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Unit 7

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Unit 7 生物多樣性,缺一不可 文章大意

本文為論說文,主旨在說明生物多樣性的重要。第一段以蜜蜂在人類世界 所扮演的重要角色為例進入主題。第二段以Unfortunately引出文意轉折,說明 近年來人類活動對蜜蜂自然棲息地所造成的嚴重破壞。下一段以What’s worse承 接文意,敘述人類並未察覺蜜蜂數量的減少意味著生態失衡,唯有生物多樣性 才能維持生態平衡。第四段接著說明生物多樣性的意涵:健全的生物多樣性能 確保生態系統的平衡與其中生物的生存,並指出人類對地球的生物多樣性造成 很大的危害,使其幾乎難以恢復。第五段緊扣上段文意,以19世紀愛爾蘭大饑 荒為例支持保護生物多樣性的論點。第六段為結論,呼籲人們應正視生物多樣 性的維護。

知識萬花筒

蜜蜂為自然界中最重要的授粉昆蟲,根據調查,蜜蜂授粉比率佔所有授粉 昆蟲的80%以上,在農作物生產中扮演傳媒的重要角色,是極富經濟價值的有 用昆蟲。由於土地不斷被開發利用,野生昆蟲棲地嚴重地遭受破壞,加上田間 普遍使用農藥及殺草劑,導致野外傳粉昆蟲銳減。近來設施栽培(網、溫室等 ),如瓜類、甜椒、百香果、果樹類等,有日益增加的趨勢,這些設施雖有減低 病蟲害、調節產期、提高蔬果品質及減少套袋費用等優點,卻也阻隔授粉昆蟲 的進入,造成授粉不足,產量低或甚至不結果;又有些作物仍依賴人工授粉,

如瓜類、高接梨,也因人工短缺、工資昂貴等因素,導致生產成本不斷提高。

因此利用蜜蜂授粉被認為是一項簡單、經濟、有效的農業增產措施,在國外也 廣為利用。

蜜蜂體型適中,全身滿佈絨毛,極易粘附花粉,其腳上有特殊收集花粉器 官,如前足的花粉梳和後足的花粉籃,能攜附大量的花粉;其嗅覺敏銳,能迅 速偵測植物開花吐粉及泌蜜的時間,每分鐘可採集數朵至數十朵花以上。蜜蜂 每天外出八至十回,由於每次均採集同一種植物,其飛行距離在兩公里以上,

每群的數量多達兩萬隻以上,授粉效率高,具可搬移性。人們對蜜蜂習性已相 當瞭解,可因需要加以繁殖利用。蜜蜂可全年授粉,可說是田間最具授粉效率 的昆蟲。

資料來源:http://mdares.coa.gov.tw/files/web_articles_files/mdares/895/124.pdf 課文重點:

1. Though the prediction may seem surprising/stunning/astounding/

=Astonishing as the prediction may seem . . .

→ Despite/In spite of the fact that the prediction may seem astonishing . . .

2.Bees, the insects that qualify as the best pollinators in nature, carry pollen from plant to plant in their daily search for food.

 在本句中,the insects為bees的同位語,that qualify as the best pollinators in nature為形容詞子句,修飾the insects

 from N + to N 到處,在…之間 (= from one + N + to another)

3.it is no exaggeration to say that bees are of the utmost importance to human survival.

 it is no + N + that . . . 毫不

of the utmost importance to . . . 對…來說很重要、不可少

此為「of + N等於形容詞」的用法,類似用法有「with + N等於副詞」,例:

with care → carefully

with patience → patiently

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with delight → delightedly

4.Human activity has destroyed the natural habitats of many species, one of which is the bees’ natural habitat.

關係代名詞which在此為非限定用法,指稱的是前方提到的「被破壞的許多物 種的天然棲息地」。

5.the truth is that a worker bee flies among at least 5,000 flowers a day, with more than ten thousand grains of pollen attached to its body hair.

 the truth is that + 子句 事實上是…

 with + O + OC 為表示「附帶情況」的句型

6.. . . form what is called an “ecosystem,”which consists of various genetic formations, species, and habitats.

 what is called所謂的 (= what we call)

The mayor knows well how to deal with people to gain advantages. He is what is called a politician.

 本句中以which引導非限定子句修飾ecosystem 補充說明其內容。

 consist of由…組成 (使用主動形的動詞)

The committee consists of experts from different countries.

表示「由…組成」的類似用法尚有be composed of與be made up of 需注意此二 片語使用被動形的動詞

7.Species diversity is the elaborate network made up of different species that sustains the balance of an ecosystem.

 本句中以過去分詞片語made up of different species . . . 修飾先行詞elaborate network 並以that引導形容詞子句修飾different species

8.Nevertheless, over the centuries, human beings have done great damage to . . .

 此處搭配over the centuries 使用完成式以表示「一段時間」的概念。

The famine eventually took around one million lives and forced another million to emigrate.

 take在此表「奪走(生命)」,即claim 例:

 another在此表示「再一、又一」,後方可接單數名詞、of加複數名詞或 數字加複數名詞,例:

The tired designer needs another cup of coffee to keep himself awake.

The hungry boy is eating another of the delicious sandwiches.

I still need another 15 minutes to get ready for the party.

知識萬花筒

The Great Famine在英文中特指19世紀中葉的愛爾蘭大饑荒。愛爾蘭當時是 英國的一部分,大部分居民都是貧窮的天主教徒,以務農為生,其中最主要的 作物就是馬鈴薯,而且幾乎只種植單一品種。1845年左右,愛爾蘭人口已經增 加到大約八百萬,但是土地兼併嚴重,大部分土地掌握在地主手上,而這些地 主往往居住在英國。當馬鈴薯的枯萎病爆發之後,農民束手無策,但許多地主 不顧佃農死活,仍然將農產品輸往英國或歐洲大陸,因此造成糧食嚴重不足。

由於受影響的幾乎都是貧苦的農民,社會救濟力量薄弱,造成慘重的饑荒。在 短短七年之間,據估計約有一百萬人餓死或病死、一百萬人移居國外,人口頓 時減少1/4。這已經是非常誇張的比例,但饑荒之後愛爾蘭人口仍持續移出(大

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多數前往美國,形成龐大的愛爾蘭裔族群),到了1930年代,愛爾蘭人口只剩下 四百萬,是大饑荒前的一半。時至今日,愛爾蘭人口雖恢復到六百多萬,但仍 未回到當時人口最多時的數字。這也突顯出這場饑荒對愛爾蘭有多麼深遠的影 響。

參考文獻

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