集水區源頭部基岩面上飽和帶在降水中的時空變動

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(1)ő̼΀ˢųƐ̄ϧƐУʓʆ̀ťɮϕˏƐ͐ ̦Ŭτɕ Department of Forestry and Resource Conservation College of Bioresources and Agriculture. National Taiwan University Master Thesis. вʲĖˏыІŞƼу іĺǏŕРʲ#̑ɧ̹ϊĊ Spatial and Temporal Variations in Subsurface Saturation at the Soil-bedrock Interface during Rainfall Events in a Headwater Catchment μƍˁ Meng-Chun Chan Ȫƫɑȭѫʏ³̼. ĜŬ. Advisor: Dr. Wei-Li Liang. #ΐʰő 104 ǔ 1 ɶ January, 2015.

(2) Û ß ϲÃɦ̦͋Ŭ̸̡τɕѪɱɦƍˁϬƩf̄Ȑͯĥ̖̑̑ЪʪȆȚʇѪ ȓȇϞ ǥъɈȩЛǾѥčț̑ʭ«fѨ ȓȇʏ³̼Ͳǎĥ'͎ɹƚͲǎѪȋŕϲϞ ͶǾВ͵ȬŖȪƫ̡ ̸ѪǥъțŕеF̑Ȅ͢#ѪȢúʑϳǯ̖̑Ŗ̑ϺϞѪȋƪƐΠ̸̡̑˫ Ȃƪ̄ʿ̑ȕǛѪ͜Nț̘̋ų̑ł̎Ѫϋțŕ̸̡̑Ϲ̱#ɷǱų̑ȚЖѪ юɾ̸̡ƛòчùȓȇĪκƃĻЦªаĜŬǟƐοĜŬĥѢνǇĜŬѪ ŕ̐Ȁ#Ȧ̹ȪƫѪ͜Pɿ̸̡Ʀϓ̑ǣψѪϲ͋τɕ΁ɛƔń ȓȇʆκȝ̬ƺ̸̡#Ǿ̑þϣѪųĆĚĈțƩȢʞĖȵ̘Л̸̡ϕ ɗȵ΄Ÿ̑ƞĥ̆ј̀ťѪϋț˧ǲѐ+ȘŖÛĆϷΟ̸̡ ȓȇ̸̡ƛ̑ŲѫƘŽƐƀΝϟѠʊƐƀƮ͓˰ļƈͅɬϻѪ ŕϲz̸̡#ðNɴŰ̑ĆѪsĥЖɼƪț̑Ɉȩѥč΂ǣψѪŏˤɷϲ z̸̡ȟ͹чùƔȚѨ˳øȓȇΝϟѪϲʪɧИĩNŸŰ̑ǑĈѪǶϠ ̙ úNͽǋǱŰĭɊϷ̑ŖɚѪд˨țɳ͝ϗϹȽɅѪ <ŏʦƍˁɱ˺ȏϲʪ Ħς ȓȇƍ̶ɳ˄ƐƂSophie ƐƂƙΊƐƂƈ΋ƐƂƈŠʄњ~ ƚгбǝ͟ȹ˗ΜƐЖѪŕ meeting ĥǓǐ̄ʿ#͜NțǱŰŸǣψȓ ȇЃΕ³ʂȄϦ³ɨ̼#ǆéƍ̶ŰćKazuО˦ƖÅʄ ǚƑĿѪŕȀ̤̑ρʖĺ̸̡̋#ѪюȐȦðѤɧИĚĈțσʉѪǑĈț ˋϹfȞͬ̑͡ɝƈ ŕ̄ʿɚуѪȓȇЄˮˮЄƆƆȵț«Çϖ̑ƴ̀ťѪƨț ̋ȚƏƈ΃˪ѐѪňơŁɭȓȇƛĦχШ~οȣͱųļ¦ɡ49 ЄѦѪŕț̄ʿͩȀȓȍĩȫɧѪ͜Pțİ̳ɈȸĺХѪɷ̚ŸѨ. I.

(3) ȓȇ Ż̭ǎ˭Ѩόʢ Ż̭ǎ˭ѨǥъƍˁЗȊNΰf̄̑̚ƣͯΰ̈́ Ǿ#̳̳̑̌ȎѪϋƍˁǾƒǾƗæǸǷѪɷɫȖĉʱĥªǾуƪ̄Ĺ #̑ʭ«ťȓȇĒĮɌ̯źƣφ̪̑ųƜǝѪç#ƽ΋¦ǢĴƝ h˾̼Í˿ȔЅΏ¦ƕ…͂ŸŰŸŰ̑ǎÏǎƂѪωȩƍˁŕ̭ΟϞ. əЗȊ̢̺ѪЗłȔȌɫȖ̑Ǿừ̓̄ ɴǲѪȓȇˮˮĥƆƆ˧Ǻ;̑їͷțѪʵɷȋƱʵɷțѪȋȉǾ̑ ˪ѐϋțǓƒºǞ̑ЖųѪȵțƒ̷̑ʳƐ̀ťѪϲɦțƔȚ̸̡̑ųĊ ĆȓȇļļτŕƜ#ȜŕĮĒѪЇǱ˪ѐțϲ«ǧǧѪ͜țǱŰ̑ѥč ƍˁю͹ȚˤɷɃ̋̑fѪń̕ƌϺȑǋȑfϑ˸őƜ. ȓȇ źѪϲòŏ̫͵ŕѨ. II.

(4) вʲĖˏыІŞƼу іĺǏŕРʲ#̑ɧ̹ϊĊ ȼ Ψ ʓʆˏывʲĖɦʲɕϊĊɏȓŔ̠̰Ċ̔Ο̑ĖŝѪŞƼу іĺǏ̑ ñǍĺ϶ϳȆ΂ϱˀЋɷǱў̘̑ЛȆþf̸̡#ȪðŞƼу ̑іĺǏɷ̇ ͵ ĺ̇ ͵ Ý̳ɆǩяŜѪ͵іĺǏ̑ɆǩĩŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫȝȳ ûɿ̸̡ϯϹўƟǛήˌвʲĖˏыІŞƼу ƉЬʲũ̑ɧ̹ϊđѪȱζі ĺǏŕРиɼИ̑ɆǩʝǤѪȴˌіĺǏɆǩ̑ʟû̸̡͛ʇё̩ŔūĠǛ åɷǱų̹̑Иϊ̊ѪŞƼуŖǫ̘ϡɛŖ΢уɷǱų̑ϗ|Ѫ˳øŕřу# ʪȴˌřу#ʪƼƶɳĳ ˔Ċş̵ɛřу ʪѪŏʦřу# ʪŞƼ уșϡřу ʪЁ̢̥іĺǏ̑ɧ̹ϊĊѪŕРи̎̄ǲѪФṄřу ʪʶ Ξˑĥǉ½íŖĳ ɆǩѪdɛřу ʪɷ˵̼̑іĺǏ̎̄ĳ ɆǩѪ̋͘ ̵иЋɱųɧѪ řʪ̑іĺǏɵϯϹřу#ʪ̑іĺǏϳϺV̘϶ϳŔū ĠǛɦ&ƫіĺǏ̎̄ÑǲчǗ̑ЊΨŏƈѪіĺǏɆǩ̑&Ψʟûɦʲñś̗ ˖ϯĥʹŞƼуĳ ̰Ċ̑іĺ½ĳˀřу#ʪФіĺǏϡɩ̎̄ѪŰɔˌѤ ŕРи#ɾϻіĺѪȴˌɦřу#ʪŞƼуϡ̢̥ѪʲñɵǯƼƶ#˖˙ѪР řу ʪіĺǏ̑϶ϳȆɿ̸̡ȵðŕȱζˏывʲĖŖ΢ іĺǏ̑ϊĊ ȍǫѪФNŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫŮѪŞƼу̑ʲɕ˳Ȇź̢̥̱Ǜ<ș͔×ͳ Ћ. ЛГƊѫ͍ɣϒ×κќˏывʲĖŖ#іĺǏŔūĠǛŞƼуǩĆγ. III.

