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行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告

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N-Methyl-D-Aspar tate 受體之調控與精神分裂症

(第二年)

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計畫類別:

個別型計畫

□整合型計畫

計畫編號:NSC 90-2314-B-320-003

執行期間:90 年 8 月 1 日至 91 年 7 月 31 日

計畫主持人:藍先元

共同主持人:張文和

本成果報告包括以下應繳交之附件:

□赴國外出差或研習心得報告一份

□赴大陸地區出差或研習心得報告一份

□出席國際學術會議心得報告及發表之論文各一份

□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告書一份

執行單位:慈濟大學醫學院精神醫學科

91

年 10 月 21 日

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate 受體之調控與精神分裂症(第二年)

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Modulation and Schizophrenia (the 2nd year)

計畫編號: 90-2314-B-320-003

執行期限:90 年 8 月 1 日至 91 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:藍先元 慈濟大學精神醫學科

主持人電子信箱:

[email protected]

共同主持人:張文和 慈濟大學精神醫學科

一、中文摘要 本 研 究 主 旨 乃 以 三 年 的 時 間 , 研 究 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) 促進劑於精 神 分 裂 症 治 療 所 扮 演 的 角 色 。 近 來 , D-serine(一種內生性的NMDA-glycine site 的促進劑)被認為是各種NMDA促進劑中 相當有潛力的一種。本計畫首要目的,即 是 探 討 對 於 新 型 抗 精 神 病 藥 物 ( 如 risperidone)療效不佳的精神分裂症患者加 入D-serine(或其他NMDA促進劑)之可能 療效及副作用。至於分子機制的層面,人 類 大 腦 中 , N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) 可 以 被 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) 水 解 為 N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 與 glutamate 。 NAAG乃是大腦中NMDA受體的內生性拮 抗劑,故而GCPII活性的低下可能會造成 NMDA功能的削弱,進而有助於形成精神 分裂症相關之臨床表現。本研究的第二項 目的則是分析具有NMDA促進劑療效的患 者、以及不具療效的患者之臨床表徵以及 GCPII基因型或其他與NMDA功能相關之 基因之基因型差異。89與90年度之計畫(即 本計畫前兩年之進度)已分別經國科會核 准,目前已有初步成果。首先,我們已完 成第一階段的研究:40位對新型抗精神病 劑 risperidone 療 效 不 佳 的 精 神 分 裂 症 患 者 , 以 雙 盲 方 式 再 加 上 D-serine (2000 mg/day)(N = 20)或安慰劑(N = 20), 為期六週。我們每兩週評估其療效與安全 性。結果,安慰劑組於各方面的臨床表現 皆無顯著變化;然而,D-serine組則於活性 症狀(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 之Positive Subscale分數)降低14%,負性 症 狀 降 低13%,臨床整體 印象(Clinical Global Impression)之平均分數亦由4.3降為 3.0,且這些差異皆具統計顯著意義。自90 年度至91年度(亦即91度向國科會申請的 第三年度的計畫)則是本案第二階段的研 究,將另行收案96位(每年各48位)。90 年度,也就是90年8月1日至91年7月31日, 我們已完成預定的48位收案。研究方法大 致與第一階段相若,但分組採不平衡(5: 1)方式,即D-serine組將收案80位、而安 慰劑組16位。待兩階段研究完成後,我們 共可收案136位患者,其中有100位是接受 輔助性D-serine治療,根據以往的研究經 驗,估計有大約50%(也就是50位)的患 者對D-serine產生療效。此第二階段的研究 一方面可以進一步驗證第一階段的先期研 究結果;更重要的則是比較對於D-serine有 療效(包括對於認知功能的療效)的患者 與無療效的患者之間於臨床特徵、血清

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D-serine與其他相關胺基酸之濃度、以及與 NMDA功能相關之基因型之可能差異。最 後,我們以本計畫第一與第二年度之經費 支持,已有12篇文獻被接受發表,其中9篇 為SCI影響係數 4 以上的雜誌,請參考 < 五、參考文獻> 所列。 關鍵詞:精神分裂症,D-serine, N-methyl-D-aspartate,Risperidone Abstract

