落空的權利—從法律多重製圖觀點看日月潭邵族原住民族土地同意權的實踐 - 政大學術集成

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(1)Graduate Institute of Law and Interdisciplinary Studies National Chengchi University Master Thesis. ——. 政治大. 立The Hollow Rights:. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. The Practice of Thao’s Indigenous Land Rights in Taiwan from the Perspective of "Multi-Layered Mapping of Law". n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Shih-Yu Shen. Dr. Hsiao-Tan Wang. 104 July 2015. 7.

(2) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v.

(3) ——. 2005 21. individual. 學 ‧. ‧ 國 io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. right. 治政 collective right 大立. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. good life grassroots post-modernism.


(5) The Hollow Rights: The Practice of Thao’s Indigenous Land Rights in Taiwan from the Perspective of "Multi-Layered Mapping of Law" Abstract Though its enactment in 2005 can be regarded as an achievement of Indigenous movement in Taiwan, The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law does not work as it promises. The indigenous people are still struggling for the fulfillment of rights. With respect to land rights, Article 21 of the Law requires the participation and consent of local indigenous people before the development and utilization of the indigenous land. However, the article is often neglected by the government in many cases.. 治政大 who live around Sun-Moon This case study then focuses on Thao people Lake and their 立 opposition to a Hotel program located in Xiangshan. sit. Nat. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. , which is regarded as the traditional territory of Thao. By adopting the perspective of “Multi-Layered Mapping of Law”, I hope to analyze the enactment process and the effect of law concerning the principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent as well as land rights of indigenous people, and try to describe how the “right to consent” becomes a “hollow right” in practice.. n. er. io. The study depicts the right as “hollow” for two meanings. On the one hand, it shows the situation for indigenous people facing the gap between the law’s promise a l process of law makingiand v law enforcement. On the and law’s practice in the complex n Ch other hand, it further describes the more distance from Ucollectiveness within indigenous i e h n c g society. The study suggests that more dialogue and more reflection is needed when claiming rights. The last part of the study then introduces the idea of “grassroots post-modernism” which discuss the way to “Good Life" and the way of resistance against globalization and neoliberalism. Although the issues need further discussion in future studies, the idea can be a guidance for indigenous people as they pursue the fulfillment of land rights, autonomy and self-determination. Keywords: Indigenous land rights, Free Prior and Informed Consent, Right to Consent, Thao, Multi-Layered Mapping of Law, Grassroots post-modernism.


(7) 《. 』. ——. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. n. er. io. al. sit. Ray. 〉。. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2015/9/19.


(9) ......................................................................................................... i! .................................................................................................... v! ........................................................................................ 1! .......................................................................................................1!. 治政大 ....................................................................................................... 7! 立 .............................................................................11! 學. ...............................................................................................11! ...............................................12!. ‧. ‧ 國. .......................................................................................................5!. ...........................................................19!. y. Nat. .....................................................................................................21!. n. al. ...................................................................23!. er. io. sit. ...............................................................................................21!. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ...................................... 26!. .............................................................................................26! .........................................................................................32! ...............................................................................................32! .......................................................................35! .......................................39! .........................................48!. ...... 51! .........................................................51! -i-.

(10) .............................................54! Prior, Free and Informed Consent. ...........65!. .......................................................................................65! ...............................................................................................66! .......................................................................................................69! ...........................................................................72! .................................................75!. .......... 80! .....................................................................80!. 政治大 ...............................................................85!. ...............................................................................................80!. 立. .......................................................................................................92!. ‧ 國. 學. .............................................................94! .....................................94!. 89. .................................................99!. 90. ...............................................103!. ‧. 80. sit. y. Nat. al. iv. n. 94. io. 92. er. 92. Ch. .......................106!. ...............................108!. ...............109! n U e n g c h i ...........................................122!. .................... 130! .......................................................................131! BOT. .................................................................135! .............................................................................138!. .................................................................................139! .................................................................................142! .................................................................................143! .............................................................................144! -ii-.

(11) .................................................................................146! .................................................................................148! 243. .............................................................................148! .....................................................156! .............................................................157! .....................158! .................163! ...........................................................164! .........................................164! .................................................................166!. 立. 169! 治政..................................................................... 大 ..................................................................... 172!. ——. .........................................174!. ‧ 國. 學. .....................................................176!. ...........................................................................................................178!. ‧. .......................................................181!. er. io. sit. y. Nat. ................ 181!. .............................................................................................181!. n. al. Ch. i. e. iv .........................................185! n U. ngch ............................................................................................. 187! .................................................................................191! ...................................................................................197! ...........................................................200! .............................................................................200! .............................................................................202! ...........................................................................................................204!. .................................................................................... 207! ...........................................................207! -iii-.

(12) Good Life. ..................................................211! .................................................213!. .............................................................................216!. ............................................................................................ 222! ...........................................................................................................222! ...........................................................................................................227! ...........................................................................................229! ...................................................................................................230! ...........................................................................................................231!. 政治大. ...............................................................................................232!. 立. .................................................................................................... 233!. ‧ 國. 學. .....................................................233!. ‧. .....................................................................244! .............250!. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. y. .........................................257!. Ch. engchi. -iv-. i n U. v.

