Ꭷȃ׳րᇄϷݙُ࡙ޟՌרࣸࡦ!
ȋ፣ӻϯܹޟݽᏰПݲ!
ླྀ!ਕ!ᓪ*!
Ȫ!ᄢ! ौ!ȫ!
ġ ԪМԟӵଆंـႆแϛஉᎴӻϯܹࡦՃޟȶݽᏰПݲȷ୰ᚠȂٮਖ਼ЅЮ᠌ড় ߝԒࡦՃᢎᘈޟ׳րІࣸȄԪМᙤҥຟ፣ᇄ׳րΠɒɒϤԑѲТᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰ ಀࡶРҏႮડޥٱӇޟࣸࡦᇄϷݙȂល݂ӵᢎࣼᇄ၌ႆแϛю౪ޟຜഏՌ३ ୰ᚠȂ໌ՄᔮଆІࣸޟُ࡙Ռר၌ᄺȂᇳ݂ԃդԤਝ࡚ҳၶࡊᢎޟंـᄘ࡙ᇄПݲȄ ԪМആႆհޱ౪٘ᇳݲޟՌר၌ᄺϷݙЅϛѴࣺᜰᏰၥྛޟሄօ፣ᜌȂІࣸӵ׳ր ࡶႮડޥٱӇϞሬޟЖ౩ᄘ࡙ȇӰՄШၶԤਝӴٺޱ౩၌ंـޱӵ׳րϞሬՌ ܻۨଽ՝ޟޡᘈȂоЅѶў൶ࣺؑᜰᏰၥྛڷѶўีཱིដᚠՌҥЖޟᝒ१ࡣ ݎȂᄇܻߑᏰޱܹЖՄ຺ູܒտᇄМϽ้ཎᜋלᄘᑩȂ࡚ᄺཱིޟंـຜഏȃ ंـᄘ࡙ȂоЅีཱིដᚠޟΨȂ࿋၎ڎԤඪᒺᇄЕᏲޟђȂӣਢᄇᏰंـޱ ԃդ߳ࡻࡊᢎڷଡؑԤਝޟஅҏौؑȂ࿋၎ζԤޟօઉђȄ ᜰᗤຠȈЮ᠌ড়ߝԒࡦՃ! ᢎࣼᎧ! ຜഏՌ३! Іࣸ׳ր! ӻϯܹ! * ύѧࣴزଣύ୯Ўণࣴز܌A Self-reflection on Reading, Criticism, and
Analytical Viewpoints: An Open Ended and
Pluralist Approach of Studying
Yang Chin-lung*
Abstract
This essay explores the adoption, in the process of inquiry, of an open ended and pluralist approach to studying as well as a critical reflection on the authoritarian patriarchal way of thinking. In April, 2005, the Chairperson of Taiwan Solidarity Union led a group of people to pay their tribute to the Yasukuni Shrine of Japan. With a reflective analysis of this event, my essay aims (1) to explicate the possible self-limitation involved in seeing and reading, and furthermore (2) to analyze the way of establishing an objective attitude and approach of inquiry via the practice of self-criticism. By a self-analysis and with references to relevant studies on this issue, I have examined one’s state of mind at the moment of criticism. My study discloses that, more often than not, critics are unaware of their own pretentious viewpoints and, as a serious result, lose the chances of looking for more relevant resources and of opening their minds and uncovering new issues. Such a discussion, it is hoped, shall serve primarily as a reminder and guide for the beginning inquirers to move beyond his/her gender and ideological boundaries, to build up new perspectives and attitudes of study, and to cultivate one’s ability of developing new issues. Secondarily and indirectly, this paper is expected to also help those in the academic world to, more efficiently, keep objective stances and meet the basic requirements in their pursuits.
Keywords: patriarchal way of thinking! seeing and reading! self-imposed limited perspective! critical self-examination! pluralist and open ended
Ιȃࠉِ!
ȶݽᏰПݲȷ൷ڏࡦՃቹԩՄِȂΙڨޟᏰՏܖٷᒦڏσקȂ҆ौӰࠉΡ ޟࢋԤԙݎȂ໌ՄԤΣܖኄᗯޟีථܖϽȂᡋȶݽᏰПݲȷᏰಬޟҏཎȄ൷ ఀᏰޟᄂሬၼհޑݷՄ፣ȂఀৱᇄᏰҡϚџܖીȂծӈդᐿޟΙПȂࠌζϚ ୲ΙޟкᡝȂఀৱڷᏰҡӵȶᚖөҺᒿᒊӫȷήȂձϛԤרиרϛԤձޟȶϣ࣏к ᡝȷȄఀৱᇄᏰҡӵ௲ڧΰޟᜰ߽Ȃఀৱौݧཎ༈௲ޣᜋᇄ٘ఀޟϴ߬ΨȂᏰҡौ१ ຜஉᎴᏰಬᇄഺีޟԤਝΨȂиڍޱौӓӣஉᎴӻϯࡦՃᇄՌרࣸࡦޟஅҏᄘ ࡙Ȅӵࠉक़அҏনࠌήȂ൷ंـܚఀৱఀᏰޟُِ࡙ȂఀৱඪټᏰҡޟӈդޣᜋϱ ৠȂ҆ौڎԤีܖܥኄंـຜഏޟђȇᄇᏰҡޟӈդ፞ཾौؑȂζ҆ ఀৱᒑ٘ஈႆܖԤਝᜌ݂ڎԤᑖྃਝݎޱȇᄇᏰҡᏰಬਝݎޟຟ໔ȂؚϚџҢ୲ Ιޟྥ໌ΙܒޟᑢᒵȂ҆ٷᐃᏰҡএտޑݷՄ࡚ҳϚӣޟྥȄ൷ंـҡᏰ ಬޟُِ࡙ȂӑጂۡंـޟடཾᏰऋȂٮौؑоԪंـடཾ࣏кᡝȂᏑџ֜ઽࣺ ᜰᏰऋޣᜋȂ၄шܖᘗшंـடཾຜഏΰޟϚٗȄӣਢӵᎧ֜ઽڏтᏰடཾ፣ ϞሬȂᗙ҆ӑܲࡻΙএٮߨौԙ࣏၎Ᏸடཾޟடড়ȂѫఖϛᏰಬڗܖᕕு ࢚ᆍంีȂо߯Ԥօܻඪ݇এΡᏰடཾंـޟஅҏনࠌȂ७ᄇڏтᏰடཾ፣Ϟ ሬȂॶӑौࡦՃ၎፣ᄇՌϏޟᏰடཾȂڎԤդᆍཎဎᇄቋȉՍܻ၎፣ӵڏட ཾᏰϱޟཎဎᇄቋࠌ࣏ԩौȂԃԪᡋϚՍܻҏґইညՄԝᛦԤ३ȂࣥՍయฒԝᛦȄ ΰक़፝୰ᚠȶݽᏰПݲȷ҆рಠଆޟϱৠȂԪМࠌӑఀৱ٘ఀϴ߬Ψޟُ ࡙ΣЙȂଆఀৱ७ᄇٱӇਢȂӰ࣏ړݖӟຫᑖಬᜲޟᑩȂӰՄԆӵޟຜഏ३ڙȂ оЅԃդആႆՌרࣸࡦޟᐣแȂี౪ٮຜഏՌר೩३ޟ፝୰ᚠȂ໌ՄᏰಬஉᎴࡊ ᢎޟंـᄘ࡙ᇄࡦՃȂ࡚ҳၶӫнᏰ౩དনࠌޟݽᏰПݲȄ1 ԪМԟӵ൷ӻϯࡦՃᇄՌרࣸࡦޟُ࡙ȂఀᏰޟҳൟଆఀৱ٘ఀϴ߬Ψޟࣺ ᜰ୰ᚠȂо߯ඪټΙᆍӵंـႆแϛၶ࣏ԤਝޟՌרࣸࡦᇄғጂݽᏰޟПݲȄఀৱ٘ ఀ ϴ ߬ Ψ ޟ ཎ ဎ Ȃ σ म џ ᙤ ݲ Ᏸ ড় ᇄ ఀ ى ড় ᑋ త Ȟ Jean-Jacques Rousseau Ȃ 1712-1778ȟਪቸȮਅᓃȯਢޟҢཎᇳ݂ȂᑋతᇳȈ 1 ԖᜢȨݯᏢБݤȩҁ፦ᆶচ߾ޑ࣬ᜢୢᚒǴـܟǺȤȨݯᏢБݤȩឯȥޑፕǴـȠ୯ЎϺӦȡಃ 24ڔಃ8යɡಃ25ڔಃ7යȐ2009ԃ1Дɡ2009ԃ12Дȑೀ܌قǶࣁΑᡣΓॺૈᏢሽԾρǴך܌ޑոΚΏࢂᡣдॺԿϿૈԖҹёаК ၨޑܿՋǴ٬дॺঁΓૈᇡԾρǴΨᇡдΓǴ೭ঁдΓ൩ࢂךǶ2 ζ൷ᆰۄȅԜӻࣄЉȞTzvetan TodorovȟܚᒝȶװՌϏܹӵՌ٘ᇯᜋޟஅᘈΰȂ ՄитװՌϏޟҡҁۈᝦюپհ࣏тঈџޟᄇྱᘈȷޟཎࡦȄ3൷оఀৱএΡޟင ᡛᇄငᐣȂୈ࣏ఀᏰϞሬᇄᏰҡࣺୢտޟȶᄇྱಢȷȂо߯໌ंـଆޟПԒȄҥ ܻԪМΙᆍՌרϷݙПԒޟଆȂ࢈ՄкौڥݲωᇳਪቸϛȂоȶΙΡᆎȷ໌ Ԋ௶ᇄีޟПԒ࣏ϞȂ൷ٺҢΙᆍᇳ࢈ٱޟПԒȂ༈ႀఀৱሯौ༈ႀޟ྅ ܈ϱৠȄӣਢζΙᆍຎᔣՌ༈Ԓޟങक़ПԒȂӰԪМϛᗶ࡞Ѝю౪ȶרȷԅȂծ ȶרȷԅڏᄂΙޢᗴᙠӵԅѯधࡣȂծМϛฒ፣݂ᇳܖᗴᙠޟȶרȷࡾਖ਼ޟᄇຫȂ ࠌࢋϚસᆞޟȶএᡝרȷȂһߨѪΙএڎԤ຺ູܒՄලႇԆӵޟȶܪຫרȷȇՄ ࢋџࡾਖ਼࢚ڎԤᇯӣӓᜋޟȶတᡝרȷȂџӫࠉक़ཎొҺϣኇήȂ ѪΙএ༉ӵМҏϛᡋڎԤҡڼཎဎޟȶМҏרȷȄंـដᚠϱৠଆ፣ޟᄇຫȂଶհޱ ҏ٘ޟІࡦѴȂٮоΠɒɒϤԑѲТᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰȂ4ಀࡶРҏႮડޥΙ ٱ࣏ंـϞሬଆ፣ޟٽᜌȄ5ंـ໌ޟแוȂॶӑᇳ݂Ԫंـដᚠቸհޟଢ଼ᐠᇄཎဎȇ ڏԩങक़ᄇࡶႮડޥٱӇޟ׳րᇄϷݙȇၶࡊᢎޟُ࡙ᄇ׳րޟԙӰ໌ ᔮଆІࡦȇณࡣӔᇳ݂Іࡦᔮଆޟ༈ಛМϽెྛȇശࡣಛᐌܚு๖ݎୈ࣏๖፣Ȅ 2 ЇЎـȘݤșᆢڶǷԎӭࢶϻǴЦܿߝǵЦఃǺȠץຑޑץຑǺ௲ػλᇥȡȐч٧ǺΟᖄਜ۫Ǵ 1988ԃȑǴ।91Ƕ 3 ȘݤșᆢڶǷԎӭࢶϻǴЦܿߝǵЦఃǺȠץຑޑץຑǺ௲ػλᇥȡǴ।91Ƕ 4 ᆵი่ᖄ࿉ǴᙁᆀȨᆵᖄȩ܈ȨᆵᖄលȩǴ҇୯90ԃ8Д12В҅ԄԋҥǴ၀ល൧ᕴฦ፵Ӄғࣁ ബលሦϷᆒઓሦǶബលޑѤচ߾ࣁȨᛙۓࡹֽǵਁᑫᔮǵᎡڰ҇Ьǵ֧εᆵȩǴ٠аЍύ ҇୯ޑ୯ৎ҅தϯǵᙯࠠ҅ကȐTransitional JusticeȑǵᆵҁβϯࣁځЬाҞޑǶࡪǺȨ୯ৎ҅த ϯȩջࡰᆵࣁᐱҥܭύΓ҇Ӆک୯ϐѦޑ୯ৎǹȨᙯࠠ҅ကȩЬाࢂଞჹჹၸѐࡹ۬ၴݤکό҅ ကՉࣁޑᅿᔆံբࣁǶ൩ᆵԶقǴջࢂଞჹύ୯୯҇លጯϟҡࡹჴࡼיᝄᆶқՅ৮܀ਔжǴፏӭ όߟҍΓ҇բࣁޑଓزᆶۓǴٯӵȨΒΒΖ٣ҹȩᆶȨលౢୢᚒȩǹȨᆵҁβϯȩচҁޑᆒ ઓӧமፓȨᆵᓬӃȩǴڀԖᅿख़ཥᇡޕᆶޭۓᆵҁβሽॶЎϯБय़ޑཀ఼ǴࡕٰᙯډࡹݯԶ ᡂԋȨᆵΓৎЬȩץղȨѦٰࡹȩޑࡹݯΚݾღରݾǹӆᙯࣁȨѐύ୯ϯȩޑࡹݯၮǴЬ ᆵޑЎϯᆶޗਥྍᆶύ୯ЎϯคᜢǴᡂԋڀࡹݯཀ఼ޑ႕ཀကǴѨѐচԖޑᙦࠆϣ఼Ƕ೭٤ Ьᆶᢀᗺჹжᆵޑࡹݯǵޗǵ௲ػБय़ǴڀԖ࣬ుڅޑቹៜǴӢԜόૈ۹ຎǶ 5 аԜࡹݯ٣ҹࣁٯǴЬाޑҗԖΒǺ߾೭ࢂѤԃޑᙑ٣ҹǴࡹݯਔޜᕉნςԖࡐεޑᡂϯǴԜ ٣όӆڀԖԃޑࡹݯཀ఼ǴӢԶКၨܰԋޑፕ࣮ࡑǹӆ߾Ԝ٣ҹޑݾ܄፦ܴ࣬ᡉǴ ջ٬ӧࡹݯཀကςਔၸნᎂǴՠځڀԖޑᏢೌཀက٩ฅᗋࢂڀԖ࣬εޑޜ໔ǶќѦԜЎੋϷȨႠ ୯ઓޗȩޑૻ৲ǴӭԖୖԵȠᆢ୷ԭࣽȡȤႠ୯ઓޗȥచൔᏤϐೀǴᙣӃҙܴǶ
ԪМࢋณࣸࡦܒޟቸհȂࠌ൷Ԥ҆ौӑᇳ݂ቸհџԆӵޟޡᘈȄҥܻԪМ ΙᆍՌ༈Ԓቸհޟ೩ॎȂ࡞ৠܾӰհޱ࢚ᆍȶᄛಬȷዖཎᜋޟኇȂӵਪቸϛӰՄ൷ џю౪٥ȶӒශᢎᘈȷωᇳড়ᑯޟЩȂ൷ȶငல೩ՌϏҬӎσȂԤડ Ιૡޟ੫᠌ȂџоࣼആωᇳȞΡސȟЖശړϞȂζџоऎູਢުȂԤюΣႆ ўᇄҐپޟޣᜋᇄҏሴȷޟϚՌឈՄுІࣸޟՌଽՌσЖ౩Ȃ6൷ӵ፣क़ޟႆแ ϛȂ࡞џོю౪࢚ᆍȶଽଽӵΰȷȂՌо࣏ڎԤȶ຺ਢܒȷ੫᠌ޟᓺູཐȂζ џԪМོю౪ܖႄڗޟ୰ᚠȄ
ΠȃࡶႮડޥٱӇЅڏ׳րຟ፣!