(5) Spatial and Temporal Variations in Subsurface Saturation at the Soil-bedrock Interface during Rainfall Events in a Headwater Catchment ABSTRACT A headwater catchment is an area with variable hydrological characteristics and sediment transportation. Many previous studies indicated that stream flow is highly correlated with the distribution and connectivity of the saturated zones at the soil– bedrock interface. Subsurface saturation would expand downslope or upslope during rainfall events, which is controlled by soil depth and bedrock topography. In this study, we measured the pressure head at the soil–bedrock interface with a high resolution during rainfall events to clarify the pattern and mechanism of the expansion of subsurface saturation. The result showed that there are great spatial variations in soil depth, and the bedrock topography is more uneven than surface topography, especially at the middle and the lower parts of the slope. Based on surface and bedrock topography, we presume that shallow landslide occurred at the middle slope and sediment moved from the middle slope toward the lower slope. Consequently, the soil– bedrock interface at the middle and lower parts of the slope could be more broken than that at the upper part of the slope. The subsurface saturation at the upper slope would generate locally and expand downward, and subsurface saturation at the lower slope (i.e., gully) would expand to the middle slope in the early stage during the rainfall events. In the later stage when the rainfall amount increased, subsurface saturation at the upper and lower slopes would be connected at the middle slope. The sequence of the generation of subsurface saturation was much related to soil depth. Infiltration and lateral saturated flow at the soil–bedrock interface are the main mechanisms of the IV.

(6) expansion of subsurface saturation. We presume that subsurface saturation at the middle slope would infiltrate into bedrock layers rapidly, which reduced the connectivity of subsurface saturation between the upper slope and the lower slope. We proposed that the hydrological properties of soil–bedrock interface, such as the fragmentation in the soil–bedrock interface, is an important factor in discussing the spatial and temporal variations in the subsurface saturation in a headwater catchment.. Key Words: cone penetration test, headwater catchment, subsurface saturation, soil depth, soil–bedrock interface, tensiometer. V.

(7) Æ ê νυ ................................................................................................................................... I #ɕȼΨ ........................................................................................................................ III ΍ɕȼΨ ........................................................................................................................ IV ̖Џ ................................................................................................................................ VI œ̖Џ ..........................................................................................................................VIII ΢̖Џ ............................................................................................................................ IX ̀̾þβ .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 ̸̡Ċʟ΂͸ɪ ................................................................................................1 1.2 ŞƼу іĺǏϊĊ˽τ ................................................................................2 1.3 ̸̡̖̑ĥτɕʈʚ ........................................................................................5 ̀U̸̡̾ʀɗ΂ɚʻ .............................................................................................. 7 2.1 κќŖ͍i ........................................................................................................7 2.2 ˻Ŗσʉ ............................................................................................................9 2.2.1 Ŗ΢уŖǫ ............................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 ŔūĠǛĥŞƼуŖǫ ........................................................................ 9 2.3 ˻Ŗήˌ ..........................................................................................................11 2.3.1 РиЋ ...................................................................................................11 2.3.2 Ŕū─ŞƼ`̈у̑ũĆʲы ............................................................11 2.4 ϕɗñʅ ..........................................................................................................13 2.4.1 ɔ±ŖǫʝŜ (digital elevation model, DEM).................................. 13 2.4.2 ɔ±Ŗǫñʅ (digital terrain analysis, DTA) .................................... 13 2.4.3 РиRx .............................................................................................. 15 2.4.4 ũĆʲыɧИ΂̹ИñǍ .................................................................. 15. VI.

(8) ̀̾κќřуŔūĠǛĺŖǫŏƈ˳Ȇ ............................................................ 16 3.1 ŔūĠǛ̹ИñǍŖ΢уĥŞƼуŖǫ ..................................................16 3.2 ŔūĠǛñǍĥŞƼуŖǫ˳Ǽ ..................................................................19 ̀Ō̾ŞƼу ŔūũĆʲыŕРи#̑ħș˳Ȇ ............................................ 22 4.1 ήˌɼИ ..........................................................................................................22 4.2 РиRx#ŞƼу іĺǏ̑Ɇǩ΢˻ ......................................................24 ̀X̾іĺǏŕРиϹ̱#ɧ̹ϊđ̑ʟû ........................................................ 31 5.1 ǬхіĺǏɆǩ̑ŏƈĥʟû ......................................................................31 5.2 РиRx#іĺǏɆǩʝǤ ..........................................................................35 5.3 ɿ̸̡#řуŞƼу іĺǏɆǩ˽τ΂þf̸̡ʮϡ ..........................37 ̀â̾͛τ ................................................................................................................ 39 Ģͳɕ˸ ........................................................................................................................ 41. VII.

