智庫與美國外交政策 - 政大學術集成

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This paper explores the definition and origin of think tanks, classifies American

think tanks according to their nature and functions, and introduces some famous think

tanks on US foreign policy. This paper also explains the decision-making environment

of US foreign policy, discusses why think tanks can participate in the making of US

foreign policy, and examines the roles of think tanks in the decision-making process

and the reasons why think tanks flourish in the United States. This paper also tries to

find out the development restrictions of American think tanks and explores how they

meet future challenges.

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………8

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3-1

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3-2

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3-3

………59

3-4

………67

3-5

………68

3-6 CSIS

………...82

3-7 CSIS

1981

………..83

4-1

………94

4-2

…………...101

4-3

…………...101

4-4

………...115

4-5

………...117

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………...44

3-2

2001

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3-3

2001

……….74

4-1

……….113

4-2

……….130

4-3

……….135

4-4

……….139

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John Foster Dulles

massive retaliation

RAND Corporation

Pentagon

game theory

deterrence theory

the Douglas Aircraft Company Project Rand

2 _{1832 Franklin Institute of Philadelphia Paul}

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Woodrow Wilson

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

John

F. Kennedy

Jimmy Carter

Ronald Reagan

Bill Clinton

4

5

6

7

3 _{30 Alan J. Day, ed. ,}

Think Tanks: An International Directory (Essex: Longman Current Affairs, 1994) Think Tank Directory: A Guide to Nonprofit Public Policy Research Organizations (Topeka, Kans.: Government

Research Service, 1996) James A. Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New

Policy Elite (New York: Free Press, 1991). National Institute

for Research Advancement, NIRA http://www.nira.go.jp

4 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 1.

5 _{George W. Bush Condoleezza Rice}

(Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace)

6 _public

Congressional Research Service, CRS Carol H. Weiss, ed.,

Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think ( Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992)

7 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 2.

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James N. Rosenau, The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York: The Free Press, 1971), 260.

9 _{Diane Stone, “Introduction to the Symposium: The Changing Think Tank Landscape,” Global}

Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 149.

10 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 2.

11 _{Diane Stone, “Introduction to the Symposium: The Changing Think Tank Landscape,” Global}

Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 149.

12

Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 15-16.

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ideas

American

Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research

AEI

Brookings Institution

Center for Strategic and

International Studies

CSIS

Heritage Foundation

14

13 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 214.

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generalization

James Allen Smith

Twentieth Century Fund

16 _{82 78 83}

17 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991).

18 ₁₉₁₉

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Paul Dickson

research and development R&D

Urban Institute

Hudson Institute

David M. Ricci

19 ₁₅₀

20 _{Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971).}

21 _{David M Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of}

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R. Kent Weaver

university without

students

contract research organization

advocacy

tanks

Richard Higgott

Diane Stone

23

_{old guard}

cold war tanks

new

partisan institutes and intellectual entrepreneurialism

22 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science and Politics 22} (September 1989): 563-78.

23 _{Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain} and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 17-24.

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Donald E. Abelson

Evert A. Lindquist

Vanity and Legacy-based Think

Tanks

_Weaver

Winand Gellner

true think tank

political think tank

interest-research groups

James G. McGann

War

on Poverty

war of ideas

24 _{Donald E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in North America,” in Think Tanks and}

Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New

Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 39-45

25 _{Winand Gellner, “The Politics of Policy: Political Think Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S.} Institutional Environment,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 498-500.

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Donald E. Abelson

Lawrence Soley

_{Howard J. Wiarda}

Donald E. Abelson

Yehezkel Dror

26 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996).

27 _{Lawrence Soley, “Right Thinking Conservative Think Tanks,” Dissent 38 (summer 1991): 418-420.} 28 _{Howard J. Wiarda, Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign Policy-Making Works and Fails to}

Work in the United States (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990).

29 _{Donald E. Abelson, “Do Think Tanks Matter? Opportunities, Constraints and Incentives for Think} Tanks in Canada and the United States,” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 213-236.

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_{Diane Stone}

Transnationalisation

non-state actor

Brad Roberts

30 _{Yehezkel Dror, “Think Tanks: A New Invention in Government,” in Making Bureaucracies Work, ed.} Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), 139-152.