ؐএຜΨғலޟΡȂོҢಁ࿘ȶᢎࣼȷжࣨȂծᢎࣼϞሬ҆ۡԤШၶݧཎܖ ΨޟฐᘈȂϚџϧቄࣼȂԃݎϧቄौࣼޟݿᢎȂࠌٱᄂΰϧቄζࣼϚڗȂӰ Ԫ։ٺᢎࣼӣΙএھۡශސȂࣼڗϧቄ൷ϚΙۡؐএΡࣺӣȂӰ࣏ΡѫོࣼڗՌϏ ݧཎڗиདौࣼޟݍՙȂϚོࣼڗՌϏϚݧཎܖܢ๘ࣼޟݍՙȄȶᎧȷζᢎࣼޟ ΙᆍȂӰԪӵᎧႆแϛȂӣኺζོю౪ԪᆍѫࣼڗՌϏݧཎՄདࣼޟݍՙȂӰ Մᒸᅓ೨ӻՌϏؠԤݧཎܖϚདࣼޟ१ौݍՙȄ़ຟ፣ড়घᑱȅղਿȞJohn Bergerȟ൷ᇯ࣏Ȉ ᢀ࣮ӃܭᇟقǶǾǾᢀ࣮ዴҥΑךॺӧڬൎШࣚޑӦՏǹךॺҔقᇟှញٗঁ ШࣚǴǾǾךॺᢀ࣮٣ނޑБԄǴڙޕᆶߞһޑቹៜǶǾǾךॺѝ࣮ـךॺ ݙຎޑܿՋǴݙຎࢂᅿᒧՉࣁǶݙຎޑ่݀ࢂǴஒךॺ࣮ـޑ٣ނયΕך ॺૈϷޑጄൎϣǶǾǾևܭךॺय़ޣǴҭջךॺϐ܌ـǶ7 ࢧਿএᢎᘈȂџୈ࣏ԪᆍȶຜഏՌ३ȷ౪ຫޟԤਝယຝȄࢋณȶݧຜȷΙᆍᒵᐅ ࡣޟ๖ݎȂܖޱޣᜋᇄ߬Ӊኇޟ๖ݎȂӰԪܚَޱϚџΙᆍయฒᎍ௫ޟȶӒ ශȷȂ҆ณζΙᆍளԤຜഏ३ڙޟَȄоή։ਲ਼ᐃԪΙϚՌឈᒵᐅݧຜฐᘈȂӰ ՄҡຜഏՌ३ޟٱᄂȂବᄇᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩкৰڏ៖တಀȂࡶРҏႮડޥ 6 է୯᛫ӃғǴበᏢǺȠख़᠐ҡᓐǺȠआኴფȡ္ޑటᆶᄬȡȐᆵчǺഝҖрހޗǴ2004 ԃȑǴ।358Ƕ 7 ȘमșऊᑣǸդǴᔎՉ✒ǺȠᢀ࣮ϐၰȡȐਦ݅ǺቶՋৣጄεᏢрހޗǴ2005ԃȑǴ।1-2ǶΙٱȂ໌ȶᢎࣼȷᇄȶ၌ȷȂٮϷݙޟُ࡙໌҆ौޟՌרȶ၌ᄺȷȄବᄇᢎ ᄆٱӇޟ׳րȂߒक़ޟПԒ҆ณਖ਼Ѕᇭِޟᒵᐅȇඪ୰ޟПԒᇄϱৠȂζਖ਼Ѕඪ ୰ȶԤਝܒȷᇄȶඪ୰ၥਿȷޟ୰ᚠȇ׳րྥਖ਼Ѕжࣨᢎޟ৯տ้้ȂծԪМ༉ Ϸݙُ࡙໌ІࡦȂкौᆹฐӵࡦདПݲΰȂӰԪଶࡦདПݲ้ࣺᜰޟϱొѴȂᗶ ζ฿ཌਖ਼Ѕࠉक़፝୰ᚠȂծѫོୈ࣏୰ᚠޟधශю౪Ȅ ҕΞΪѲԑѲТ༈ኬ൬ᡝσൽ࡙ൢᏲȂҥࠉᖂಛิᎃЛࡻஉේԙҳޟᇃᢊღ ๖ᖒ࿗ឩတಀȂӵ༈ಛϛᇄᇃᢊಊઠ१ڐ఼݂ࠉςޟѲТѲРȂϚӵҡߝᎴىт ঈޟȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷȂ8ܖઠӑՖಛپྛޟȶবόȞϛȟЮᒑȷ้ӴȂ௭ძࡶՌϏޟ ઠӑȂ9ࠓҥ࿋ਢᐊӈкৰޟឃ໌Ȃ10ಀν٨ग़ग़ເڗРҏȂ१ࡶټۈѓࢂ٥ ෆငమኝႆᇃᢊΡҕޟဌқӵϱޟႮડޥȄ11࿋ᇃᢊΡӵȶᢎࣼȷᇄȶᎧȷࠌ ൢᏲਢȂϚᜓԙޱ࿋ณོஅܻϚӣޟ౩ҥȂޢឈޟᇯ࣏ȶϚџࡦដȷܖȶߨலȷȂ ӰՄю౪៕㊶ጪϞᖐȄӰ࣏։ٺ௶ଶІᏽތȃІ߭ȃІҕȃІफ़้Іᄇॖ кဎޟᢎᘈȂસᆞમӵкᇃᢊкᡝཎဎήȶᇃᢊΡȷޟҳൟȂԃݎᖒᛮ఼݂ӵᇃ ᢊ༈ಛনҏ፭ϠޟоЮفઠӑ࣏ϛЖޟབತଡሉޟಊઠཎဎȂឃкৰ้Ρޟհ࣏Ȃฒ ᅸΙᆍȶᇯၤհЮȷޟȶਈଛȷȂՄиᄇȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޟȶσϚ׃ȷȂоЅശᝒ 8 Ȩ҆ᒃȩ೭ঁཀຝǴᆪӭȐ1899-1946ȑӧځȤ၃Β२ȥύޑȤ३ෝȥᆶȤΐᓪȥ၃ύǴࢂҔٰࡰੋд ᇡӕޑဂ୷ӦȨύ୯ȩǴЬᆵЬᡏޣ߾Ҕٰࡰੋдॺ҅ӧࡌᄬޑဂ୷ӦȨᆵȩǶεഌѤοᝤޑ բৎՆᑶȐ෯ၰહǴ1904-1992ȑӧ1935ԃрހޑȤ३ෝޑڹȥύǴઠӧύ୯Γޑҥஒ३ෝඔॊࣁȨ मࡆ୯Ьကம࠵ȩޑӦБǴЬᆵЬᡏޣҭҔӕኬޑཀຝࡰੋȨᆵȩǶՆᑶϐፕـȠᅆݲᚇȡȐܲ ܴǺࠄΓ҇рހޗǴ1982ԃȑǴ।162-168Ƕёـவ᎙᠐ޑفࡋٰ࣮ǴคፕЬȨȩޣᆶЬȨᐱȩޣǴ ϩ٦ӅӕޑЎϯᆶཀຝၗྍǹԖჹȨ҇ޣȩޑኌࡗᆶȨ҇ޣȩޑൿኈǹԖᐟวဂ ᆣޑນᆶࡌᄬဂᇡӕޑҞޑޑࡹݯၮբǶѝࢂှᆶှញޑࡹݯБӛᆶࡹݯҥԖձԶςǴӧԜ ှញጄൎϣǴऩૈຬຫ߄ቫޑࡹݯΚޟလǴ߾ஒёаวٿޣϣӧԖӭჴޑӅӕᗺǶ 9 ܌ᒏȨύ୯РᒃȩฅѝࢂਥᏵȨঞξၸᆵȩаϷȨѝԖঞξϦǴؒԖঞξ҆ȩޑගᇡޕΠǴவᏢ ޑفࡋՉޑᅿᡄᒠၨࣁӝޑෳǴԾᆶЬᆵЬᡏޣࢂց҅ᇡӕֹӄคᜢǶ 10 மӃғǴᆵ݅ᑜፅ۸ໂΓǴ҇୯58ԃԵΕഌैγ۔ᏢਠǴаಃӜߥଌഌैै۔ᏢਠǴΟैε ᏢᏯౣࣴز܌ǶමҺࠄεᏢکѳᆶᏯౣࣴزύЈЬҺǵȠᆵਔൔȡᕴЬᙍǶӃғаȨቬ ᏥȩޑӜቪբλᇥǴ่ӝቪჴ॥ᆶໂβϣ఼ࣁځՅǴමᕇ୯ैЎ᛬ߎႽዛᆶഌैЎ᛬ߎྰዛǴ٠ ᕇֆᐜࢬЎᏢዛǴӧ҇୯66ԃԿ73ԃ໔ǴᕇளޑЎᏢዛԖΖԛϐӭǴԿϞ՟ЯۘคΓૈઇځइᒵǶอ ጇλᇥȤླྀਲᐋȥමᕇȠᖄӝൔȡಃϤۛȐ1981ȑอጇλᇥዛȐ٠ΕᒧԃࡋλᇥዛȑǴЪම୯ҥጓ ᓔᒧΕ୯ጓҁȠ୯ύ୯ЎȡፐҁȐϩࣁΠٿፐȑǶ 11 ȨႠ୯ઓޗȩՏܭܿ٧ίжΐࢤчǶځԋҥၸำǴ२ӃࢂӧЎΦ2ԃȐ1862ȑҥȨܕሲȩǹܴݯ2 ԃ6ДȐ1869ȑׯᆀȨܿ٧ܕሲޗȩǹܴݯ12ԃȐ1879ȑۈᆀȨႠ୯ઓޗȩǴࡿک12ԃȐ1937ȑԋࣁȨ୯ ৎձεઓޗȩǴЬाٮںԾ҉6ԃȐ1853ȑаࡕډࡿک20ԃȐ1945ȑ8Д15ВӧВҁϺࣤ࠹թȨಖᏯ ຕਜȩࣁЗǴٗ٤ࣁВҁϺࣤᏯԝޑ246ӭӜΫᡫǴځύԖ14000ӭӜࢂԝܭВҁޑϣᏯǴځᎩࢂ ӧᐕԛߟౣᏯݾύѺԝޑߟౣӁ২Ǵ೭٤ΫᡫᗋхࡴύВҘϱᏯݾࡕᆵΓѺԝޑ1130ӜВҁߟౣ ޣǹаϷวߟౣᏯݾԶ্ԝύ୯ǵරᗲᆶܿࠄ٥ӦίΓޑܿచमᐒ14ӜҘભᏯҍǶ
१ޟߺଙ࣏Ȅณࠌоᆰ៖ᇃᢊкᡝᆠડ࣏ᙛޟᇃᢊღ๖ᖒ࿗ឩȂᜲၾϚޣၾԪᆍ ৷ϚಒӫȂࣥՍႂधڏഺឩஅҏᆠડܖনࠌ༝ȉԃݎޣၾՄࠓٷณஈኺޟࣀ ଢ଼Ȃ҆ณԤ౩ҥȂณࠌڏџޟ౩ҥդӵڹȉ ࠉМឃкৰ้ࡶРҏႮડޥޟ࣏Ȃ࣏ࣨۡᄇȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷԴଙޟ౩ҥȂ кौਲ਼ᐃӻኵкᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱࡦདᢎᘈॊဎޟ๖ݎȈ൷ΙૡܒޟᇯޣՄِȂк ᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱᖂᇯ࣏ȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷپ൷ؠԤӵᐿҳՌкޟРυϛҡࣀႆȂߝ оپΙޢڧڗȶѴپҕఊȷڷȶѴپ᠌ȷޟኸΨȶኸȷȂٮиӵೝ३ڙՌҥޟ ݷήȂႆࣼϚڗӎޟۧଙషՄؠԤӈդ൵ᝒޟҡࣀȄкᇃᢊкᡝҳൟޱՌ ᇯ࣏ȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޟࡆυȂӰՄϚ༉ՌณԤфߒȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷଡـኸޱȶဌඌȷ ޟ᠌Ψȇӣਢζध॒Ԥ၌ܹᎏኸޟȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷಳᚔवՄԤՌҥޟᚖ१ડထӈ Ȅਲ਼ᐃԪΙஅҏᢎᘈȂՃᄆᇃᢊࢇݽีޟᐣѬȂࠌኸȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷޱՍЍौѓ ࢂ៌ȶҕкဎޱȷȃРҏȶҕкဎޱȷᇄȶ៧ၾޟȷϛѴپࢇ᠌Ȃ12༌ȶᇃ ᢊҔᒑȷശޟࠌȶҕޟȷРҏᇄȶ៧ၾޟȷϛѴپࢇ᠌Ȅծ౪ӵٲᖐᆎौ ࣏ڏȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷଆӱϴၾޟࡆυȂϚ༉ؠԤᇯઍଡـȶኸȷᇃᢊҔᒑޟРҏȶ ҕкဎޱȷޟဌඌȂࠓເўࡶټۈ٥ٲෆငᇄኸڏȶᇃᢊҔᒑȷඌ৶ӵϱޟȶ़ ȷȂϚхΡឈுЊႆᒿඓՄϚџࡦដ༝ȉϚΙᆍхΡឈு࡞ȶȷޟ ৷༝ȉ ٱᄂΰԪȶ৷ȷȂषШၶ౩ܒޟپࣼȂࠌܖ೨ζџоԤӫݲܒᇄӫ౩ ܒޟཎဎȄџоՖጢᇄࢇݽڍᆍᇯӣޟُ࡙ଆ፣Ȃॶӑ൷ȶՖጢᇯӣȷޟُ࡙፣Ȃ ࡶޟΡρषݎઍܛᇯՌϏ߽ȶРҏҕޱȷޟࡣ၂Ȃਲ਼ᐃȶ៧ၾϛȷ१ຜޟЮ᠌ ՖጢڙȂࠌࡶ࣏Ϛ༉Ϛᔖ၎ڧڗ៕ȂІՄᔖ၎ڧڗ౾σߒපȂӰ࣏ғӵЮ ᠌ڙཎဎήޟΙᆍབತଡሉޟ׃ၾߒ౪Ȃԃݎᇃᢊޟޥོ༈ಛΙޢᇯӣϛЮ᠌ڙ ޟ٥ৈ׃ၾೣጒȂ࿋ณ൷ؠԤ౩ҥ៕ȶ൶ਲ਼ᇯઠȷޟғ࿋࣏ȂӰ࣏Ιৈೣጒौڎ ԤලжܒᇄԤਝܒޟቋᇄཎဎȂ҆ᄇܚԤΡΙຜӣϦޟᎌҢȂ࿋ณϚѫᢚछ ՌϏࡶϛЮᒑ׃࣏Ȃࠓ៕тΡޟࡶਈଛߒ౪ȄӔޱ൷౪фࢇݽ౩፣ ήఊတᇯӣޟُ࡙ՄِȂӈդΡ౩ܚ࿋ณޟџоԤՌר१ཱི࡚ᄺ٘Ӌޟȶᇯ ӣȷȂ໌ՌרᇯӣޟᒵᐅȂငҥԪᆍȶࢇݽఊတȷޟᒵᐅȂӰՄᕕுΙᆍխՖጢ ᜰ߽ޟȶЮυᜰ߽ȷȂஅܻ൵१ޟনࠌȂ࿋ณζᔖ၎ᇄஅܻՖጢগ౩לԙޟ׃ၾΙຜ 12 ԜȨȩࢂڅཀуޑज़ڋຒǴҭջԜЎуȨȩࡰੋޑើǵВҁᆶύ୯ǴΏࡰٗᜪڀԖԜᅿ҇៙ ၰཀᄊ܈ڀᡏՉࣁޣǴԜЎ٠όӕཀٗᜪడคڋޑੌᔲࡰБԄǴ೭ᜪࡹ࠼ࠠడคज़ڋޑදၹࡰ Ǵࡹݯཀ఼ϼၸமਗ਼Ǵ٠όӝբȨݯᏢБݤȩፕޑᏢೌཷۺǶ