(9) _ Æ ê œ 1.1 þf̸̡#іĺǏɆǩ̑²π .......................................................................... 4 œ 1.2 τɕʈʚ .............................................................................................................. 6 œ 2.1 κќŖŖ˽ͭŖǫœĥ˪˱ ...................................................................... 8 œ 2.2 ͍ɣϒ×γ˪˱ĥϒ×МȤ±ś̗ñǍĥŔūĠǛ̩Ȑœ ........................ 10 œ 2.3 DAVIS ÂɖǤиЋ̓ĥ̬ƺκќ#Ǿθͭ̑иЋ̓ .....................................11 œ 2.4 ǩĆγʚϵήˌ̩ͭȐœĥ˻ŖθͭǩĆγ˪˱ ................................ 12 œ 2.5 вˀу̵ĥŖǫŇÍ̩Ȑœ ............................................................................ 14 œ 2.6 D-infinity ʻĥвˀу̵˚͆ʻ̩Ȑœ ............................................................ 15 œ 3.1 ŔūĠǛʡɔñЉœ ........................................................................................ 16 œ 3.2 Ŗ΢уŞƼуŖǫřǛCA ĺ TWI ̹̑ИñǍœ ............................ 18 œ 3.3 ŔūĠǛ΂Ŗ΢уřǛCA ĥ TWI ̑ɒǍœ ............................................ 19 œ 3.4 Ŗ΢уŞƼуŖǫœ̑ʮϡѪ5 ʑ½̹ͣ̑ИñǍĥÿуœ ................. 21 œ 4.1 ήˌɼИɝиЋĥɶиЋɧИñǍœĥ̵͘иЋʡɔñЉœ .................... 22 œ 4.2 ̸̡#ȱζ 11 šРиRx#ŞƼу ũĆʲы̑ɧ̹ϊĊ ...................... 25 œ 4.3 İšРиRx#İˌѤͽРиЗƁϻіĺȝоɧИ .................................... 30 œ 5.1 РиRx 8 ĥ 11 #İɧИѤϻіĺĥɾіĺˌѤŔūĠǛĥŞƼу TWI ̑ñǍ ................................................................................................................ 33 œ 5.2 ŞƼу іĺǏɆǩʝǤ̩̑Ȑœ ................................................................ 36. VIII.

(10) × Æ ê ΢ 4.1 ̸̡#ȱζ 11 šРиRx̵̑͘иЋ .......................................................... 23 ΢ 5.1 ɿ̸̡΂þf̸̡#іĺǏɆǩʝǤʟûĥřŖʑx̑ʮϡ ................ 38. IX.

(11) ÎÍ. 8Ù. 1.1 ÇÊ?±ÕÔ¢ ˏывʲĖ (headwater catchment) ɦɛ͕ʸˏы̑ ɚѪŖǫȚíύ˴ (hollow) ̑вʲĖŝѪĤ̴ˤк͕ˀŝ (zero-order basin) Tsukamoto and Ohta (1988)ƨλĖŝ̑ŖǫʨяˤĔˀŇÍ (convergent slope unit) Ѫʲñɵ̇řуǯ íύΚĔвѪɴ͙Ĕˀ;͕ʸ̑Ñ̿þf̸̡ȪðˏывʲĖɦ«ʲɕ ϊĊɏȓ (Tsuboyama et al., 2000) ŔūĥƼƶ̰Ċ̔Ο (Tsukamoto et al., 1982) ĥїñϸϤ̔Ο̑Ėŝ (Luxmoore et al., 1990) äʲñŕřу̰̑ĊϹ̱ĺʟ ûѪɵǬхʸǇŖ΢ϱˀ̑ˀЋřŖŔѝ̷ƗȆĥŔ̠̰Ċ̑ȍǫѪɍЊΨȆ ƝƮά ЯΔřŖʲɕƐ̸̡̑̎ƵѪιŰ̸̡Ȫðŕˠ˝ŔūϯʲȆřǛϡ Т̑řу ѪŖ΢ ɰиϱˀ (subsurface stormflow) ɦřуŕРи#ʲñ̰Ċ̑ ЊΨϹ̱Ѫ<ɦϑ˸Ŗ΢ϱˀ̑ЊΨʟû (Hewlett and Hibbert, 1967; Kirkby and Chorley, 1967) ŕȱζŖ΢ ɰиϱˀ̸̡̑̋#ѪŞƼу (soil-bedrock interface) ΣΫˤЊ Ψ̑ʲɕñ̈уѪ̇ɛƼƶ̑ƫʲ˳ȆϳǐϡŔūǊѪʲñŕś̗×˖úϻŞƼ уɧѪƝɣŏ×˖ϴ˹ˊͥ͵ŕŞƼу ǫȚіĺǏѪͪ͵ʹŞƼуŖǫ̎̄½ ĳˀĊ ɞɼЛɛŖ΢ ɰиϱˀ̸̡̑Ѫ̎˻ʸǇˀЋ̑ʾǀ΂Ŗ΢ ɰиϱˀ̑ ʾǀ̘ЛѪ̎˻ řʪɷіĺА (saturated wedge) ƋŕѪŕРи#ɷĳ řɆ ǩ̑˻ϏѪϷ͵ȴˌŖ΢ ɰиϱˀЋ΂іĺА̑ɆǩɷЛ (Mosley, 1979; Weyman, 1973) McDonnell (1990) Ȫð×˖̑иʲɵ΂ŔūʲˆıѪǫȚіĺ ǏɯɧʔʤɛŞƼу+ Ѫ͵̋іĺǏИϯϹƫʲȆ̑ϳϺV̘϶ϳѪіĺ ǏɵɆǩĳ řΚ϶ϳѪʲñɵϨϴΥʽ; řʪ 1.

(12) іĺǏŕРи#̑Ɇǩĥ϶ϳȆѪ΂Ŗ΢ ɰиϱˀЋĥʸǇɰиϱˀЋɷ ўǛ̘ЛȆ (Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell, 2006; Uchida et al., 2004) Ѭ˨͵Ѫ ̇ɛіĺǏ̑Ɇǩĥ϶ϳϹ̱ĩŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫƼƶ˳Ȇ͂ŏƈ̑ǬхѪ þf̸̡#ȵðіĺǏɷ̇ řуǯ ĥ̇ řуǯ Ɇǩ̑Ý̳ʝǤ̖þő ØŮưͬ1ŕʓʆвʲĖˏыІϷΟўƟǛŞƼу іĺǏɧ̹ϊĊ̸̡̑Ѫƪ ɛŞƼу іĺǏ̑ɆǩʝǤȮȷ̑ϕδmсǐ̑Ưɍɿ̸̡ɼɺϯϹ̸̡ˏ ывʲĖіĺǏŕРи#̑ɆǩȍǫѪNΰРи#ʲñŕŖ΢ ñǍ̑˳Ȇsĥ ǬхіĺǏɆǩ̑ʟû 1.2 l|òõSà?ÂÞ ˻ŖϷΟŖ΢ іĺǏñǍ΂Ɇǩ̸̡̑#Ѫ&ΨήˌúіĺǏ̑ɆǩʝǤ ɷÝ̳ (œ 1.1) Tsukamoto and Ohta (1988) ŕ«ƠĶūŔĥ̠Ŕ̑к͕ˀŝ #ѪϯϹʲZήˌŖ΢ 20 cm Κʲ̑ϊđNΰіĺǏ̑Ɇǩȍǫλ̸̡͋ #ȵðŕ̵͘иЋϻú 11 mm sþѪЁɾήˌúёΔ̑Ŗ΢ϱˀ ĘȜіĺǏʲ ̑ϊđѪŖ΢ іĺǏ̑͊ŒСŕύǘѪ͵̵̋͘иЋϘϹ 11 – 20 mm ǲѪ іĺǏЗƁǯ řуɆǩ̗;˜̰Ђř (creeping slope) ŕРи͛ʁǲѪіĺǏ ̑˃ϭý΂Ɇǩ̑ɚĳ̘ħѪіĺǏϰ˛ͽ řу˃ϭ;ύǘ Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell (2006) ŕΉǂƼƶ̑Ǔ̗řу̸̡Р иЋĺŖ΢ ϱˀЋ̘̑ЛȆѪ̎˻РиЋ΂Ŗ΢ ϱˀЋИɷЙ±Ƌŕλ ̸̡ϷʧήƢ̎˻ŕ̵͘иЋϡƮ̑Rx̋#ѪÃɷřу ʪ̑ŞƼу ήˌ úіĺǏ̑ƋŕѪ͵ŕ̵͘иЋųɛЙ±̑Rx̋#ѪŞƼу ̑іĺǏȟɆǩ ;řу ʪλ̸̡ȵð̑²πɦ̋Ри̎̄ɧѪɛ řуŔūϡΗ̑Ėŝɵ ÑϻіĺѪ͵ǲіĺʲɵʹŞƼуŖǫ½ĳĳ řуˀĊѪĔˀ;řу#ʪ̻̑ ŖĩúŖǫ̑МЫѪо͂ú̻ŖΣŤ˘ѪіĺʲўϘϹ̻Ŗ̑ŖǫМЫѪіĺʲ Ǐȟɵͪͫǯ řуɆǩ ʋɄіĺǏ̎̄΂ϊĊ̑ȍǫѪsĥŕРи#Ŗ΢ ϱˀĥʸǇˀЋ̑ϊđѪ 2.