(13) 1. ..................................... 34. 2. ................................................................. 55. 3. 1993. 4. 2007. ............................ 57 1993 ............................................................................................................................ 62. 5. ................................. 81. 6. 80. ............................................... 94. 7. 89. ................................................... 99. 8. 90. 9. 92. ......................................................... 104 政治大 ............................. 107. io. y. sit. 15. 94-103. ................................................................................. 137. Nat. 14. ..................................... 124. ‧. 13. ............................................ 115. ................... 162. ............................................................. 196. n. al. er. 12. 2005. ................................................... 108. 學. 11. 立. 92. ‧ 國. 10. Ch. engchi. -v-. i n U. v.


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(28) 』. legality representation. orientation. legal plurality. 29. 立. 政治大 30. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. /. /. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 31. 』. Ch. engchi. 33. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29. 』. 28. 119-125. 30. 』. 28. 107. 31. 』. 28. 97-106. 32. 』. 28. 108. 33. 』. 28. 113-117 -14-. i n U. v. 32.

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(34) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. e n Esteva gchi. grassroots post-modernism. -20-. i n U. v. Prakash.

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(38) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 102. Ch. engchi. -24-. i n U. v.

(39) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. -25-. i n U. v.

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(61) /. 121. 2005. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 123. 122. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. gaga. 124. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 121. 132 69-87. 2012. 122. 2014 123. 87. 115-116. 124. 87. 126-128 -47-.

(62) 125. 2005. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 126. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 125. 154-156 126. 2006 1985-2005. -48-. 2013.



(65) 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 2007. UN Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 127. 128. Ch. 129. Organization. ILO. 107. engchi. i n U. v. 1957. International Labor. Convention No. 107. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 127. 4. 2. 82-83. 2008. 128. Anaya. 129. JENS DAHL, THE INDIGENOUS SPACE AND MARGINALIZED PEOPLES IN THE UNITED NATIONS 20-22 (2012).. 57. 34-39. -51-.

(66) 130. 1989. 169. 131. Convention No. 169. 107 1970 1970. Sub-. Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Commission on Human Rights 132. Special Rapporteur. José Martinez Cobo. Cobo. 立. 政治 15大. 1972. Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations. ‧ 國. Working Group on Indigenous. WGIP. Cobo. ‧. Populations. 學. 1982. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat 134. 133. Jens Dahl. Ch. engchi. Bourdieu. i n U. v. field. access 135. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 130 131. 132. 58. 33-35 1948. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. See Resolution 4B (XXIII) of 26 August 1970. 133. 127. 92-93. 134. 127. 92-94. 135. DAHL, supra note 129, at 36. -52-. 1966.

(67) Dahl Indigenous 136. Space. Megan Davis. casual environment 137. 2000. United Nations Permanent Forum on. Indigenous Issues. UNPFII. United. Nations Economic And Social Council. 138. caucus. ‧ 國. Women’s. 學. Youth’s Caucus Asia’s Caucus. 2002. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 139. 8. 政WGIP治大. 立 Caucus. 16. Ch. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. engchi. i n U. v. 136. The change of rituals created new symbols that were important in the creation of an indigenous identity and a feeling commonality, and this was one of the factors in the construction of the Indigenous Space. DAHL, supra note 129, at 38.. 137. Megan Davis, Indigenous Struggles in Standard-Setting: The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples, 9 MELB J INT'L L 439, 445 (2008).. 138. 127. 96-98. 139. Unga Kalay 9-25 2013. 63. Saiviq. Kisasa UNPFII. 63. 31-36. 2013. 』 7. http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docList.html?CID=865E99765D714714 https://iptip.wordpress.com/category/. / -53-. 1-44 36. 2010 81-98 2015 2015. 5 5. 2006 17. 17.

(68) 2007. 12 UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of. Indigenous Peoples. EMRIP. 140. 2014 141. 2001. The UN. Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. 142. 立. 政治大. y. sit Working Group on Indigenous. n. al. er. io. 1985 Populations. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 2. 20. Nat. Indigenous Peoples. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of. WGIP 1993. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 1994. UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Commission on Human Rights Open-Ended Inter-Sessional Working Group on the Draft Declaration on the Rights of !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 140. See Human Rights Council, Expert mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples, UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/6/36 (14 December 2007).. 141. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Pages/ExpertMechanismDocumentation.aspx 2015 5 17 142. See UN Doc. A/HRC/RES/15/14 (6 October 2010). -54-.

(69) Indigenous Peoples. WGDD 143. 2006. 2007. 9. 13. 144. 145. 2. 1985 1988. Daes. 1993. 政治大. 1994. 立Commission on Human Rights. ‧ 國 n. al. Ch. General Assembly !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 143. 2006. engchi. 2006. i n U. v. Commission on Human Rights 53 United Nations Economic and Social Council 6 「. 「 ECOSOC 2006 3 Human Rights Council. sit. io. Human Rights Council. y. 3. er. Nat. 2006. ‧. 1995-2006. 學. 1995. 47. http://www.ohchr.org/CH/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/AboutCouncil.aspx Human Rights Committee based body ICCPR 144. 5. 12 treaty-. 349-351 127. 145. 2015. 2008. 95. DAHL, supra note 129, at 44; Kenneth Deer, Reflections on the Development, Adoption, and Implementation of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, in REALIZING THE UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: TRIUMPH, HOPE, AND ACTION 18-28 (Jackie Hartley, Paul Joffe & Jennifer Preston eds., 2010). -55-.