The broad purpose of this 3-year project is to elucidate the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) enhancing agents in the treatment of schizophrenia. To date, D-serine (an endogenous, full agonist of the NMDA-glycine site) seems the most promising. In more details, the primary aim of this study is to investigate whether adjunctive D-serine (or other potential NMDA-enhancing agents, if found in the near future) can enhance the efficacy of the atypical antipsychotics (such as risperidone) for various dimensions of schizophrenia. Regarding molecular mechanism, glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) has been identified as an enzymatic activity that catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) to N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and glutamate. Given the role of NAAG as an endogenous antagonist at NMDA receptors in brain, reduced GCPII activity would attenuate NMDA receptor function and reproduce the syndrome of schizophrenia. Therefore, the second aim is to test the hypothesis that patients with dysfunctional CGPII or other variances of NMDA-related genes will respond to NMDA-enhancing agents better than those with intact CGPII function. This year’s project is the third-year part of the whole study. For the first 2 years, we have obtained the grants of the National Science Council and have achieved some preliminary results. At first, we have completed the first period of the study: 40 schizophrenia patients were enrolled in a 6-week double-blind,

placebo-controlled trial of D-serine (2000 mg/day), which was added to their stable risperidone regimens. Clinical efficacy and side effects were measured bi-weekly. As a result, the placebo group kept constant in all clinical domains; in contrast, the D-serine group showed reductions in positive symptoms (with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Positive Subscale) by 14%, in negative symptoms by 13%, and in Clinical Global Impression from 4.3 to 3.0 (all p values < 0.05). Both the second-year and the third-year (this-year) parts belong to the second period of the whole project. The second period of the study aims to replicate the pilot finding of the first period, and, more importantly, to compare responders (including those showing improvements in cognitive domains) of D-serine and poor responders in terms of clinical characteristics, serum levels of D-serine and other related amino acids, and variances of NMDA-function related genes. We will recruit another 96 risperidone-resistant schizophrenic inpatients; and during the second year, we have enrolled the first 48 of the scheduled 96 subjects for the second part of the study. The methodology is almost the same with that of the pilot trial, except an unequal allocation (5:1) of the subjects. Eighty patients will receive D-serine, while only 16 will receive placebo.. After completing both trials, we will obtain a total of 136 risperidone-resistant patients. Among them, 100 individuals will take add-on D-serine. Such unbalanced designs are mainly due to the limited available subjects. This second part of the study aims to compare responders of D-serine and poor responders in terms of clinical characteristics, serum levels of amino acids, GCPII genetic variances and other NMDA-related gene variances. Finally, over the past 24 months, 12 articles supported by the NSC grants have been published, 9 of them in the journals with SCI impact factors > 4. (please see Refer ences).

Keywords: D-serine,N-methyl-D-aspartate, Risperidone,Schizophrenia

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二、緣由與目的 精神分裂症的成因仍有待進一步釐清。近 年 來 , N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) (glutamate 受體的一種亞型)的功能低下 被認為是精神分裂症的重要成因之一;然 而,NMDA 之促進劑於精神分裂症之治療 扮演何種角色,至今未明。近來,D-serine (一種內生性的 NMDA-glycine site 的促進 劑)被認為是各種 NMDA 促進劑中相當有 潛力的一種;在一項小規模的初步研究 中,D-serine 可以增強傳統抗精神病劑對於 精神分裂症活性症狀、負性症狀、以及某 些認知功能的療效。橫諸目前研究態勢, 可能也有其他相關之 NMDA 促進劑即將 進入臨床研究。本計畫首要目的,即是探 討對於新型抗精神病藥物(如 risperidone) 療效不佳的精神分裂症患者加入 D-serine (或其他 NMDA 促進劑)之可能療效及副 作用。至於分子機制的層面,在人類大腦 中,N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG) 可 以被 Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) 水 解 為 N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) 與 glutamate。NAAG 乃是大腦中 NMDA 受體 的內生性拮抗劑,故而 GCPII 活性的低下 可能會造成 NMDA 功能的削弱,進而有助 於形成精神分裂症相關之臨床表現。另一 方 面 , GCPII 在 小 腸 中 具 有 folylpoly-γ-glutamate carboxy peptidase 之活 性,故可促進小腸中葉酸之吸收。值得注 意的是,精神分裂症患者被認為葉酸的吸 收能力較差。本研究的第二項目的則是分 析具有 NMDA 促進劑療效的患者、以及不 具療效的患者之臨床表徵、血清 D-serine 與其他相關胺基酸之濃度、以及與 NMDA 功能相關之基因型之可能差異。 三、結果與討論 本案為三年期計畫,首先,我們已完成 第一階段的研究:40位對新型抗精神病劑 risperidone療效不佳的精神分裂症患者,以 雙盲方式再加上D-serine (2000 mg/day)(N = 20)或安慰劑(N = 20),為期六週。我 們每兩週評估其療效與安全性。結果,安 慰劑組於各方面的臨床表現皆無顯著變 化;然而,D-serine組則於活性症狀(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale 之 Positive Subscale分數)降低14%,負性症狀降低 13% , 臨 床 整 體 印 象 ( Clinical Global Impression)之平均分數亦由4.3降為3.0, 且 這 些 差 異 皆 具 統 計 顯 著 意 義 。 (ANOVA,all p values < 0.05)。故初步 結果顯示:對於risperidone 療效不佳的患 者加上輔助性D-serine有助於提昇精神分 裂症患者活性與負性症狀之治療。 自90年度至91年度(亦即向國科會申請 的第三年度的計畫)則是本案第二階段的 研究,將另行收案96位(每年各48位), 而90年度,也就是90年8月1日至91年1月31 日,我們已完成預定的48位的收案,研究 方法大致與第一階段相若,但分組採不平 衡(5:1)方式,即D-serine組將收案80位、 而安慰劑組16位。待兩階段研究完成後, 我們共可收案136位患者,其中有100位是 接受輔助性D-serine治療,根據以往的研究 經驗,估計有大約50%(也就是50位)的 患者對D-serine產生療效。此第二階段的研 究一方面可以進一步驗證第一階段的先期 研究結果;更重要的則是比較對於D-serine 有療效(包括對於認知功能的療效)的患 者與無療效的患者之間於臨床特徵、血清 D-serine與其他相關胺基酸之濃度、以及與 NMDA功能相關之基因型之可能差異。另 外,我們也將分析不同的治療以及不同的 患 者 類 型 於 Continuous performance test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 以及Tower of Hanoi等認知功能的差異。 我們預測對新型抗精神病劑risperidone 無效之精神分裂症患者(或部分患者), 加上D-serine(或其他NMDA促進劑)有進 步的患者,原先主要的臨床表徵,可能是 具有較明顯的負性症狀與較嚴重的認知功 能障礙;也就是說,具有這些特徵的患者 對NMDA促進劑將較易發生療效。我們也 預測這類患者有較高比例的CGPII或其他 NMDA功能相關之基因變異,因而導致其 NMDA功能低下及 相關的精神 分裂 症表 徵。 四、計畫成果自評