31 _{Diane Stone, “Think Tank Transnationalisation and Non-profit Analysis, Advice and Advocacy,”}

Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 161-172

32 _{Brad Roberts, Stanton H. Burnett, and Murray Weidenbaum, “Think Tanks in a New World,”}

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think tanks

demand-side

think tanks

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1. Diane Stone

2. Donald E. Abelson

Christine M. Carberry

36

3. Paul Dickson

33 _{R. Kent Weaver and James G. McGann, “Think Tanks and Civil Societies in a Time of Change,” in}

Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent

Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 2.

34 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), xiii-xiv.

35 _{Diane Stone, “From the Margins of Politics: The Influence of Think-Tanks in Britain,” West}

European Politics 19 (October 1996): 676-677.

36 _{Donald E. Abelson and Christine M. Carberry, “Following Suit or Falling Behind? A Comparative} Analysis of Think Tanks in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Political Science 31 (September 1998): 529.

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clean factories

4. Simon James

multi-disciplinary

38

5. Yehezkel Dror

Yehezke Dror

37 _{Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 3-5, 27-29.}

38 _{Simon James, “The Idea Brokers: The Impact of Think Tanks on British Government,” Public}

Administration 71 (winter 1993): 492.

39 _{Yehezkel Dror, “Think Tanks: A New Invention in Government,” in Making Bureaucracies Work, ed.} Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), 141.

40 _{Diane Stone and Mark Garnett,}

“Introduction: Think Tanks, Policy Advice and Governance,” in Think Tanks across Nations: A

Comparative Approach, ed. Diane Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett (Manchester: Manchester

University Press, 1998), 1, 3 James Allen Smith, “Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas,” in The

Spread of Economic Ideas, ed. David Colander and A. W. Coats (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1989), 178 Donald E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in North America,” in

Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent

Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 37-38 R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22 (September 1989): 563.

41 _{1000 (}

) 100 James Allen Smith, “Think Tanks and the Politics of

Ideas,” In The Spread of Economic Ideas, ed. David Colander and A. W. Coats (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 178 Lynn Hellebust, ed., Think Tank Directory: A Guide to Nonprofit Public

Policy Research Organizations (Topeka, KS: Government Research Service, 1996).

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1.

mission

2.

3.

methods

in Government,” in Making Bureaucracies Work, ed. Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), 141-145.

43 _{Simon James, “The Idea Brokers: The Impact of Think Tanks on British Government,” Public}

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4.

research freedom

5.

clientele-dependency

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private,

independent, and non-profit public policy research institutions

45

46

44 _Donald

E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 3 Donald E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in North America,” in Think Tanks

and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New

Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 38 R. Kent Weaver and James G. McGann, “Think Tanks and Civil Societies in a Time of Change,” in Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas

and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers,

2000), 4 Diane Stone, “Think Tank Transnationalisation and Non-profit Analysis, Advice and Advocacy,” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 153 Robert L. Hollings, Nonprofit Public Policy Research

Organizations: A Source Book on Think Tanks in Government, vol. 7, Organizations and Interest Groups, ed. James S. Bowman (New York: Garland Publishing, 1993), xv.

45

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actions or inactions

pressure or interest groups

48 49

political advocacy

in Government, vol. 7, Organizations and Interest Groups, ed. James S. Bowman (New York: Garland

Publishing, 1993), xv.

48 _{Diane Stone, “From the Margins of Politics: The Influence of Think-Tanks in Britain,” West}

European Politics 19 (October 1996): 676.

49 _Ibid. 50

51 _{Donald E. Abelson and Christine M. Carberry, “Following Suit or Falling Behind? A Comparative} Analysis of Think Tanks in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Political 31 (September 1998): 530.

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forum

52 _{R. Kent Weaver and James G. McGann, “Think Tanks and Civil Societies in a Time of Change,” in}

Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent

Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 9 Diane Stone, “Think Tank

Transnationalisation and Non-profit Analysis, Advice and Advocacy,” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 156 James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 733.

53 ₁₉

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:

The Free Press, 1991). McGann 1916

James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 733.

54 _{1996 2}

1 1 Donald E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in

North America,” in Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 46.

55 _{1832 Franklin Institute of Philadelphia 1857}

American Social Science Association 1884 American

Historical Association Paul Dickson

Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 9.

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60

_{John Kenneth Galbraith}

_{technostructure}

61

56 _{Donald E. Abelson, “Think Tanks in the United States,” in Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane} Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998),

109-110 James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), xiii, 24-45.

57 _{James Allen}

Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 14-19.