(70) 2007. Erica-Irene Daes. 1984. 2001. WGIP Daes. 1985 the largest. most disadvantaged standard. 政治大. 146. World Council of Indigenous. 1984. 148. 1985 Declaration of Principles. 1985. io. y. sit. 149. 18. 20. Daes. 12. n. al 1 Ch. 1988. er. 7. 3. 1985. Nat. Daes. 147. 17. ‧. 1984 Declaration of Principles 20. 學. ‧ 國. 立. i n U. 4. e n g21c h i. v 11. 12 23. 25. 150. 151. 1993 3 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 146. Erica-Irene Daes, The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Background and Appraisal, in REFLECTIONS ON THE UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 16-17 (Stephen Allen & Alexandra Xanthaki eds., 2011).. 147. Daes, supra note 146, at 13-14.. 148. Daes, supra note 146, at 14-16.. 149. Daes, supra note 146, at 22-23.. 150. Daes, supra note 146, at 26-27.. 151. See UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/29/Annex I. -56-.

(71) 25. 26. 27. 30 Kenneth Deer. 3. the rights. to self-determination 152. 1994 Commission on Human Rights. 3. 153. 1993 Article 3. 3. Indigenous peoples have the right of self-. determination. By virtue of that right they freely 政治 determine大 their political status and freely pursue. 立. ‧ 國. Article 20. ‧. Indigenous peoples have the right to participate fully, if they so choose, through procedures determined by them, in devising legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.. Nat. sit. y. States shall obtain the free and informed consent of the peoples concerned before adopting and implementing such measures.. n. al. er. io. 25. 學. 20. their economic, social and cultural development.. i n Ch e n g cArticle h i 25U. v. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual and material relationship with the lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard. Article 26. 26. Indigenous peoples have the right to own, develop, control and use the lands and territories, including the total environment of the lands, air, waters, coastal. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 152 153. Deer, supra note 145, at 20. Anaya. 57. 400-412 -57-.

(72) seas, sea-ice, flora and fauna and other resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used. This includes the right to the full recognition of their laws, traditions and customs, land-tenure systems and institutions for the development and management of resources, and the right to effective measures by States to prevent any interference with, alienation of or encroachment upon these rights. Article 27. 27. 立. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Article 30. ‧. io. sit. y. Nat. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands, territories and other resources, including the right to require that States obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands, territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources. Pursuant to agreement with the indigenous peoples concerned, just and fair compensation shall be provided for any such activities and measures taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact.. n. al. er. 30. Indigenous peoples have the right to the restitution of the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and which have been confiscated, occupied, used or damaged without their free and informed consent. Where this is not possible, they have the right to just and fair compensation. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoples concerned, compensation shall take the form of lands, territories and resources equal in quality, size and legal status.. Ch. engchi. Dahl. -58-. i n U. v.

(73) 154. WWDD WWDD. 「. 155. WGIP 1995. 2006. 11. 1996. 政治大. 立 credibility. ‧ 國. Deer. informal consultation. sit. y. non-. n. al. er. io 2002. ‧. 156. Nat. papers. 學. informal session. Ch. 15. engchi. i n U. v. 157. no-change strategy. 1993. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 154. DAHL, supra note 129, at 44.. 155. See Establishment of a Working Group of the Commission on Human Rights to Elaborate a Draft Declaration in accordance with Paragraph 5 of General Assembly Resolution 49/214 of 23 December 1994, UN Doc. E/CN.4/1995/32 (25 July 1995).. 156. Deer, supra note 145, at 21.. 157. Davis, supra note 137, at 447-448. See also Megan Davis, The United Nations Draft Declaration 2002, 5 INDIGENOUS LAW BULLETIN 6, 6-9 (2002). -59-.

(74) 158. 159. 2004 2004. 2006. weaken. 160. 2006. Luis-Enrique. Chávez. 立. 161. ‧ 國. 學. Chávez. ‧. now. sit. io. n. al. er. Davis. 162. y. Nat. never. 1993 治政大. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2006. 163. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 158. Davis, supra note 137, at 453.. 159. Davis, supra note 137, at 451-452.. 160. Deer, supra note 145, at 21-22.. 161. UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/79.. 162. Deer, supra note 145, at 23.. 163. Davis, supra note 137, at 448-449. -60-.

(75) 2006. 6. 164. Chávez. 31. 12. Deer. 2006. 1. Harper. 2006 」. 政治大. WWDD. 立. African Union. 165. 2007. 1. 166. ‧ 國. 學 167. y. sit. io. n. al. 168. 46. hard negotiation. er. 5. Nat. 2007. ‧. political capital. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 164. A/HRC/RES/1/2. 165. WWDD. Geneva. WTO Megan Davis, To Bind or Not to Bind: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Five Years On, 19 AU INT LAW JL 17, 22 (2012). 166. Karen Engle, On Fragile Architecture: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Context of Human Rights, 22 EUR. J. INT'L L. 141, 145-146 (2011). See also Decision On The United Nations Declaration On The Rights Of Indigenous Peoples, UN Doc. Assembly/AU/9 (VIII) Add.6.. 167. Deer, supra note 145, at 25.. 168. 46. -61-.