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以上所述具高度發表價值。本案之進行亦 將有助於提昇本國於精神分裂症之基礎與 臨床研究水準。而且,我們以本計畫前兩 年度之經費支持,已有12篇文獻被接受發 表,其中9篇為SCI影響係數 4 以上的雜 誌,請參考 <五、參考文獻> 所列。 五、參考文獻

1. Lane HY, Jann MW, Chang YC, Chiu CC,

Huang MC, Chang WH (2001): Repeated ingestion of grapefruit juice does not alter clozapine’s steady-state plasma levels, effectiveness, and tolerability. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62: 812-817 (sci) 2. Lane HY, Chiu CC, Kazmi Y, Desai H,

Lam YWF, Jann MW, Chang WH (2001): Lack of interaction between grapefruit juice and ketoconazole with single clozapine dose in schizophrenic patients. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 18:263-278

3. Lu ML, Lane HY*, Chang WH (2001). Differences between in vitro and in vivo determinations of fluvoxamine-clozapine interaction. Journal of Clinical

Psychophramacology 21:625-626 (sci)

[*cor r esponding author ]

4. Jann MW, Chang WH, Lane HY (2001). Differences in haloperidol epidemiologic pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of Clinical Psychophramacology 21:628-630 (sci) 5. Lane HY, Chang WH, Chiu CC, Huang

MC, Lee SH, Chen JY (2001): A pilot double-blind, dose-comparison study of risperidone in drug-naive, first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 62:994-995 (sci)

6. Lu ML, Lane HY, Chang WH (2001): Comment: unanticipated plasma concentrations in two clozapine-treated

patients. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 35:1679-1680 (sci)

7. Lane HY, Chang YC, Su MH, Chiu CC,

Huang MC, Chang WH (2002). Shifting from haloperidol to risperidone for psychosis and behavioral disturbances in dementia: safety, efficacy, response predictors, and mood effects. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22:4-10 (sci) 8. Lane HY, Cheng KN, Chang SL, Hsiao YT,

Lu HC (2002): Correlation of Two Widely Used Psychiatric Rating Scales In Patients With Schizophrenia. Tzu-Chi Med J 14:213-218

9. Lane HY, Chang YC, Chiu CC, Chen TT,

Lee SH, Chang WH (2002). Influences of patient-related variables on risperidone efficacy for acutely exacerbated schizophrenia: analyses with rigorous statistics. Journal of Clinical

Psychopharmacology 22:353-358 (sci) 10. Lu ML, Lane HY*, Chang WH (2002):

Fluvoxamine-clozapine interaction: time-dependent? Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22:439-440 (sci)

[*cor r esponding author ]

11. Lane HY, Chang YC, Chiu CC, Chen ML,

Hsieh MH, Chang WH (2002): Association of risperidone treatment response with a polymorphism in the 5-HT2A receptor gene.

The American Journal of Psychiatry 159:1593-1595 (sci)

12. Lane HY, Guo SC, Hwang TJ, Chen YS,

Cheng JJ, Lee YC, Hong CJ, Hwu HG, Chang WH (2002): Olanzapine plasma levels and antidepressant effects in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 22:530-532 (sci)

參考文獻

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