Department of History College of Liberal Arts National Taiwan University
Doctoral Dissertation
The Emperors and Their Bondservants:
Interaction between Imperial Wills and Bureaucratic Institution of the Imperial Household Department in the Qing Dynasty
Li-Chun Huang
Advisor: Kuo-Tung Chen, Ph.D.
103 6
June 2014
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ABSTRACT
Within Chinese history, the Imperial Household Department of the Qing dynasty stands as a unique bureaucratic organization. Its members were primarily composed of the Booi nirus, overseers and land stewards of the Upper Three Banners, whose duty was, as the emperor’s bondservants, to work for their family master. For this reason, the Upper Three Banner Booi’s official career usually started in, and was generally confined to, the Imperial Household. Moreover, as the system of promotion and assessment of the Imperial Household was still rather underdeveloped compared to the outer court system during the Kangxi and Yongzheng reigns, most of the Booi bondservants worked at the bottom of the inner court, and only a few of them had the opportunity to engage in political activities due to their close relationship with the emperor. To sum up, imperial authority played a crucial role in the achievement and maintenance of prosperity by the Booi and his family during the early Qing period.
Nevertheless, as the bureaucratic institution of the Imperial Household gradually matured, the dependence of Booi bondservants on their emperor-master weakened. The role played by the junzheng ( ) and especially of the jingcha ( ) – two assessment systems implemented within the Imperial Household – for the official promotion of the Booi also grew in significance after the Qianlong reign. The promotion of those obtaining the highest grade at the jingcha examination could be prioritized, while others with similarly high grades could become tax officials at the provincial level. In other words, the improvement of the assessment system during the Qianlong reign provided better chances of promotion for the Booi. But it should be noted that during the Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns, the imperial power was still highly centralized and strong, so that the emperor’s will continued to have a direct and powerful impact on the official career of Booi. As the respect they held for the system grew increasingly until the Daoguang reign, the emperors intervened less and less in the process of selecting officials for the Imperial Household Department. In addition, the fact that many emperors in the Late Qing ascended the throne at a very young age made it difficult for them to choose their ideal candidate or acquaintance to fill a post, and as such it was inevitable that they had to rely on the bureaucratic system to appoint officials. Therefore, the level of qualification of the candidates played a greater role than their proximity to the emperor in the selection of officials for the Imperial Household Department during this period.
However, we cannot limit our discussion of the official career of Booi to a study of the imperial wills and the bureaucratic system of the Imperial Household Department, but must also take into consideration the fact that Booi were also active agents within
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their social milieu. Although most Booi had to work in the Imperial Household Deparment, some could also hold a post in the outer court system; a post which they could obtain by passing the civil examination system, by purchasing a degree, by claiming special Yin privileges of hereditary succession, or thanks to some particular regulation of the Imperial Household Department. Once he had become an official in the outer court, a Booi could more easily succeed in the political arena and therefore contribute to the social ascent of his family and of himself. But even Booi who took office in the outer court system usually had to hold a concurrent post in the Imperial Household Department during the High Qing. This meant that if a Booi made any mistake while in the Imperial Household Department, he could easily be dismissed or demoted by the emperor, thus losing his privilege to work in the outer court. However, as the bannermen were allowed to partake in the civil examination which were held regularly from the middle Qing on, and as the donation system began to play a more important role after the deterioration of state finances during the same period, the ways through which Booi engaged in politics diversified and expended, while some Booi even managed to avoid working in the Imperial Household Department altogether. This shows that the relationship between the Emperor and his Booi bondservants during the late Qing was not as close as before.
Keywords: The Imperial Houseold Department, Imperial Wills, Booi, Upper Three Banners, Bureaucratic Institution
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alban takūran
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isirakū, gemu gūsai bade bederebufi alban kame yabukini. 7
…
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… ne alban de yaburengge ci tulgiyen, …
aika beye alban de yabume muterakū, geli akdara nikere niyalma akūngge be bireme getukeleme baicafi, meni meni harangga baci šošofi donjibume wesimbukini. esede hontoho ciyanliyang šangnafi beye dubentele jekini cohome wasimbuha. 9
… alban kara solo de
mini takara emu gucu uksin i alban yabumbi
10 alban
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Tulišen
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62
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1747
ne aliha bithe i da G’ao Bin takūran de tucihe, dorgi
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15
takūran
alban takūran
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hacin alban
yaya siden i baita be alban sembi. alban jafambi, alban gaimbi, alban weilembi, alban de yabumbi sere jergi gisun de baitalambi.
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yaya siden i baita de unggire be takūran sembi. 17 takūran
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alban
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13 2010 24-68
14
226 12a-12b
15 149 5a-5b
16 226 12b
98
1741 1748
17
1750
18
1752 19
1679
20 21
1734 22
17 021429-001
18 2 433
19 117-119 2
606
20 195
21 199
550
22 200
701005648
99
2
1746
23
24
25
23 159 19a-19b
24 2 21b-22a
25 159 20a-20b
2 22b-23b
100
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
26
159 7b-8a
27 2 25a-25b
28
159 18b
29
159 18b-19a 19b-20a
30 72 12a
31 2 26a-26b
32 2 10a
33 159 5a-6a
101
34
3
35 1804
36
37
38
34 159 8a
35 72 10b
36 …
127 722-723
37 72 12b
38
2 13b 14a
102
39
40
1805
41
1812 42
43 44
45
46
39
87 4a
40
2 29b-30a
41 10 362
42 17 407
43 2 27a
44 1 12a
45 2 27b
46 1 13b-14a
103
1801
47
48
/
1879
49
47 6 12
48 6 15 17
49 5 222-223
104
50
51
52
5 239
50 355 11301
51 343 11126
52 342-343 384
105
1858
1876
1879 1882
1885 1889
1885 53
53 (9)
702003431
106
54
55 56
57 58
54 1 300
55
1 708
60 6a-6b
56
26 505
26 507
57 81 14b
111 19a-19b
58