(76) 169. 2007. 9. 13. 1993. 2007. 1993. 2007. 立. WGIP. Article 3. Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.. Indigenous peoples have the right of self- determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development.. Article 18. Article 19. n. al. y. v peoples have the right iIndigenous n to participate fully, if they so U. Indigenous peoples have the right to participate in decision-making in matters which would affect their rights, through representatives chosen by themselves in accordance with their own procedures, as well as to maintain and develop their own. Ch. sit. io. Article 3. ‧. Nat. 18. 1993. 學. ‧ 國. 170. 3. 2007 政治大. er. 4. 4. engchi. choose, at all levels of decisionmaking in matters which may affect their rights, lives and destinies through representatives chosen by themselves in. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 169. Deer, supra note 145, at 25; Engle, supra note 166, at 146; Davis, supra note 137, at 456-458. 2007 IWGIA, Final adoption of the UN declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples deferred by African states, http://www.iwgia.org/humanrights/international-human-rights-instruments/undeclaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples/a-briefhistory/iwgia-update-on-african-position-2006-2007 2015 5 15 Indigenous Peoples Caucus 2007 9 Statement By Regional Steering Committee Of The Indigenous Peoples Caucus (4 September 2007), http://www.iwgia.org/images/stories/int-processes-eng/decl-rights-ind-peop/docs/07-0904CaucusDecisionSupportDeclaration.pdf 2015 5 15. 170. database/foregin-organization/61-2015-04-03-11-34-33 -62-. http://ctm-indigenous.vm.nthu.edu.tw/about2015 5 12.

(77) indigenous institutions.. 19. 25. Article 20. States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.. Indigenous peoples have the right to participate fully, if they so choose, through procedures determined by them, in devising legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.. Article 25. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard.. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual and material relationship with the lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard.. y. sit. Article 26. Article 26. er. io. peoples have the right Indigenous peoples have the right a lto1.theIndigenous lands, territories and resourcesi vto own, develop, control and use n the lands and territories, including C hthey have traditionally which U e n gorcotherwise h i used the total environment of the lands, owned, occupied. n. 3.. ‧. ‧ 國. 政治大. States shall obtain the free and informed consent of the peoples concerned before adopting and implementing such measures.. Article 25. or acquired.. 2.. accordance with their own procedures, as well as to maintain and develop their own indigenous decision-making institutions.. 學. Nat. 1.. making. Article 19. 立. 26. decision. 2. Indigenous peoples have the right to own, use, develop and control the lands, territories and resources that they possess by reason of traditional ownership or other traditional occupation or use, as well as those which they have otherwise acquired. 3. States shall give legal recognition and protection to these lands, territories and resources. Such recognition shall be conducted with due respect to the customs, traditions and land tenure systems of the indigenous peoples concerned.. -63-. air, waters, coastal seas, sea-ice, flora and fauna and other resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used. This includes the right to the full recognition of their laws, traditions and customs, land-tenure systems and institutions for the development and management of resources, and the right to effective measures by States to prevent any interference with, alienation of or encroachment upon these rights..

(78) Article 27. 1. Indigenous peoples have the right to redress, by means that can include restitution or, when this is not possible, just, fair and equitable compensation, for the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and which have been confiscated, taken, occupied, used or damaged without their free, prior and informed consent.. Indigenous peoples have the right to the restitution of the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise occupied or used, and which have been confiscated, occupied, used or damaged without their free and informed consent. Where this is not possible, they have the right to just and fair compensation. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoples concerned, compensation shall take the form of lands, territories and resources equal in quality, size and legal status.. 2. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoples concerned, compensation shall take the form of lands, territories and resources equal in quality, size and legal status or of monetary compensation or other appropriate redress.. Nat. io. Article 30. 1. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands or territories and other resources.. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands, territories and other resources, including the right to require that States obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands, territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources. Pursuant to agreement with the indigenous peoples concerned, just and fair compensation shall be provided for any such activities and measures taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact.. shall consult and cooperate ain2. lStates good faith with the indigenous i v n C hconcerned through their peoples U e n ginstitutions own representative c h i in. n. 2.. Article 32. order to obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands or territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources.. 3.. ‧. 1.. 學. 32. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大. er. 2.. y. 1.. Article 28. sit. 28. 3. States shall provide effective mechanisms for just and fair redress for any such activities, and appropriate measures shall be taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact. -64-.

(79) Prior, Free and Informed Consent the right to self-determination. the right not 171. to be discriminated against. Prior, Free and Informed Consent. PFIC. 政治大. 4. 19. 28. ‧ y. sit. n. al. er. io 173. 32. lip service. Nat. 172. 學. ‧ 國. 立. James Anaya. Ch. engchi. historical pattern of exclusion from decision-making. i n U. v. 174. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 171. Julian Burger, The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: From Advocacy to Implementation, in REFLECTIONS ON THE UN DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 43 (Stephen Allen & Alexandra Xanthaki eds., 2011).. 172. Burger, supra note 171, at 47.. 173. Anaya. 174. James Anaya, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people. UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34, para. 41 (July 2009).. 57. 190. -65-.