(13) ιŰ̸̡#Ȫðʦ͛ʇ΂řу̑ŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫsĥƼƶ̑ƫʲ˳ȆɷЛ Ŕūˤʲñś̗×˖̑ͥΡǏѪɵɯɧËƋ×˖̑ʲñѪFujimoto et al. (2008) ŕˏывʲĖήˌú̵̋͘иЋƮɛ 35 mm sþѪвʲĖ̑ʸǇˀЋŕРи# ɾɷɢё̑ħșѪ͵ŕЈϩĖŝ̑Ǔ̗½ЂřřуѪŕРи#ˀЋɷϡȁϴ̑ħ șѪλ̸̡Ȫðɦ̇ɛˏывʲĖ řуŔūϡĠѪŔū̞ɧИØ͹ËƋϡŰи ʲѪˊͥиʲ̰Ċ;ŞƼу̑ϴǛѪŏ͵ŞƼу іĺǏϡз̎̄ Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell (2006) ĥ Burt and Butcher (1985) ̸̡̑ #̎˻ś̗×˖̑ʲñɵÇÑɛŔūϡΗȜɦŞƼу̻ΚÇÑϻúіĺѪλ̡ ̸ȵð̋Ри̎̄ǲѪřу ʪŔūϡˇ̑ĖŝɵÑϻіĺѪͪ͵½ĳ̰ĊѪ ŏřу#ʪɷ̻ŖѪǿш͂іĺʲñƨ̻ŖŤ˘ǲѪʲўϙϹŖǫ̑МЫѪȟ ɵǯ řΚ϶ϳɆǩѪϑ˸іĺʲˀ;řу ɚ Kosugi et al. (2006) ŕђđΉǂƼƶ̑ˏывʲĖήˌúɷ̘̋ųІz ś̗×˖̑ʲñɵ̇ƼƶΤЬǯ ˖˙ (percolation) ˀŶѪŕλřуήˌúřу ʪіĺǏ˧ɢёǯřу#ʪɆǩ̑˻ϏѪλ̸̡ýȪðŕƼƶ˖˙ϡёΔ̑Ė ŝѪŔūĠǛˤʲñś̗×˖̑ͥΡǏѪϋúϻŞƼу̑ʲñɷÐϛ̑ɧИ˖ ˙;Ƽƶ#Ѫĭ͹ɦŞƼу іĺǏзs̎̄̑ġŏ. 3.

(14) Ǔ̗řуŕ̵͘иЋ̇Ʈúų̑â šРи#ѪŞƼуɷϻіĺ̑Ėŝ (ѣ΅у̵) (Tromp-van Meerveld and. к͕ˀŝŕŇšРи#іĺǏ̑Ɇ ǩȍǫ (Tsukamoto and Ohta, 1988). McDonnell, 2006). іĺǏñǍĥɆǩ̑ʙȃ. іĺǏñǍĥɆǩ̑²π. (Tsukamoto and Ohta, 1988). (Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell, 2006). œ 1.1 ŕк͕ˀŝĥǓ̗řу ήˌúŖ΢ іĺǏŕРиRx#̑Ɇǩȍ ǫѪsĥіĺǏɆǩ̑²π (Tsukamoto and Ohta, 1988; Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell, 2006). 4.

(15) 1.3 ÇÊÆÄNÞª Ŕū─ŞƼ`̈у (ǲ̴͍ŞƼу) іĺǏ̑̅̄ñǍĺɆǩɦЊΨ̑ʲ ɕϹ̱ѪĺϱˀˀЋħșĥŔū̷ƗȆȈȈ̘Л̇þf̸̡#ǵ̝řŖŞƼу. іĺǏŕРи#̑ɆǩʝǤ&ΨɷÝ̳яŜѫ̇вʲĖˏыІύŖĳ ɆǩѪ ȜɦÑŕ řуŔūϡΗȜ̻ΚÑ̎̄іĺæǯ ɚ϶ϳ˨͵ѪʲñŕŖ΢ ̰Ċ̑Ϲ̱ĩúŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫĥƼƶƫʲ˳Ȇ̑ǬхѪŕвʲĖˏы Іĭ͹ĲɧɷÝ̳іĺǏɆǩȍǫ ̖þőØưͬ1ƪřŖŇÍŞƼу іĺǏ̹̑ИñǍĺɧИϊđϷΟ̑ ˻ŖήˌѪɿ̸̡+̖̑ɦNΰвʲĖˏыІ̑řŖŇÍѪŕРиϹ̱#ŞƼу. іĺǏ̑ɆǩʝǤѪϷ͵ȱζіĺǏ̹ИñǍ̑ĊȕϊđĩŖǫŔūŏƈǬ х̑ʟûɿ̸̡+ʈʚźœ 1.2Ѫƨȱζ ϪŁьѫ 1.. вʲĖˏыІ̑Ŗ΢уŞƼуŖǫ΂ŔūĠǛ̹ИñǍ̑˳Ȇ. 2.. ̇РиϹ̱#ŞƼу ɚіĺǏ̎̄̑ÑǲчǗȴˌіĺǏɆǩ̑ʝǤ. 3.. ñʅŔūĠǛŞƼуŖǫƪʲñŕŖ΢ ̰Ċ̑ǬхѪȱζіĺǏɆǩ ĥ̑ʟû. 5.