58 _{Franklin D. Roosevelt the Brains Trust}

Raymond Moley Adolf A. Berle Rexford G. Tugwell

Woodrow Wilson the War

Industries Board

150 The Inquiry

Herbert Hoover

Wesley C. Mitchell Charles Merriam

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and

the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 10-11, 73-74.

59 _{20 Russell Sage}

Foundation , 1907 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,

1910 Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1919

Council on Foreign Relations, 1921

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of

the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 79.

60

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guiding intelligence

scholar-statesmen

policy experts

policy consultants

government experts

media professors

quote doctors

policy interpreters

62 _{Yehezkel Dror, “Think Tanks: A New Invention in Government,” in Making Bureaucracies Work, ed.} Carol H. Weiss and Allen H. Barton (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1980), 139.

63 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 224-226.

64 _{CSIS Henry Kissinger}

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policy entrepreneurs

65 _{1947 policy planning staff}

1960

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy

Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 9-10, 12.

66

Henry Kissinger Stuart Eizenstat

Zbigniew Brzezinski James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of

the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 12.

67 _{David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of}

Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 39.

68 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 79.

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Daniel Bell

postindustrial

69 _{R. Kent Weaver and James G. McGann, “Think Tanks and Civil Societies in a Time of Change,” in}

Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent

Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 1-2.

70 _{Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in}

Social Forecasting(New York: Basic Books, 1973.)

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research and development, R&D

74

75

76

77

Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 33-34.

72 _{Ibid. , 36.}

73 _R&D

Sputniks I R&D

Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 8, 11.

74 _{1940 7500 1}

1945 15

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the

New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 99 Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 12, 14-18.

75 _{Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), 8-9.}

76 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 10.

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white Anglo-Saxon

Protestants

wasps

liberal

conservatives

public interest groups

78 _{David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of}

Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 49.

79 80

Progressivism fundamentalist

81

82 _{1930 the New Deal 1960}

New Frontier Lyndon

Johnson a War on Poverty Great Society

1960 Martin Luther

King, Jr. racial justice the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission, EEOC 1964 (the Civil Rights Act)

1964 1965

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public goods

issue network

ideas industry

84 _{David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of}

Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 151-152.

85 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 170 David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New

Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 154.

86 _{Richard Reeves, The Reagan Detour (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), 10.} 87 ₁₉₇₃

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Salamon

88 _{political action committee corporate}

foundations

Gregg Easterbrook, “Ideas Move Nations,” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 68.

89

Gregg Easterbrook, “Ideas Move Nations,” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 68.

90 _{David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of}

Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 156.

91 _{Gregg Easterbrook, “Ideas Move Nations,” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 66.}

92 _{12 45}

150 1986 1100 CSIS

1976 97 1986 860 200 7000

1970 1980

Gregg Easterbrook, “Ideas Move Nations,” The

Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 66.

93 _{1907~69 38 1970~79 40 James G.}

McGann,“Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry,” Political

Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 739-40 Donald E. Abelson, “Think Tanks in the United States,” in Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett (New York: Manchester University Press, 1998), 116.

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market failure

public goods

free rider

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target audience

95 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), xiv Howard J. Wiarda, Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign

Policy-Making Works and Fails to Work in the United States (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and

Company, 1990), 162.

96 _{James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research} Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 733-737.

Abelson

1900-1945 1946-1970

1971-1980 Vanity and Legacy-based Think Tanks Donald

E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in North America,” in Think Tanks and Civil Societies:

Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ:

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Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace

Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs

98

Foreign Policy Association

99

100

_{Russell Sage Foundation}

97 _{Donald E. Abelson, “Do Think Tanks Matter? Opportunities, Constraints and Incentives for Think} Tanks in Canada and the United States,” Global Society 14, no. 2 (2000): 217.

98

99 _{Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain} and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 19.

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_National

Bureau of Economic Research,

New

Deal

102

Foreign Policy Research Institute,

Hudson Institute

CSIS,

101 _{Institute for Government Research 1916}

102 _{James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research} Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 735.

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War on Poverty

Great

Society

Dickson

Urban Institute,

103 _{James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research} Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 735.

104 _{Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1972), 219.}

105 _{James G. McGann, “Academics to}

Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 736.

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technocrat

liberal establishment

counter-establishment

3-1

(war

of ideas)

106 _{Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain} and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 22.