(80) 2004 Motoc. WGIP. Tebtebba Foundation. Substantively, the principle of free, prior and informed consent recognizes indigenous peoples’ inherent and prior rights to their lands and resources and. 政治大. respects their legitimate authority to require that third parties enter into an equal and. 立. respectful relationship with them based on the principle of informed consent.. ‧ 國. 學. Procedurally, free, prior and informed consent requires processes that allow and support meaningful choices by indigenous peoples about their development path. 175. ‧. Burger. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. habits. Ch. v ni. awareness-building. engchi U. 176. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 175. Preliminary working paper on the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in relation to development affecting their lands and natural resources that would serve as a framework for the drafting of a legal commentary by the Working Group on this concept submitted by Antoanella-Iulia Motoc and the Tebtebba Foundation, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2004/4, para. 13 (8 July 2004).. 176. Burger, supra note 171, at 47. -66-.

(81) 169 177. legally binding 15. 6. consult. freely. participate. 178. empower 1965. International. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 政治大. General Recommendation No. 23. 立. 179. 23. CERD. CERD. ‧ 國. seek. prior consultation of indigenous peoples. endeavor to right to. 學. obtain. CERD. 180. ‧. 181. n. er. io. sit. specialized agency. al. Ch. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. IFAD. y. Nat. The International Fund for Agricultural Development. engchi. i n U. v. IFAD. 177. 2015 5 169 22 ratify Ratifications of C169 http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID: 312314:NO 2015 5 15. 178. Mauro Barelli, Free, Prior and Informed Consent in the Aftermath of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Developments and Challenges Ahead, 16 THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1, 21(2012).. 179. 23 The Committee especially calls upon States parties to recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources and, where they have been deprived of their lands and territories traditionally owned or otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed consent, to take steps to return those lands and territories…. See General Recommendation No. 23 on the rights of indigenous peoples, CERD (22 August 1997).. 180. Barelli, supra note 178, at 11-12.. 181. IFAD. http://www.ifad.org/pub/brochure/ifadglance.pdf. 24 -67-. 2015. 1.

(82) capacity-building 182. World Bank. 1987. 30. 183. operational directive. operational policy. OP. 2005. OP 4.10. 184. Forest Peoples Programme. ‧. sit. y. Nat. n. er. io. 184. al. UN Doc E/C.19/2005/3, para 25 (17 February 2005).. 183. 185. Fergus MacKay. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 182. FFP. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治 culturally 大 appropriate manner. World Bank OP 4.10:. Ch. engchi. i 12 n U. v. 172-173. 2000. 10. Consultation and Participation. Where the project affects Indigenous Peoples, the borrower engages in free, prior, and informed consultation with them. To ensure such consultation, the borrower: (a) establishes an appropriate gender and intergenerationally inclusive framework that provides opportunities for consultation at each stage of project preparation and implementation among the borrower, the affected Indigenous Peoples’ communities, the Indigenous Peoples Organizations (IPOs) if any, and other local civil society organizations (CSOs) identified by the affected Indigenous Peoples' communities; (b) uses consultation methods11 appropriate to the social and cultural values of the affected Indigenous Peoples’ communities and their local conditions and, in designing these methods, gives special attention to the concerns of Indigenous women, youth, and children and their access to development opportunities and benefits; and (c) provides the affected Indigenous Peoples’ communities with all relevant information about the project (including an assessment of potential adverse effects of the project on the affected Indigenous Peoples’ communities) in a culturally appropriate manner at each stage of project preparation and implementation. 185. http://www.forestpeoples.org/background/about-forestpeoples-programme. 2015. 1. 24 -68-.

(83) OP 4.10. 186. 32. 政 Article治32 大 1. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and. 32. 立. 1.. ‧ 國. 學. develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands or territories and other resources.. 2.. ‧. 2. States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands or territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources.. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 3.. Ch. i n U. v. 3. States shall provide effective mechanisms for just and fair redress for any such activities, and appropriate measures shall be taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact. engchi. 1.! 3. right to development exercise. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 186. Fergus MacKay, The Draft World Bank Operational Policy 4.10 On Indigenous Peoples: Progress Or More Of The Same? 22 ARIZ. J. INT'L & COMP. L. 65, 86-90 (2005). -69-.

(84) 187. 188. 2.!. any project. 189. 32. 46. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 32. 政治大 common good. ‧. public interest. y. sit. 191. n. al. er. io. good-faith. Nat. 3.!. confidence. 190. Ch. engchi U. v ni. a climate of. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 187. CATHAL M. DOYLE. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, TITLE TO TERRITORY, RIGHTS AND RESOURCES: THE TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF FREE PRIOR AND INFORMED CONSENT 132 (2015). See also Report of the International Workshop on Methodologies regarding Free, Prior and Informed Consent and Indigenous Peoples, UN Doc. E/C.19/2005/3, para. 41 (17 February 2005).. 188. DOYLE, supra note 187, at 143.. 189. DOYLE, supra note 187, at 143.. 190. DOYLE, supra note 187, at 145-146.. 191. 169 19 ILO NO.169 Convention Article 6 (2): The consultations carried out in application of this Convention shall be undertaken, in good faith and in a form appropriate to the circumstances, with the objective of achieving agreement or consent to the proposed measures. -70-.

