12 Magnetism of Matter 磁 性 Electromagnetic Waves 電磁波

12 Magnetism of Matter 磁 性

Electromagnetic Waves 電磁波

How can a clay- walled kiln reveal Earth’s magnetic field of the past?

The earth’s dipole field The mid-atlantic ridge

The Magnetic field of the Earth

Sections

1. 物質的磁性 Magnetism

2. 麥斯威爾方程式 Maxwell’s Equations

3. 電磁波 Electromagnetic Waves 4. 偏振 Polarization

12-1 Magnetic Materials

 Diamagnetism (逆磁性)

 Paramagnetism (順磁性)

 Ferromagnetism (鐵磁性)

Magnetism and Electrons

•除電子的運動(電流)外，其自旋與軌道 運動亦可產生磁場

Orbital Magnetic Dipole Moment

,

2 2

0, 1, 2, , (limit)

orb orb

orb z l l

l

e L m

L m h m

m





 

 

   

orbital magnetic quantum number

Spin Magnetic Dipole Moment and Bohr magneton

J/T 10

27 .

4 9

4

2 ) ( 1

2 ,

24 B

,

 























m eh

m S eh

m e

h m m

S m S

e

z z

s

s s

z s

 

 

^{ } 

spin magnetic quantum number

Loop Model for Electron Orbits

2 2 /

2

/ 2

time charge ,

2

orb orb

orb orb orb

m L mrv e

L

r evr v

r e

v r

i e iA

   

















 



 

Loop Model in a Nonuniform Field

downward  and upward force

increase

upward  and downward force

decrease When B_ext is turned on:

Loop Model in a Nonuniform Field

A diamagnetic material placed in an external magnetic field B_ext develops a magnetic dipole moment directed opposite B_ext .

If the field is nonuniform, the diamagnetic material is repelled from a region of greater magnetic field toward a region of lesser field.

The Bohr magneton and paramagnetism

0

1

m

m m

K K

 





 

•permeability 導磁率

•susceptibility 磁化率

bismuth铋

pyrolytic graphite 熱解石墨

12-1.1 Diamagnetism

逆磁性材料產生之磁矩與外磁場逆向，

如外磁場非均勻，其將受到由強磁場區 到弱磁場區之斥力。

Diamagnetism and

ferromagnetism

12-1.2 Paramagnetism

•液態氧被吸在兩個磁極之間

•順磁性材料產生之磁矩與外磁場順 向，如外磁場非均勻，其將受到由 弱磁場區到強磁場區之吸力。

12-1.2.1 Curie’s Law

M：Magnetization

A magnetization curve for

potassium chromium sulfate硫酸铬钾

12-1.3 Ferromagnetism

•鎳的磁域(magnetic domain)

Ferrohydrodynamics

12-1.3.1 Rowland Ring

0 0

0 P

M

B i n

B B B





 

12-1.3.2 Magnetization Curve

12-1.3.3 Hysteresis (磁滯)

矯頑磁力 coercive force 殘餘磁通密度

Residual Flux Density

Hysteresis

• Read the text discussion of hysteresis using Figure 28.29 below.

• Follow Example 28.12.

12-2 Maxwell’s Equations

12-2.1

磁場環流量 (安培定律) 電場通量 電場環流量 磁場通量 ^{法拉第定律}

/ A

0 A

0

q d

E d B

E B



















  

 

0 0

B

E

E ds d

dt B ds d

  dt

   

  





高 斯 面

/ A

0 A

0

q d

E d B

E B

























12-2.2 Magnets and magnetic flux (磁鐵和磁通量)

Magnetic dipole: north/south pole

12-2.3 Gauss’ Law for Magnetic Fields

The net magnetic flux thru any closed

Gaussian surface is zero.

/ A

0 A

0

q d

E

d B

E B

























12-2.4 Gauss’ Law for electric Fields

Flux  enclosed charge

qenc

A d E











0 0





12-2.5 Induced Magnetic Fields

inductin) of

Law s

(M axwell'

inductin) of

Law s

(Faraday'

0

 0



 



 





dt s d

d B

dt s d

d E

E B



 



 

3 ways to produce a magnetic field:

by an electric current, by a magnetic material, and by induction.

Law) M axwell

- (Ampere

+

Law) s

(Ampere'

0 0

0 0

enc E

enc

dt i s d

d B

i s

d B













 







 

 

12-2.6 Ampere-Maxwell Law

induced B field induced E field

Both increasing

12-2.7 Find B(r)

R) r

(for

2

) (

2

R) r

(for

2

) (

2

2 0

0

2 0

0 2

0 0 0

0

2 0

0 2

0 0

0 0





















 



dt dE r

B R

dt R dE

E dt R

r d B

dt dE B r

dt r dE

E dt r

r d B

dt s d

d

B ^E







































 



12-2.8 Displacement Current

0 0 0

0

0 , 0

+

+

E

enc

E d

d enc enc

B ds d i

dt i d

dt

B ds i i

  



 

  

 

 





12-2.9 Maxwell’s Equations

12-3 Electromagnetic Waves

The oscillating E and B Fields

A Most Curious Wave –The ether (以太)

) sin(

) sin(

t kx

B B

t kx

E E

m m













The Traveling Electromagnetic Wave

hdE

Eh h

dE E

s d E

dt s d

d E











 









)

 (



 

• The induced electric field:

dt dB dx

dE dt

hdx dB hdE

dt hdx dB

dt hdx d

B ^B

B









 





, ), )(

(

hdE

Eh h

dE E

s d E

dt s d

d E











 









)

 (



 

B c E

t kx

B t

kx kE

t kx

t B B

t kx

x kE E

t B x

E dt

dB dx

dE

m m

m m

m m















 





 





 

 

 





) cos(

) cos(

) cos(

) cos(













․The induced magnetic field:

hdB

Bh h

dB B

s d B

dt s d

d

B ^E















 







) (

0 0

 

 





0 0 0

0 0

0

0 0

0 0 0

0

c 1 1 ,

) /

( 1

) cos(

) cos(

) (

), )(

(



 













































 



 







 





c k

B E

t kx

kx kB

t E t

B dt

hdx dE hdB

dt hdx dE

dt hdx d

E

m m

m

E E

 Light  Electromagnetic Waves

 Hertz (赫茲)– Radio Waves

 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

 The Relative Sensitivity of Human eyes 430nm – 690nm

12-3.1 Characteristics

12-3.2 Maxwell’s Rainbow

12-3.3

Comets

What shapes the curved dust tail of a comet?

12-3.3.1 Radiation Pressure

․Momentum Gain of an Object

) reflection (total

2

) absorption (total

c p U

c p U

 



 



Momentum change energy change

․The Force Exerted by Radiation

) reflection (total

2

2

) absorption (total

c p I

c F IA

c p I

c F IA

c t IA c

p U t

IA t U

F p

r r









 

 







 

 

GM m c

R P F

F

r

R GM

r

m F GM

cr R P c

R F I

c F IA

r I P

S S

g r

S S

g

S r

r S

7 2

3 2

2 2 2

2

10 7

. 16 1

3 3 4

4 4

 































․The size of comet particles

光壓 重力

12-4 Polarization (偏振)

Polarized Light

The Plane of Polarization

Linear, Circular and Elliptical polarization

偏振片

Polarization of Light

偏 振 與 太 陽 眼鏡

12-4.1

Liquid Crystal - II

Liquid Crystal - III

LCD –Liquid Crystal Display