Relaxation Time (nsec)

(1)

35 YEARS OF

METALLIC SUPERLATTICES

DOE

NSF, AFOSR, ONR

IVAN K. SCHULLER

IEEE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER

(2)

 IEEE Magnetics Society Home Page:

www.ieeemagnetics.org

– 3000 full members – 300 student members

 The Society

– Conference organization (INTERMAG, MMM, TMRC, etc.) – Student support for conferences

– Large conference discounts for members – Graduate Student Summer Schools – Local chapter activities

– Distinguished lectures

 IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

– ~2000 peer reviewed pages each year

– Electronic access to all IEEE Transactions on Magnetics papers

 Online applications for IEEE membership:

www.ieee.org/join

– 360,000 members

– IEEE student membership IEEE full membership

(3)

The Journal of Your Field

On line at ieeexplore.ieee.org Submit manuscripts at mc.manuscriptcentral.com/maglet‐ieee

 Peer reviewed

 Rapid publication

 Worldwide circulation

 IEEE Xplore archive

 Four‐page articles

 No page charges

(4)

4 Thank you

(5)

What WE think

of Science

(6)

6 •Boooooooooring !!!!!!!

•That Is The Subject I Never Understood In High School (College)

•You Must Be Very Intelligent

What the rest of the world thinks

(7)

(8)

8 Bangs

Small Bangs

Big Bangs

MOST DON’T DO THIS

(9)

FASCINATING PHYSICS USEFUL

YOU USE IT MILLIONS OF TIMES A DAY

(10)

10 WHY PHYSICS

(11)

My Start

58 YEARS AGO 1957

Cluj, Kolozsvar, Clausenburg

(12)

12 Lucky to Live ^{in Chile}

“Life need not be easy, provided only that it is not empty.”

Lise Meitner

Danny,

Oceanographer

Jonny, Physicist

Jackie,

Teacher

(13)

Lucky to Study ^{in Chile}

(14)

14 SOMETHING FROM NOTHING

• Noether’s theorem

Conservation laws from philosophy

• Ginzburg-Landau 2 ^nd order phase transition

Superconductivity, magnetism ……….

from series expansion

Ask fundamental questions

(15)

SYMMETRY AND

CONSERVATION LAWS

Emmy Noether

(16)

16 Landau-Ginzburg

TAYLOR EXPANSION

Order Parameter: 

Superconducting Gap, Magnetization, Distorsion ^,

(17)

(18)

18

(19)

CRITICAL SLOWING DOWN

TEMPERATURE

Relaxa tion T ime (nsec)

I. K. Schuller and K. E. Gray, PRL36, 429(1976)

(20)

20 Many Young Friends

(21)

(22)

22 Why do Physics

• Universal behavior

Power Laws

• New Parameters Range

Smaller

• Weird Behavior

Separate Charge and Spin

• Big Questions

What is intelligence

(23)

Why do Physics

• Universal behavior

Power Laws

• New Parameters Range

Smaller

• Weird Behavior

Separate Charge and Spin

• Big Questions

What is intelligence

(24)

Z. Yang, C. Ko, and S. Ramanathan, Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 41 (2011) 24

Metal-Insulator Transition

24 VO ₂

(25)

338 339 340 341 342 25

10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

R (  )

310 320 330 340 350 360

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

R (  )

T (K)

339 340 341 342 2

4 6

R (k  )

200 nm

Multiple jumps across the metal- insulator transition

Nano-scale VO ₂

R

(26)

26 26

Scale Invariance

(27)

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁰

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

Numb er o f Ju mps

Jump size (  )

100 cycles

Statistics of Jumps

Power law: p(A)  ^A ^- ^

p A

40 80 120

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Number of Jumps

Jump Size ( 

 = 2.480.05

(28)

28 Avalanches

• Triggered and develops

• Many Small avalanches

• A few big ones

(29)

UNIVERSALITY

PHYSICS OF

(30)

30 Power Laws

M. Newman Phys. Today, P. 33 Nov. 2008

Earthquake Magnitude

Connectivity of Internet

JP. Sethna et al., Nature 410, 242 (2001)

Citations (I.K. Schuller)

 = 1.2

 = 2.1

10 100 1000

1 10 100

Number of Papers

Number of Citations

 = 1.7

(31)

31 ~1.3

Sand Piles

Avalanches with Power Laws

Plasma Burst (sun)

