雙動力驅動車輛之鋰鐵電池動態充電系統研製 黃稜絢、蔡耀文
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
近年來傳統燃油車輛越來越多，使得地球上石油的存量越來越少，加上環境污染日益嚴重，節能減碳技術變成全世界最重 要的研究課題。為了解決前述問題，電動車輛與複合電動車輛的開發是必要的，而發電機控制及電池管理技術，在電動車 輛與複合電動車輛領域扮演著關鍵的角色。有鑑於此，本文研究雙動力驅動車輛之發電機控制及電池管理技術，基於高效 能動力需求，本研究選用磷酸鋰鐵電池，此種電池具有高放電功率，可快速充電且循環壽命長之優良特性，是目前產業界 認為符合環保、安全和高性能要求的動力電池。本文發展一個雙動力驅動車輛的鋰鐵電池動態充電系統，考慮電動車輛的 充電電源會因為行車動態而不斷改變其電量大小，本文發展之新式動態充電系統，可以因應此種充電電量之不斷變化，對 電池作最佳化的充電調配，使得此充電系統具有高充電效能、維護電池安全以及電量平衡充電三大優點。為了驗證本論文 之正確性，我們也建構了一組雙動力驅動車輛平台，經實測之結果證明此動態充電系統的效能。
關鍵詞 : 複合電動車輛，磷酸鋰鐵電池，動態充電系統，發電機，數位訊號處理器 目錄
INSIDE FRONT COVER SIGNATURE PAGE AUTHORIZATION COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ... iii CHINESE ABSTRACT ... iv ENGLISH
ABSTRACT... v ACKNOWLEDGMENT... vi CONTENTS… … … ... ... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...
x LIST OF TABLES ... xiii ABBREVIATIONS ... xiv Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation ... 1 1.2 Organization
... 2 Chapter II INTRODUCTION TO LiFePO4 BATTERY 2.1 Characteristics of LiFePO4 battery ... 3 2.1.1 Safety performance of LiFePO4 battery... 4 2.1.2 The chemical properties of LiFePO4... 5 2.2 40138-LiFePO4 battery... 6 2.2.1The SOC of 40138-LiFePO4 battery ... 8 Chapter III FRAMEWORK OF DUAL POWER DRIVING SYSTEM 3.1 Introduction ... 10 3.1.1 Electric motor... 11 3.1.2 The generator ... 14 3.1.3 Internal combustion engine ... 15 3.1.4 Magnetism powder type brake unit... 17 3.1.5 Energy integration mechanism...
18 3.2 The control mode of dual power driving system ... 19 3.2.1 BLDC motor mode
... 21 3.2.2 ICE only mode ... 22 3.2.3 ICE and generator mode ... 23 3.2.4 Dual power mode ... 24 3.2.5 Regenerative braking mode ... 25 3.2.6 Battery charging mode ... 26 Chapter IV THE DESIGN OF A GENERATOR ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CHARGING SYSTEM 4.1
Introduction... 27 4.2 TI TMS320LF2407A digital signal processor ... 27 4.2.1 PWM technique... 31 4.3 The attention events of voltage measuring ...
32 4.3.1 Voltage measuring circuit... 32 4.3.2 A/D protect circuit ... 34 4.3.3 A/D converter... 35 4.4 Generator and LiFePO4 battery charging systems
... 35 4.4.1 Gate driver circuit of MOSFET module ... 37 4.5 Rectification control of the generator ... 39 4.5.1 The circuit of ac-dc converter ... 39 4.5.2 Control operation of rectification... 40 4.6 The DSP interface of major controller... 42 4.6.1 Energy management strategy of dynamic charging system... 43 4.6.2 Control operation of dynamic charging system ... 47 Chapter V DYNAMIC EQUATIONS AND MODELS OF DUAL POWER DRIVING SYSTEM 5.1 Introduction ... 53 5.2 The generator model ... 53 5.3 The energy integration mechanism model ... 56 5.4 The lithium battery model ... 60 Chapter VI THE EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESAND RESULTS 6.1 Introduction the experimental platform
... 64 6.2 Experimental results... 66 6.2.1 The charge state of driving pattern ... 72 Chapter VII CONCLUSIONS... 75
REFERENCE... 76 LIST OF FIGURES Fig.2.1 Photograph of the LiFePO4 battery ... 6 Fig.2.2 The discharge graph of 40138-LiFePO4 battery ... 8 Fig.2.3 VOC(V)-SOC(%) of relationship drawing ... 9 Fig.3.1 Dual power system concept ... 11 Fig.3.2 Photograph of the brushless DC motor ... 12 Fig.3.3 Driving efficiency and speed of characteristic curve... 13 Fig.3.4 Driving torque and speed of characteristic curve... 14 Fig.3.5 The relationship between voltage and speed of the generator ... 15 Fig.3.6 Sketch of ICE brake specific fuel consumption... 16 Fig.3.7 Schematic drawing of magnetism powder type brake ... 17 Fig.3.8 Schematic drawing of magnetism powder type brake controller ... 18 Fig.3.9 The mechanism of planetary gear ... 19 Fig.3.10 The framework of dual power system
... 20 Fig.3.11 BLDC motor mode ... 21 Fig.3.12 ICE only mode
... 22 Fig.3.13 ICE and generator mode ... 23 Fig.3.14 Dual power mode ... 24 Fig.3.15 Regenerative brakingmode ... 25 Fig.3.16 Battery charging mode ... 26 Fig.4.1 The TI TMS320LF2407A... 28 Fig.4.2 DSP interface of the charging system... 30 Fig.4.3 Switch output voltage waveformVout ... 31 Fig.4.4 The block diagram of voltage measuring ... 32 Fig.4.5 Series connection of battery module
... 33 Fig.4.6 Voltage measuring circuit... 34 Fig.4.7 The A/D protection circuit of 1N4148... 34 Fig.4.8 Voltage protect circuit of TL7726 ... 35 Fig.4.9 The block diagram of generator and LiFePO4 batteries charging system.... 36 Fig.4.10 Gate driver circuit of power transistor ... 37 Fig.4.11 Signal process input/output voltage waveform... 38 Fig.4.12 Topology of the switched-mode power converter ... 40 Fig.4.13 The control operation of rectification ... 42 Fig.4.14 Circuit configuration for MOSFET module... 43 Fig.4.15 Energy management strategy of dynamic charging system... 45 Fig.4.16 The control operation of the dynamic charging system situation I... 49 Fig.4.17 The control operation of the dynamic charging system situation II ... 50 Fig.4.18 The control operation of the dynamic charging system situation III .... 51 Fig.4.19 The control operation of the dynamic charging system situation IV... 52 Fig.5.1 Schematic drawing of the
generator... 53 Fig.5.2 Block diagram of the generator for the simulations... 55 Fig.5.3 The curve of generator for the simulations ... 56 Fig.5.4 The planetary gear set ... 57 Fig.5.5 The front view of planetary gear set ... 57 Fig.5.6 The schematic drawing of lithium battery RC model ...
61 Fig.5.7 Block diagram of the lithium battery for the simulations ... 63 Fig.5.8 The curve of lithium battery for the simulations ... 63 Fig.6.1 The experiment platform... 64 Fig.6.2 The block diagram of experiment platform ... 65 Fig.6.3 The LiFePO4 battery dynamic charging system ... 65 Fig.6.4 Circuit configuration for MOSFET module... 66 Fig.6.5 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B1 ... 67 Fig.6.6 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B2 ... 67 Fig.6.7 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B3 ... 68 Fig.6.8 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B4 ... 68 Fig.6.9 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B5 ... 69 Fig.6.10 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B6 ... 69 Fig.6.11 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B12 ... 70 Fig.6.12 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B34 ... 70 Fig.6.13 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B56 ... 71 Fig.6.14 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B123 and group B456 .. 71 Fig.6.15 The constant-voltage to charge the battery group B123456 ... 72 Fig.6.16 The driving pattern of the vehicle ... 73 Fig.6.17 The charge state 1 of driving pattern ... 73 Fig.6.18 The charge state 2 of driving pattern ... 74 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Characteristics of lithium-ion batteries ... 4 Table 2.2 Specifications of LiFePO4
battery... 7 Table 3.1 Parameters of three-phase BLDC motor ... 13 Table 3.2 The control mode logic ... 20 Table 4.1 Hardware features of TI TMS320LF2407A devices... 29 Table 4.2 Symbol table of battery ... 46 Table 4.3 Symbol table of voltage ... 46 參考文獻
[1] Te-Sheng Su, “Development of High Power 20kW Brushless DC Motor Driver and Application of Novel Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle”, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering College of Engineering Dayeh university, 2008.
[2] Chen. Chiang. Lin, Pao. Chung. shih, “Hybrid Electric Vehicle,” Chwa book company, 2002.
[3] The Auto Channel, 2009-03-11, “Toyota and Lexus Hybrids Top One Million Sales in the U.S.”, Retrieved on 2009-03-28 [4] Padlhi A K, Nanjundaswamy K S, Goodenough J B. J. Electrochem. Soc.,1997, 144 (4): 1188-1194.
[5] LiFePO4.HK, “About LiFePO4,” retrieved from http://www.lifepo4.hk/, 2009.
[6] L.Legers, “Meridian International Research,” 29, May, 2008 [7] Jia-Hao Jhuang, “Development of Electrical Control System and
Performance Analysis for a New Parallel Hybrid Electric Heavy Motorcycle”, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering College of
Engineering Dayeh university, 2007.
[8] Hybrid Synergy Drive, “TOYOTA HYBRID SYSTEM THSII”, Toyota Motor Corporation, 15 Jun. 2007.
[9] Texas Instruments “TMS320LF2407A-EP DSP CONTROLLERS” Texas Instruments Inc., 2002.
[10] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, “Fundamentals of power electronics,”Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2nd, pp. 57-59, 2001.
[11] Ruei-Hong Dai, “DSP Based 20kW Generator/Lithium Battery Management System and Application of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles
”, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering College of Engineering Dayeh university, 2008.
[12]R. W. Erickson, Fundamentals of Power Electronics. New York: Chapman &Hall, 1997.
[13]B. Pevec, D. Voncina,D. Miljavec, and J. Nastran, “Extending the Low-Speed peration Range of PM Generator in Automotive Applications Using Novel AC–DC Converter Control”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.52, no. 2, Apr. 2005.
[14] S. Rees and U. Ammann, “New gate control unit for automotive synchronous rectifiers,” in Proc. PCIM Europe’03, Nuremberg, Germany, 2003, pp. 95–101.
[15] Ming-Che Su,“DSP-Based Energy Management System of New Parallel Hybrid Electric Heavy Motorcycle,” Graduate Institute of Electro-Mechanical Automation Engineering July, 2007.
[16] Yimin Gao and Mehrdad Ehsani, “A Torque Speed Coupling Hybrid Drivetrain Architecture, Control, and Simulation”, IEEE Fellow, vol.
21, no. 3, May.2006.
[17] V. Johnson, “Battery Performance Models in ADVISOR,” Journal of Power Sources, Vol.110, pp321~329, 2002.