(85) 192. 33. representative institution culturally sensitive procedure. 193. 4.! 194. 1. free manipulation. 2. prior. 政治大. 立. informed. 學 ‧. ‧ 國. 3. accessible and understandable. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. Consent. io. 4. Ch. engchi. 5.!. i n U. v. Anaya. 195. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 192. UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34, para. 50-51 (15 July 2009).. 193. Burger, supra note 171, at 48-49; Doyle, supra note 187, at 143-144.. 194. See Burger, supra note 171, at 48-49; Doyle, supra note 187, at 140-142; UN Doc. E/C.19/2005/3, para. 4548 (17 February 2005).. 195. UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34, para. 54 (15 July 2009). -71-.

(86) / 196. 32. 1993. ‧ 國. Article 30. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for the development or use of their lands, territories and other resources, including the right to require that States obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands, territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources. Pursuant to agreement with the indigenous peoples concerned, just and fair compensation shall be provided for any such activities and measures taken to mitigate adverse environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact.. ‧. 1.. 1993. 學. Article 32. 政治大. 立. 2007. 2007. sit. n. er. io. al. y. Nat. 2. States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands or territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development, utilization or exploitation of mineral, water or other resources.. Ch. engchi. 3.. i n U. v. 1993 … informed consent prior to…. the right to require that States obtain their free and 2007. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 196. Barelli, supra note 178, at 18. -72-.

(87) …. States shall consult and cooperate… in. order to obtain their free and informed consent prior to… objective requirement 1993 2007. 2007 197. 2006. WWDD. 政治大. 198. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Mauro Barelli. consult in order to obtain. ‧. …. states shall seek consent. 3. n 200. Ch. engchi. er. io. al. 32. sit. y. Nat. 199. Chávez. i n U. v. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 197. 198. 199. Barelli, supra note 178, at 21. Barelli Barelli Engle goal See Engle, supra note 164, at 157 FN 56.. 32. Luis-Enrique Chávez, The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Breaking the IMPASSE: The Middle Ground, in MAKING THE DECLARATION WORK: THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 103-104 (Claire Charters & Rodolfo Stravenhagen eds., 2009). 2006. WWDD. Chávez 1993 States shall seek or, in accordance with. 32 their legal obligations, obtain their free and informed consent prior to … UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/79 (22 March 2006). 200. Barelli, supra note 178, at 21-22; See also DOYLE, supra note 187, at 144. Chávez 2007 1993 1993 -73-. 194. WWDG.

(88) 32 2007 2007 32. 立. 26. 201. 學. Deer. 202. ‧. ‧ 國. 28. 政治大. James Anaya. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. i n U. v. e n g c h i impose UNPFII. 203. 2005. equitable. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Chávez 201. http://www.un.org/press/en/2007/ga10612.doc.htm 5. 13. 202. Deer, supra note 145, at 27.. 203. UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34, para. 48-49 (15 July 2009). -74-. 2015.

(89) solutions 204. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. self-determination. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 169. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 204. UN Doc. E/C.19/2005/3, para. 42 (17 February 2005). -75-. i n U. v.

(90) 1982. 政治大. 立. 205. 206. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. WWDD. informal consultation. non-papers. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 205. Anaya. 206. Davis, supra note 137, at 440.. 57. 188. -76-. v.

(91) soft law Barelli treaty adoption. ratification. non-State. 政治大. 207. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 「. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 207. Mauro Barelli, The Role of Soft Law in the International Legal System: The Case of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 58 INT'L & COMPAR. L.Q. 957, 964-966 (2009). -77-.



(94) 80 87. 94. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 69. Ch. engchi. 3. i n U. v. 3. -80-.

(95) 5. 5 208. /. 61. 1/287. 0.34%. 1/339. 0.29%. 2/436. 0.45%. 2/534. 0.37%. 2/624. 0.32%. 4/769. 0.5%. 6/161. 3.7%. 84. 7/164. 4.2%. 87. 9/225. 4.0%. 90. 10/225. 4.4%. 政治大. 64. 立. 69. ‧ 國 n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 78. ‧. 75. 學. 72. 81. Ch. engchi. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 208. 128-131 -81-. 2005. i n U. v.

(96) 93. 9/225. 4.0%. 6/113. 5.3%. 5/113. 4.4%. 209. 97. 210. 101. 政治大. 立 211. 69. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. io. sit. y. Nat. 78. er. 61. al. n. 0.5%. Ch. engchi. 80. i n U. v. 2 161. 164. 4%. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 209. 210. 99 102. 07. 07. 27. 11. 1. 211. 112 -82-. 5 32-34. 2008.

(97) 225 86 4. 1 9. 4% 225. 113. 94. 212. 5.3% 立. 5. 4. 政治大 4.4%. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. 1. sit. n. al. er. io. 4. y. Nat 36-45. 6. representation. 6. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2. 3. 5 over-. 213. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 212. 73. 3 3. 1.5. 213. ― 47. 51-72. 1972-2008. 2011 286-287 -83-. 2006.

(98) 214. 1950. 1989. 215. 2008. 立. 學 ‧. ‧ 國. 1992. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. 216. engchi. i n U. v. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 214. 213. 215. 66-67 213. 216. 131-146 1992-2008. 87-120. 2011 -84-. 18. 2.

(99) 217. candidate orientation. 218. 219. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. 220. engchi. 221. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 217. 6. 2. 96-105. 218. 216. 111-115. 219. 216. 117. 220. 208. 93. 221. 208. 155. 2013. -85-. i n U. v.