(16) ÎÍ 8Ù. ÎÍ ÇÊ¸. ÎÍ ÚøhòapE Sc[t½. ÎXÍ l|òapn=¶ô bíñ ÄP½. řуŔūĠǛ̹̑ИñǍĥŖ ΢уŞƼуŖǫ̑Ǌ̊. ŞƼу іĺǏ̹̑ИñǍŕ РиRx#Ɇǩ̑΢˻. ŔūĠǛ΂Ŗ΢уŖǫ̘̑Л Ȇ. іĺǏ̎̄̑ÑǲчǗ. ȴˌŖ΢уĥŞƼуŖǫϗ| ̑ġŏ. ÎÍ õSbíñãÉ ¡ÌàCÄ±2 . іĺǏ̎̄̑ÑǲчǗĺŔūŖǫŏƈИ̘̑ЛȆ. . РиRx#іĺǏɆǩ̑ʝǤĥʟû. . ʮϡɿ̸̡΂þf̸̡#іĺǏɆǩʝǤ̑Ǌ̊. Î,Í ÑÞ. œ 1.2 τɕʈʚ. 6.

(17) ÎÍ. ÇÊ¨Õ¸. 2.1 ÚøcÐ ɿκќŖɛʆʖκќȝ̬ƺ̸̡#ǾØ (œ 2.1a) Ѫ͏Ř˒½ЂřʶΞˑ. ɚ̑ˏывʲĖ (headwater catchment) Ѫу̵͒ 0.16 haѪǜʛˤĒͦ 24o, 45', 42.4"Ѫʃ͝ 121o, 35', 45.2" ̬ƺκќʆΚɛĮˢ̑ʃĒІѪϥĖу̵͒ˤ 1097.9 haѪ˂Ȩiɛ 400 m ; 1400 mѪƸɛ]˫ǏƎђʱ¯ѪÛǔ˓ɭ˟ˠǔǓŗʱ˓ˤ 18.2oCѪǔиЋ ˤ 4125 mm (ŭ̮9Ѣʥ΄Ѫ1999)ÛǔɷиѪèƎ̇ʃĒƎђǏ̑ЎуиѪ РиǪǛϡ ǠɧЖѬŭƎ̇єђǏ̑Рид˨ȩͫɧИ̞Ѫ ɷ̘̋ў̑ РиǪǛѪǏώʷ̑иЋѬɥŭ+ЭýˤʐиƎ͉ѪРиȩͫɔŴѪ ǪǛϡ κќʆĖ+ŖϖˤĮˢ̀͑˛ɘ;#ɘ+@ˑƶ̑ϊϖƼѪŔūяŜ ñˤѢūǄ̵Ŕ̟ϖŔĥеŖŌ«яøѪѢū&ΨñǍɛǓͥ+ƺц̲ͣ фІȜͥř ѬǄ̵ŔñǍɛŖǫϡТƿ̑ƺͺȜƺͻΚѬ̟ϖŔýñǍɛʗТ ƿ̑řŖȜƿŧѪdĭŕʸǖ̎˻κќʆĖØųІñĖŝˤɾ͝fˤ̢Ū̑Ŵ ˨КΓʆѪsʜ̯ʫɖ̯ˤ& (ʆÒˉ͂Ѫ1996) ɿκќŖɛęЗɋвʲĖˏыІ̑řу (œ 2.1a) ѪřĳɻʃěѪ˂Ȩ ўiɛ 730 – 790 mѪǓŗřǛ͒ˤ 35o (7o-60o)ѪŖǫ̘̋Тƿřуį½ˤ̲ ͣѪǯǉ½ў̱ϰ˛РѪřу#ʪǉ½ˤǓĮѪ ʪɷʑʧϺʠϒѪ ʪ ɷÝʑʶΞˑ (gullyѪœ 2.1b) ѪʶΞˑ І̒ήƢúɷ͝ǐȆŖ΢ϱˀѪŏʦ ̡÷ʦκќŖɛˏывʲĖØʆzˤŴ˨КΓʆѪʆ̘ΧеѪųƮŅɽñǍ ä#ѪŖΣʕ˲ΎƟ (œ 2.1b) ̇ɛřǛ̃ТѪŔūȺϸ̆ɟ̔ѪκĖ# ĭΩιŰŔѝǄΒ̑̍ϝѪŖ΢уĥŔѝ#̒ƠĶųƮţ̟ѪŔūƸɛǄ̵Ŕ. 7.

(18) (a). 100 m. ̬ƺκќʆ uÖÒ Uyæ. κќŖ ͏Ř˒ ųʶΞˑ. B A. (b) B. A 5m. hollow. œ 2.1 (a) κќŖŖ˽ͭĥŖǫœѪ(b) κќŖ˪˱Ѫ˪˱ A ̇κќĖǘІ ĳ ΩúƼ̟ƿŧѪ˪˱ B ˤuΫųʶΞˑ. 8.

(19) 2.2 ¿cÜ« 2.2.1 c×òc ˤN˷ǵκќŖ̑Ŗ΢уŖǫϕɗѪɿ̸̡sлƧˌϜÅ (TruPulse 360B, LASER TECHNOLOGY, INC.) ˌЋŖ΢ˌѤ̘̑ƪǜʛʞĖ#ãɷ 471 ˌѤѪ ˌѤŕŖ΢ŗĎñǍѪÝѤИϜ͒ 2 áƲѪīŮɛŖǫϊđȅЀ̑ЩϗȜ íΚѪ ŦćˌѤƟǛѪs΢˻λĖŝ˳ʩ̑ϊđ 2.2.2 apE Nl|òc ̸̡#s͍ɣϒ×κќ (cone penetration test) ˷ǵŔụ̄Ǜś̗ϊđĥŔū ĠǛϕδѪд˨ŰѤǤϒ×κќσʉΉϔųЋfĆѬ ̘ϡɛϔ̆ўɠ+Еȱ ĥΰʅǛϡ+Ŗ˼˲˽ȱˌʻ (ϯŖлϻųŖʮмМпʼȱˌ͂)Ѫù͍̆ ɣϒ×κќ÷əŔūĠǛĥŞƼуͭˤ͝ˡɷɎ+ɚʻѪäɂ͍Ͼ ̆ɛřŖ̀ťσʉɱˤäÇѤ ɕ#ȝ̴+ŞƼуˤù͍̆ɣϒ×κќ÷ə̑Ŕū—Ƽ̟`̈у (soil– bedrock interface) ѪʦŞƼудɾǿˤŖϖ ȝƗͯ̑ɘџʬƼ΢уѪ ĭq΢ ʲɕ̑ñ̈уѪ̋ʲñ˖ϯ;ŞƼу ѪɵŏƼƶ̑Ю̨ˊͥĳ ×˖̑ϴǛѪ ŏʦϡɣŕλĖŝǫȚіĺǏ ͍ɣϒ×γñˤАыϒ×ʎȠɁʎĥЊБ͂І (œ 2.2a) ѪАы̗ǳ ˤ 20 mmѪϒ×ʎ̗ǳ 16 mmѪАί 60°ѪЊБЊЋ 2kgѪΒ ўǛ 50 cm ˌЋɚʻɦƨϒ×γɋͭɛŔū΢уϒ×ʎ΂ЊĆɚĳǓΟѪƨЊБͽ ȠɁыȧĘ 50 cm ;ц̿ǲѪ+ͽ̇Β ȿɁȠɁыѪƨϒ×ʎȠ×ŔūѪη ЏʭʡɁȠǲϒ×ʎ̰̑Ϝж (ϒ×Ћ) ϒ×ɔɄ̑ȶ͆Κ˽ѪsМȤ± Nh (ɁȠʡɔ/10 cm) q΢Ŕụ̄Ǜѫ . (1). Ǥ (1) # N(ʡ) ˤ϶ͫɁȠʡɔѪd(cm) ˤ̘ƪș̑ϒ×ЋѪNh ±q΢ЍƪĲ ŔƶΨϒ× 10 cm ȝо̑ɁȠʡɔѪɔ±ϙųq΢Ŕụ̄Ǜϙў̋ϒ×Аыȿ 9.