107

108 _{Establishment}

109 _{“Think Tanks: The Carousels of Power,” Economist 319 (May 1991): 23-24.}

110 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 571.

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McGann

111

_{the Institute for International}

Economics

112 113

state-based

Manhattan Institute for Policy Research

111 _{James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the Public Policy Research} Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December 1992): 737.

112 _{World Resources Institute}

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3-1

James G. McGann, “Academics to Ideologues: A Brief History of the

Public Policy Research Industry,” PS: Political Science & Politics 25 (December

1992): 739-740.

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Diane Stone

old guard

cold war tanks

new partisan

114

_{Winand Gellner}

_{true think}

tank

political think tank

Donald E. Abelson

Vanity and Legacy-based Think Tanks

R. Kent Weaver

university without students

contract

research organization

advocacy tanks

Weaver

3-1

Cato Institute Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 17-24.

115

interest-research groups

Winand Gellner, “The Politics of Policy: Political Think Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S. Institutional Environment,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 498-500.

116 _{Donald E. Abelson and Evert A. Lindquist, “Think Tanks in North America,” in Think Tanks and}

Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New

Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 39-45.

117 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science and Politics 22} (September 1989): 563-67.

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Donald T. Critchlow, The Brookings Institution 1916-1952: Expertise and the Public

Interest in a Democratic Society (Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985).

119 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 566.

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121 _{Bruce L. R. Smith, The RAND Corporation: Case}

Study of a Nonprofit Advisory Corporation (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1966) Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983).

122 _{2000 2001 75% The}

RAND Corporation, Annual Report 2001 (Santa Monica, Calif.: the RAND Corporation, 2001), 81.

123 _{1961 Hudson Institute}

1968 Urban Institute

124 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 567.

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130 131

_{Vanity and Legacy-based Think Tanks}

125 _{Donald E. Abelson, “Think Tanks in the United States,” in Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane} Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 113 R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22 (September 1989): 567

126 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 567.

127 _{Donald E. Abelson, “Think Tanks in the United States,” in Think Tanks across Nations, ed. Diane} Stone, Andrew Denham and Mark Garnett (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 113 James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), xv-xvi.

128 _{Robert K. Landers, “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?” Editorial Research Reports 1 (June 1986):} 471.

129 _{Winand Gellner, “The Politics of Policy: Political Think Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S.} Institutional Environment,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 502.

130 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 567.

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立

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學

‧

132

_{Jimmy Carter Center}

_Richard

Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom

133

134

131 _{Robert K. Landers Robert K. Landers, “Think-Tanks: The}

New Partisans? Editorial Research Reports,” Congressional Quarterly 1 (June 20 1986): 455-472. 132 _{Winand Gellner, “Political Think-Tanks and Their Markets in the U.S.-Institutional Setting,”}

Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (summer 1995): 497-510.

133 _{Bob Dole Better America Foundation Progress and Freedom Foundation}

Federal Election Commission Internal Revenue Service 134

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

3-1

R. Kent Weaver and James G. McGann, “Think Tanks and Civil Societies

in a Time of Change,” in Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas and

Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Brookings Institution

government-in-exile

Institute for Government Research

Robert Brookings

138

136 _{Burt Solomon, “Ferment at Brookings,” National Journal 29 (October 1997): 2081.}

137 _{R. Kent Weaver, “The Changing World of Think Tanks,” PS: Political Science & Politics 22} (September 1989): 565.

138 _{Donald T. Critchlow, The Brookings Institution, 1916-1952:}

Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society (DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Budget and Accounting Act of 1921

Bureau of the Budget

Office of Management and Budget

War Industries Board

Robert Brookings

Robert Brookings

Robert Brookings

Institute of

Economics

Washington University in St. Louis

Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and

Government

140

Rober Brookings

Rober Brookings

(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1966) James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks

and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 56-62.

139 _Brookings

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Rober Brookings

Harold G. Moulton

Rober Brookings

Harold G. Moulton

New Deal

Arthur Vandenberg

Marshall Plan

Harold G. Moulton

Robert D. Calkins

Rockefeller Foundation

Ford Foundation

141 _{Henry Seidemann Social Security System}

142

143 _{Thomas R. Dye, “Organizing Power for Policy Planning: The View from the Brookings} Institution,” in Power Elites and Organizations, ed. G. William Domhoff and Thomas R. Dye (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1987), 173.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

_Calkins

Economic Studies

Governmental Studies

Foreign Policy Programs

Conference for Federal Executives

146

_{John F.}

Kennedy

147

_{Lyndon Johnson}

148

_{Kermit Gordon}

149

_Gordon

Setting National Priorities

Great Society

Richard M. Nixon

145 _{1955 1967 3900}

1964

James Allen Smith,

The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991),

132-133.