(100) 61-81 61. 60. 70 1%. 222. 223. 73. 立. 政治大 224. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 225. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 226. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 222. 206. 223. 61. 206 73. 134-135 160. 224. 206. 160-161. 225. 206. 164-165. 226. 206. 136. 73. -86-. 87.

(101) 82. -85. 82 85 3%. 227. 6 7. 政治大. 立 228. ‧ 國. 學. 83. 83. ‧ sit. 84. n. al. 54. er. io. 4. 229. y. Nat. 84 21. 82. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 85. 230. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 227. 208. 137-138. 228. 208. 170-174. 229. 208. 175-176. 230. 208. 215-232 -87-.

(102) 231. 86. 90 85 9 85. 政治大. 立 232. ‧ 國. 學 ‧. 233. y. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. 234. Ch. 235. engchi 90. i n U. v. 97. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 231. 208. 232-237. 232. 208. 182. 233. 208. 295-298. 234. 1993-2008 1. 235. 112 208. 2009 184-186 -88-. 16.

(103) 90. 93. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 y. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. 236. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 237. 238 239. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 236. 14. 237. 234. 112-113. 238. 236. 97. 239. 236. 97-98 -89-. 90-94. 2013.

(104) 240. 98 94. 113. 6. 3 1. 101. 政治大. 立. 5. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 97. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 241. 82. 97. 1. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 240. 208. 362-365. 241. 236. 99-101 -90-.

(105) 242. 2002. 2012. 243. 2 176. 1694. 2421 244. 970. 1999. 『. 政治大. 立. 2002. ‧ 國. 2002. 2005. 1996. 學. 1999. 2142. ‧. 2005. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 3. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 242. 234. 107. 243. 234. 127-129. 244. 234. 108. 245. 234. 107-109 -91-. i n U. v. 245.

(106) 246. 政治大. 立. 0.5%. ‧ 國. 4.4%. 103. 2.3%. 11. 學. 5.3%. 3%~4%. 539,435. 23,424,615. ‧ er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. Ch. 247. 46.9%. engchi. i n U. v. 36.7%. 248. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 246. 234. 114-115. 247. 234. 101-102. 248. 171-176 -92-. 2005. 16.

(107) 61. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 2005. -93-. i n U. v.

(108) 80. 80 35. 政治大. 6 15. 立28. 24. 80. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 6. Ch. engchi. 11. 15. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 249. 80. 38. 6249. 學. 6. ‧ 國. 11. 42-54. 1991 -94-. i n U. v.

(109) 24. 政治大. 立. 28. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 28 78. 250. 169 24. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 250. 169. 16 -95-.

(110) 82. International Year for the World’s Indigenous People. 251. 1 2. 3. 政治大 252. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat 253. 254. Ch. i n U. engchi. v. 255 256. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 251. 82. 35. 134-135. 1993. 252. 80. 253. 82. 35. 134-135. 254. 82. 35. 140. 255. 82 1993. 35. 141-142. 82. 35. 256. 38. 43. 1991. 1993 1993 143. 136. 146. 1993 -96-. 154 148.

(111) 6. 14. 257. 258. 83. 10. 7. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學 259. ‧ y. sit. io. n. al. 260. er. Nat. 28. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 261. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 257. 82 35 149. 138-139. 142. 258. 82. 35. 149. 259. 83. 71. 328. 1994. 260. 83. 71. 330. 1994. 261. 83. 71. 331. 1994. 143. 1993 158. -97-. 1993.

(112) 262. …. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. ‧. ・. 學. 263. …. er. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. Ch. 107. engchi. i n U. v. 108 111. 264. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 262. 83. 71. 332-333. 263. 83. 71. 337. 264. 83. 71. 340-343. 1994. 1994 1994 -98-. 106.

(113) 80. 83. 89. 89 89 85 89. 立. 7. 政治大 66. sit. y. 28. n. al. 21. er. …. io 7. ‧. ‧ 國. 學 5. Nat. …. 7. Ch. engchi. 89. 5. -99-. i n U. v. 6.

(114) 20. 265. 21. 立. ‧ 國. ‧. …. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 24. 學. 23. 政治大. Ch. engchi. 28. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 265. -100-. i n U. v.

(115) 32. …. 政治大. 立. 169. ‧ 國. 學 6. ‧. 7. 10. 266. n. al. Ch. engchi. 267. …. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 266. 89. 55. 234. 2000. 267. 89. 55. 236. 2000 -101-. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 11. …. i n U. v.

(116) 268. 269. 政治大. 立. 270. ‧ 國. 學. 271. ‧ er. io. sit. y. Nat 6. n. al. Ch. 272. engchi. 90. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 268. 89. 55. 237. 269. 89. 55. 238-239. 270. 89. 55. 240. 2000. 271. 89. 55. 240. 2000. 272. 89. 55. 243. 2000. 2000 2000. -102-. i n U. v.

(117) 273. 2015. 2000. 274. 3. 政治… 大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 275. ‧. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 276. Ch. n U engchi. 277. iv. 90 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 273. 90. 17. 219-220. 2001. 274. https://youtu.be/61snewAlMmA. 12:26. 275. 90. 17. 221. 276. 90. 17. 224-225. 277. 90. 17. 228. 2001 2001. 2001 -103-. 2015 13:09. 3. 14.