(20) ɁúŞƼуɧѪʭʡɁȠ̑ϒ×ЋɵϊǵǱƮѪĢͳþf̸̡+ϒ×МȤ̑͛ʇ (Okimura and Tanaka, 1980; Yoshimatsu et al., 2002) Ѫ̋϶ͫɁȠ 10 ʡ͵ϒ×Ћ ú 1 cm ɧ (ĝ Nh>100) ѪΫˤȲα;ŞƼуѪŏʦɿ̸̡θƗ̋ Ϫȍǫ϶ͫð ˻ʡý͛ʁλѤ̑ˌЋѪ÷ə̀ʡϒ×МȤ Ęɧ̑˅ǛˤŔūĠǛ (œ 2.2b) ϒ×ѤŕʞĖ#ŗĎñǍѪãˌЋ 133 ѤѪʋɄϲ\Ѥ̑Ŗ΢ў̱ĺŔū ĠǛȴŞƼў̱ѪϷ͵ȴŞƼу̑Ŗǫ (a). Аы. ЊБ. 15 cm. ЊБ. ȠɁы. ƫʎ ǠЖ ʎ Еʎ. (b). ŔūĠǛ. œ 2.2 (a) ͍ɣϒ×γ˪˱ѪĐĶАыЕʎǠЖʎЊБƫʎĥЊБѪ(b) ϒ×МȤ± (Nh ±) ś̗ñǍĥŔūĠǛ̩Ȑœ. 10.

(21) 2.3 ¿cØ» 2.3.1 íñé. œ 2.3 DAVIS ÂɖǤиЋ̓ĥ̬ƺκќ#Ǿθͭ̑иЋ̓ ̸̡ɼИ̑иЋϕɗ̇ʈθŕ̬ƺʱϏ̽̑ÂɖǤиЋ̓ (Rain collector, DAVIS INSTRUMENTS) ήˌηЏ (œ 2.3) Ѫ̋РиЋ̵͘ 0.2 mmѪÂɖĝÂ® ʡήˌɧИͽ 201 ǔ 10 ɶ; 2014 ǔ 8 ɶѪɼИͽ 2013/12/12 ; 2014/1/27 ŏиЋ̓ɍЮѪɍȰ̬̆ƺ̸̡#ǾθͭɛʱϏ̽̑иЋ̓ϕɗѪλиЋ̓ʭÂ ®ʡѪ̵͘иЋˤ 0.5 mm 2.3.2 ap─l|ÃòÄn=¶ô κĖ#ϿĨ 60 «ϒ×ˌѤѪİθͭ 1 ɈǩĆγ (œ 2.1a) ѪǩĆγ̇Ч́ы ϶Ȳ pvc ͇;ũĆȓˌŉ (pressure transducer, COPAL ELECTRONICS) ȝ͚Ț (œ 2.4) ѪũĆȓˌŉȓșú̑ũĆ±¿Ϯ;ϕɗ͑Џŉ (CR1000, CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC) ηЏѪηЏɧИИЫˤʭ 5 ñД́ǩĆγЧ́ы̑˅ǛϻúŔ ū─ŞƼ`̈у ɚ (œ 2.4) ѪsήˌŔū─ŞƼ`̈у ɚ̑ŔūŞϖċ͹ (soil matric potential) ѪsũĆʲы (pressure head) ķ˻ ήˌɧƨ pvc ͇ĺЧ́ыØćʲ;ϘϹũĆȓˌŉ̑ўǛѪȓˌŉɵƨȓș ú̑ũĆsмũ̑ǫǤϤðѪϯϹȶ͆Ǥ(2) ĭʳǵŞƼу Ŕū̑ũĆʲыѫ

(22). (2). Ǥ(1) # ˤŞƼу Ŕū̑ũĆʲыѪ ˤyɧИѤȓșŉϤð 11.

(23) ̑мũ±Ѫ ˤȓșŉŕųʱ#Ϥð̑мũ±Ѫ

(24) ˤȓșŉ;Ч́ы ц̿̑ИϜʋɄũĆʲы̑ġ˽Ѫ̋ ɧŔūϻúіĺѪ͵̋ ɧq΢Ŕūɾϻіĺ ũĆ¿ ȓŉ. Ŗ΢у. Ŕū ĠǛ. Ч́ы. L. ŞƼу. œ 2.4 ǩĆγʚϵήˌ̩ͭȐœĥ˻ŖθͭǩĆγ˪˱. 12.

