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模擬溫暖化情境對水稻田雜草相之變化及其管理Changes of Population and Density of Weeds and their Management under Mimic Warming Trend Scenario

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(1)102年度農業工程與自動化計畫成果研討會論文集,台中市,2013. 模擬溫暖化情境對水稻田雜草相之變化及其管理 蕭巧玲 1、楊純明 2、何佳勳 1 1 2. 行政院農委會農業試驗所 助理研究員 行政院農委會農業試驗所 研究員 摘要. 水田雜草族群的變動受稻作生產環境影響甚大,氣候條件及栽培管理等改變皆能使雜 草相消長呈現動態分布,尤其隨著全球溫暖化情境,此一動態變化料將持續發展,而且亦 將影響雜草與水稻間的競爭關係。本研究藉由不等栽植期來模擬暖化情境,藉由調查雜草 在不同氣象條件下之生長,探討在溫暖化環境下溫度、日照時數及日射量對水稻田雜草相 之異動。經分析雜草科別數、種別數及密度與氣象變因之關係後發現,雜草數量明顯隨著 累加溫度及日射量的增加而上升(P < 0.05),因此可預期水稻田雜草族群將在高溫及高日射 量下快速繁衍。又發現其中闊葉類雜草較尖葉類雜草適應高溫,推估將有可能成為暖化趨 勢下水稻田的優勢雜草種類,吾人對此雜草種類需要多加注意。經選取雜草種類分布最多 的 2 個栽植期探討不同溫度梯度下之雜草管理,綜合試驗結果建議,一期作立春(SS)栽植 期可於插秧後 7 週前、二期作大暑(MS)栽植期可於插秧後 6 週前進行雜草管理措施,將可 減少雜草干擾對稻株生長的影響。 關鍵詞:溫暖化、水稻田、雜草族群、雜草密度、栽植期。 一、前言 國內慣行兩期稻作由於栽培氣候之明顯不同,使病、蟲、草害的發生存在期作特性 與差異,近年極端天氣所帶來的氣候溫暖化,已使地表平均溫度以每百年約 0.74℃的速 度增加(IPCC 2007),臺灣百年來的升溫幅度更是全球的一倍。除此之外,乾旱、降雨量 減少及地區性強降雨等異常天氣逐年增多(CEPD 2012),伴隨著暖化情境的持續加劇, 將對農業生產造成極大考驗。特別是大宗糧食作物水稻,將可預期發生米質下降,甚至 減產的威脅。除了育成耐性品種外,栽植期的調整亦為稻作栽培因應氣候溫暖化的主要 調適策略之一,以避開可能造成災損的機會(Shannon et al. 2008, Hsiao et al. 2009)。當水 稻生育期往前或往後推移,所涵括的氣象環境及對應的管理操作必有所不同。對於雜草 而言,栽植期的改變除了產生不同的雜草種類及生長表現外,也直接影響雜草與作物之 間的競爭關係。此外,諸如耕犁、種植及肥料施用等栽培措施在時間上的調整,也將會 影響雜草的擴散與分佈(Tungate et al. 2007),因此亦必須配合雜草管理模式的調整以為 因應。有鑑於氣候溫暖化對雜草與稻作間競爭關係的深遠影響,有必要深入瞭解溫暖化 情境下田間雜草相分佈的異動。本研究乃利用每年 10 個栽植期(2009-2012)種植水稻, 調查各栽植期田區發生的草相,並依據插秧至調查日期之間的 3 種不同氣象變因,藉以 釐清氣象因子對草相分佈的影響,以及在適當時期進行管理對雜草相的改變,作為未來 調整雜草管理與評估雜草危害的依據。 154.