ӣϦȄӰՄฒ፣அܻȶՖጢগ౩ȷޟᇯӣܖஅܻȶࢇݽఊတগ౩ȷޟᇯӣȂѫौܛ ᇯࡶޟᄇຫՌϏᇯӣޟȶЮفઠӑȷȂࠌᔖ၎ӵᇃᢊ༈ಛᇯӣϛЮفՖጢগ ౩׃ၾޟޥོӓӣቋཎဎήȂڧڗӣ้൵१ȄϚႆџོЕีѪΙএތដޟᅸඋȈ ᇃᖒឩȶᇃᢊΡȷޟឩȉᗙȶРҏࡔҕޱࡣ၂ȷޟឩȉឃкৰܖ೨Ο၌এ ДၙܚӵȂӰՄߨலڎԤওѽޟӱᔖ׳ຟޱᇳȈȶרঈȷфߒȶᇃᢊΡȷўࡶ ټۈڏϛޟȶᇃᢊΡȷޟȶ़ȷȄ13࿋ณؠԤϧቄϚџ֙ΡϞȄ ൷ࡊᢎϴҁޟُ࡙ࣼԪٱȂٲܚᒝȶРҏᇃᢊռȷᗶณζԤᗵ឴ܻРҏࡔ кဎ߭ޱཎဎήޟȶϚғဎȷ឴ܒȂծζ҆ܛᇯڏϛ҆ณԤߨՌȃೝႁफ़ܖڧ ЕᇶޱȂឃкৰ้ΡࡶޟȶᇃᢊΡȷՄϚȶРҏᇃᢊռȷޟᇳݲȂՌԤڏഋӋ ޟғ࿋ܒᇄӫݲܒȄณՄےϚ፣ᄇᐌএׇᐌՄΙᡝޟႮડޥȶ़ȷȂ֏џо໌ ࡶᄇຫޟϷസՄ໌ࡶȄծᗙԤΙএ୰ᚠሯौ၌ؚȂ൷ឃкৰݎઍΙۖ൷ ܲԤтܚࡇᆎޟ٥ᆍ౩ҥᇄҬޟȂݎઍઍЖՄጂᄂᇯӣи៖ԪΙ࣏ȂդоϚӵ юีϞӑϴࡇҰȂଏϚџоᡱڏࡶ࣏ڎԤଽޟғ࿋ܒᇄӫݲܒޟғ७ࡇ Ұཎဎ༝ȉषڏюีϞӑᇄࡶϞࠉȂҐෆϴแޟᄂሬߒ౪پࣼȂࠌϚջᡱ ΡԤΙᆍϚஊӎ݂ғσޟཐឈȄਲ਼ᐃٲߒ౪ޟӫ౩ϷݙȂ൷ϚϚᡱΡӫ౩ᛄᅸ ٲٱࡣޟӱ๎Ȃ൷ܚԤތដٱӇޟีଢ଼ޱΙኺȂ࿋ี౪࣏ԤџЕี࢚ᆍӠᐠ ܖॳᓎਢȂΙོۡײΙএџоᡱՌϏၵ໌ўՄџȶ၌ੑ୰ᚠȷޟ౩ҥ៝၌ޟלΙ ኺȂծᆍ៝၌ᄂሬΰΙᆍЖ౩ΰޟՌרԊኑȂٮؠԤઍғौӱ๎тΡඪ୰ȂӰԪ ࡞ᜲڎԤᇳ݈ޟђȄ࢚ٲᏰོដޟ፣МีߒޱȂӱ๎тΡඪ୰ਢȂζԤᙤҢԪᆍ ѾѡՄِтޟПԒȂо၌ੑтΡඪ୰ޱȂࢇݽΰԃԪӱᔖՌԤڏђȂծᏰΰҢ ᆍПԒӱᔖٮϚџڥȄ ࠉМങक़ޟᢎᘈᇄཎَȂкौҳஅܻᆰ៖ᇃᢊкᡝܒᇄᐿҳՌкҳൟޱᢎᘈή ޟΙᆍӫݲᇄӫ౩ޟ၌ȂٮϚમӵȶ៧ၾޟȷϛȶѕٵᢎᘈȷήޟϚ࿋ܖϚӣ 13 Кၨ҅ዴԶֹޑഋॊᔈ၀ࢂǺȨٗ٤рғܭᆵӦǴԾᜫᆶߚԾᜫՉВҁࡆ୯ЬကޣཀדǴӢࣁ ڐշВҁࡆ୯ЬကޣՉߟౣஓఠՉࣁǴܭࢂᎁډڙ্ޣБ҅ٛፁޑϸלǴӢԶѨѐғڮޑဂਏ ۸ܭВҁϺࣤޑВҁծᡫՏȩǴЬৢڅཀҔȨᆵΓޑमᡫȩǴаߡኳጋǵೕᗉ೭٤ٮںޣڀԖޑ ȨߟౣޣȩǵȨॐ্ޣȩᆶȨஓఠคູޣȩيҽޑ௵གୢᚒǴ܌аᇥЬৢޑঅᜏמѯߚதଯܴǶ٣ ჴਥᏵ܄ޑΑှǴЬᆵЬᡏҥޣӭኧȐόࢂӄȑࣁڀԖமਗ਼൧ख़ΓᆶϸߟౣޑགྷΓ ၰЬကޣǴόᔈ၀ჹ೭٤Ȩमᡫȩޑߟౣஓఠޣޑឦ܄ᗉԶόፋǶќѦόӕࡹݯЬޣ٬ҔޑᆵΓ ຒǴځჴᔈ၀Ҕࡴ۱ȨȩൎଆٰǴҔа߄Ңځ܌ᒏȨᆵΓȩڀԖ၀ಔᙃཀကΠဂᡏǵਸǵߚදၹ ࡹݯޑཀ఼ᆶமፓǴԜᆶؒԖਸࡹݯ܄ཀ఼ޑᆵΓཀကԖձǶคፕ୯҇លǵ҇លǵᒃ҇ លǵᆵᖄល܈ӅౢលࡹݯΓނαύޑȨᆵΓȩຒǴᔈӵࢂᢀǴࣴزޣฅाૈղձځϣ ఼໔ޑৡձǶ
ҳൟޟ၌Ȅ14МϞሬϐࣺ࿋ՌឈӴ௶ଶӑᡛཎᜋלᄘޟϓᘙȂᏑџϚࣺϓޟਠ ᢎޱُ࡙Ȃ൷ࡊᢎٱᄂᇳ݂୰ᚠȂٺҢޟМѯζᏑџоජक़ܒᇭѯᇄങक़ܒᇭѯ࣏ кȂᏑ໔ᗗջю౪ளԤ׳րཎᜋޟຟቋܒᇭѯᚕڏϛȄ
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ІࡦՃᄆࠉक़ᜰܻࡶРҏȶࡔҕȷ߭ᏽқ࣏ޟങक़ᇳ݂Ȃᗶณϐᅾ໔ ࡊᢎϴၾޟُ࡙ᇳ݂ȂծМϛᄂሬΰٷᙟю౪೨ӻϚҁᇄ׳րޟᇭѯܖᇭȂю ౪Ԫᆍᇄהఖߒ౪ПԒࣺਈଛޟ౪ຫȂ࿋ณᇄҁРࡻޟՌឈܖϚՌឈޟӑᡛཎᜋל ᄘࣺᜰȂᆍϚՌឈ׳րޟཎᜋלᄘȂџپՌέএП७ޟኇȄॶӑџߝ ڧҕឩࢇۺޟឩϽఀىᇄࡇ༈ޟ๖ݎȂӰՄϚޣϚឈϛዖᙠԤΙᆍӑᡛܒᇯӣҕ ឩᢎᘈޟཎᜋȂ࢈ՄᄇܻႂІᎯھҕឩཎဎޟ࣏ȂϚՌឈޟю౪Іཐȇڏԩߝ ڧϛ༈ಛМϽޟ๖ݎȂᏲमӵฒלϛڧڗငᏰоϚᡐ࣏லᄘޟஅҏᢎኇȂӰ Մ༊өܻᆰ៖ࢋԤܖࢋԆޟٱސȂᄇҁலϞѴޟᡐܖएีޟٱӇၶฒݲڧȇέ ࠌӰ࣏ڧ࢚ٲ౪фఀىඪټޟҕкȃݲࡡᇄΡ᠌้ࡦདޟ๖ݎȂӰՄՌឈӴΡ ၾȃڷҁᇄІᏽޟُ࡙ȂᄇٲРҏΡܚᒝȶҕఊ़ȷᇄȶᏽތ़੨ȷޟҏ፴ҡ ੨፴ᅸٮ׳րȄ൷Ӱ࣏Ԥࠉक़έӑᡛܒ፴ޟ๘ᄇܒІᄇᇄ׳րᄘ࡙ޟᜰ߽Ȃᡋ ོᄇࡶРҏᏽқޟ࣏Ȃю౪ϚՌឈޟ׳րІᔖȄծ࣏٘҆ࡊᢎ७ᄇٱӇޟंـ ޱȂҏ൷၎౪фΡМंـޱ҆ڎԤޟΡМશᎴौؑȂ௶ଶӑᡛޟ׳րᇄᆱȂ൷ ҆મӵ൵१அҏΡ᠌ᇄӫݲҕ᠌ቋޟڍএُ࡙Ȃ७ᄇࢋԆޟٱӇܖ୰ᚠȄӰՄ ζ൷Ԥ҆ौᄇࠉक़༊өܻΙُ࡙ޟ׳րȂ໌ΙᆍϸՄȶߨΡܒȷԒ౩ܒཎဎή ޟՌרІࣸ׳րȂငҥԪᆍՌר్ࢿޟแוȂᡋԤџಳᚔዖӵཎᜋלᄘޟڙȂܖ ޱᗴᙠޟཎᜋלᄘആ݂ϽȂӰՄџоஉᎴΙᆍၶғலᇄӫн౩དޟंـᄘ࡙Ȃ໌Մ џоՌҥࡊᢎޟ໌ंـȄ ౩ܒཎဎήߨΡܒԒޟՌרІࣸ׳րȂџоϞᙽ࣏ΙᆍᎧᇄ၌ភُ࡙ޟՌ ר၌Ȃܻζ൷џоװᎧᇄ၌ភ౪ຫܖٱӇϛޟȶרȷȂܪຫϽ࣏׳րޱȂӰՄ 14 ઠӧȨύ୯চໂҥȩჹᚶۺВҁ҇ݯޣޑץຑǴКၨڀж߄܄ޑፕᗺǴёаୖԵ1946ԃࡾϺவε ഌډᆵޑᓉǺȠࡾԁኴΠఁᔱ࡚ǺВҁჹᆵޑ҇ݯϷځቹៜȡȐч٧Ǻ୍ӑਜᓔǴ2003 ԃȑǴ।435-449ޑፕॊǶМץຑޑϣǴڀԖᚈख़܄ޑ᎙᠐фૈǴӢࣁӕਔΨёаှ᠐рઠӧᚶۺ Вҁ҇ݯҥޣ୲ޑȨ҅܄ȩҗǶ೩ॎюήӖޟඁএȶІ୰ȷȂณࡣ໌Ռר׳րޟІөࡦՃȈȞΙȟ׳րޱ።ȉȞΠȟ ׳րޱҢϧቄಁӎࣼԪΙٱӇȉȞέȟ׳րޱԤϧቄၥਿᄇٱӇ໌ᇳέၾѲޟࡾ ȉȞѲȟ።፭Ϡ׳րޱٲ׳րܒᇭѯޟᓺӑีِ᠌ȉȞϤȟ׳ຟޱ֏Ԥႆ࡙Ռ о࣏ޟમӵଽΡΙ้ޟଽ࡙ȂӰՄՌᇯ࣏ڎԤᓺӑีِ᠌ޟϚՌឈ៧᠌ڙࡦՃޟ ୰ᚠȉȞϲȟ׳ຟޱҏ٘֏Ӱ࣏ࠉक़ϚՌឈޟᒿᇲᇯޣȂӰՄဣΣ٥ᆍીм൵१т Ρߒႀ᠌ΨޟடڙᐿᘞޱϚ࿋ҳൟϞϛȉषஊବᄇࠉक़ϲ୰ᚠ໌׳րԒޟՌ רІࡦȂࠌ൷ШၶԤџלԙၶ࣏ಒӫΡМᏰޱஅҏौؑޟᢎࣼᇄຟቋޟᄘ࡙ܖᢎ ᘈȄϚႆٲ୰ᚠਖ਼Ѕޟቹ७ࣺ࿋ኄȂԪМՌฒݲ၏ᅾޟΙΙᇳ݂ȂоήӰԪ༉൷Ԫ ٱӇџо໌ޟඁᆍϚӣُ࡙Ѕڏ౩፣ޟਲ਼ᐃȂᗙԤԪᆍϷݙࣸࡦڎԤޟ༈ಛᏰਲ਼ ྛȃݽᏰПݲΰџԤޟཎဎᇄቋ้П७ёоᇳ݂Ȅ ॶӑବᄇΙٱӇޟࢇݽཎဎՄِȂᐣѬΰϛᇄРҏȃᇃᢊᇄРҏȂӵࢇݽЅ ڏߣளޟ፝ӻٱΰȂھณԤ೨ӻΙِᜲᅾޟࡪϪȂϛΡܖᇃᢊΡӵРҏ߭ ϛᇄҕᇃᢊϞࡣȂጂᄂෆᐭଔ࿋ਢڍ۬ӻኵΡҕޟϪРᆱȂծϚ҆ᒖِฒ፣ σചܖᇃᢊȂԤݠဏРҏܖڧڗРҏԁޟᒑРΙࣂȂᒑРᇄϪРڍࣂȂӵ࿋ήޟ ࢇݽਢުᕗცήȂٮϚོϴณࡇᆎՌϏᄂሬޟҳൟȂՄڏкौҳൟᙤҥȶಛȷᇄ ȶᐿȷޟᇯӣѓ၆ᗴཌߒ౪ȂӵࡶႮડޥٱӇޟތ៝ϛȂฒ፣મӵІᄇ׳րܖ ІሻՌ఼ޟᚖПधࡣȂٱᄂΰᗴณԆӵԤࣺ࿋ᐨࠔޟཎٷߣܖઍғᇯӣޟಛᐿࢇ ݽཎဎޟϱొȂծࡶٱӇৈΣಛᐿϞތޟ࢜ϛȂࠌᚖПړཎᏲЕޟΙᆍࢇݽ ܒᐇհȂΙᆍѾѡՄِт၌ੑ୰ᚠޟӱᔖȂٮؠԤᔞϛ၎ٱӇкौޟਯЖ୰ᚠȄӰ ࣏кಛޟΡџоᙤԪՄኳᄇΙПᘪ࣏൪РןᇃޱȂкᐿޟΡࠌџоᙤԪՄಳ ᚔதࡶᏽތ೯υޟІΡၾࡾȂᚖПࢇݽُ࡙ӨڥܚሯՄᅋюޟᔛጆȂਲ਼ҏϚ ઍғӵଆ୰ᚠޟߨȂӰ࣏षਲ਼ᐃලжΡၾޟྥȂԪΙࡶٱӇ၎ݧཎޟฐᘈ୰ ᚠȂᔖၚ୰ٲႂІΡၾලжቋޟ߭మฒޱȂ၎Ϛ၎៉ڧڗࡶȉᗙԤ ၚ୰ڎԤΡၾᜰᛄޟ౪фȶᇃᢊΡȷȂ၎Ϛ၎ࡶฒ፣Ռᗙೝफ़Ȃծጂᄂ ෆငᇄႆ߭మтΡޟȶᇃᢊΡȷ้้ȂՍܻಛᐿϞތӵԪලжቋϞήȂ༉ এߣளޟࢇݽΡސᜰЖޟࢇݽ୰ᚠՄϐȄҥԪџޣІᄇޱીмΡၾᆠડᜰᛄޟՃ ኌȂѫོಛᐿϞތޟࢇݽُ࡙ีِȂӰՄٺுࡶޱԤᐠོЫ௰Ցޟތដۡ፡ ӵಛᐿϞތޟཎဎጒ൜ϞϱȂܻζ൷џоցҢȶግ૩Ρ౩፣ȷޟᡒᒮᙲᇲȂԤਝӴ ௶ଶࡶ࣏֏ႂІΡၾஅҏቋٱᄂޟଆ፣ܖຟቋȄ ᄇܻಛᐿϞތᗴ֤ޟཎဎȂष౪ᄂޟᄂᜌкဎԒࡦၯή໌ࡦՃȂࠌζ൷џо ӑᗗԪΙ੫ٱӇȂনҏڎԤޟ҆ौᖒདޟ၌ܖႆ࡙ᖒདޟ၌ភ้ࢇݽཎဎήޟ
