȞactionȟȄ ғலޟޥོ࿋ณौ٩Хᑖྃܒ੩Ԝ٤᜹ශџ૖അԙޟџܐخᜲȂ़୽঱Ᏸᇄࢇݽࡦད Ѭড়оᗉٳȆղݓȞIsaiah BerlinȂ1909-1997ȟ൷࢐౏ϸΟ၌ڗȶᐿഺܒӵસᆞ౩ܒϛ џ૖࢐এछኈȂՄӵᄂ፺౩ܒϛџ૖࢐এ٣ඌȷȂӰՄܢ๘ᐿഺܒՄҢЖܻȶᜰݧΡ ޟ౪ᄂҡࣀޟᄂ፺ȷȄ34ԪМᑖྃܒޟሉශȂ࿋ณџ૖ЕีղݓᐊЖޟ٥ᆍȶၖᄂޟΙ ϯ፣ޱȃฒ௑ޟشዥϷυȃ๿ଜܻฒܚϚѓޟڷᒙශຫޟΡȷȂᏲमޟȶ౩፣ΰޟ૤ 33 ȘᅇșᎄҎݙǴȘঞșϾᑉၲ฻҅ကǺȠᘶ૶҅ကǷεᏢȡ(ᆵчǺ᛬ЎӑਜᓔǴ1981ԃቹӑȘమș჏ ቼ20ԃȘ1815șԢՋࠄܱ۬ᏢȠख़тֺҁΜΟ࿶ݙ౧ȡҁ)Ǵڔ60Ǵ।8bǴᕴ।986Ƕ 34 ೭ࢂεഌᏢޣच໺യჹդ݅ޑຑፕǴـच໺യǺȠᢀۺޑΚໆǺᆶդ݅ჹ၉ȡȐԋ೿ǺѤοΓ҇рހޗǴ 2002ԃȑǴ।5Ƕ

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ᙲᇄᄂ፺ΰޟഏᢍȷ้ࡣݎϞٱȂ35ծζϚ૖ӰԪՄѶўᑖྃܒޟ൵१ᇄྜ೽ՄᏲमڷ ᒙџ૖ޟ੩Ԝ٤᜹ශޟଡؑȄӔޱ൷༈ಛငᏰݧ१ȶငжमҢȷौؑޟُ࡙፣Ȃ࿋ή ޟंـޱȶमҢȷޟᐠོٮϚӻȂȶငжȷޟџ૖ܒ؁ඁн้ܻႭȂծζϚ૖ӰԪՄ ׇӒѶўᄇԪ᜸᜹ශޟ෈࡟ܖ࡚ᄺȂՍЍӵఀᏰᇄंـޟႆแϛȂшϷ൵१ِ፣Ռҥ ߒႀ᠌Ȃ࿋၎࢐౪фΡМᏰंـޱശஅҏޟՌרौؑȄ ष஠এΡՌкᇄӻϯҁ้ᢎᘈȂᖒ๖ڗᎧ᠞౩၌ᇄंـᄘ࡙ϞϱёоᢎᄆȂࠌӵ ౩၌ޟџ૖ܒΰȂ൷҆໸ӣཎӻϯМϽкဎܛᇯ৯౴ޟҁ้ܒনࠌȂ൷࢐ौ൵१ܚԤ ᠞ޱၛ၌ߒႀޟ᠌ΨȂ೻ᆍ൵१հޱԆӵޟӻϯܒ၌᠞ȂՌᇄȶհޱϐԫȷޟ๘ᄇՌ ҥ၌᠞ԤտȄ൷ंـᄘ࡙ՄِȂंـޱሯौԤΙᆍंـႆแ҆ณ࢐ȶΙӔฮवӴ७ᄇ ՌϏޟޣᜋࠁ३Ȅԃӣӵฒሬޟσ੕૞՗ΙኺȂ௤ષޟႆแۖತබ໠๿ȂؐΙএПө ഍ងᙠ๿џ૖ܒȂؐΙᆍຜُ഍џ૖౰ҡϚӣ๎ਰȷޟ౩၌Ȃ36೻ኺᡋԤџ૖ีථंـ ޱശσ३࡙ޟഺཱི૖ΨȄ࿋ณӵ၌᠞ܖ၌ភޟԤਝܒΰȂ҆໸࡚ҳᔮᡛᇄ׳րޟ኿ྥȂ оؑுၶڎӓᜋܒޟ๎ਰȂоؚ߯ۡڏӵᏰ೚ቋ঄ΰޟଽήȂ൷౪ԆޟᏰ೚ڙ࡙ՄِȂ ҆ณौငҥӻኵடཾᏰޱޟ׳րȃྜ೽ȃᇯџᇄϚᘞও׽ࡣᡋ૖ႀԙȄ೻џоᙤҢᇌ Ѡ၂ޟᇃᢊᏰޱᓀҗಈᄇ౪фܒஅҏौؑޟᢎᘈᇳ݂Ȃтᇯ࣏ڎׂ࿋ܒܖғ࿋ܒᏰ೚ ቋ঄ޟۡ՝Ȃᔖ၎࢐ȶ໠ܹޟȃ࢐ौҥΡঈӵྜ೽Һ܁ޟႆแ㠰ംᅚ࡚ҳȃᇯџȃও ׽ޟȄȷ37Ᏸ೚ΰၶڎӓᜋ๎ਰޟႀԙȂھณϚ࢐࡞ৠܾȂծӰ࣏ԤΙএୈ࣏ശತրྥ ޟȶМҏȷԆӵȂӰՄᔖ࿋Ш٥᜸સᆞᎬད჋Ȃીмശತրྥޟࢇݽܖޥོΰޟӓᜋ ؁ৠܾႀԙȄծ೻ٮϚཎڨᏰ೚ंـߨौႀԙӓᜋϚџȂӣਢܚᒝᏰ೚ӓᜋζџо࢐ ΙএԤਝޟጒ൜ȂՄϚ༉༉࢐୲ΙޟΙএȶᘈȷՄϐȄ