146 _{Advanced Study Program}

147 ₁₀₀

148 _{(budget director)Kermit Gordon}

149 _{Robert K. Landers, “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?” Editorial Research Reports 1 (20 June} 1986): 458.

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國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Council of Economic Advisors

Arthur Okun

Bureau of the Budget

Charles L. Schultze

Setting National Priorities

Bruce MacLaury

MacLaury

Michael Armacost

Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy

Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies

150 _{Leslie Gelb}

Robert K. Landers, “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?”

Editorial Research Reports 1 (20 June 1986): 459.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

1.

Robert Brookings

Congressional Budget Office

Alice M. Rivlin

Robert D. Reischauer

2.

154 155

Guttman and Barry Willner, The Shadow Government (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976), 116-117.

151 _{Warren Harding}

Daniel Guttman and Barry Willner, The

Shadow Government (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976), 113, 116.

152 _{Keynesian economics}

Howard J. Wiarda,

Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign Policy-Making Works and Fails to Work in the United States (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990), 164-165.

153 _{Burt Solomon, “Ferment at Brookings,” National Journal 29 (October 1997): 2082.}

154 _{2001 41 The Brookings Institution, 2001 Annual}

Report ( Washington, DC: the Brookings Institution, 2001), 17.

155 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 134.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies

Center on the United States and France

Saban Center for Middle

East Policy

3-2

Center on the United States and France

Saban Center for Middle East Policy

Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies

3-2

http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/fp/projects/index.htm

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Homeland Security

Internal Displaced Persons

Revolution in Military Affairs

Sanctions

Universal Education

3-3

2002

7

http://www.brookings.edu/dybdocroot/fp/projects/index.htm

Foreign Affairs

policy briefs

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Brookings Review

Policy Briefs

Office of External

Affairs

Brookings Council

3-2

3-2

2001

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

*

Center for Public Policy Education

The Brookings Institution, 2001 Annual Report (Washington, DC: the

Brookings Institution, 2001), 36.

RAND Corporation

158

Henry Harley Arnold

Arnold

159

_{Massachusetts Institute of}

Technilogy

Edward L. Bowles

Douglas

Aircraft Corporation

Arthur Raymond

Frank Collbohm

B-29

160

158 _{Bruce L. Smith, The RAND Corporation: Case Study of a Nonprofit}

Advisory Corporation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966).

159 _{Office of Scientific Research}

Radiation Lab

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Bowles

Collbohm

Arnold

Project RAND

1.

Albert Wohlstetter

The Free Press, 1991), 135.

161 _{Barbara R. Williams and Malcolm A.}

Palmatier, “The RAND Corporation,” in Organizations for Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think, ed. Carol H. Weiss (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992), 51-67.

162 _{1950 Atomic Energy Commission NASA}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

2.

-New York City-RAND Institute

3.

a shadow

government

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

4.

1.

2.

_{system analysis}

165 _{Richard Higgott and Diane Stone, “The Limits of Influence: Foreign Policy Think Tanks in Britain} and the USA,” Review of International Studies 20 (January 1994): 20.

166 _{Barbara R. Williams and Malcolm A. Palmatier, “The RAND Corporation,” in Organizations for}

Policy Analysis: Helping Government Think, ed. Carol H. Weiss (Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage, 1992),

48.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

_{second strike}

massive retaliation

policy analysis

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks

and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 117-118, 121.

169 _{Daniel Guttman and Barry Willner, The Shadow Government (New York: Pantheon Books, 1976),} 129.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

3-4

3-5

911

Geneva Centre for Security Policy

Southwest Asia

Business

Leaders Forum

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

1948

The Operational Code of the Politburo

1950

Handbook on the Theory of Games

The

Soviet Political Police

1951

1956

1958

1964

Soviet Cybernetics Technology

1966

Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy

1968

1970

1973

1981

1986

1990

1991

Soviet Environmental Management and Politics

1994

1995

Ethnopolitical Relations

Emigration

1997

3-4

http://www.rand.org/nsrd/cre/history.html

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Arroyo Center

Population Matters

National Defense Research Institute

Project Air Force

Science and Technology Policy Institute

3-5

http://www.rand.org/interpol_area/forsec/

Heritage Foundation

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

supersonic transport

Gordon Allott

Paul M. Weyrich

Philip Crane

Edwin Feulner

174

RAND Corporation, 2001), 79.