(2) 二、材料與方法 本文研究以一期稻作期間之‘立春’節氣(“Lichun” or start of spring;代號 SS)與二期稻作 期間之‘大暑’節氣(“Dashu” or first day of mid-summer;代號 MS)等兩個節氣為栽植中心期, 每年在兩節氣前後 15 天及 30 天實施合計 10 個栽植期。在 2009 至 2012 年之 4 年試驗,調查 與分析不同栽植期之雜草相變動情形。本研究之試驗田區歷年來以種植水稻居多,且於試 驗前一年已採非化學雜草管理,以減低對雜草相干擾。雜草相調查每重複試區平均逢機選 擇 4 個 1 m2 取樣點,調查面積內所有雜草樣本之科別、種別、密度、鮮重及乾重等,並以 平均值為代表值。試驗期間之氣象資料,收集自試區鄰近之農業試驗所一級農業氣象測站 測值,包括日均溫之期間均值(mean value of daily air temperatures of cropping season; MDMAT)、日照時數之期間均值(mean value of daily sunshine hours of cropping season; MDSH)、日射量之期間均值(mean value of daily irradiance of cropping season; MDIR)等 3 個 氣象變因,以及相對應之期間累加值 ADMAT、ADSH 及 ADIR 等,以檢視氣象變因對雜 草相變動趨勢之效應。在雜草相調查後,選用『植物保護手冊』中合適之推薦藥劑,進行 水稻(臺稉 9 號)不同時期的雜草管理,一期作以插秧後第 5 週(5-wk)、第 7 週(7-wk)及第 5 與第 7 週(5+7-wk),二期作則以插秧後第 4 週(4-wk)、第 6 週(6-wk)及第 4 與第 6 週(4+6-wk) 進行雜草管理。 三、結果 整理 2009 年至 2012 年間之每年 10 個栽植期之平均氣象變因,大致上,一期作 5 個栽 植期由低溫往高溫發展,二期作 5 個栽植期則持續相對高溫之趨勢。分析雜草科別及種別 數與 3 種氣象變因之關係,發現雜草分布與平均氣象變因測值(MDMAT、MDSH 及 MDIR) 並不顯著(Fig. 1)。進一步比較累加值之 3 種氣象變因(ADMAT、ADSH 及 ADIR)與雜草科 別、種別之關係,發現雜草科別及種別數有隨著 ADMAT 及 ADIR 增加而呈現逐漸升高趨 勢(Fig. 2)。同樣的趨勢也在雜草密度的分布發現(Fig. 3),顯示對族群變化的影響,仍以累 加值之氣象變因較具顯著差異。由於 ADMAT 與雜草分布間達顯著二次曲線關係,為瞭解 不同雜草種類受到 ADMAR 之影響,乃分析所調查雜草相之闊葉類雜草及尖葉類雜草(含禾 本科及莎草科)兩大類,發現闊葉類雜草數量受 ADMAT 影響而呈現顯著增加,尖葉類雜草 則較不受影響(Fig. 4),當 ADMAT 達 550℃以後,闊葉類的族群分布將逐漸高過尖葉類, 溫度越高則越表現出兩者間的差異。由於栽植期調整所產生的溫度梯度變化對雜草之擴散 有相對影響,為了探討溫暖化造成雜草管理的影響,以雜草科別、種別分布最多之一期作 立春(SS)及二期作大暑(MS)兩栽植期進行雜草管理試驗。由雜草種類,選擇植保手冊推薦 藥劑「2.7%平速爛水分散性油懸劑(penoxsulam)」噴施水稻田,再於水稻 50%抽穗期調查不 同雜草管理對雜草密度與鮮重的變化(Fig. 5)。發現在一期作 SS 栽植期相對冷涼的氣候下, 初期 5-WK 進行雜草管理相較 7-WK 得到較大雜草生長抑制效果,而以 5+7-WK 的 2 次管 理對雜草防除效果較佳。在二期作 MS 栽植期,早期 4-WK 管理可控制雜草往株型小但數 量多的分布,至 6-WK 管理雖可控制雜草密度,惟會產生單株較大的雜草,而二期作的 2 次雜草管理同樣能明顯地降低雜草蔓延。再分析不同雜草管理對稻株的影響(Fig. 6),一期. 155.

(3) 作 SS 栽植期進行 2 次雜草管理對稻株影響不大,與全期除草的對照組無差異,然而僅進行 1 次雜草管理之稻株葉面積(LA)、葉數(LN)及地上部乾重(ADW)易受雜草影響。若於二期 作 MS 栽植期,則發現進行 1 次或 2 次雜草管理,稻株生長相對較不受影響(Fig. 6)。 四、討論 由雜草科別、種別及密度與氣象變因之關係發現,隨著累加溫度的增加而上升。由於 溫度增加有利於多數雜草種子生理代謝與植體生質量的蓄積,因而促進種子萌發及苗株生 長(Tungate et al. 2007),因此溫暖的二期作栽植節氣其雜草數量普遍大於冷涼一期作栽植節 氣。又隨著溫暖化的情境,可預期闊葉類雜草相會是暖化趨勢下構成水稻田主要分布之優 勢種類,尖葉類雜草則可能會因闊葉類雜草的大量蔓延擴展而壓縮其族群發展。同為闊葉. Fig. 1 Changes in mean values of climatic variables to numbers of weed family and weed species in paddy fields recorded in different cropping seasons in 2009-2012. There were ten transplanting dates for each cultivar in each year. SS – 30 d: 30 days before ‘Lichun’; SS – 15 d: 15 days beofore ‘Lichun’; SS: ‘Lichun’; SS + 15 d: 15 days after ‘Lichun’; SS + 30 d: 30 days after ‘Lichun’; MS – 30 d: 30 days before ‘Dashu’; MS – 15 d: 15 days before ‘Dashu’; MS: ‘Dashu’; MS + 15 d: 15 days after ‘Dashu’; and MS + 30 d: 30 days after ‘Dashu’. Lichun (SS) is the first day of spring and Dashu (MS) is the first day of mid-summer, according to the lunar calendar.. 156. Fig. 2 Changes in accumulated values of climatic variables to numbers of weed family and weed species in paddy fields recorded in different cropping seasons in 2009-2012. Others refer to Fig. 1..