(118) 90 58. 278. 8. …. 立. 政治大 36. sit. y. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 90. io. n. al. er. Nat. 8. 6. 20. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 』. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 278. 1722. -104-. 7466. 2001.

(119) 7. 20. 立. …. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 36. 政治大 …. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 40. 41 -105-. i n U. v.

(120) 92 21. 279. 立. 治政大 90. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 92. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 35. 9. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 91. 5 6. 7 16. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 279. 1722 2003 -106-. 7466. 91.

(121) 9. 92. 1. 5. 6. 立. 7. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 13. Ch. engchi. 16. -107-. i n U. v.

(122) 92. 38. 90. 5. 6. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 8. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 10. 92. Ch. engchi. 4. 8. -108-. i n U. v. 10.

(123) 9. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 10. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 94. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 94. 92. 280. 93. 2. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 280. 92. 60. 53. 2003 -109-. 1.

(124) 281. 8 10. 93. 282. 1. 12. 283. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. …. 284. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 281 282. 283. 93 93. 9. 9 10. 2004. 1. 113. 92-93. 284. https://youtu.be/61snewAlMmA. 13:38 -110-. 2015 14:43. 3. 14.

(125) 285. 93 286. 、. 94. 1. 20. 政治大. 立. 、. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. …. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 285. https://youtu.be/61snewAlMmA. 15:10. 286. 2015 15:54. 3. 14 44-45. 2007 -111-.

(126) … 、. 〈. 287. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. i n U. timing. engchi. v. … !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 287. https://youtu.be/61snewAlMmA. 15:55 -112-. 2015 19:33. 3. 14.

(127) 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 、. Ch. 、. engchi. i n U. v. 288 289. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 288 289. 286 94. 45 7. 225. 550. 2005 -113-. 94. 1. 21.

(128) 290. …. .... 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 291. Ch. engchi. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 290. 113. 93. 291. -114-. i n U. v.

(129) .... 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. io. n. al. y. er. …. sit. Nat. ... Ch. .... engchi …. 11. …. 2005. 2. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 292. -115-. 292. i n U. v.

(130) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 4. Ch. engchi. 19. -116-. i n U. v.

(131) :. 20. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 21. Ch. engchi. -117-. i n U. v.

(132) 22. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 23. 11. -118-. i n U. v.

(133) 3. 4. 5. 2. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 1996. Ch. engchi. 293. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 293. 113. 65-66 -119-. i n U. v.

(134) 23 20. 20. 294. 政治大. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 20. 295. ‧. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. y. 21. Ch. engchi 22. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 294. 113. 101. 295. 113. 101-102 -120-. i n U. v.

(135) ... .... .... 政治大. .... 立. …. 296. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 297. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 298 299. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 296 297. 94. 7. 557-558. 298. 94. 7. 558. 299. 94. 7. 559. 2005 2005 2005 -121-.

(136) 12 80. 90. 政治大. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 300. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 300. … 3. 9. 4 10. 2004 2015. 2. 5. 5. … http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-71607. 1 -122-.

(137) 2005. 10. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. -123-. i n U. v.

(138) !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!. 7. er. i n U. 301. 6. engchi. 6. 20. 5. 90. Ch. 6. 15. 89. n. al sit y. 7. ‧ 國. 6. 92. -124-. ‧. io. 80. 學. Nat. 12. 4. 92. 5. 立政治大. v. 301. 4. 34. 94. 4. 34. 104.

(139) 36. er. al Ch engchi. 24. 21. n. 90. sit y. ‧ 國. 13. 92. i n U. v -125-. ‧. io. 89. 學. Nat. 80. 8. 92. 立政治大. 20. 19. 94. 20. 19. 104.

(140) 20. 40. er. al. Ch. 31. 25. 39. n. 90. sit y. ‧ 國. 27. 92. engchi i n U. v -126-. ‧. io. 89. 學. Nat. 80. 10. 18. 92. 立政治大. 11. 23. 11. 23. 94. 104.

(141) 24. 28. 23. 90. n. er. al sit y. 16. ‧ 國. 14. 92. Ch engchi i n U. v -127-. 17. ‧. io. 89. 學. Nat. 80. 9. 7. 92. 立政治大. 22. 21. 94. 21. 104.

(142) 32. Ch engchi. 29. 28. 90. n. er. al i n U 41. sit y. 37. ‧ 國. 92. v -128-. ‧. io. 89. 學. Nat. 80. 35. 92. 立政治大. 32. 94. 32. 22. 104.


(144) 。. 政治大 1. 學. 1 Google. ‧. ‧ 國. 立. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. ! 。. !. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. ! !. !. -130-.

(145) 100. 。. 立. 21. BOT. 政治大. ‧ 國. 。. 。. 學. BOT. ‧. 。. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. y. 。. Ch. engchi. 17. i n U. v. 19 Puzi “Lalu”. Tarinkuan 1934 -131-.

(146) barawpaw. Ita Thao 44. 13. 60. 250. 48. 302. 185. 2. 2. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 18 303. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 302 303. 3-5 10-11. 2000 -132-. 1996 230-232. 2000.

(147) 62. 6 1. 6 88. 921 93 BOT. 立. 70. ‧ 國. ‧. 7. 學. 88. 政治大. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 304. 90. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 305 306. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 304. 11-17. 2004. 305. ・ 306. ——. 265-266. 2002 305. ・ -133-. 262-273. 90. 6.