ڙघȂસ൷ಛᐿϞތᄇ౪ۨᇃᢊတಀџоளپդᆍցઉޟПө໌Ϸݙ၌Ȃһ։ӵ Ϛਖ਼Ѕఊкဎ٘ϷᇯӣޟࠉඪήȂ௶ଶࢇݽޟ౩དՄસ൷ࢇݽցઉޟُ࡙ՃኌȂࠌ ܚԤࢇឩϷυھณོоᇄϏցฒݲಳᚔᜰ߽ޟࢇឩցઉ࣏ᓺӑՃኌȂծ൷ᇃᢊ౪ ޟӴ՝ᇄᄂሬޟжࣨ༖ՄِȂࠌζ҆ܛᇯؠԤӈդΡᇄࢇឩȂџоԤؽՌȶ፲ ᇃȷޟΨᇄ᠌ΨȂӰԪٲࢇឩϷυޟցઉȂᄂሬΰһϚுϚߣ឴ӵᇃᢊޟᐌᡝց ઉϞήȂٲ࣏ՌϏؽցདޟࢇឩϷυȂ࿋ณϚཎѶўᇃᢊএџоᡱՌϏޢ ᡀڥᄂ፴ցઉޟкᡝȂԃݎএႱ೩ؠԤЊႆᚔᜊȂࠌฒ፣кಛܖᐿȂٱᄂΰϚႆ ࢇឩϷυӵԃդ࣏ՌϏڥுശσցઉޟࠉඪήȂߨலᄂሬޟ࣏ᇃᢊҐپюၯ໌ࡦ Ճ೩ॎޟΙএᙢყՄϐȂ࿋ٲϚӣޟкᇄཎَᗙؠԤઍғဣᄂϞࠉȂᔖ၎ܛᇯڍ ޱԤ้ࣺޟӴ՝ȂоЅڎԤғ७ᇄ॒७ቋޟџܒȄᇯӣ࢚ΙкޱȂᇯ࣏ڏ ᇯӣޟкၶтࣂଽ݂ܖᓺӑȂஅҏΰζѫَհટՄϐȂٮϚڎԤӈդ຺ູϚӣ кȂи҆ณᓺܻڏткޟԤਝᜌᐃቋȄ൷ԁ࢚ٲܚᒝࢇݽᏰޱ׳ຟМ Ȟ1866-1925ȟޟȶϤ᠌ᏴݲȷԃդԃդΙኺȂѫ࢚Ρܖ࢚ЮυفᏰࣂޟَՄϐȂ ׳ຟശӻζ༉ڎԤοՏތ៝ޟቋՄϐȂਲ਼ҏฒݲڎԤӈդᄂ፴ܖџ߬ޟቋȂ Ӱ࣏МޟϤ᠌ᏴݲՍϬ࣏ХȂҐઍғԤਝޟဣᄂӵᄂሬࢇݽၼհϛȂᄇΙএҐ ઍғࢊޟ౩፣Ȃᇳԁڷᇳᚽӣኺџ߬ζӣኺϚџ߬ȂӰ࣏឴ܻᡒᒮΰџܒ ޟΙᆍౠᖼՄϐȂՍܻᇳӰ࣏ѴؠԤΡᇳܖᇯӣȂӰԪএ౩፣ϚԁܖϚџȂࠌ ΙᆍϚՌឈޟࢷѷϗҳൟȂਲ਼ҏϚுΙፙȂᄇܻᇃᢊಛᐿդޱ҆դޱ҆ߨ ޟތ៝Ȃ࿋ณζџоԪΙُ࡙ࡦՃȄኺᇳٮϚӵІᄇߨԁᚽޟތ៝Ȃܖޱད ࡚ᄺѪΙᆍࢇݽᇯӣȂڏᄂѫӵᇳ݂ތ៝ᚖПޟᏰቋᇄӴ՝Ȃᄂሬΰ ӵӣΙҁ७ΰȂٮؠԤӈդΙПӑܻۨᓺӑޟଽ՝Ȅһ։ӵඪᒺंـޱ७ᄇᏰތ៝ ϞሬȂᚖП҆ӑौԤԪᆍܛᇯՌϏޟᢎᘈܖкȂᄂሬΰڷтΡܻҁ้Ӵ՝ޟ ӑᡛᇯޣȂኺᡋԤџ໌ᄂ፴ܒޟᏰଆ፣Ȅ ԪѴџо௶ଶఊкဎᇄΡၾкဎཎᜋלᄘޟϓᘙȂસᆞޟݲࡡُ࡙ϷݙԪ ΙٱӇȄԪΙસᆞݲࡡُ࡙ޟϷݙᢎᘈȂкौᙤҢኈࢇݽᏰޱњᅭȅࢊԽ੫ȞCarl SchmitǴ1888-1985ȟۡဎήȶҳݲড়ȷࢇݽӓӣᡝޟ྅܈ȂԪΙϷݙᢎᘈޟ அҏনࠌȂџоᙏޟ྅ࢂ࣏Ȉ ᅿҗೕጄϯٰЍଛޑ୯ৎᡏڋǴ೭٤ೕጄࢂߚΓޑǵӢԶࢂදၹޑǴࢂ٣ ӃೕۓޑǵӢԶࢂрܭΦԵቾޑǴࢂଞჹёෳۓکёೕۓޑϣڋۓр
ٰǶǾǾȨჴՉݯޑࢂݤࡓȩǴԶόࢂΓǵ࠶܈ޣޣǶ15 ᙤҥࢊԽ੫Ԫᆍસݲࡡಛݽޟ౩དᢎᘈ໌ϷݙȂܻζ൷џоҕкড়સᆞޟ ݲࡡ߳ራஅҏΡ᠌ᇄӫݲҕ᠌ޟПөࡦՃȄӵԪસᆞݲࡡনࠌήȂࠌᔖ၎џоܛᇯ ࡶ٥ٲᄇӻኵড়ᇄΡҕՄِ߭ޱᇄమޱޟᏽқȂᄇРҏ߭ޱՄِདྷᇄ ܆॑ߒ౪ޟȶ़ȷޟ࣏Ȃᄂሬΰᗵ឴ܻᏴݲ߳ራήِ፣ՌҥޟΙᆍӫݲܒޟߒ ႀȂтΡӵᏴݲ߳ራήھณџоԤߒҰϚ᠍ᆱޟՌҥȂծࠓ҆൵१ࡶޱ ԤޟᏴݲ፭ϠޟՌҥߒႀޟ᠌ցȄӰ࣏ӵસᆞݲࡡޟཎဎήȂѫौϚਖ਼Ѕႂݲ࣏Ȃ ӈդΡџоਲ਼ᐃݲ౩ΰԤޟஅҏ߳ራȂ౩ܚ࿋ณޟԤ᠌ΨȞpowerȟᇄ᠌ցȞrightȟ ࡸྱՌϏޟཎȂՌҥӴ໌ΙٲӵලжޟΡၾஅҏቋཎဎήȂਖ਼ЅၾኈΰȃΡܒ ΰȃཐΰܖޥོΰȂхΡȞ։ٺ๘ᄇӻኵޟΡȟᜲоڧޟٱȄ16 छᏰᇄఀىᏰޱٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱȞAlexander MeiklejohnȂ1872-1964ȟ ෆငଆ፣ႆछᏴݲܚо҆ᆰ៖ِ፣Ռҥޟጢ࢈ȂԽպᅭघᑱߒႀΟήक़அҏݲࡡ নࠌޟᢎᘈȂтᇳȈ ೭ঁᏦݤচ߾ນךॺǴךॺёаӧϦӅፕύԾҗӦץຑᏦݤǴӵךॺё аԾҗӦࣁѬ៏ៈኬǶѬ๏ϒךॺߞһکᏱៈޗЬက܈ӅౢЬကᆶךॺޑ ࢌ٤ӕझϦ҇ᏱៈၗҁЬကኬޑԾҗǶѬ߄ܴǴᖄٖፓֽǵѦႾࢲፓ ہǵљݤϷځ౽҇٣୍ֽǵᕴ۸၈зޑ܌ԖᙼᓸࢲǴόӧፕ ࢂᒱᇤޑǴԶЪӧჴ፬ࢂԖ্ޑǶѬນךॺǴፏӵ׆ୌޑȠךޑᏟରȡǵ ӈჱޑȠ୯ৎᆶॠڮȡǵଭլࡘکৱථޑȠӅౢល࠹قȡਜᝤǴёаӧऍ ୯ԾҗӦӑڇǵԾҗӦว୧ǵԾҗӦኞǵԾҗӦ᎙᠐ǵԾҗӦፕǵԾҗӦ ࣬ߞǵԾҗӦ፦ᅪǶ೭ೕۓޑҞޑ٠όࢂाᅈىٗ٤ۓΓޑȨ߄ၲғࢲཀ ကکሽॶȩޑሡाǶךॺΨόࢂाߥៈӑڇޣǵኞޣǴࣗԿբޣޑᔮճǶ ѬޑҞޑࢂǺऍ୯Ϧ҇ѝԖкϩǵคࣙӦय़ჹଞჹдॺڋࡋޑϪ៏ៈکϪ ץຑǴᠽӝܭჴՉԾݯǶϦӅፕޑԾҗࢂόёज़ڋޑǴ೭ࢂԾݯࡹ۬ޑ୷ 15 ȘቺșьᅟǷࡼԯǴࣿ႟ǺȤӝݤ܄ᆶ҅܄ȥǴቅےڷǺȠࡹݯޑཷۺȡȐੇǺੇ Γ҇рހޗǴ2004ԃȑǴ।192Ƕ 16 ܌ᒏӧݤࡓёаЬճǴΓคၸୢǴՠӧȨၰቺǵΓ܄ǵག܈ޗзࢌ٤ΓȐջ٬ ๊ჹӭኧȑᜤаௗڙޑ٣ȩǴ൩ࢂȨѝाךӝݤǴԖϙሶόёаȩޑբ॥ǶٯӵǺሹશȨ٩ݤȩ ሦڗȨԴΓԃߎȩǴȨ٩ݤȩ٦ڙȨ଼ߥȩޑ୍ܺϐᜪǶ
ҡǶҥܭ೭ኬ୷ҡϐǴךॺόᔈӧܴᡉЪջڅޑɡࣗԿࢂཱུᝄख़ޑɡӒ ᓀय़ࣙᕭॹଏǶ17 এᇳݲᗶณкौବᄇࢇۺಢᙑޟڙՄِȂծᔖ၎ζџоҢپୈ࣏ᄇ៖ϴҕِ ፣ߒႀՌҥ౩ҥޟΙᆍڎᡝᇳ݂ȄσചᏰޱ߮ζෆင፣ЅछԞ໐ᚊڙ࡙ϛȂՌ ݽᄂ፺ޟ໐ᚊོដᄂࢊޟޑݷȂ߮ᇳȈ ঁΓёаԾҗӦᆶǴঁΓԖճکက୍ᐱҥࡘԵǵקวρـǵ ᠋ځдᆶޣޑวقǶ୷ҁচ߾൩ࢂନΑௗڙ٣ೕำޑፓѦǴقፕԾҗ όᔈڙډज़ڋǶҺՖ࣬ᜢޑཀـǴόᆅࢂց҅ዴǴёаԶЪѸԖ᠋ޑ ᐒǶ18 ӵ፡ོϞሬȂ҆൵१ϚӣޟཎَȂࣥՍϚԁཎَޟߒႀ᠌ցȂծӣኺџ оᙤپୈ࣏൵१ޥོΰԤϴҕ᠌ޱՌҥߒႀཎَޟᇳ݂ȄΠɒɒέԑೝᒵӈ࣏σݲ ۢޟᇃᢊݲࡡᏰޱݓυቈȂෆีߒΟ൵१ՌҥߒႀཎَޟᢎᘈȂтᇳȈ ൧ख़ঁΓᐱҥӸӧޑ൧ᝄǴЬঁΓᔈڙډѳޑᜢЈᆶ൧ख़Ǵѳޑ ٦ԖдΓ܌٦ԖޑӕԾҗǴჹܭঁΓޑقፕ܈ཀـᔈӕޑ൧ख़Ƕ19 ࿋ณӵِ፣ȶߒ౪ՌרᇳȷޟࠉඪᇯޣήȂкȶِ፣ߒႀᐠ้ོ֯ȷޟᢎᘈȄ оΰٲᢎᘈζ೨ΙᆍளԤႆଽ౩དޟວؑȂծᔖ၎ு٥ཎܛᇯٮڧ ِ፣ߒႀՌҥቋޟΡᇯઍӴࡦՃȂоᗗջՌϏޟЖӵϚՌឈϛഞΣِ፣டڙ៧᠌ ޟഞ٫ϛȂӰՄӔζฒݲо൵१ޟᄘ࡙ϴҁӴᄇՌϏܚІᄇޟȃܚϚ᠍ޟܖՌϏ ᇯ࣏Ϛԁޟِ፣ޟሳϛȄоΰҳஅܻᏴݲݲ౩ΰ፭Ϡِ፣Ռҥޟලႇϴҕ᠌ཎဎ ήޟΙᆍ၌ПԒȄζ൷ӵඪᒺंـޱंـϞሬȂ҆шϷ൵१ՌϏϚ᠍ܖ๘ 17 Șऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣǴߠ଼ǺȠ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡȐǺԀΓ҇рހޗǴ2003 ԃȑǴ।65Ƕ 18 ߠ଼ǺȤࡕǺԯլᅟऊᑣޑقፕԾҗፕϷځቹៜȥǴȘऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣǴߠ଼Ǻ Ƞ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡǴ।83Ƕ 19 ݅ηሺǺȤقፕԾҗޑज़ڋᆶᚈॉፕȥǴȠقፕԾҗᆶཥᆪԾҗȡȐᆵчǺϡྣрހϦљǴ2002ԃȑǴ ।178ǶҁਜբޣࢂᆵϿኧаȨقፕԾҗȩݤᆶჴሞୢᚒࣁޑࣴزޣǴԜਜԏᒵΎጇЎകǴε ठࢂਥᏵՋБ࣬ᜢޑፕǴଞჹȨقፕԾҗȩୢᚒวقǴॶளᜢЈقፕԾҗޣ᎙᠐Ƕ