(25) 2.4 á.© 2.4.1 'c®j (digital elevation model, DEM) ɿ̸̡#ķ˻̑Ŗǫœɷ 3 ʹѫ 1. κќŖɓѝ̑Ŗ΢уŖǫѪã 471 «ˌѤ 2. sϒ×Ѥȴ̑Ŗ΢уŖǫѪã 133 «ˌѤ 3. sϒ×Ѥȴ̑ŞƼуŖǫѪã 133 «ˌѤ Ŗǫу̑͠ʌ˴ɔ±ў̱ʝŜ (digital elevation modelѪDEM) ɦƨİˌѤ̑ Ŗ΢уȜŞƼуў̱ѪϯϹ Surfer 10 щθ̑ Kriging ʻǣ̼ѪäȰ̆̑ęϊ̊Í ʝŜ (semi-variogram model) ˤͣȆ (linear) ʝŜɿ̸̡#θƗ DEM ͠ʌ+̹ ИΰʅǛˤ 2 m × 2 m 2.4.2 'c.© (digital terrain analysis, DTA) ɿ̸̡ù̆ŖǫˠǛȪɔ (TWI) ȴŖ΢уĥŞƼуŖǫ+Ĕˀ͹ĆTWI ɦsŖǫϗ|ȴŕ̷Ɨ˴ȕ (steady state) ɧѪŖǫу yĖŝʲˀĔв+͹ Ć (Beven and Kirkby, 1979) Ѫäγ͆Ǥˤѫ . . (3). Ǥ(3) # a(cm) ɦ̖ʛ͠ʌ̑ʮвˀу̵ (specific catchment area) Ѫ̖̇ʛ͠ʌ ̑ řвˀу̵ (upslope contributing area, CAѪŇˤ cm2) Фsλ͠ʌˀðĪ̑ ƥǛ b(cm) Ѫĝ͠ʌƥǛ 200 cm (œ 2.5)Ѭ ɦ̖ʛ͠ʌǯŌĸ̰Ċ̑ɴųř Ǜɿ̸̡Ȱ̆ Tarboton (1997) ȵð̑ D-infinity ʻγ͆ʲñŕŖǫу ̰Ċ̑ řǛˀĳCA ĺ TWI (œ 2.6)γ͆ɚǤs̖ʛ͠ʌ΂ĸŒ͠ʌāñð̑à« ̗ίίǫѪù̆İ͠ʌѤ̑ў̱Ѫ͌Ͽðɴų̑řǛˤ ѪsλřǛ̑ɚ ĳˤʲñɴĭ͹̑ˀĳæsˀĳŕ̗ίίǫ#΂Ý«͠ʌ̑ŷίʮѪ ˤ̖ʛʛ͠ʌǯ ˍU«͠ʌ̑ñЉʮCA ɦ̖ʛ͠ʌ ř̑ͨʲñϑ˸у ̵ѪsϼϫɚǤĳ̖ʛ͠ʌ ˍƩȢȝɷɵˀ×λ͠ʌ̑ϑ˸͠ʌѪɴ͙ƨȝɷ ϑ˸͠ʌ̑у̵3 ϑ˸ǛѪćͨĝɦ̖ʛ͠ʌ̑ CA 13.

(26) CA q΢y͠ʌåɷ̑˜ŕʲñ͜у̵Ѫdĭȴ˜ŕʲñ͜ЋѪ ΃͵βѪтϩ̲ͣ řуȜǺŖǫЩϗ̑Ėŝ CA ɵϡƮѪ͵ŕřͻĥíΚ CA ɵϡų. ý²θĭq΢іĺǏ̑ʲĆʒǛ (Hydraulic gradient) Ѫ̆sȴ. іĺʲǏ̑½ĳˀĊϴǛTWI ƨÝʹ͛ıѪȴϤ×Ћ΂ϤðЋИ̑ʮѪ ̋«Ėŝ̑Ϥ×ЋϽųɛϤðЋѪý TWI ϡўѪё̩ʲñϡƝɣŕϲ«Ėŝ͘ ̵ ɿ ̡ ̸ # İ ͠ ʌ ̑ ř Ǜ CA TWI s Fortran (Compaq Visual Fortran Professional Edition 6.6 C) ξβͽΟɀƤ̱ǤϷΟ˚͆. (b). (a). œ 2.5 вˀу̵ĥŖǫŇÍ̩ȐœѪ(a) ˇ΅ŇÍ̑вˀу̵ˤ˅΅у̵ć. ˇ΅у̵Ѭ(b) ˇ΅ŇÍɋųœѪb ˤŇ͂ўͣЖѪ ĝɦ (Montgomery and Dietrich, 1994). 14.

(27) (a). (b). œ 2.6 (a) ƨ͠ʌ#ǾѤ̘϶Țà«ίǫѪsȝɷίǫ#řǛɴųʹʴƗ ˀĳѪɴųřǛĝ (Tarboton, 1997)Ѭ(b) γ͆вˀу̵̩ȐœѪ̖ ʛ͠ʌ (ɴ˅΅) ǯ ƶˤЪϑ˸͠ʌ (ʡ˅΅)Ѫæǯ ˤUЪϑ ˸͠ʌ (ɴˇ΅)ǉ ίɔƊˤ͠ʌу̵Ѫ͈ыɜˤˀ×ʮѪǉ ίˤϑ˸Ǜƨϑ˸Ǜ΂͠ʌу̵̘3ćͨĝˤ̖ʛ͠ʌ̑вˀу̵. 2.4.3 íñ$ ̸̡#РиRx̑ñĀs϶ͫ 12 ƮɧɾРиˤŞːѪ̋ 10 ñДРиЋųɛ Ȝ͂ɛ 0.2 mmѪΫˤРиRx̑З̿ѪʭšРиRxĐĶРиɼИĺРи·ʤǲ ϶ͫ 12 ƮɧɾРиɼИ 2.4.4 n=¶ô¡ìÕÌì.~ ũĆʲыɧ̹ϊĊ̑ñʅ#Ѫŕñʅ̑РиRxɼИѪsʭ 10 ñД̑ИЫѪ ƨ 60 «ˌѤˌǵŞƼу ũĆʲы̑ɔ±Ѫs Surfer 10 щθ̑ Kriging ʻȴ͆ ɓ«κќŖ#ŞƼу ũĆʲы̹̑ИñǍѪäȰ̆̑ęϊ̊ÍʝŜ (semi-variogram model) ˤͣȆ (linear) ʝŜѪγ͆İˌѤͽРиЗƁϻіĺȝ оɧИѪήƢũĆʲы̹ИñǍЯɧИ̑ϊđĥіĺǏ̎̄̑ÑǲчǗѪNΰі ĺǏ̑ϊĊʝǤ ˤN̜ΰіĺǏɆǩ̑ʟûѪϯϹРиRx#ĲɧИѤѪіĺˌѤŔūĠ ǛĥŞƼу TWI И̑ñǍѪNΰіĺǏ̑̎̄Ɇǩ΂ŔūĠǛĥŞƼуŖǫ̑ ̘ЛȆ 15.

(28) ÎÍ. ÚøhòapE Sc[t½. 3.1 apE Ìì.~c×òNl|òc œ 3.1 ķ˻κќŖ#ŔūĠǛ̑ʡɔñЉѪsϒ×κќˌǵŔūĠǛ̑͊Œ iɛ 0.5 – 5.1 mѪǓŗˤ 2.3 mѪʛːǊˤ 1.2 mѪåɷ̘̋ų̑ϊ̊ŔūĠǛ ̹̑ИñǍźœ 3.2ѪĭΩŔūĠǛųɛ 4 m ̑Ėŝ&ΨñǍɛřу#ʪѪ͵ř у ʪ̲ͣПϩĥřу ʪųʶΞˑ̑ŔūĠǛýϡˇѪŰiɛ 1 – 3 m +ИѪ ĭΩŔūĠǛåɷǱų̹̑Иϊ̊ ù̆ϒ×ˌǵŔūĠǛ̑͊Œ΂(ʆÒˉ͂Ѫ1996) ŕ̬ƺσʉŔūÿуǵú ŔūĠǛ̑͛ʇɷǱų̑Ǌ̊Ѫλ̸̡#ˌǵŔū̑˅Ǜ̒Ʈɛ 1 mȴˌϵȚ ʦǊ̊̑ġŏѪșˤɿκќŖŔ̠̰Ċ̔ΟѪ΢ƶŔūˤǄ̵Ŕş̵ĖŝѪŏʦ ŔūĠǛϡĠ. œ 3.1 ŔūĠǛʡɔñЉœ. 16.