172 _{H. R. Haldeman}

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the

New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 196-197 David M. Ricci, The Transformation of

American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1993), 161. 173

174 _{1964 Bill Baroody Barry Goldwater}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Patrick J. Buchanan

Mandate for Leadership

178 179

invaluable resource

Orientation Program

175 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 197-198.

176 _{Joseph Coors Edward Noble}

177 _{Mandate for Leadership 1979 32 1093}

20 300

David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and

the Rise of Think Tanks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 162.

178 _{Howard J. Wiarda, Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign Policy-Making Works and Fails}

to Work in the United States (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990), 167.

179 _{Edwin Feulner, “The Heritage Foundation,” in Think Tanks and Civil Societies: Catalysts for Ideas}

and Action, ed. James G. McGann and R. Kent Weaver (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers,

2000), 68-69.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

rules

1.

Burton Pines

supply-side economics

Strategy Defense Initiative

SDI

182 _{The Heritage Foundation, 2001 Annual Report (Washington, DC: the Heritage Foundation, 2001),} 9.

183 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 58.

184 _{Gregg Easterbrook, “Ideas Move Nations,” The Atlantic 257, no. 1 (1986): 72.} 185

George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Bantam, 1981), 224.

186 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.}

Martin’s Press, 1996), 58. SDI

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

2.

Edwin Feulner

Feulner

quick analysis

briefcase test

187 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 56.

188 _{Feulner Wharton School of Commerce and Finance at the University of}

Pennsylvania

189 _{Backgrounder Issue Bulletin}

190 _{Jean Stefancic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations}

Changes America’s Social Agenda (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), 53.

191 _{Howard J. Wiarda, Foreign Policy without Illusion: How Foreign Policy-Making Works and Fails}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

We don’t buy credibility, we build it.

193

Kathryn and

Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies

Asian Studies Center

Center

for International Trade and Economics

CITE

192 _{Heritage Foundation’s annual Resource Bank meeting}

2001 453 251

17 108 CEOs The Heritage Foundation, 2001 Annual Report

(Washington, DC: the Heritage Foundation, 2001), 30.

193 ₁₉₈₁

James Allen Smith, “Think Tanks and the Politics of Ideas,” in The

Spread of Economic Ideas, ed. David Colander and A. W. Coats (New York: Cambridge University

Press, 1989), 189 Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 59.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Washington Roundtable for the

Asia-Pacific Press

WRAPP

3-3

3-3

2001

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

The Heritage Foundation, 2001 Annual Report (Washington, DC: the

Heritage Foundation, 2001), 38.

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy

Research, AEI

Lewis H. Brown

American

Enterprise Association

Gerenal Electric

A.D. Marshall

Chamber of Commerce

W. Glenn

Campbell

William J. Baroody

194

Baroody

executive vice president

195

_Baroody

Karl Hess

Barry Goldwater

196

_Baroody

194 _{Milton Friedeman Paul McCracken}

195 _Baroody 196

Baroody

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Baroody

Baroody

Baroody

Baroody

_Baroody

Baroody

William Baroody, Jr

Baroody, Jr

Baroody, Jr

200

_{Baroody, Jr}

197 _{Robert K. Landers, “Think Tanks: The New Partisans?” Editorial Research Reports 1 (20 June} 1986): 462-463.

198 _{William Simon Carla Hills Arthur Burns}

Milton Friedman Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Herbert Stein

199 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 55.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

1.

James R. Lilley

Claude E.

Barfield

Nicholas Eberstadt

John H. Makin

Arthur Waldron

201 _{Donald E. Abelson, American Think-Tanks and Their Role in US Foreign Policy (New York: St.} Martin’s Press, 1996), 54.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

2.

New Atlantic

Initiative

Jeane J. Kirkpatrick

Michael A. Ledeen

US-China Commission

Richard Perle

Center for Strategic and International Studies,

CSIS

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Assistant

Secretary of State for Congressional Affairs

David Abshire

Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh Burke

Georgetown University

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

debate

CSIS

War Powers

Resolution

CSIS

niche

Abshire

CSIS

204

Abshire

William Baroody

W. Glenn Campbell

205

_{Scaife Foundation}

_{Justin Dart}

_CSIS

CSIS

CSIS James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic

and International Studies 1962-92 (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies,

1993).