ᄇІᄇ้ϚӣܻՌϏᢎᘈޱޟีِ᠌ȂϚᔖ၎оՌϏޟྥ࣏୲Ιޟ๎ਰȇӣਢζӵ ඪᒺఀৱ໌ఀᏰܖຟ໔Ᏸҡޟߒ౪ਢȂ։ٺ๎ਰԞϐጂۡȂծᗙौ൵१ᏰҡՌҥ ߒႀِ፣ޟ᠌ցȂζஉᎴӻϯࡦՃ҆ौޟஅҏᇯޣȄ ӔᎧޟُ࡙Ϸݙ၌ԪΙٱӇȂܚᒝᎧُ࡙ϷݙٱӇȂ൷ޥོΰ࢚ ᆍ࣏ߒ౪࿋հȶМҏȷࣼȂ20ณࡣᙤҢᎧޟસᆞ྅܈໌Ϸݙޟ၌ПԒȄоԪ ࡶٱӇ࣏ٽȈॶӑݧཎޟ՝ܖတІᄇޟޱȂդоོݧཎڗԪΙٱӇȉդо ᄇԪٱӇҡϚо࣏ณࣥՍ៕ޟᆱІᔖȉ൷ਖ਼ڗޱܖޱတӵᎧϞӑՌ ר࡚ᄺޟቋႱ೩ӰՄלԙޟᎧႱȂܻᄇᎧޟ໌ᇄ౩၌Пөҡϓᘙޟᄂ ፴୰ᚠȄӵ࢚ᆍቋႱ೩ޟϓᘙήȂ҆ณོᄇޱܖޱတޟᎧܖ၌ҡڙघܖ ᑩȂӰՄ൷ԤџᇄᎧМҏᄇຫޟȶቸհཎყȷȞِ፣Ռҥߒႀޟ᠌ΨȟࣺፐएȄ ൷ᇳޱܖޱတӵ७ᄇᄂሬޟМҏϞࠉȂԞϐ࡚ҳΙএ୲ΙྥޟᎧႱȂӰ ՄӵϚޣϚឈϛ൷ԤΙᆍȶ٥ΙޟМҏுᜰЖȷᇄȶٺҢդᆍᎧຜഏ໌Ꭷ ȷޟฒלᑢᒵྥȂҥܻএᑢᒵྥޟฒלհҢȂࣥՍٺுޱׇӒϚ౩ོȂܖ ޱϚޣၾ൵१МҏনհޱޟቸհཎყȂһ։ӵΙᆍϚՌឈޟȶհޱϐԫȷޟཎᜋלᄘ ή໌ᎧȂζ൷࢚ٲІᄇޟޱܖޱတོݧཎڗࡶٱӇȂоЅӣਢᄇԪ ࡶٱӇ໌॒७ຟቋޟጢ࢈Ȅસ൷МᏰݠ፬ޟᎧُ࡙ՄِȂȶհޱϐԫȷޟՌҥ၌ ȂጂᄂԤڏᑖྃޟཎဎᇄቋȂծٮϚᎌۣҢӵᏰடཾ፣ޟᎧΰȂᏰடཾ ፣࿋ณԤቸհޟҬޟȂӰԪϚᓍཎ၌ȂݽᏰПݲޟُِ࡙ȂᎧ҆ӵш ϷᇯޣհޱቸհཎყޟࠉඪήȂᡋԤџϛᕕுԤઉޟၥଉȂӰՄܖޱඪ݇ՌϏޟ ंـΨȂܖޱᗯՌϏޟंـຜഏȄ Ꭷُ࡙ᄇࠉक़๎ਰ໌ІࣸȂᗙџоᙤҢϛ౪фМᏰ׳ຟंـޱںᖢȞRey ChowȟȶࣼȷޟкࡊᡝϞ᠌Ψᜰ߽ޟᢎᘈ໌ϷݙȄںᖢюҡᇄԙߝӵ़ҕӴ ਢޟॷ෫ȂᏰछࡣӵ࿋ӴӈఀȂиܛᇯՌϏӵತྃཎဎΰȂȶоΙএѴΡ ޟ٘Ϸپቸ࿋фϛσചȷȇ21ቮᏰᇯ࣏тΙএڎԤȶжࣨϴҕȷޟȶӫ፣ȷ༊ өޱȂ22ΙΞΤΞԑϲТѲРѕٵȶЈԊߞٱӇȷࡣȂӵࢇݽΰ༊өܻкॷ෫ᇄσച 20 ȨЎҁȩϣ఼ǴಃቫޑཀကёаࡰੋჴሞޑЎӷЎҁǺࢌҁֹԋ܈҂ֹԋޑբǹಃΒቫޑཀကёа ࡰੋᗦേ܄ޑЎҁǺൂޑঁᡏǹಃΟቫޑཀကёаࡰੋεቪޑЎҁǺဂǵޗǵ୯ৎǵШࣚ܈ӹۖ ǶԜЎ٬Ҕ၀ຒਔǴεठхࡴԜΟቫཀကǴ൩ԜࢤԶقǴ߾ࢂ٬ҔಃΟቫϐကǶ 21 ȘऍșڬᖔǴಏፉǺȠচ߃ޑᐟǺຎǵ܄ኅǵ҇ᇞᆶύ୯жႝቹȡȐᆵчǺᇻࢬрހ٣ ϦљǴ2001ԃȑǴ।75Ƕ 22 ೭ࢂበᏢόࡰӜޑץຑǴበᏢᇥǺȨΜԃǴࠖՕεᏢ௲ӹЎ܌ӼȐstephen owenȑӧȠཥӅک ୯ȡᚇᇞЎፕϷчޑ၃Ǵགжύ୯၃Γࢁڗݤ܈ڗ৹ՋБǴςቪόрڀԖܿБՅޑբ
ԤտȄ23ںᖢޟᢎᘈȈ ᜢܭȨ࣮ȩȐseeingȑޑᗦേکᐒڋԋࣁΜϩख़ाޑᖱ၉БԄǴ೭ࢂӢࣁȨ࣮ȩ ӧόፕࢂவᅿǵޗ܈܄ձޑȨԾךȩکȨдޣȩȐthe otherȑϐ໔ฝϩр ҁᡏፕޑࣚज़ǶฅԶǴӧȨ࣮ȩ܌х֖ޑࣚጕฝϩǴന֚ᜤޑୢᚒ٠όࡪྣ Ȩ೭ࢂգॺȩکȨٗࢂךॺȩޑٗᅿԾך࠾ഈޑᇡӕکޑჴЬကϩᜪٰ Չ٣ǴԶࢂࡰፔӧȨ࣮ȩǴаϷӵՖ࣮ޑୢᚒǶӧЎϯӭϡ،ۓޑȨ࿊ȩݙ ຎΠǴȨЬᡏȩکȨ࠼ᡏȩϐ໔ޑΚᜢ߯ࢂϙሶǻ24 ᗶณںᖢ፡ȶࣼȷޟҬޟȂкौӵᇳ݂тڎԤΙᆍೝቷրࠉඪޟМϽ٘ ϷᇯӣӠᐠޟΡȂ25ӵȶհ࣏Ϛӣᆍఊޟкᡝี౪тՌϏ٘ڏϛޟМϽ֨ცȷȄծт ӵȶϷݙਢܚٷᒦޟȺࣼȻޟᐠᄺϽΟޟᐠڙɯႫኇȃႫኇ౩፣ȂоЅ൜ᙓڍޱ ՄีଔپޟΡঈޟᄘ࡙ڷВདɯΙএкᏲޟຫપוȂڏԤਝԙ൷ϚџᗗջӴᇄ ڏᑛຜᐠڙᖒᛮӵΙଔȷޟᢎᘈȂ26ฒᅸᄇᎧІࣸޟΟ၌σԤᔓօȄԃݎМϛޟȶࣼȷ ࣏ȶᎧȷȇȶႫኇȃႫኇ౩፣ȷ࣏ȶМҏȷᇄȶ၌౩፣ȷȂࠌ൷џо ఼࣏ཿΟ၌ޱӵᎧϞሬȂџҡޟө࡙ȶቋրᘞȷ୰ᚠȂһ։ȶ።ӵᎧ ȷᇄȶ౩၌ȷȂоЅԪΙȶ౩၌ȷџԤޟȶࠉ౩၌ȷᎧ᠌Ψၼհޟ୰ᚠȄ ࠔǶӹЎޑӒᐒགᒐڈӦࠅЇٰԾρޑӒᐒǴӢࣁࢌ٤ဴᏢޣᆪϐࡕǴଭ൩ࢂତǴภץӹ ЎԖᅿЬကӛǴόૈᡏч܌و߯೯۳ӦౚޑநಷεၰǶவࡕ҇ࡘགྷޑȬ଼ӄȭᢀᗺٰ࣮Ǵ ဴᏢޣޑషӝፕзΓӕǴёࢂவ୯ৎЬᡏޑ༟ᢀϐǴдॺ৮܂ШࣚϦ҇ளԖᗺၸᓐǶȩـበᏢǺ ȤᙌᆶࡹݯȥǴȠύѧВൔȡ2000ԃ9Д28ВǹԏΕȠўηǺᙌǵЎᏢᆶЎϯ⢰ȡǴȐᆵчǺ ᖄӝЎᏢрހޗǴ2005ԃȑǴ।13-15Ƕ܌аעڬᖔӈΕበᏢץຑޑჹຝǴЬा٩ᏵȘऍșڬᖔǴ ԯৎၡǺȤቪӧৎ୯аѦȥǴԯৎၡǺȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡȐ३ෝǺФࢭεᏢрހޗǴ1995ԃȑǴ ।1-38ЎჹӹЎ܌ӼޑץຑǶໜྛӧȤӆፕࡹݯǵፕᆶύ୯ЎᏢࣴز-เቅநȥǴȠΒΜШइȡ ಃ20යȐ1993ԃ12ДȑǴ।138-143ύΨჹӹЎගрץຑǹ়ஏΨࣁЎץຑӹЎ܌ӼǴՠךؒԖפډ೭ ጇЎകǶձࡰрڬᖔȨԾᇡࣁѦ୯ΓيϩȩϷȨШࣚϦ҇ȩǴЬाӧᇥܴڬᖔຑፕύ୯٣ނਔǴёૈ ڀԖᅿᜪ՟ݤ୯ᏢޣΪೱȨό࣬υȩޑόԾᢀᗺȐ၁ΠȑǶ 23 ڬᖔޑࡹݯҥǴـڬᖔǴᛥูǺȤ҇ޣᆶ҇ޣϐ໔ȥǴȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡǴ।91-117Ƕڬᖔ මЇॊᛥ౺ޑᢀᗺᇥǺ३ෝȨाऀఖڬܭύǵम೭ٿঁߟౣޣϐ໔ǴǾǾόाీࣁम୯҇Ьက ܈ύ୯࠶ЬကޑވଽǶȩȐ।102ȑЦۢοමவύ୯Ȩ୯ЬကȩޑҥǴჹڬᖔԜࡹݯᢀ ගр፦ᅪǴـЦۢοǺȤࡕ҇ᇟნᆶႾۚޣيҽཀȥǴȠቶܿޗࣽᏢȡ2000ԃಃ2යǴ।150-156Ƕ மፓڬᖔޑࡹݯፕᗺǴЬाࢂёᙖаΑှԜЎੋϷޑࢌ٤ЬᆵЬᡏޣࡘԵޑҔЈǶ 24 ȘऍșڬᖔǴဠϐ݅ǺȠζᆶύ୯ж܄ǺܿՋБϐ໔᎙᠐ȡȐᆵчǺഝҖрހϦљǴ1995 ԃȑǴ।21Ƕ 25 ȘऍșڬᖔǺȤόᔉύЎȐжׇȑȥǴȠቪӧৎ୯аѦȡǴ।ix-xivޑགඉϐقǶ 26 ȘऍșڬᖔǴဠϐ݅ǺȠζᆶύ୯ж܄ǺܿՋБϐ໔᎙᠐ȡǴ।21-22Ƕ
൷ၛភᏰޟ౩၌ՄِȂӈդΡޟᎧᇄ౩၌ȂϚџ௶ଶкᢎཎᜋלᄘܖ ᐣѬਝᔖኇޟસᆞࡊᢎ౩၌ᇄၛភȇ൷ϷݙЖ౩ᏰՄِȂᎧᇄ౩၌ζϚџׇ ӒؠԤӈդዖཎᜋϓᘙήસ౩ܒޟ౩၌ȇ൷ငᔼ౩ܒՄ፣ȂΡޟӈդ࣏ζϚџ యฒցઉޭဪޟસ࣏ȂӰԪоΰޟІࣸϷݙȂᗶณՌឈӴौᏑџӵϚਖ਼Ѕএ ΡкᢎቋրᘞήȂ໌ΙᆍШၶસᆞ౩དޟᏰ౩ϷݙȂծ҆ณᗙོளԤՌϏҐෆ ཎᜋڗޟкᢎཎᜋלᄘϞޟࠉَȂܚоԪМࠉक़Ϸݙ፡ޟ१ᘈȂڏᄂ൷ԃछఀ ىᏰড়ٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱ፡ޟ٥ኺȈ നଯݤଣёૈႽځдޑҺՖ௲ৣኬǴёૈჹΨёૈᒱǴёૈӳΨёૈ ᚯǶǾǾȐՠȑךॺѸௗڙѬޑղᘐǶǾǾȐךॺԖက୍ȑȨܺவȩݤଣ ޑղ،Ǵՠࢂ೭٠όཀښךॺѸȨᜅӕȩѬǶ27 Խպᅭघᑱ፡ޟᆍϚᜓӣࠓ൵१ޟᆠડȂڏᄂ൷Ȯ፣ᇭȆυၯጕȯ፡ޟȶڷ ՄϚӣȷޟᆠડȂζ൷ԪМࠉक़Ϸݙᇳ݂፡ޟ१ᘈȂ൷ौ൵१Ᏼݲ፭ϠܚԤ ғலϴҕӵ᠌ցΰᔖԤޟՌҥِ፣ߒႀޟ᠌ցȂӰ࣏ҕкޟઍᒓ൷ӵܻጂᄂ൵१Ӓᡝ ϴҕޟϴӓଆ፣ᔖ࿋ٴԤࣺӣޟջ᠌ȄѫौϚਖ਼Ѕႂݲܖқဌ้ݲࡡޟ୰ᚠȂ൷๘ ϚӰ࣏ՌϏޟԁඌܖӈդڏтȶઍσȷᇄȶᇐଽۦȷޟ߬Ӊܖ౩ҥȂӰՄײюܖ ࡚ᄺюᆍᆍޟᙤοȂоߢ๘тΡᕕுߒႀཎَՌҥ߳ራޟ᠌ցȄΙૡΡԃݎኺୈȂ ൷݂ᡗႂІҕкޟஅҏᆠડȇंـޱषኺୈȂࠌᡗณ൷ϐငѶўᏰंـޟၥਿȄ ծѫौԤғலޣឈІᔖޟΡȂฒ፣ڎԤӻޟ౩ܒȂ๘ᄇฒݲႀڗઍғޟȶΤ ॳ֚Ϛଢ଼ȷȂܚоϚџઍޟୈڗయฒᆱޟߨΡܒԒȃ຺ູ౪ᄂϓᘙȃસܪຫԒޟ ϷݙȄծࠉक़ޟՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟϷݙПԒȂՍЍџоᡱڎԤ࢚ᆍᆱޟंـޱȂΟ ၌ՌϏ׳ຟџю౪ޟ३ڙᇄөȄंـޱषጂᄂܛᇯΡΡԆӵԤԪᆍЖຜഏ Ռ३ޟݷȂࠌζ൷ШၶԤџҢҁ้ޟಁӎ७ᄇܖੑ၌٥ٲЕଔՌϏ१σЖཐଢ଼ ܖཎᜋלᄘഺ༌ޟٱӇܖ࣏ȂᄇंـϞሬ߳ࡻϚϚআޟЖ౩ஶᄘ࡙࿋ณԤ ઉȂᄇ࡚ҳᎧϞሬЖޟՌҥ၌ܹζσԤᔓօȂ൷ݽᏰंـϞሬȂ҆ݧཎޟ १ौ୰ᚠȄ 27 Șऍș٥ᐕξεǷԯլᅟऊᑣǴߠ଼ǺȠ߄ၲԾҗޑݤࡓज़ࡋȡǴ।24ǵ।27Ƕ
Ѳȃ׳րຟ፣ࣸࡦޟ༈ಛెྛᇄϷݙ!