Martensites

~2.4

Barkhausen Noise

~2.0

(32)

32 Why do Physics

• Universal behavior

Power Laws

• New Parameters Range

Smaller

• Weird Behavior

Separate Charge and Spin

• Big Questions

What is intelligence

(33)

Nano science

Physics Chemistry

CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH SCALES

(34)

34 Un homme de six pieds fait sur la terre la meme figure precisement que fait sur une boule de quatre pieds de

circonference un animal qui serait a cette circonference de roue comme

1 est a 91 500 000

Merci Andre Magnan President Soc. Voltaire KVAB, U. de Nanterre

NanoBio

French Theorist

~10nm

NANO VOLT

Francois-Marie Arouet

NANO VOLTAIRE

(35)

SCIENCE DRIVEN RESEARCH

(36)

36 MAGNETO-TRANSPORT

(37)

~ 20 % MR

Giant MagnetoResistance- ^GMR

(38)

38 April, 1981

In 4 or 5 years, this will be THE field

in materials science.

(39)

2007 PHYSICS NOBEL

Grunberg Fert

GIANT

MAGNETORESISTANCE

GMR

(40)

40

(41)

41

U C T )

T E

APPLICATIONS

Hard disk drives

Sensors

SCIENCE

Co Cu

I

State: +1

State: 0 State: -1

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-1 0

1 H

FC (kOe) 0.5 2.0 5.0

M / M

S

H (kOe)

GMR SPIN

TORQUE EXCHANGE

BIAS

(42)

42 Nanoscience

(when things get small)

TunnelSchroedv8_1-desktop.m4v

(43)

e ^-

charge

electronics

magnetism electron

Spin-electronics or

Spintronics

spin

(44)

Basic Research=Transformative Technology 44

(45)

Why do Physics

• Universal behavior

Power Laws

• New Parameters Range

Smaller

• Weird Behavior

Separate Charge and Spin

• Big Questions

What is intelligence

(46)

46 THE REAL

CHESHIRE CAT

Went away and

left behind his smile

(47)

47 FM FM

NM I

V

NON-LOCAL SPIN VALVE

FM: ferromagnetic NM: non-magnetic

Decouple

SPIN current from CHARGE ^current

I

A Crazy experiment

(48)

48 Sample

0.5µm 1µm

FM

NM FM

Photolithography + Au contacts

Py/Cu/Py Co/Al/Co

(49)

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -1.0

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

I=0.5 mA

T=4.2 K

Py/Cu/Py

V/| I |( m  )

H (Oe)

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -1.0

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

I=0.5 mA

T=4.2 K

Py/Cu/Py

V/| I|( m  )

H (Oe)

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -1.0

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

I=0.5 mA

T=4.2 K

Py/Cu/Py

V/| I|( m  )

H (Oe)

-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 -1.0

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

I=0.5 mA

T=4.2 K

Py/Cu/Py

V/| I |( m  )

H (Oe)

Non-local spin valve effect

•Bipolar switching

• Spin signal:

I V V

I

V _P  _AP

 

•Memory effect

(50)

50 Magnetic RAM

4 Mbit chip Revisited: 1995 Demo: Motorola 2003 Market: Freescale 2006

Magnetoresistive read head

Discovery: 1988 Market: IBM 1997

Spintronics: applications

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR)

Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR)

(51)

Why do Physics

• Universal behavior

Power Laws

• New Parameters Range

Smaller

• Weird Behavior

Separate Charge and Spin

• Big Questions

What is intelligence

(52)

52 11,968 processors, 12 Terabytes memory, 600 Terabytes disk storage Jonathan Schuller

6 months old

$ 200,000,000

$ 30,000

(53)

Unifying Principles for

Intelligence ?