Ϥȃ๖፣ȈࣸࡦޟӔ໌Ι؏ᘗ৤!

௃ݽᏰПݲޟُ࡙Ȃആႆ׳ր୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥٱӇޟՌרࣸࡦȂ໌Մ௤ଆϷݙ ׳րᇄࣸࡦޟϱొȂоЅӵᏰ೚ंـࡦՃΰޟཎဎᇄђ૖Ȃσमџоᘪ๖࣏ȈᄇϚӣ ཎٱӇޟ׳րȂкौڧڗఀىႆแϛ࡚ᄺޟཎᜋלᄘѾѡȂԪᆍ׳րϚӣ՗࣏ޟߒ౪Ȃ 35 Șमșаᖻ٥Ƿդ݅๱Ǵच໺യ᝿ǺȠԾҗፕȡȐࠄ٧Ǻ᝿݅рހޗǴ2003ԃȑǴ।51-52Ƕ 36 ؋ཧǺȤ߻قȥǴȠ౜жύ୯ࡘགྷޑᑫଆȡȐч٧ǺΟᖄਜ۫Ǵ2004ԃȑǴಃ1೽Ǵ΢ڔǴ।3Ƕ 37 ᒲ҉౺ǺȤ౜ж܄཰ς઻ᅰΑץղཀက༏ǻɡ؋ཧፕ౜ж܄᠐ࡕԖགȥǴȠᕵటᆶ຀คϐ΢Ǻ౜ж௃ ნ္ޑࡹݯউ౛ȡǴ।395-396Ƕ

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҆ณٺுंـޱޟຜഏᜲоԤਝ໠৤ȂᏲमंـޱৠܾՌרࠬഞӵ൐ΙຜഏϞϱȂӰ ՄฒݲԤਝ໠ีܖี౪٥ٲԆӵՄҐෆೝี௨ܖೝݧཎޟཎဎܖϱৠȂܻ࢐࡞ৠܾ൷ ഞྡྷӵϚᘞޟᏰՏᇄٷᒦޟଛࢺϛȄंـޱ҆໸૖ஊ౏ړΟ၌ܛᇯȂӵंـᄘ࡙ᇄं ـຜഏΰȂ҆ณԆӵԤ࢚ᆍړݖཎᜋלᄘޟ؂ᑩȂӣਢ᜹ཎкଢ଼Ӵබ໠Ж૓ȂᅾΨ௶ ଶ೻ٲ؂ᑩȂܻ࢐൷Ԥџ૖ംᅚੑଶ؂ᑩՄ໠ᗯຜഏȂ໌Մџоӵंـΰᕕுඪ݇ԙ ߝޟਝᔖȄ໠ᗯंـຜഏܖंـᄘ࡙ޟཎဎȂ൷࢐ᅾџ૖֜ԝࣺᜰᏰऋԤઉЅԤਝޟ Ᏸ೚ၥଉȂӰՄႀڗంีȃᘗшܖቨ஼ՌϏᏰ೚ंـޟ૖ΨᇄၥྛȄШၶᄂሬޟᇳȂ ൷࢐ငҥᏰऋޟȶҺࢺȷȂоȶ๖ӫȷڏтࣺᜰंـԙݎȂӰՄႀڗϚӣᏰऋ໢ȶࣺ ϣቨ஼ȷޟȶᚖөႆแȷȄ38ӵࡦདΰശкौࠌ࢐ߒ౪࣏Ιᆍᄇِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌๘ᄇ൵ १ޟᄘ࡙Ȃंـޱฒ፣ӵఀᏰܖंـΰȂ഍҆໸Ԥમӵ๘ᄇҁ้ޟُ࡙Ȃ൵१ՌϏᇄ тΡӫݲߒႀϚӣཎَޟஅҏᇯޣȂӣਢΟ၌Ᏸ೚ӓᜋࢋџо࢐এᘈȂζџо࢐এጒ ൜ȂࣥՍџо࢐ׇӒؠԤጒ൜ӨᇳӨၗޟӨՌ၌᠞Ȃܻ࢐ζ൷џо௥ڧٮܛᇯ፣ތᇄ ৯౴࢐Ᏸ೚லᄘȂӣཎᏰ೚ߒ౪ޟᇯџሯौငҥ׳րȃྜ೽ȃওғޟᐣแȂณࡣஉᎴ юΙᆍӻϯࡦՃᇄᇯޣޟंـຜഏᇄᄘ࡙ȂᏰ೚ӻϯܒޟ၌᠞ᇄӻ१ܒޟџ૖Ȃҗሉ ഍џ૖ю౪ཱིཎဎᇄཱིቋ঄Ȃܻ࢐൷ԙ࣏ंـޱஅҏޟᇯޣϱৠȂ೻൷࢐ݽᏰϞሬശ அҏޟौؑȂӣਢζ࢐ቸհԪМהఖႀڗޟҬޟȄ Ᏸ೚ंـޟஅҏనӇȂଶࡦདᄘ࡙ΰޟӻϯ໠ᗯѴȂӵᄂሬᐇհႆแϛȂՍЍᗙ ौѓࢂȈஅᙃ౏ࠔȃ౩፣ܒ஼ȃПݲԤਝȃᢎ܈఼඾้Ѳ໶அҏ૖ΨȄ൷ȶ౩፣ܒ஼ȷ ޟौؑՄِȂ؃ዉఛȶМᏰ᛺೚ҏ٘Ȃ࢐ӈդ౩፣ฒݲׇӒ׾કޟȂ֏ࠌר൷ѫፙ౩ ፣ȂϚंـМᏰΟȷޟᢎᘈՌԤڏၾ౩Ȃ39೻ᗶณѫ࢐ବᄇМᏰंـีِȂծζџоᙤ پ྅ࢂڏтਖ਼Ѕ౩፣ޟࣺᜰंـȂ؃ӑҡ࿋ณϚ࢐ઍޟܢ๘МᏰ౩፣Ȃ೻Ϛႆ࢐ឌ֙ ඪᒺंـޱϚौן଄౩፣҆໸ٷߣӵհࠢᡋڎཎဎޟࠉඪȂӰԪंـϞሬᗙ࢐Ϛ૖ׇ ӒϚ౩ོ౩፣Ԇӵޟቋ঄ȂЎڏਖ਼ЅМᏰंـޱ؁࢐ᜲо๘ᄇܢ๘Ȃ౩፣࿋ณᇄПݲ ࣺᜰȂӰԪौ੫տݧཎ౩፣ޟԤਝܒȂ૖Ԥਝࡷ௨ܖี౪Ϛӣޟཎဎᇄቋ঄ȂՌณ൷ ࢐ԁޟ౩፣ЅԤਝޟПݲΟȄȶᢎ܈఼඾ȷࡾޟ࢐఼ᒺՄ౏ΣޟΟ၌ՌϏࡦՃޟᓺᘈ ᇄޡᘈȂ೻ᇄࠉक़׳րࣸࡦޟђ૖᜸խȄՌרᔮଆоΟ၌ՌϏޡᘈޟୈݲȂσम൷ԃ ़୽МϽᏰंـޱᔜᆰȅ౩ࢥ૭ȞDavid Richardsȟ٥ᆍړཎՄՌឈӴȶоᄇՌ٘๖ᄺ ໌՗፴ᅸڷ᜺᙭ޟПԒپ࡚ҳڷᄩྒՌϏޟఄक़ȷȂӰՄᡱȶՌϏԙ࣏Ռ٘ၗᇭҗδ 38 ৊நەԴৣ๱Ǵယ๤Ꮶ᝿ǺȤ܄ձ౛ፕᆶऍ୯ᅇᏢޑϕ୏ࣴزȥǴȠȐч٧ȑమ๮εᏢᏢൔȐণᏢޗ཮ ࣽᏢހȑȡಃ17ڔቚ1යȐ2002ԃȑǴ।51-55܌قǶ 39 ׵ኻ఍ӃғǺȤЎᏢ౛ፕޑݓфȥǴȠއ੡ࢰ၉ᇟȡȐ३ෝǺФࢭεᏢрހޗǴ1993ԃȑǴ।9-12Ƕ

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ޑǶவؕڗ৤ӸύளډޑమධܴᅒǴࣁ׳εጄൎϣ຾΋؁ޑ౛ፕว৖໒௴Αё ૈ܄ǴѬ๏Γޑᐟᓰࢂό཮ጁᅰޑǶǾǾᕴᡏԶقǴӧ࿶ᡍୢᚒ΢ᕴޑ଺ݤᗋ ࢂ΋ᅿቨݱޑȨዂమୢᚒȩǴ០ନష໶کઠόՐဌޑှញǴ໒௴Ӛᅿཥޑёૈ ܄Ƕ42 ԪМھณᗙႀϚڗ۴ි඼၎ਪ೻ٲ१ौђ૖ޟӴ؏Ȃծᔖ၎џᙤо໌Ι؏Ο၌ቸհԪ МޟཎဎЅהఖႀڗޟђ૖ȄᖂᡝՄِȂ൷࢐ᇯ࣏ंـ༈ಛϛ୽Ᏸ೚ޟ౪фᏰޱȂष ૖ആႆࠉक़ȶՌרтޱϽȷࡣȂ໌՗౏ϸޟՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟႆแȂܖޱ൷ШၶԤџ ૖לԙΙᆍ຺ູܒտཎᜋלᄘࡊᢎϛܒޟලႇᢎᘈȂӰՄᄇϛ୽༈ಛᏰ೚ޟ౪фϽȃ ؁౏Σޟ౩၌ϛ୽༈ಛᏰ೚ȂоЅӵϛ୽༈ಛᏰ೚ޟሴ୿ϱ໠৤ཱིޟंـ፞ᚠȂӻོ ԤܚᔓօȄ ӵࠉक़ୢտоᄺԙȶՌרтޱϽȷޟौؑήȂ༈ಛϛ୽Ᏸ೚ޟंـޱȂ҆ณौ੫ տ१ຜ౪фМᏰޟंـޱȂӰ࣏ెྛܻՙࢷМϽཎဎήޟ౪фМᏰȂၶЍڧڗϛ୽М Ͻ༈ಛᐣѬਝᔖޟኇ៪ȂЎڏ࢐٥᜸ᄇՙПᏰ೚౩፣ޟΟ၌ᇄၼҢШၶዣொȂӣਢά ฒݲᡐԙસ౑ՙࢷΡޟ౪фМᏰंـޟ๼၂τܒᏰޱȂ࿋тঈІႆپȶᎧࣼȷ٥ٲࢋ ϛ୽άߨϛ୽ȃࢋՙПάߨՙПޟ౪фМᏰܖМϽޟࣺᜰដᚠȂٮ໌՗ಒӫՙПᏰ೚ ѿൟሯौޟ፣क़ᢎᘈਢȂ࿋ณ൷ШસᆞھԈӵՙПܖϛ୽ޟ൐ΙᢎᘈȂ؁ᎌӫୈ࣏ϛ ୽༈ಛᏰ೚ंـޱՌרІࣸᇄ׳ր༈ಛϛ୽Ᏸ೚ंـޟᄇҳ७Ȃष૖๡Ң೻᜸ᄇҳ७ ޟᏰ೚ၥྛȂ໌՗ᄇШԒޟᎧࣼȂࠌ҆ณᄇ༈ಛᏰ೚ंـޟІࡦᇄี౪ܖഺཱིσԤᔓ օȄӰԪ჋ࠉक़ޟںᖢȂоЅ፝ԃቓұȞLiu, Lydia Heȟȃ৊஝ȞYeh, Michelle Mi-Hsiȟȃ ஻ᇫထȞChang, Yvonne Sung-Shengȟȃଽ࡝ᓠȞKo, Dorothyȟȃ؃ඏቈȞLi, Wai-Yeeȟȃ Ҥᐎ຅ȞTian, XiaofeiȟȃങωࣻȞXiao-mei ChenȟȃѬਪछȞShi, Shumeiȟ้้፝ΡȂ тঈޟंـ഍џоԙ࣏ϛМࣺᜰفܚंـ༈ಛϛ୽Ᏸ೚ޱȂ໌՗ՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟᏰ ೚ȶᄇҳ७ȷȄ ԪМആႆ୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥٱӇޟ׳րȃІࡦᇄ౏࡙ޟϷݙȂၶࡊᢎޟࡾю୤ࡶ ޱᇄ׳րޱӓӣޟМϽᇄཎᜋלᄘޟၥྛȂоЅڍޱѫԤࢇݽؠԤΡၾޟ୰ᚠѴȂӣ ਢငҥՌרϷݙю౪׳րཎᜋޟনӰЅڏϚՌឈޟՌר३ڙ้ᄂ፴ܒޟᇯޣȂӰՄΟ ၌ंـϞሬ҆ณԆӵޟຜഏՌ३้୰ᚠȂӣਢᙤօ౪фՙࢷᏰ೚ၥྛޟ၌ᄺϷݙȂඪ 42 Șऍș༣ᅟࣽ੝Ƿۦහථ๱Ǵ஭ܴቺǵহၶࠄǵ൹খ฻᝿ǺȠޗ཮Չ୏ޑ่ᄬǸಃΒހׇقȡȐࠄ٧Ǻ ᝿݅рހޗǴ2008ԃȑǴ।7ǵ।9Ƕ

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ټ༈ಛᏰ೚౪фϽޟंـ዁ԒȂᗙԤ࢚ٲ໠ᗯЖ૓ՄԤਝ׽๡ຜഏՌ३ޟПԒȂڞօ ंـޱ࡚ᄺ؁ӫн౩དޟंـࡦՃܖПԒȂӰՄџоᕕுၶ࣏ࡊᢎϴҁџ߬ޟ๖ݎȄ ंـԙݎϚ༉ԤօܻᄇȶᇃᢊΡȷ୤ࡶРҏႮ୽ડޥࢇݽཎဎޟΟ၌Ȃӣਢᗙඪټᄇ ԪٱӇޟ׳րӵंـПݲΰџ૖౰ҡޟཎဎȂശࡣ؁ငҥ౏ቹϷݙՄࡾюϛМفܚࣺ ᜰंـޱџ૖ԆӵޟϚՌឈȶЮ᠌ড়ߝԒࡦՃᢎᘈȷࠉႱ೩ޟ୰ᚠȂ೻Ϛ༉ᄇܻ٥᜸ ҥܻીмᄇϚՌឈޟ຺ਢ໢ܒᇄӒශᢎᘈޟឌឈȂᏲमंـႆแϛю౪о୑ሳ࣏ϴ ғȂоџ૖࣏ۡ፣Ȃٮᇲᇯ൐ΙՌ࢐࣏ӻϯҁ้ޟंـޱᄒ੾ޟΟ၌ᇄዐ఼σԤᔓօȂ ӣਢᄇΙૡंـޱζڎԤዐ఼྅܈Ȃ໠ᗯᏰ೚ಁࣨȂඪټՌר׳րࣸࡦ้ޟђ૖Ȃ೻ ᄇᏰ೚ंـޟඪ݇࿋ณσԤօઉȄȞ94ԑ4Т6Рߑገȟ

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ȦںȧѾй݂๿ȂȦਣȧ؇ႱݧȂȦবȧЌᑗႀ้ғဎȈȮࢌऍѾ༈ғဎȯȞᇃѕȈ ᛺МӟਪᓢȂ1981ԑኇӟȦ఼ȧოኊ20ԑȦ1815ȧ԰ՙࠒܿۺᏰȮ१ѐ׈ҏΪέ ငݧ౵ȯҏȟȄ Ȧᅕȧ᎒ҜݧȂȦবȧЌᑗႀ้ғဎȈȮᙄ଄ғဎȯȞᇃѕȈ᛺МӟਪᓢȂ1981ԑኇ ӟȦ఼ȧოኊ20ԑȦ1815ȧ԰ՙࠒܿۺᏰȮ१ѐ׈ҏΪέငݧ౵ȯҏȟȄ ȦںȧѾй݂๿ȂȦ֔ȧ९ࢍݧȈȮ୽ᇭȯȞᇃѕȈ٨Ϧਪ׋Ȃ1981ԑཱིਮݧҏȟȄ Ȧᅕȧѧ଻᎐๿ȂȦቓ׈ȧᇤ⿦໱၌ȃȦবȧѧ଻॑ષᗴȃȦবȧ஻Ԉ࿽ғဎȈȮѬ ଄έড়ݧȯȞᇃѕȈჁМਪ׋Ȃ1995ԑཱིਮ኿ᘈҏȟȄ ՔᒄȈȮᅔހᚕ଄ȯȞ݂݀Ȉ໴ࠒΡҕюގޥȂ1982ԑȟȄ Ȧݲȧ૳ᆰۄȅԜӻࣄЉ๿Ȃдݍ߫ȃд఑໨ឍȈȮ׳ຟޟ׳ຟȈఀىωᇳȯȞѕٵȈ έᖒਪ۹Ȃ1988ԑȟȄ ؃ዉఛȈȮޕ੯ࢾၗᇭȯȞॷ෫ȈвࢻσᏰюގޥȂ1993ԑȟȄ Ȧछȧںᖢ๿ȂီϞݓ้ឍȈȮஏτᇄϛ୽౪фܒȈݍՙПϞ໢Ꭷ᠞଄ȯȞᇃѕȈഫ ҤюގϴѧȂ1995ԑȟȄ Ȧछȧںᖢ๿ȂԽড়ၯ้ឍȈȮቸӵড়୽оѴȯȞॷ෫ȈвࢻσᏰюގޥȂ1995ԑȟȄ Ȧछȧںᖢ๿Ȃ৘ಝፗឍȈȮনߑޟᐭ௑Ȉຜឈȃܒናȃҕఊᇬᇄϛ୽࿋фႫኇȯȞᇃ ѕȈሉࢺюގٱཾϴѧȂ2001ԑȟȄ

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ᓀҗಈȈȮᖃభᇄຎฒϞΰȈ౪ф௑ც၇ޟࢇݽগ౩ȯȞᇃѕȈᖒငюގٱཾϴѧȂ 2001ԑȟȄ ݓυቈȈȮِ፣ՌҥᇄཱིᆸՌҥȯȞᇃѕȈϯྱюގϴѧȂ2002ԑȟȄ न༈ഽȈȮᢎ܈ޟΨ໔ȈᇄղݓᄇၗȯȞԙ഍ȈѲύΡҕюގޥȂ2002ԑȟȄ ༁ᓗოȈȮࢌԏዂήఏᔿࡨȈРҏᄇᇃᢊޟ෥ҕಛݽЅڏኇ៪ȯȞѕٵȈ୦୛ӟਪᓢȂ 2003ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧоᗉٳȆղݓ๿Ȃन༈ഽឍȈȮՌҥ፣ȯȞࠒٵȈឍݓюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ ȦछȧٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱ๿Ȃ߮୊ឍȈȮߒႀՌҥޟݲࡡ३࡙ȯȞິ໨ȈິԎΡ ҕюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧᔜᆰȆ౩ࢥ૭๿ȂԃΙ้ឍȈȮ৯౴ޟ७ળȈМᏰȃΡ᜸ᏰЅ᛺೚ϛޟМϽߒ ౪ȯȞᘭ໨Ȉᒷჿ㓶ىюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ ȦछȧൖݽȆ࿅ᐩᅭ๿Ȃᗂҳϛ้ឍȈȮࡣ౪фޥོ౩፣ȯȞѕٵȈ๼েюގޥȂ2003 ԑȟȄ ȦኈȧњᅭȆࢊԽ੫้๿Ȃቓ۠ۅ้ឍȈȮࢇݽޟ྅܈ȯȞΰ੕Ȉΰ੕ΡҕюގޥȂ 2004ԑȟȄ յ୽᛹๿Ȃ؃ቮᏰឍȈȮ१᠞үᓞ଄ȈȮऔዂჲȯ၇ޟ௑భᇄຎᄺȯȞᇃѕȈഫҤю ގޥȂ2004ԑȟȄ ؙཱུȈȮ౪фϛ୽ࡦདޟᑹଔȞΰڢȟȯȞѕٵȈέᖒਪ۹Ȃ2004ԑȟȄ ೨कᓒȃቓᔝкጡȈȮᝋ࠿ݬ੸፣ࡦདȈ๼ݍৱጒσᏰȶࡦᇄМȷᖿᅋᓃȯȞΰ੕Ȉ ๼ݍৱጒσᏰюގޥȂ2004ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧघᑱȆղਿ๿Ȃᔜ՗⢸ឍȈȮᢎࣼϞၾȯȞ਴ݓȈኄՙৱጒσᏰюގޥȂ2005 ԑȟȄ ؃ቮᏰȈȮငѬυ໱ȈᙚឍȃМᏰᇄМϽ⩖଄ȯȞᇃѕȈᖒӫМᏰюގޥȂ2005ԑȟȄ ݓס݂ȃᚭࡦቆጡᒮȈȮሄϦσᏰ಑Π۩ᅕᏰ୽ሬंଆོȶڏِԢՄϛȈᅕᏰհ࣏ᄇ ՙПޟཱིၛភ—ݲ୽ଓᝦȷ፣М໱ȯȞᇃѕȈሄϦσᏰюގޥȂ2005ԑȟȄ Ȧछȧ༱ᅭऋ੫ȅ۴ි඼๿Ȃ஻݂ኈȃেႄࠒȃඇত้ឍȈȮޥོ՗ଢ଼ޟ๖ᄺȯȞࠒ ٵȈឍݓюގޥȂ2008ԑȟȄ

Πȃ፣М!

஻໪ྩȈȲӔ፣ࢇݽȃ౩፣ᇄϛ୽МᏰंـ--๎ቓஶȳȂȮΠΪΙжकȯ಑20෈Ȟ1993

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ԑ12ТȟȂॲ138-143Ȅ Ȧݲȧθ೿๿Ȃങ࡝ឍȈȲ๎஻໪ྩȳȂȮΠΪΙжकȯ಑55෈Ȟ1999ԑ10ТȟȂॲ 119-122Ȅ д۰ύȈȲࡣ෥ҕᇭცᇄ჌ۨޱ٘ӋཎᜋȳȂȮኄݍޥོऋᏰȯ2000ԑ಑2෈Ȃॲ150-156Ȅ ৘ஶۣ๿Ȃဨ๲ᏴឍȈȲܒտ౩፣ᇄछ୽ᅕᏰޟϣଢ଼ंـȳȂȮȞѕٵȟ఼๼σᏰᏰ ൢȞ঱ᏰޥོऋᏰގȟȯ಑17ڢቨ1෈Ȟ2002ԑȟȂॲ51-55Ȅ ઩੕ᢁȈȲࡩኺِᇳтޱȈፙθ೿ఀ௲ᄇϛ୽ѠڐМ፣྅܈ޟ਷౩ڷលភȳȂȮၮМ Ͻᄇၗȯ಑23ᒮȞ2008ԑ8ТȟȂॲ96-103Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲȶݽᏰПݲȷடួࠉِȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑24ڢ಑8෈Ȟ2009ԑ1ТȟȂॲ 78-87Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΙȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑24ڢ಑9෈Ȟ2009ԑ2ТȟȂ ॲ84-89Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΠȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑24ڢ಑10෈Ȟ2009ԑ3ТȟȂ ॲ82-87Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞέȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑24ڢ಑11෈Ȟ2009ԑ4ТȟȂ ॲ88-93Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞѲȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑24ڢ಑12෈Ȟ2009ԑ5ТȟȂ ॲ88-93Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞϤȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑1෈Ȟ2009ԑ6ТȟȂ ॲ89-94Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞϲȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑2෈Ȟ2009ԑ7ТȟȂ ॲ86-91Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑Ιᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΜȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑3෈Ȟ2009ԑ8ТȟȂ ॲ80-85Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑ΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞΙȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑4෈Ȟ2009 ԑ9ТȟȂॲ106-111Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑ΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞέȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑6෈Ȟ2009 ԑ11ТȟȂॲ106-111Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲ಑ΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞΠȟȳȂȮ୽МЈӴȯ಑25ڢ಑7෈Ȟ2009 ԑ12ТȟȂॲ107-112Ȅ

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