ԪМଆ፣ϞሬޟႱ೩Ȃ൷הఖӵᅾџܧణএΡԁඌкᢎཎᜋޟࠉඪήȂᄇ࢚ ٲٱӇޟᆱߒ౪໌સ౩ܒޟϷݙȂھณζԤՌרೣጒܒޟཎဎȂծк൵१ِ ፣ߒႀޟՌҥȂٮϚཎڨএΡ҆ฒనӇᜓӣтΡޟܚԤᢎᘈܖཎَȂܖޱϚџоԤ ՌϏࡻޟᢎᘈȂӰ࣏ԪМٮؠԤඪټΙৈџႂІܖֹᛤтΡ࢚ᆍ᠌ઉޟᔮᡛᇄ׳ րޟྥȄِϞȇᆍ൵१ߒႀࠉඪήޟІࣸϷݙȂՌӵՌҥкဎᇄΡၾкဎޟ ۡဎጒ൜ϱȂٱӑ೩Ռҥᇄҁ้ᄇᇃᢊޥོڎԤΙᆍஅҏޟཎဎᇄቋȂณࡣӵӻ ϯМϽкဎ൵१ᇄܛᇯ৯ޟҁ้নࠌήȂΙᆍસ౩፣ܒޟкȂ28ԪΙ፡ޟࠉඪ ൵१ؐএΡڎԤᒵᐅޟՌҥȂоЅএΡޟ੫ܒ҆ڧڗ൵१ȇ࿋ณζѓࢂ൵१ Ռרкᡝޟᒵᐅᇄ൵१ᒵᐅޟ੫ܒ้ю౪ȶ፣ތȷȞތ៝ܖ׳րȟџܒޟौؑӵ ϱȄࠉक़ޟᢎᘈषႆ෮ڗᏰंـޥတȂࠌ൷џоୈԃήޟ౩၌Ȉ൷ंـޱ҆ ஊ߳ԤᄇтΡܖՌϏޟंـӣ้൵१ȇӣਢζ൵१ՌϏܖтΡᄇंـ໌፣ތޟՌҥ ӓᜋȂӰՄຜϣࣺፐएȃӻ१ᖐॱȃӻኺߒ౪ȌȌ้้ᚕܒޟᏰߒ౪Ȃ29߽Ᏸं ـޥတ၎ԤޟலᄘȂӰՄלԙЖᄘΰԤΙᆍྥരᓍਢཎྜޟႱȂٮиܹణӵ ϱ೩དܖкԃդႀڗΙमܒ๎ਰޟࡦՃȃПݲ้ಛΙԒޟᢎᘈȂᡋΙএШ ၶԙዣޟंـᄘ࡙Ȅ ࠉМ፣Ѕ൵१ِ፣ՌҥޟᢎᘈȂߒ७ΰࣼپӒ߽ᙤօՙПᏰၥྛ࣏ᇳȂծ֏ ӰԪ։џᇯۡ൵१ِ፣ՌҥȂׇӒپՌՙࢷᒯΣޟޣᜋȂ࿋ณϚኺȂӰ࣏໌ ԪंـިࡻޟஅҏᢎᘈȂٱᄂΰѪԤ༈ಛМϽޟၥྛӵȄԪМ֜ઽՙПᏰၥྛ࣏ᇳ ޟ౩ҥȂкौӵܻࢋҡԆӵငᔼӒ౨ϽᇄޣᜋଉሬϽޟ౪фޥོȂ࿋ณϚᄇ ౪фޟᏰၥଉΙฒܚޣȂ։ٺ࣏٘༈ಛငᏰޟंـޱȂζ҆ԃࠉМܚِ٥ኺȂᅾ Ψ֜ઽࣺᜰᏰऋޣᜋޟԤਝၥྛȂо၄шܖᘗшՌϏंـடཾຜഏΰޟϚٗȂӰՄԤ օܻඪ݇Ᏸடཾंـޟߒ౪ȂࣥՍӰԪՄ༭അלԙΙᆍϚӣᏰऋᄇၗޟݥȂܻ 28 ԖᜢԾҗᆶѳޑᜢ߯ϷځሽॶǵѳᢀᗺޑᐕўวǵӭϡЎϯЬကޑ܍ᇡৡ౦аၲԋѳޑሽॶᆶ ޓᗺǴـᒲ҉౺ǺȤԾҗЬကࣁϙሶᜢϪѳǻɡжޑঁ࣮ݤȥǴȠᕵటᆶคϐǺжნ ္ޑࡹݯউȡȐᆵчǺᖄрހ٣ϦљǴ2001ԃȑǴ।347-369ޑፕǹޑᇥܴǴـᒲ҉౺Ǻ ȤၰቺѳᆶࡑၶѳǺ၂ѳཷۺޑΒϡ่ᄬȥǴइᓄǵቅᔏЬጓǺȠ࠱ݞ੪ፕࡘགྷǺܿৣ ጄεᏢȨࡘᆶЎȩᖱᄽᒵȡȐੇǺܿৣጄεᏢрހޗǴ2004ԃȑǴ।213-229Ƕ 29 ೭ᅿ൧ख़όǵ൧ख़ৡ౦ǵሽॶ࣬ӕǵᜐጔᆶύЈѳǴஒᜢݙޑขᗺவύЈᙯ౽ӛᜐጔޑᖿ༈Ǵ ฅࢂࡕжԄࡘԵΠԋޑᢀᗺǶԜୖԵȘऍșൈݯǸྷᐛᅟȐGeorge RitzerȑǴᖴҥύǺȠࡕ жޗፕȡȐч٧ǺহрހޗǴ2003ԃȑਜ࣬ᜢޑፕǶџоႀڗᐌᡝᏰϣࣺڥઉȃࣺϣኇՄԤਝԙߝඪ݇ޟ๖ݎȄΟ၌ԪᘈஅҏݽᏰ নࠌȂܻζ൷џо౩၌ΰक़ശࡣᘪ๖ӵᏴݲ߳ራޟӻП७ᇄӻُ࡙ޟϷݙПԒȂھ ณ๘σഋϷࡦདၥྛپՌ࢚ٲ౪фՙࢷᏰ౩܈ȂծٮϚӵయฒ༈ಛၥྛήޟޡҬ ڧȄ༈ಛငڐϛޟȮѾ༈ȯȂ൷ෆӵຽᚔ౪ӵ຺ႆΠνϤԻԑޟՙϯࠉϤѲΠԑȂ ։ᏇᖸϴέΪΙԑޟၷϛȂඪڗԤȶ᎒Ρ෬θ໐ਮȂо፣ஈࢇȷȂӰՄ൷Ԥࢇۺۢ ষඪដᜰഖԪΙՌҥีߒِ፣ޟൟܚȂࠓᎏڗ࿋ਢஈࢇޟυȞȉ-522B.C.ȟܢ๘ȂЌ υӰԪᢚछυȶϦΡȷޟٱӇȄυھณࢇݽ८ޟُ࡙юีՄȶϚྒ໐ਮȷȂ ھณϚޣၾ౪фݲࡡΰ߳ራِ፣ՌҥޟೣۡȂծᡗณϐငጂᄂӵஈԪᆍ൵१ҕಀِ ፣ߒႀՌҥޟ౩܈ȄӣጕζၷυϸޟᇯޣڗȶΡЖϞϚӣԃڏ७ȷޟٱᄂȂӰ ԪϚමԤफ़тΡ҆ȶυ७ԃ֎७ȷޟȶᓳ៧ȷौؑȂՌณζΙᆍ൵१এΡᐿ ੫ܒߒ౪ޟஅҏᄘ࡙Ȅ30ϛᐣѬΰ३ڙِ፣ՌҥޟٽᜌȂശԞԤकᓃџࢥޱȂ࿋ຽ ϬΠνΤԻӻԑࠉϚᅖҕ׳ຟڏಛݽ௩ࢊޟںдȞȉ-828B.C.ȟȂтࣂюڎԤ੫ Ψޟȶፏדȷᅿ᠙Մఉమ׳ຟޱȂܻᖞȶೃමюِȷȂ31ܖޱжࣨΰശԞ࡚ ҳȶᅿ᠙فಛȷՄஈȶߨݲᅿ᠙ȷޟਰٽȄڏԩຽϬΠνΠԻӻԑࠉޟ Ȟ133B.C.-208B.C.ȟȂӰ࣏࿋ਢޟȶ፝ҡϚৱϬՄᏰѠȂоߨ࿋жȂඋ༄ᓷॶȷȂ ᐊЖഅԙȶк༖६нΰȂឩᇄԙнήȷޟ๖ݎȂܻ࡚ដࣲۖȞ259B.C.-210B.C.ȟ ᐶᕏߨിρۢܚᙛޟȶȮၑȯȃȮਪȯȃԻড়ᇭȷѴȂᗙ໌Ι؏ޟॏۡݲх๘Ρ ҕՌҥߒႀޟ᠌ΨȂӰՄԤȶමୋᇭȮၑȯȮਪȯޱణѿȂоѠߨϬޱఊȂӢَޣϚ ᖞޱᇄӣဌȷޟᝒᆴೣۡȂ32џжࣨΰശԞॏۡݲх३ڙِ፣ՌҥޟਰٽȄ Ԫᆍ࿋᠌ޱցҢߨݲᅿ᠙ڷॏۡݲх३ڙِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌Ȃо҈ᔞϏᎯھࢇ᠌ޟޑ ݷȂฒ፣ӵϛܖжࣨӨӴȂᄂሬΰᆭ۽ΟߖένԑՄՍϬҐׇӒ๘ȂҥԪ։џ ౩၌υȶϚྒ໐ਮȷޟؚۡڷᇯޣȶΡЖϚӣԃڏ७ȷᢎᘈޟџິȄϛ༈ಛᐣѬ ڐᝲϛ൵१ڷ๘ِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌ޟၷȂ൷ғ॒ڍএ७өంีԪМஅҏᢎᘈޟ ༈ಛМϽၥྛȂԪМڏᄂӵលีυᢎᘈޟ౪фཎဎήȂᡀڥ֜ઽՙࢷࣺᜰᏰၥ ྛޟკၐܒंـПԒȄ 30 ᚒȘڬșѰЫܴǴȘਕșႣݙǴȘঞșϾᑉၲ҅ကǺȠࡾࣿѰ҅ကǸᖪϦΟΜԃȡȐᆵчǺ ᛬ЎӑਜᓔǴ1981ԃቹӑȘమșቼ20ԃȘ1815șԢՋࠄܱ۬ᏢȠख़тֺҁΜΟݙ౧ȡҁȑǴڔ40Ǵ ।20-24Ǵᕴ।688-690Ƕ 31 ᚒȘڬșѰЫܴǴȘֆșॡࡿݙǺȠ୯ᇟǸڬᇟǸ߉ϦᒇЦࡎᖯȡȐᆵчǺٚϘਜֽǴ1981ԃཥ ਠݙҁȑǴڔ1Ǵ।9Ƕ 32 ȘᅇșљଭᎂǴȘቅֺșᇖ⹀ှǵȘঞ]љଭृᗦǵȘঞșӺ҅ကǺȠўΟৎݙǸછۈࣤ ҁइȡȐᆵчǺႳЎਜֽǴ1995ԃཥਠᗺҁȑǴڔ6Ǵ।254-255Ƕ
ӔޱԪМആႆఀৱՌר׳րоఀᏲᏰҡޟПԒȂଔۖ։ᖞᑋతϞِ࣏ᜌȂխнᑋ తޟᢎᘈΝਪቸԪМޟӑᡛܒਲ਼ᐃȂծᄂሬΰԪМޟᢎᘈȂϚႆȮᙄȅσᏰȯ ȶ֗υԤ፝ϏՄӭؑ፝ΡȂฒ፝ϏՄӭߨ፝Ρȷᢎᘈޟ౪фԒีථՄϐȂ33Еक़ᑋతڷ ԜӻࣄЉϞِȂӣኺܻۨఀᏰޟሯौȂᒵᐅ౪фՙࢷࣺᜰᏰၥྛȂҢоល݂Ѡф ငڐМҏងొޟ౪фཎဎޟЙࢲՄϐȄڍএᙤҢՙࢷࣺᜰޣᜋၥྛȂоលี༈ಛМ Ͻஅҏᢎᘈޟߒ౪ȂӣਢζџоҢپୈ࣏ࠉМԤᜰȶᎧႱȷኇᎧПөᇄϱৠ ᒵᐅޟᜌᐃȄζџоҢپӔԩᜌ݂༈ಛМϽޟϱৠϛȂӣኺζџоڎԤ౪фཎဎޟ ၥྛȂ୰ᚠӵܻंـޱ֏ዣொՌϏடཾޟϱৠȂоЅԃդցҢᇄ๖ӫ౪фᏰၥྛ ՄԤਝޟีථՄϐȊ ਲ਼ᐃࠉक़ޟ౩དܒࡦՃȂ൷౩፣ޟُ࡙ՄِȂσमџоܛᇯौႀԙҕкՌҥޟӓ ᜋȂሯौငҥؐ՝ڎԤҡڼޟԆӵޱȶཎ೩དȷौᇄڏтΡ໌ȶԤਝྜȷᡋԤ џႀԙȂӵႀԙӓᜋϞࠉȂᔖ၎џоӵΡၾкဎᇄՌҥкဎޟࠉඪཎဎήȂ߳ራᆍ ᆍࣺȂࣥՍϣࣺፐएȂؐ՝এΡܖؐএတᡝِ፣ߒႀޟՌҥȂӣਢζ߳ራ໌፣ ތޟՌҥȄԪΙҕкՌҥޟӓᜋȂζ೨এҗሉฒݲႀԙޟȶВདȷȂծ൷Ӱ࣏ ኺޟፒᚕՄ࡞ᜲႀԙȂᡋሯौ߳ራࠉक़ߒႀᇄ፣ތޟِ፣ՌҥϞԆӵȂоЅֆΨ࡚ ҳྜޟԤਝ໌ȂԪᆍՌҥޟߒႀЅཎྜޟ࣏Ȃ҆ᕕுӻኵΡޟڧᇄஈ ȂܻӻኵΡהఖޟ٥এಈڷᇄᄇၗޟڷ၌ޥོȂᡋԤџю౪Ȅ౪ӵᇃᢊএඁ нᐌЈӵӰ࣏ଡؑᆍᆍϚӣցઉȂ࢈Մᅾ໔ܹၗᇄᄇҳፐएޟޥོȂӰՄю౪ޟ ٥ᜲоڷᒙޟȶࡪࡥȷϞȂᡋԤџംᅚੑ၌ࣥՍܻੑѶȄ౩፣ཎဎή౩ད ܒޟࡦՃȂ࿋ณฒݲԙ࣏ޥོၼଢ଼ՄኇܖഅޥོȂӰԪ༉Ιᆍȶ੩Ԝ٤ȷԒ ޟȶශȷȞvisionȟȂٮϚΙএଡؑΰᄂ፺Մҳऐَኇޟȶଢ଼ȷȞactionȟȄ ғலޟޥོ࿋ณौ٩Хᑖྃܒ੩Ԝ٤ශџഅԙޟџܐخᜲȂ़Ᏸᇄࢇݽࡦད Ѭড়оᗉٳȆղݓȞIsaiah BerlinȂ1909-1997ȟ൷ϸΟ၌ڗȶᐿഺܒӵસᆞ౩ܒϛ џএछኈȂՄӵᄂ፺౩ܒϛџএ٣ඌȷȂӰՄܢ๘ᐿഺܒՄҢЖܻȶᜰݧΡ ޟ౪ᄂҡࣀޟᄂ፺ȷȄ34ԪМᑖྃܒޟሉශȂ࿋ณџЕีղݓᐊЖޟ٥ᆍȶၖᄂޟΙ ϯ፣ޱȃฒޟشዥϷυȃଜܻฒܚϚѓޟڷᒙශຫޟΡȷȂᏲमޟȶ౩፣ΰޟ 33 ȘᅇșᎄҎݙǴȘঞșϾᑉၲ҅ကǺȠᘶ҅ကǷεᏢȡ(ᆵчǺ᛬ЎӑਜᓔǴ1981ԃቹӑȘమș ቼ20ԃȘ1815șԢՋࠄܱ۬ᏢȠख़тֺҁΜΟݙ౧ȡҁ)Ǵڔ60Ǵ।8bǴᕴ।986Ƕ 34 ೭ࢂεഌᏢޣचയჹդ݅ޑຑፕǴـचയǺȠᢀۺޑΚໆǺᆶդ݅ჹ၉ȡȐԋǺѤοΓ҇рހޗǴ 2002ԃȑǴ।5Ƕ
ᙲᇄᄂ፺ΰޟഏᢍȷ้ࡣݎϞٱȂ35ծζϚӰԪՄѶўᑖྃܒޟ൵१ᇄྜՄᏲमڷ ᒙџޟ੩Ԝ٤ශޟଡؑȄӔޱ൷༈ಛငᏰݧ१ȶငжमҢȷौؑޟُ࡙፣Ȃ࿋ή ޟंـޱȶमҢȷޟᐠོٮϚӻȂȶငжȷޟџܒඁн้ܻႭȂծζϚӰԪՄ ׇӒѶўᄇԪශޟܖ࡚ᄺȂՍЍӵఀᏰᇄंـޟႆแϛȂшϷ൵१ِ፣Ռҥ ߒႀ᠌Ȃ࿋၎౪фΡМᏰंـޱശஅҏޟՌרौؑȄ षএΡՌкᇄӻϯҁ้ᢎᘈȂᖒ๖ڗᎧ౩၌ᇄंـᄘ࡙ϞϱёоᢎᄆȂࠌӵ ౩၌ޟџܒΰȂ൷҆ӣཎӻϯМϽкဎܛᇯ৯ޟҁ้ܒনࠌȂ൷ौ൵१ܚԤ ޱၛ၌ߒႀޟ᠌ΨȂᆍ൵१հޱԆӵޟӻϯܒ၌ȂՌᇄȶհޱϐԫȷޟ๘ᄇՌ ҥ၌ԤտȄ൷ंـᄘ࡙ՄِȂंـޱሯौԤΙᆍंـႆแ҆ณȶΙӔฮवӴ७ᄇ ՌϏޟޣᜋࠁ३ȄԃӣӵฒሬޟσΙኺȂષޟႆแۖತබȂؐΙএПө ងᙠџܒȂؐΙᆍຜُџҡϚӣ๎ਰȷޟ౩၌Ȃ36ኺᡋԤџีථंـ ޱശσ३࡙ޟഺཱིΨȄ࿋ณӵ၌ܖ၌ភޟԤਝܒΰȂ࡚҆ҳᔮᡛᇄ׳րޟྥȂ оؑுၶڎӓᜋܒޟ๎ਰȂоؚ߯ۡڏӵᏰቋΰޟଽήȂ൷౪ԆޟᏰڙ࡙ՄِȂ ҆ณौငҥӻኵடཾᏰޱޟ׳րȃྜȃᇯџᇄϚᘞওࡣᡋႀԙȄџоᙤҢᇌ Ѡ၂ޟᇃᢊᏰޱᓀҗಈᄇ౪фܒஅҏौؑޟᢎᘈᇳ݂Ȃтᇯ࣏ڎׂ࿋ܒܖғ࿋ܒᏰ ቋޟۡ՝Ȃᔖ၎ȶܹޟȃौҥΡঈӵྜҺ܁ޟႆแ㠰ംᅚ࡚ҳȃᇯџȃও ޟȄȷ37Ᏸΰၶڎӓᜋ๎ਰޟႀԙȂھณϚ࡞ৠܾȂծӰ࣏ԤΙএୈ࣏ശತրྥ ޟȶМҏȷԆӵȂӰՄᔖ࿋Ш٥સᆞᎬདȂીмശತրྥޟࢇݽܖޥོΰޟӓᜋ ৠܾႀԙȄծٮϚཎڨᏰंـߨौႀԙӓᜋϚџȂӣਢܚᒝᏰӓᜋζџо ΙএԤਝޟጒ൜ȂՄϚ༉༉୲ΙޟΙএȶᘈȷՄϐȄ
Ϥȃ๖፣ȈࣸࡦޟӔ໌Ι؏ᘗ!
ݽᏰПݲޟُ࡙Ȃആႆ׳րࡶРҏႮડޥٱӇޟՌרࣸࡦȂ໌ՄଆϷݙ ׳րᇄࣸࡦޟϱొȂоЅӵᏰंـࡦՃΰޟཎဎᇄђȂσमџоᘪ๖࣏ȈᄇϚӣ ཎٱӇޟ׳րȂкौڧڗఀىႆแϛ࡚ᄺޟཎᜋלᄘѾѡȂԪᆍ׳րϚӣ࣏ޟߒ౪Ȃ 35 Șमșаᖻ٥Ƿդ݅ǴचയǺȠԾҗፕȡȐࠄ٧Ǻ݅рހޗǴ2003ԃȑǴ।51-52Ƕ 36 ؋ཧǺȤقȥǴȠжύ୯ࡘགྷޑᑫଆȡȐч٧ǺΟᖄਜ۫Ǵ2004ԃȑǴಃ1ǴڔǴ।3Ƕ 37 ᒲ҉౺ǺȤж܄ςᅰΑץղཀက༏ǻɡ؋ཧፕж܄᠐ࡕԖགȥǴȠᕵటᆶคϐǺж ნ္ޑࡹݯউȡǴ।395-396Ƕ҆ณٺுंـޱޟຜഏᜲоԤਝȂᏲमंـޱৠܾՌרࠬഞӵΙຜഏϞϱȂӰ ՄฒݲԤਝีܖี౪٥ٲԆӵՄҐෆೝี௨ܖೝݧཎޟཎဎܖϱৠȂܻ࡞ৠܾ൷ ഞྡྷӵϚᘞޟᏰՏᇄٷᒦޟଛࢺϛȄंـޱ҆ஊړΟ၌ܛᇯȂӵंـᄘ࡙ᇄं ـຜഏΰȂ҆ณԆӵԤ࢚ᆍړݖཎᜋלᄘޟᑩȂӣਢཎкଢ଼ӴබЖȂᅾΨ௶ ଶٲᑩȂܻ൷ԤџംᅚੑଶᑩՄᗯຜഏȂ໌Մџоӵंـΰᕕுඪ݇ԙ ߝޟਝᔖȄᗯंـຜഏܖंـᄘ࡙ޟཎဎȂ൷ᅾџ֜ԝࣺᜰᏰऋԤઉЅԤਝޟ ᏰၥଉȂӰՄႀڗంีȃᘗшܖቨՌϏᏰंـޟΨᇄၥྛȄШၶᄂሬޟᇳȂ ൷ငҥᏰऋޟȶҺࢺȷȂоȶ๖ӫȷڏтࣺᜰंـԙݎȂӰՄႀڗϚӣᏰऋȶࣺ ϣቨȷޟȶᚖөႆแȷȄ38ӵࡦདΰശкौࠌߒ౪࣏Ιᆍᄇِ፣Ռҥߒႀ᠌๘ᄇ൵ १ޟᄘ࡙Ȃंـޱฒ፣ӵఀᏰܖंـΰȂ҆Ԥમӵ๘ᄇҁ้ޟُ࡙Ȃ൵१ՌϏᇄ тΡӫݲߒႀϚӣཎَޟஅҏᇯޣȂӣਢΟ၌ᏰӓᜋࢋџоএᘈȂζџоএጒ ൜ȂࣥՍџоׇӒؠԤጒ൜ӨᇳӨၗޟӨՌ၌Ȃܻζ൷џоڧٮܛᇯ፣ތᇄ ৯ᏰலᄘȂӣཎᏰߒ౪ޟᇯџሯौငҥ׳րȃྜȃওғޟᐣแȂณࡣஉᎴ юΙᆍӻϯࡦՃᇄᇯޣޟंـຜഏᇄᄘ࡙ȂᏰӻϯܒޟ၌ᇄӻ१ܒޟџȂҗሉ џю౪ཱིཎဎᇄཱིቋȂܻ൷ԙ࣏ंـޱஅҏޟᇯޣϱৠȂ൷ݽᏰϞሬശ அҏޟौؑȂӣਢζቸհԪМהఖႀڗޟҬޟȄ ᏰंـޟஅҏనӇȂଶࡦདᄘ࡙ΰޟӻϯᗯѴȂӵᄂሬᐇհႆแϛȂՍЍᗙ ौѓࢂȈஅᙃࠔȃ౩፣ܒȃПݲԤਝȃᢎ܈఼้ѲஅҏΨȄ൷ȶ౩፣ܒȷ ޟौؑՄِȂዉఛȶМᏰҏ٘Ȃӈդ౩፣ฒݲׇӒકޟȂ֏ࠌר൷ѫፙ౩ ፣ȂϚंـМᏰΟȷޟᢎᘈՌԤڏၾ౩Ȃ39ᗶณѫବᄇМᏰंـีِȂծζџоᙤ پ྅ࢂڏтਖ਼Ѕ౩፣ޟࣺᜰंـȂӑҡ࿋ณϚઍޟܢ๘МᏰ౩፣ȂϚႆឌ֙ ඪᒺंـޱϚौן౩፣҆ٷߣӵհࠢᡋڎཎဎޟࠉඪȂӰԪंـϞሬᗙϚׇ ӒϚ౩ོ౩፣ԆӵޟቋȂЎڏਖ਼ЅМᏰंـޱᜲо๘ᄇܢ๘Ȃ౩፣࿋ณᇄПݲ ࣺᜰȂӰԪौ੫տݧཎ౩፣ޟԤਝܒȂԤਝࡷ௨ܖี౪ϚӣޟཎဎᇄቋȂՌณ൷ ԁޟ౩፣ЅԤਝޟПݲΟȄȶᢎ܈఼ȷࡾޟ఼ᒺՄΣޟΟ၌ՌϏࡦՃޟᓺᘈ ᇄޡᘈȂᇄࠉक़׳րࣸࡦޟђխȄՌרᔮଆоΟ၌ՌϏޡᘈޟୈݲȂσम൷ԃ ़МϽᏰंـޱᔜᆰȅ౩ࢥ૭ȞDavid Richardsȟ٥ᆍړཎՄՌឈӴȶоᄇՌ٘๖ᄺ ໌፴ᅸڷ᙭ޟПԒپ࡚ҳڷᄩྒՌϏޟఄक़ȷȂӰՄᡱȶՌϏԙ࣏Ռ٘ၗᇭҗδ 38 நەԴৣǴယᏦǺȤ܄ձፕᆶऍ୯ᅇᏢޑϕࣴزȥǴȠȐч٧ȑమεᏢᏢൔȐণᏢޗ ࣽᏢހȑȡಃ17ڔቚ1යȐ2002ԃȑǴ।51-55܌قǶ 39 ኻӃғǺȤЎᏢፕޑݓфȥǴȠއࢰ၉ᇟȡȐ३ෝǺФࢭεᏢрހޗǴ1993ԃȑǴ।9-12Ƕ
ޟ׳ຟᄇຫȂኸ៩ՌϏޟϱഋ๖ᄺȂڧಠࢥȷȂٺڏтंـޱȶுоࣼڗѺޟՌר ৢȷҳൟޟПԒȄ40ӵԪᆍՌרᔮଆЅࠉक़׳րࣸࡦޟҳൟনࠌήȂࠌџоี౪ڧ ༈ಛϛᏰᆠડཎᜋኇޟϛМفᏰޱȂЎڏظܒޟंـޱȂ࡞ᜲಳᚔڍᆍϚՌ ឈࢋۡҳൟޟڙघȈΙЮ᠌ཎᜋלᄘޟҳൟȇΙЮ᠌ཎᜋלᄘήՌо຺ູ࣏ܒտ ᇄᐣѬ३ڙޟຎලႇܒҳൟȄ٘Ԫᆍҳൟޟϛ༈ಛᏰंـޱȂԤ҆ौᄇՌϏ ंـޟҳൟ໌ՌרᔮᡛȂӰԪ҆൶ײΙএᇄՌϏׇӒᄇҳޟȶтޱȷୈ࣏ᄇШޟ அྥᘈȄ41ȶтޱȷџоڎԤᚖ१ޟཎဎȂΙړཎкᡝтޱϽޟԆӵܻՌרϞϱޟ ȶтޱȷȇΙᇄкᡝࣺՄԆӵܻкᡝϞѴޟȶтޱȷȄ҆ӵԪᚖ१ཎဎޟȶт ޱȷ࡚ᄺׇԙоࡣȂᡋԤџՌϏ໌ȶтޱϽȷȂȶՌרтޱϽȷ࡚ᄺלԙϞࡣȂ ᡋШၶԤџବᄇᗴᙠӵԪᏰሴϱϚՌឈȂծࠓலሳޟܖΙܒޟཎᜋל ᄘȂ໌ᄂ፴ޟՌר׳րᇄІࣸȂԪМᄇϛМࣺᜰفܚंـޱџоҡޟཎဎȄ Ю᠌ཎᜋלᄘޟڙघȂӣਢζᄇϛМࣺᜰفܚޟτܒᏰޱҡ੫ཎဎȂ൷ंـ༈ ಛᏰޟτܒᏰޱȂᔖ၎Ңܒտ٘ϷھԤޟཎᜋלᄘҳൟȂᄇ༈ಛᏰޟϱৠᇄंـȂ ໌ΙᆍՌឈޟӵܒտᢎᘈܖτܒޟܒտᢎᘈཎဎήȂՌᇯ຺ູᐣѬޟලႇܒᢎᘈޟ ཎᜋלᄘȂᄇ༈ಛᏰ໌Ιᆍȶ१ཱིȷޟȶᎧࣼȷȄആႆڍᆍШၶڎ౪фܒޟІ ࣸᇄंـຜഏޟ፡ᐌȂӵғ७ቋޟཎဎΰȂ൷ШၶԤџӵ༈ಛᏰंـሴϱ ีܖ१ཱིี౪౪фޟཎဎᇄቋȂӰՄџоีᇄഺཱིᏰ༈ಛȇӵ॒७׳ր៕ޟ ཎဎΰȂᡋШၶԤџี౪ܖײڗ༈ಛᏰϚᎌӫܖϚᎌᔖ౪фޥོޟϱৠᇄंـȂ ӰՄџоІࣸᇄ໌ᏰंـȄछޥོᏰড়༱ᅭऋ੫Ȇ۴ිȞTalcott ParsonsȂ 1902-1979ȟӵᇳ݂ՌϏቸհȮޥོଢ଼ޟ๖ᄺȯޟђਢȂෆငᇳၾȈ Ѭ٬ךॺኩਔଶǴख़ཥԵቾٗ٤ჹܭӧࣽᏢࣴزکځдሦୱύԖշܭךॺޑ চ߾܌рޑਥҁ،ǴΨ൩ࢂᇥǴȨޕၰգӧϙሶࢂҹӳ٣ȩǹӆ൩ࢂǴ ӧךॺ؈ܭВதπբޑύǴёૈԖ٤ၗྍکወૈࢂ۳۳ךॺ܌۹ຎΑ 40 ȘमșᔎᆢǷǴӵǺȠৡ౦ޑय़થǺЎᏢǵΓᜪᏢϷ᛬ೌύޑЎϯ߄ȡȐᘟǺᒩჱ 㯍ػрހޗǴ2003ԃȑǴ।346-347Ƕ 41 аȨдޣȩ܈Ȩჹҥय़ȩՉԾך࣪ࡘԄޑࣴزفࡋǴᙖҔݤ୯ᏢޣѷਟґǸΪೱȐFrançois Jullienȑ ύ୯ᆶኻࢪӧࡘགྷଆྍ๊ჹȨό࣬υȩ܈Ȩคᜢ߯ȩȐindifferentȑǴӢԜѸȨَȩϸᢀᠽૈـ ډ࣬ޑཷۺǶୖԵȘݤșΪೱǴഋࡏǺȤเໜྛȥǴȠΒΜШइȡಃ55යȐ1999ԃ10ДȑǴ ।119-122ǹȘݤșΪೱǴ݅דܴǺȤҗ׆ᛪᙅၰύ୯Ǵ۳Զൺ߇Ǻ୷ҁЬȥǴ݅דܴǵࡘሸ ጓᒠǺȠᇶϘεᏢಃΒۛᅇᏢ୯ሞࣴȨځقԔԶύǺᅇᏢբࣁჹՋБޑཥ၍ញ—ݤ୯ଅȩፕЎȡ ȐᆵчǺᇶϘεᏢрހޗǴ2005ԃȑǴ।71-87ǹછੇᡳǺȤ࡛ኬقᇥдޣǺፋΪೱ௲ჹύ୯ђڂЎ ፕཷۺޑکឍញȥǴȠၠЎϯჹ၉ȡಃ23ᒠȐ2008ԃ8ДȑǴ।96-103ೀ܌ፕǶ
ޑǶவؕڗӸύளډޑమධܴᅒǴࣁ׳εጄൎϣޑፕว໒௴Αё ૈ܄ǴѬ๏ΓޑᐟᓰࢂόጁᅰޑǶǾǾᕴᡏԶقǴӧᡍୢᚒᕴޑݤᗋ ࢂᅿቨݱޑȨዂమୢᚒȩǴ០ନషکઠόՐဌޑှញǴ໒௴Ӛᅿཥޑёૈ ܄Ƕ42 ԪМھณᗙႀϚڗ۴ි၎ਪٲ१ौђޟӴ؏Ȃծᔖ၎џᙤо໌Ι؏Ο၌ቸհԪ МޟཎဎЅהఖႀڗޟђȄᖂᡝՄِȂ൷ᇯ࣏ंـ༈ಛϛᏰޟ౪фᏰޱȂष ആႆࠉक़ȶՌרтޱϽȷࡣȂ໌ϸޟՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟႆแȂܖޱ൷ШၶԤџ לԙΙᆍ຺ູܒտཎᜋלᄘࡊᢎϛܒޟලႇᢎᘈȂӰՄᄇϛ༈ಛᏰޟ౪фϽȃ Σޟ౩၌ϛ༈ಛᏰȂоЅӵϛ༈ಛᏰޟሴϱཱིޟंـ፞ᚠȂӻོ ԤܚᔓօȄ ӵࠉक़ୢտоᄺԙȶՌרтޱϽȷޟौؑήȂ༈ಛϛᏰޟंـޱȂ҆ณौ੫ տ१ຜ౪фМᏰޟंـޱȂӰ࣏ెྛܻՙࢷМϽཎဎήޟ౪фМᏰȂၶЍڧڗϛМ Ͻ༈ಛᐣѬਝᔖޟኇȂЎڏ٥ᄇՙПᏰ౩፣ޟΟ၌ᇄၼҢШၶዣொȂӣਢά ฒݲᡐԙસՙࢷΡޟ౪фМᏰंـޟ၂τܒᏰޱȂ࿋тঈІႆپȶᎧࣼȷ٥ٲࢋ ϛάߨϛȃࢋՙПάߨՙПޟ౪фМᏰܖМϽޟࣺᜰដᚠȂٮ໌ಒӫՙПᏰ ѿൟሯौޟ፣क़ᢎᘈਢȂ࿋ณ൷ШસᆞھԈӵՙПܖϛޟΙᢎᘈȂᎌӫୈ࣏ϛ ༈ಛᏰंـޱՌרІࣸᇄ׳ր༈ಛϛᏰंـޟᄇҳ७ȂषҢᄇҳ७ ޟᏰၥྛȂ໌ᄇШԒޟᎧࣼȂࠌ҆ณᄇ༈ಛᏰंـޟІࡦᇄี౪ܖഺཱིσԤᔓ օȄӰԪࠉक़ޟںᖢȂоЅ፝ԃቓұȞLiu, Lydia HeȟȃȞYeh, Michelle Mi-Hsiȟȃ ᇫထȞChang, Yvonne Sung-ShengȟȃଽᓠȞKo, DorothyȟȃඏቈȞLi, Wai-Yeeȟȃ ҤᐎȞTian, XiaofeiȟȃങωࣻȞXiao-mei ChenȟȃѬਪछȞShi, Shumeiȟ้้፝ΡȂ тঈޟंـџоԙ࣏ϛМࣺᜰفܚंـ༈ಛϛᏰޱȂ໌ՌרІࣸᇄ׳րޟᏰ ȶᄇҳ७ȷȄ ԪМആႆࡶРҏႮડޥٱӇޟ׳րȃІࡦᇄ࡙ޟϷݙȂၶࡊᢎޟࡾюࡶ ޱᇄ׳րޱӓӣޟМϽᇄཎᜋלᄘޟၥྛȂоЅڍޱѫԤࢇݽؠԤΡၾޟ୰ᚠѴȂӣ ਢငҥՌרϷݙю౪׳րཎᜋޟনӰЅڏϚՌឈޟՌר३ڙ้ᄂ፴ܒޟᇯޣȂӰՄΟ ၌ंـϞሬ҆ณԆӵޟຜഏՌ३้୰ᚠȂӣਢᙤօ౪фՙࢷᏰၥྛޟ၌ᄺϷݙȂඪ 42 Șऍș༣ᅟࣽǷۦහථǴܴቺǵহၶࠄǵ൹খǺȠޗՉޑ่ᄬǸಃΒހׇقȡȐࠄ٧Ǻ ݅рހޗǴ2008ԃȑǴ।7ǵ।9Ƕ
