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學校教師會運作之微觀政治分析:一所小學之個案研究

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Micropolitical Analysis of the Organizational

Operation of the Teachers’ Association: A

Case Study of an Elementary School

Hsin-Jen Chen

Abstract

Schools are not places without values laden where differences in ideologies, organizational goals, and diverse interests do, more or less, exist among stakeholders. The aim of the study is to explore how core members of the teachers’ association at the researched site interact with administrative directors and non-members through the lens of micropolitical approach.

Based on an elementary school as my fieldwork site, the study employed the case-study approach, mainly conducting in-depth interview to explore

interpersonal/intergroup relations under the lens of micropolitics. The research findings demonstrate that intergroup tensions often occurred between core members of the teachers’ association and senior staff, and between members and non-members.

Members of the teachers’ association strove for gaining their recognition from members of senior staff because they regarded the teachers’ association as

non-educational organizations whereas some senior managers felt that their authority was challenged by core members of the teachers’ association. In addition, the

interviewing data disclosed some core members’ negative attitudes towards

non-members’ perspectives on the teachers’ association due to their selfish thoughts while non-members accused of members owing to their interests being sacrificed. It also revealed that the principal tried to work as a mediator resolving conflict involved in parties concerned and act as an ethical leader encouraging conflicting parties to collaborate together. Finally, the research suggests that shareholders within the school should regard conflict as the nature of organizational functions whereby they could collaborate together for school innovation and improvement.

Keywords: micropolitics, teachers’ association, ideology, interest conflict, school leadership

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長 950921)。 此 外 , 鍾 校 長 也 肯 定 教 師 會 的 存 在 : 我覺得要肯定我們學校教師會的存在,不僅是教師法賦予老師們能成立教師會,老師們既 然想要成立,我們應該要支持他們。而且我認為教師們本來就是組織的重要成員,許多事 務需要教師會一起來配合。我也相信,本校的教師會有能力和行政人員協商。(訪鍾校長 951128) 鍾 校 長 認 為 教 師 會 的 成 立 是 法 令 的 規 定,抱 持 支 持 的 態 度 來 看 待 教 師 組 織 教 師 會,而 且 肯 定 教 師 是 有 能 力 來 和 行 政 人 員 協 商。教 師 會 的 成 立,可 以 被 看 成 一 個 重 要 的 分 水 嶺—允 許 教 師 能 和 行 政 主 管 參 與 協 商,打 破 以 往 決 策 向 來 由 行 政 主 管 來 主 導 的 局 面。教 師 會 是 一 個 組 織 權 力 重 構 的 重 要 機 制,能 突 顯 教 師 彰 權 益 能 的 理 念,開 展 教 師 行 動 力 的 主 體 意 識,解 構 長 久 以 來 科 層 控 制 的 權 力 生 態 (彭 富 源,2000; Aschcraft, 2000; Marks & Louis, 1999)。( 4 )

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教育性組織,給他們有協商權就不錯了,更何況是決議呢?……我覺得他們想要擴權,要 我們主任都得聽他們的意見,採納他們的意見,我覺得有點可笑!到底誰要負起最後的責 任,如果出了問題,社會大眾最後都會指責主任,甚至是校長。不要動不動就要決定權, 就要批評主任校長不重視民意。(訪徐主任 951115) 這 例 子 反 映 出 Scott (1998) 的 論 點,認 為 行 政 主 管 仍 是 科 層 體 制 的 掌 權 人,帶 有 強 制 控 制 教 師 的 威 權 作 風。但 是,教 師 會 幹 部 則 認 為, 與 主 任 們 協 商 時,主 任 們 只 流 於 形 式,忽 視 與 教 師 會 協 商 後 的 實 質 決 議 。 例 如 : 我覺得一些主任的心態可議。明明在協商後,大家都同意如何如何了,最後在執行時,卻 不是決議的樣子。我覺得主任只是形式上,找一些核心幹部討論而已,並沒有真的想聽幹 部的意見。即使最後討論有了結論,但有時候主任沒有照著協商最後的結論做,我覺得, 可能跟當初主任被排拒可以當理事的那件往事有關……(訪羅老師 960109) 副 會 長 指 出 一 些 主 任 對 教 師 會 的 意 見 不 太 重 視,協 商 過 程 形 式 大 於 實 質,乃 至 結 論 被 忽 視。教 師 會 幹 部 的 努 力,是 想 提 升 自 己 在 協 商 受 到 重 視 , 這 便 是 Hall (1999) 所 稱 的 , 個 人 或 團 體 是 「 為 了 生 存 而 奮 鬥 」。教 師 會 期 望 行 政 主 管 能 給 予 教 師 更 多 決 策 權 力,共 享 決 策 機 制 , 化 身 學 校 變 革 的 促 進 者 , 使 教 師 感 受 到 權 力 分 享 (Conley & Bacharach, 1990; Hoy & Miskel, 2001)。

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然 而 , 教 師 會 幹 部 則 提 出 不 同 的 看 法 : 一些主任仍然存在著傳統觀念,認為教師會和他們協商,是給教師會幹部一個面子,並非 真誠的溝通。我個人感覺一些主任還是有高高在上的感覺,不肯和教師會幹部溝通,主任 們應該尊重法令,尊重教師會的存在,開放協商大門而不是動不動就因為如何如何,不跟 會長或副會長商量,這真的是不好的示範。(訪楊前會長 951012) Seifert (1991) 認 為 , 在 決 策 協 商 經 過 中 , 開 放 心 胸 來 面 對 幹 部 的 參 與,才 是 衝 突 解 決 的 關 鍵。上 述 前 任 會 長 的 說 法,透 露 出 學 校 經 營, 走 到 傳 統 和 現 代 民 主 的 交 界 處 , 她 認 為 學 校 應 該 從 敬 重 傳 統 價 值 觀 念、重 視 校 園 倫 理 的 時 代,逐 漸 步 入 法 治 民 主 的 時 代。教 師 會 的 運 作, 逐 漸 在 幹 部 和 主 任 間 協 商 過 程 中 產 生 衝 突,是 可 以 預 見 的 (彭 富 源 , 2000;Gewirtz, 1997)。 從 上 述 而 言 , 學 校 經 營 似 乎 走 到 十 字 路 口 , 介 乎 民 主 路 徑 和 傳 統 價 值 的 交 岔 路 口 (Hallinger & Kantamara, 2000)。

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數據

表 一     本 研 究 訪 談 對 象 與 訪 談 時 間   教師化名  性別  職稱  年資  訪談日期  劉老師  男  組長兼教師會會長 15-20  950921  楊老師  女  導師  (教師會前會長) 15-20  951012  林主任  男  訓導主任  (非會員) 25-30  951020  徐主任  女  教務主任  (非會員) 21-25  951115  江老師  女  導師  (會員) 1-5 951122  鍾校長  男  校長  (非會員) 25-30 951128

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