203 _CSIS

CSIS 1987 9

204 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 210.

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

CSIS

Clausewitzian

geopolitics

CSIS

CSIS

workings groups

study groups

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

National Leadership Forum

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

Henry Kissinger

Harold Brown

James Schlesinger

Zbigniew

Brzezinski

William Brock

Thomas Moorer

William Crowe

Ray Cline

Richard V. Allen

CSIS

CSIS

Gerald Ford Hugh Scott George Smathers Clement

Zablocki Neil McElroy Alan Waterman

Campbell Baroody

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

CSIS

Washington

Papers

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

3-6

CSIS

CSIS

Pacific Forum

CSIS

Kuala

Lumpur

Council for Security

Cooperation in the Asia Pacific

CSCAP

Track II

CSIS

Eleanor Lansing Dulles

208

to Work in the United States (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990), 165.

208

James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Burke

(Freeman Chair in China

Studies)

Global

Business Initiative

International

Action

Commissions

—

—

—

—

—

Preventive

Diplomacy

/

PONARS

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Russian Security

Scholl

Schreyer

Transnational

Threats

Initiative

3-6 CSIS

http://www.csis.org/programs/index.htm

CSIS

CSIS

CSIS

Congressional Study Groups

3-7

CSIS

U.S. Grand Strategy

Sam Nunn (D-GA)

Richard Cheney (R-WY)

Dante Fascell (D-FL)

Barry Goldwater (R-AZ)

Jake Garn (R-UT)

David Boren (D-OK)

William Roth

R-DE

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

hemispheric realtions

Paul Laxalt (R-NV)

Ernest Hollings (D-SC)

Lee Hamilton

D-IN

William Cohen (R-ME)

Paul Trible Glenn (R-VA)

Frank Murkowski (R-AK)

Stephen Solarz (D-NY)

Joel Pritchard (R-WA)

James McClure (R-ID)

American values

Millicent Fenwick (R-NJ)

3-7 CSIS

1981

James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and

International Studies 1962-1992 (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 1993), 66.

CSIS

public diplomacy

CSIS

CSIS

business community

209

Nathaniel Samuels

CSIS

executive committee

CIA

Bureau of Intelligence and Research, INR

Ray S. Cline

Cline

CSIS

unclassified intelligence system

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

CSIS

_Cline

World Power Assessment: A Calculus of Strategic Drift

Chester Crocker

1975

CSIS

CSIS

constructive engagement

1981

assistant secretary of state

CSIS

1992

CSIS

—

U.S.-Poland Action

Commission

Zbigniew Brzezinski

Brzezinski

Lech Walesa

Brzezinski

CSIS

post-communist world

CSIS

—

CSIS

CSIS

Edward

Luttwak

Ray Cline

1980

210 _{James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies}

1962-1992 (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 1993), 74.

211 _{James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

CSIS

transition team

David

Abshire

CSIS

Robert Neumann

CSIS

27

CSIS

CSIS

NATO

70

80

Nunn

Bartlett

Roth

Glenn

Culver

CSIS

NATO

213

Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace

Stanford University

214

Hoover War Library

Herbert Hoover

216

212 _{James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies}

1962-1992 (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 1993), 121.

213 _{James Allen Smith, Strategic Calling: The Center for Strategic and International Studies}

1962-1992 (Washington, D.C.: CSIS, 1993), 123.

214 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 184.

215 _{Peter Duignan, ed., The Library of the Hoover Institution on}

War, Revolution, and Peace (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1985).

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Hoover

Hoover

Hoover

W. Glenn Campbell

Campbell

_Campbell

_Campbell

James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: The Free Press, 1991), 187.

221 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York:} The Free Press, 1991), 188.

222 _{James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers:}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Richard M. Scaife Initiative on the End of

Communism

National Security Forum Conference

Transition to Democratic Capitalism

International Rivalries and Global Cooperation

newslettes

Hoover Digest

Policy

Review

China Leadership

Monitor

essays

223 _{2002 3 Conference on Technology}

‧

國

立

政 治 大

學

‧

Condoleezza

Rice

George P. Shultz

Margaret Thatcher