ټ༈ಛᏰ౪фϽޟंـԒȂᗙԤ࢚ٲᗯЖՄԤਝຜഏՌ३ޟПԒȂڞօ ंـޱ࡚ᄺӫн౩དޟंـࡦՃܖПԒȂӰՄџоᕕுၶ࣏ࡊᢎϴҁџ߬ޟ๖ݎȄ ंـԙݎϚ༉ԤօܻᄇȶᇃᢊΡȷࡶРҏႮડޥࢇݽཎဎޟΟ၌Ȃӣਢᗙඪټᄇ ԪٱӇޟ׳րӵंـПݲΰџҡޟཎဎȂശࡣငҥቹϷݙՄࡾюϛМفܚࣺ ᜰंـޱџԆӵޟϚՌឈȶЮ᠌ড়ߝԒࡦՃᢎᘈȷࠉႱ೩ޟ୰ᚠȂϚ༉ᄇܻ٥ ҥܻીмᄇϚՌឈޟ຺ਢܒᇄӒශᢎᘈޟឌឈȂᏲमंـႆแϛю౪оሳ࣏ϴ ғȂоџ࣏ۡ፣ȂٮᇲᇯΙՌ࣏ӻϯҁ้ޟंـޱᄒޟΟ၌ᇄዐ఼σԤᔓօȂ ӣਢᄇΙૡंـޱζڎԤዐ఼྅܈ȂᗯᏰಁࣨȂඪټՌר׳րࣸࡦ้ޟђȂ ᄇᏰंـޟඪ݇࿋ณσԤօઉȄȞ94ԑ4Т6Рߑገȟ
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ȦںȧѾй݂ȂȦਣȧ؇ႱݧȂȦবȧЌᑗႀ้ғဎȈȮࢌऍѾ༈ғဎȯȞᇃѕȈ МӟਪᓢȂ1981ԑኇӟȦ఼ȧოኊ20ԑȦ1815ȧՙࠒܿۺᏰȮ१ѐҏΪέ ငݧȯҏȟȄ Ȧᅕȧ᎒ҜݧȂȦবȧЌᑗႀ้ғဎȈȮᙄғဎȯȞᇃѕȈМӟਪᓢȂ1981ԑኇ ӟȦ఼ȧოኊ20ԑȦ1815ȧՙࠒܿۺᏰȮ१ѐҏΪέငݧȯҏȟȄ ȦںȧѾй݂ȂȦ֔ȧ९ࢍݧȈȮᇭȯȞᇃѕȈ٨ϦਪȂ1981ԑཱིਮݧҏȟȄ Ȧᅕȧѧ᎐ȂȦቓȧᇤ၌ȃȦবȧѧ॑ષᗴȃȦবȧԈғဎȈȮѬ έড়ݧȯȞᇃѕȈჁМਪȂ1995ԑཱིਮᘈҏȟȄ ՔᒄȈȮᅔހᚕȯȞ݂݀ȈࠒΡҕюގޥȂ1982ԑȟȄ ȦݲȧᆰۄȅԜӻࣄЉȂдݍ߫ȃдឍȈȮ׳ຟޟ׳ຟȈఀىωᇳȯȞѕٵȈ έᖒਪ۹Ȃ1988ԑȟȄ ዉఛȈȮޕ੯ࢾၗᇭȯȞॷ෫ȈвࢻσᏰюގޥȂ1993ԑȟȄ ȦछȧںᖢȂီϞݓ้ឍȈȮஏτᇄϛ౪фܒȈݍՙПϞᎧȯȞᇃѕȈഫ ҤюގϴѧȂ1995ԑȟȄ ȦछȧںᖢȂԽড়ၯ้ឍȈȮቸӵড়оѴȯȞॷ෫ȈвࢻσᏰюގޥȂ1995ԑȟȄ ȦछȧںᖢȂಝፗឍȈȮনߑޟᐭȈຜឈȃܒናȃҕఊᇬᇄϛ࿋фႫኇȯȞᇃ ѕȈሉࢺюގٱཾϴѧȂ2001ԑȟȄᓀҗಈȈȮᖃభᇄຎฒϞΰȈ౪фც၇ޟࢇݽগ౩ȯȞᇃѕȈᖒငюގٱཾϴѧȂ 2001ԑȟȄ ݓυቈȈȮِ፣ՌҥᇄཱིᆸՌҥȯȞᇃѕȈϯྱюގϴѧȂ2002ԑȟȄ न༈ഽȈȮᢎ܈ޟΨ໔ȈᇄղݓᄇၗȯȞԙȈѲύΡҕюގޥȂ2002ԑȟȄ ༁ᓗოȈȮࢌԏዂήఏᔿࡨȈРҏᄇᇃᢊޟҕಛݽЅڏኇȯȞѕٵȈ୦ӟਪᓢȂ 2003ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧоᗉٳȆղݓȂन༈ഽឍȈȮՌҥ፣ȯȞࠒٵȈឍݓюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ ȦछȧٳᐣόσȆԽպᅭघᑱȂ߮ឍȈȮߒႀՌҥޟݲࡡ३࡙ȯȞິȈິԎΡ ҕюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧᔜᆰȆ౩ࢥ૭ȂԃΙ้ឍȈȮ৯ޟ७ળȈМᏰȃΡᏰЅϛޟМϽߒ ౪ȯȞᘭȈᒷჿ㓶ىюގޥȂ2003ԑȟȄ ȦछȧൖݽȆ࿅ᐩᅭȂᗂҳϛ้ឍȈȮࡣ౪фޥོ౩፣ȯȞѕٵȈেюގޥȂ2003 ԑȟȄ ȦኈȧњᅭȆࢊԽ੫้Ȃቓ۠ۅ้ឍȈȮࢇݽޟ྅܈ȯȞΰȈΰΡҕюގޥȂ 2004ԑȟȄ յȂቮᏰឍȈȮ१үᓞȈȮऔዂჲȯ၇ޟభᇄຎᄺȯȞᇃѕȈഫҤю ގޥȂ2004ԑȟȄ ؙཱུȈȮ౪фϛࡦདޟᑹଔȞΰڢȟȯȞѕٵȈέᖒਪ۹Ȃ2004ԑȟȄ ೨कᓒȃቓᔝкጡȈȮᝋݬ፣ࡦདȈݍৱጒσᏰȶࡦᇄМȷᖿᅋᓃȯȞΰȈ ݍৱጒσᏰюގޥȂ2004ԑȟȄ Ȧ़ȧघᑱȆղਿȂᔜ⢸ឍȈȮᢎࣼϞၾȯȞݓȈኄՙৱጒσᏰюގޥȂ2005 ԑȟȄ ቮᏰȈȮငѬυȈᙚឍȃМᏰᇄМϽ⩖ȯȞᇃѕȈᖒӫМᏰюގޥȂ2005ԑȟȄ ݓס݂ȃᚭࡦቆጡᒮȈȮሄϦσᏰΠ۩ᅕᏰሬंଆོȶڏِԢՄϛȈᅕᏰհ࣏ᄇ ՙПޟཱིၛភ—ݲଓᝦȷ፣МȯȞᇃѕȈሄϦσᏰюގޥȂ2005ԑȟȄ Ȧछȧ༱ᅭऋ੫ȅ۴ිȂ݂ኈȃেႄࠒȃඇত้ឍȈȮޥོଢ଼ޟ๖ᄺȯȞࠒ ٵȈឍݓюގޥȂ2008ԑȟȄ
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ྩȈȲӔ፣ࢇݽȃ౩፣ᇄϛМᏰंـ--๎ቓஶȳȂȮΠΪΙжकȯ20Ȟ1993ԑ12ТȟȂॲ138-143Ȅ ȦݲȧθȂങឍȈȲ๎ྩȳȂȮΠΪΙжकȯ55Ȟ1999ԑ10ТȟȂॲ 119-122Ȅ д۰ύȈȲࡣҕᇭცᇄۨޱ٘ӋཎᜋȳȂȮኄݍޥོऋᏰȯ2000ԑ2Ȃॲ150-156Ȅ ஶۣȂဨᏴឍȈȲܒտ౩፣ᇄछᅕᏰޟϣଢ଼ंـȳȂȮȞѕٵȟ఼σᏰᏰ ൢȞᏰޥོऋᏰގȟȯ17ڢቨ1Ȟ2002ԑȟȂॲ51-55Ȅ ᢁȈȲࡩኺِᇳтޱȈፙθఀ௲ᄇϛѠڐМ፣྅܈ޟ౩ڷលភȳȂȮၮМ Ͻᄇၗȯ23ᒮȞ2008ԑ8ТȟȂॲ96-103Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲȶݽᏰПݲȷடួࠉِȳȂȮМЈӴȯ24ڢ8Ȟ2009ԑ1ТȟȂॲ 78-87Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΙȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ24ڢ9Ȟ2009ԑ2ТȟȂ ॲ84-89Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΠȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ24ڢ10Ȟ2009ԑ3ТȟȂ ॲ82-87Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞέȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ24ڢ11Ȟ2009ԑ4ТȟȂ ॲ88-93Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞѲȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ24ڢ12Ȟ2009ԑ5ТȟȂ ॲ88-93Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞϤȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ1Ȟ2009ԑ6ТȟȂ ॲ89-94Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞϲȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ2Ȟ2009ԑ7ТȟȂ ॲ86-91Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΙᖿஅҏ౩܈ޟᇳ݂ȞΜȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ3Ȟ2009ԑ8ТȟȂ ॲ80-85Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞΙȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ4Ȟ2009 ԑ9ТȟȂॲ106-111Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞέȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ6Ȟ2009 ԑ11ТȟȂॲ106-111Ȅ ྆ਣᓸȈȲΠᖿৱҡՌϭЅ୰ڢཎဎޟϷݙȞΠȟȳȂȮМЈӴȯ25ڢ7Ȟ2009 ԑ12ТȟȂॲ107-112Ȅ