Imitate Nature

“Biologically Inspired”

(54)

54 CENTRAL PROCESSOR

Local processor

Sensors Sensors

(55)

CENTRAL PROCESSOR

Sensors Sensors

Local processor

Nanoscience

Communications

Feedback

Wireless

(56)

56

(57)

IMPLEMENTATION

Reduce to practice Imitate nature

FUNDING

(58)

58 What is needed

• Expertise- physicists, chemists, biologists, engineers

• Techniques-Nanoscience, Materials, Wireless,Engineering

• High Tech Facilities

• Various implementations

• Interactions

• Steady Support

(59)

Organic Thin Films Structure, Transport,

SELECTIVE Sensing

Work supported by AFOSR-MURI

Physics

Corneliu N. Colesniuc, Amos Sharoni, Casey W. Miller, Ge Liu ,

Chemistry,

Richard D. Yang, Forest Bohrer ,Andy C. Kummel, William Trogler , Engineering

Jeongwon Park

(60)

60 Metallo Phthalocyanine – M C ₃₂ N ₈ H ₁₆

C N

M = Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, ....or 2H

H

Model System for

Planar Organics

(61)

Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE)

substrate

Substrate Temperature T=30 ^o C – 250 ^o C

phthalocyanine Phthalocyanine

sublimes near 400 ^o C

(62)

62 200 400 600

0.8 1.0

nor malized c u rrent

Time (min)

small grains (25 C)

methanol methanol dosage

Bluetooth RX/TX

ChemFET

Microcontroller Gain Amplifier

Temp & Humidity

Chemical Sensors

Change Resistance

(63)

(64)

64

(65)

DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY

ARISES UNEXPECTEDLY FROM

REVOLUTIONARY

BASIC SCIENCE

(66)

66 SUMMARY

Do what you like, but above all

like what you do

Francisco Schuller Paraphrasing

Lise Meitner

(67)

Enjoy the Process

•Caminante no hay camino, se hace el camino al andar.

Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz

(26 July 1875 – 22 February 1939)

•Wanderer, there is no road,

the road is made by walking.

(68)

68 This is Why

Why Do

Physics ?

(69)

FUTURE

Relaxation Time (nsec)

35 YEARS OF

METALLIC SUPERLATTICES

DOE

NSF, AFOSR, ONR

IVAN K. SCHULLER

IEEE DISTINGUISHED LECTURER

 IEEE Magnetics Society Home Page:

www.ieeemagnetics.org

– 3000 full members – 300 student members

 The Society

– Conference organization (INTERMAG, MMM, TMRC, etc.) – Student support for conferences

– Large conference discounts for members – Graduate Student Summer Schools – Local chapter activities

– Distinguished lectures

 IEEE Transactions on Magnetics

– ~2000 peer reviewed pages each year

– Electronic access to all IEEE Transactions on Magnetics papers

 Online applications for IEEE membership:

www.ieee.org/join

– 360,000 members

– IEEE student membership IEEE full membership

The Journal of Your Field

On line at ieeexplore.ieee.org Submit manuscripts at mc.manuscriptcentral.com/maglet‐ieee

 Peer reviewed

 Rapid publication

 Worldwide circulation

 IEEE Xplore archive

 Four‐page articles

 No page charges

4

Thank you

What WE think

of Science

6

•Boooooooooring !!!!!!!

•That Is The Subject I Never Understood In High School (College)

•You Must Be Very Intelligent

What the rest of the world thinks

8

Bangs

Small Bangs

Big Bangs

MOST DON’T DO THIS

FASCINATING PHYSICS USEFUL

YOU USE IT MILLIONS OF TIMES A DAY

10

WHY PHYSICS

My Start

58 YEARS AGO 1957

Cluj, Kolozsvar, Clausenburg

12

Lucky to Live in Chile

“Life need not be easy, provided only that it is not empty.”

Lise Meitner

Danny,

Oceanographer

Jonny, Physicist

Jackie,

Teacher

Lucky to Study in Chile

14

SOMETHING FROM NOTHING

• Noether’s theorem

Conservation laws from philosophy

• Ginzburg-Landau 2 nd order phase transition

Superconductivity, magnetism ……….

from series expansion

Ask fundamental questions

SYMMETRY AND

CONSERVATION LAWS

Emmy Noether

16

Landau-Ginzburg

TAYLOR EXPANSION

Order Parameter: 

Superconducting Gap, Magnetization, Distorsion ,

18

CRITICAL SLOWING DOWN

TEMPERATURE

Relaxa tion T ime (nsec)

Lucky to Live ^{in Chile}

Lucky to Study ^{in Chile}

• Ginzburg-Landau 2 ^nd order phase transition

Superconducting Gap, Magnetization, Distorsion ^,

VO ₂

10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

Nano-scale VO ₂

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁰

10 ¹ 10 ² 10 ³ 10 ⁴

Power law: p(A)  ^A ^- ^