(4) 類的圓葉鴨跖草(Commelina benghalensis),被發現當溫度升高時可促進其族群往北蔓延, 成為棘手的強勢雜草(Shannon et al. 2008)。顯見溫度的上升將使適應良好的雜草族群增加 外,亦助長其族群的擴張,未來在不可避免的暖化情境下,須加強留意特定雜草的管理措 施。 藉由兩栽植期(SS 及 MS)所模擬的溫暖化梯度所進行的雜草管理,雖然施行 2 次管理 可相當控制雜草,惟為減輕環境生態負擔及化學除草劑使用,維持低雜草密度仍可獲得適 當水稻生產。其他研究也證實,減低除草劑施用量確實也能有效防除雜草及避免抗性雜草 產生(Kieloch and Domaradzki 2011)。整體言,一期作 SS 栽植期可於插秧後 7 週前、二期作 MS 於插秧後 6 週前來進行雜草管理,將可減少因雜草的干擾而影響稻株生長,此結果可供 建立生態型雜草管理策略與措施之參考。 本研究亦發現栽植期的調整將影響雜草相的變化,因此對於雜草管理的差異亦需在不 同栽植期配套進行,才能收到管理成效。作者未來將持續收集更多資訊以釐清雜草相變動 的可能趨勢,作為日後雜草管理及水田生物多樣性維護等多元用途。. Fig. 3 Changes in accumulated and mean values of climatic variables to weed density in paddy fields recorded in different cropping seasons in 2009-2012. Others refer to Fig. 1.. Fig. 4 Changes in accumulated daily mean air temperature (ADMAT) to weed densities of broadleaf and narrowleaf in paddy fields recorded in different cropping seasons in 2009-2012. Others refer to Fig. 1.. 157.

(5) Fig. 5 Effects of timing and numbers of weeding on weed density and fresh weight in paddy fields recorded in the first and the second cropping seasons of rice in 2011.. Fig. 6 Effects of different weeding treatments on growth traits of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. TK 9) grown in the first and the second cropping seasons in 2011.. 參考文獻 1. 2.. 3.. 4. 5.. 6.. CEPD (Council for Economic Planning and Development). 2012. Adaptation strategy to climate change in Taiwan. CEPD Press. Taipei. 69 pp. Hsiao, C. H., Y. J. Lee, C. M. Yang, and M. H. Lai. 2009. Effects of planting month on rice quality of cultivar TNG 71. Crop Environ. Bionform. 6:220-323. (in Chinese with English abstract) IPCC. 2007. Summary for Policymakers. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007. Cambridge University Press, UK. 996 pp. Kieloch, R. and K. Domaradzki. 2011. The role of the growth stage of weed in their response to reduced herbicide doses. Acta Agrobot. 64: 259-266. Shannon, M. S., M. G. Burton and T. W. Rufity. 2008. Temperature response of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis): implications for geographic range. Weed Sci. 56: 707-713. Tungate, K. D., D. W. Israel, D. M. Watson, and T. W. Rufty. 2007. Potential changes in weed competitiveness in an agroecological system with elevated temperatures. Environ. Exp. Bot. 60:42-49.. 158.

(6) Proceedings of the Symposium on Agricultural Engineering and Automation Project Achievements, 2013. Changes of Population and Density of Weeds and their Management under Mimic Warming Trend Scenario Chiao-Ling Hsiao1, Chewn-Ming Yang2 and Chia-Hsun Ho1 1. Assistant Agronomist, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, COA 2 Senior Agronomist, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, COA Abstract Changes in population and density of weeds in paddy field are influenced by growth environment, as well as climatic conditions and management practices. The dynamic variation of weeds in paddy field will continue under global warming trend and will be affecting their competition with rice. By using different cropping seasons to mimic warming trend scenario, this study was aimed at investigating effects of air temperature, sunshine hour and irradiance on changes in population and density of weeds in paddy field. Results showed that weed density increased with increasing accumulated values of daily mean air temperature and daily irradiance (P < 0.05) so that weeds propagation in paddy field can be expected to be increased under the conditions of warming temperature and high irradiance. Numbers of broadleaf weeds were higher than those of narrowleaf weeds under warming conditions and therefore may become dominant weed species in paddy field that need to be taken into account in the future. By selecting two cropping seasons (SS and MS) that had more weed distribution in the fields for weed management experiments, results indicated that weeding before 7 weeks after transplanting would reduce weed influence on rice growth for the cropping season of ‘Lichun’ (SS), while it was before 6 weeks after transplanting for the cropping season of ‘Dashu’ (MS).. Keywords: Warming trend, Paddy field, Weed population, Weed density, Cropping season.. 159.

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