(29) œ 3.2 ķ˻sϒ×Ѥȴ̑Ŗ΢уĥŞƼуŖǫœѪsĥä̘ș̑řǛCA ĺ TWI ̹ИñǍœ̇ɛŔūĠǛåɷǱў̹̑Иϊ̊ѪŖ΢уĺŞƼуŖǫ̑ ϗ|<ɷ̘̋ų̑Ǌ̊Ѫ˳øɦŕřу#ʪĥ ʪĖŝŖ΢уŖǫтϩřу. ʪ̲ͣ̑řǛɴˤТƿѪǯ řΚřǛ˛ͥѪŕřу#ʪǓĮĖŝɴˤǓŚѪǓ Į ɚȲͫΔϗ|ϡƮ̲̑ͣŞƼуŖǫŕтϩ̲ͣΚdɴТƿѪ ŕřу# ʪɷǕ«íύŖǫƋŕѪ͵ŕŖ΢уˤǓĮ̑ǏѪŞƼу̃;ɷЩϗʮϡ Ŗ΢уŖǫ΂ŞƼуŖǫѪĭΩŞƼуŖǫŕřу#ʪĺ ʪ̑ϗ|ϡŖ΢уΧ еιŰ Ŗ΢уŖǫĺŞƼуŖǫϗ|̑Ǌ̊ѪϵȚ TWI ̹ИñǍ̑Ǌ̊τɦŖ ΢уȜŞƼуѪTWI ųɛ 12 ̑ĖŝñǍɛųʶΞˑǏĥųʶΞˑ ɚǓŚ̑Ė ŝѪĭΩųʶΞˑǏ CA ɦ&ƫŏƈѪĝ řвʲу̵ϡųѪŕųʶΞˑs. ̑ĖŝýsřǛɦ&ƫŏƈŖ΢уĔˀ͹Ćϡų̑ĖŝñǍɛųʶΞˑĺǓĮѪ ͵ŞƼуĔˀ͹Ćϡų̑ĖŝýñǍɛųʶΞˑĥřу#ʪíύ̑ǘІǓŚĖ. 17.

(30) Ŗ΢у. ŞƼу. (m). Ŕū ĠǛ. (Ǜ). řǛ. (m2). CA. TWI. œ 3.2 Ŗ΢уŞƼуŖǫřǛCA ĺ TWI ̹̑ИñǍœ. 18.

(31) 3.2 apE .~Nl|òc½ œ 3.3 ķ˻ŔūĠǛ΂Ŗ΢уřǛCA ĥ TWI И̘̑ЛȆѪĭΩúŔūĠ Ǜτ΂Ľ«Ŗ΢уŖǫ̑ȪɔЇ˧ёΔ̘ЛѪŕœ 3.1 #ё̩ŔūĠǛ̹̑И ñǍ˧ɢёϚċѪπɢŕʦƮƲǛ̑řу Ѫзsù̆Ŗ΢уŖǫȴŔūĠ Ǜ̹̑ИñǍ ŔūĠǛ̹̑ИñǍзs̆Ŗ΢уŖǫȴѪ΂ŞƼуŖǫ̑ϗ|ɷЛœ 3.4 ķ˻řу XʑˌͣŖ΢уŞƼуŖǫĥŔūĠǛ̑ÿуœѪĭsΩúĝ Ŗ΢у̑ϗ|ųѪ ̇ɛŞƼуϗ|̃ųѪźŕˌͣ 34 řу#ʪĺ ʪЇɷ ϻ 2 m ̑ЩϗѪ͵ŕäљˌͣЇĭΩƳІ̑ЩϗѪŕ˧ʻ̧ƗŞƼуŖǫϗ|̑ Ϛċ ѪŔūĠǛɦзsȴ̑. œ 3.3 ŔūĠǛ΂Ŗ΢уřǛCA ĥ TWI ̑ɒǍœ. 19.

(32) ŕήƢŞƼуŖǫϗ|̑˳ȆǲѪ̎˻ŕřу#ʪĺ ʪ̑ϗ|˳øă˥ (œ 3.4a ŞƼуΘ΅Λʍ͊Œ) ѪŕΘ΅Λʍ ʪŞƼуŖǫˤʶΞˑѪ ʪý ɦǱɢё̑ЩϗŖǫѪ̇ 5 ʑˌͣÿуήƢŞƼуŖǫĥŔūĠǛѪĭΩˌͣ 3 4 ̑#ʪĥ ʪ̒ɷɢё̑ЩϗѪȴˌ ʪ̑Щϗͽɛ#ʪ̑Ƽƶĳ Ṵ̌˔ ĊѪɛ ʪş̵̑͛ʇѪ͵#ʪ̑Щϗĭ͹ɦŏ ɚ˔ĊǲɈȾˊƯѪŏʦ< ̎̄ΪʝϡƮ̑˔Ċ͵ŕäљˌͣ̑# ʪdɷϡƮ̑ϗ|Ѫĭ͹ɦɓ«Ƽ ѝ˔ĊɧѪĸŒƼƶ<ĩúǒɇѪƫͿƼƶ̢̥̘̑ϡ+ Ѫřу ʪŞƼу ̑ϗ|ϡƮѪäƼƶĩɇĊ̑˴ʺșϡ# řʪЁϢǺ ϯϹ˻ŖήƢŖϐ˳ǼѪŕœ 3.4 ̑ A ΚˤǓĮѪäřǛ̘̋Ʈ(œ 3.2)Ѫ ĭ͹ɦŞƼуŕʦΚ̑ЩϗѪƪŔѝ̑ɈȾȆϡўѪŏʦŖ΢у̖þЁ͹͟ȩǓ ͥ̑˴ȕ͵ŕ B ΚdˤǓĮѪĭήƢúŕä ̿ˤў 2 m ̑ΒǊѪ̇ŞƼ у̑Ŗǫ<ё˻Ĳʞ̑ϗ|ѪȴˌʦΚĭ͹ɦ̇ɛƼƶ˔ĊǫȚ̑˔Βǁřу ̑ C ΚɛũĆʲыήˌ͊Œ̑ ɚѪĭΩúўǛϻ 4 m ̑ΦрƼŧѪπɢɓ« řу̑ ɚƪƼƶ̑ɈȾĆɦǱƮ̑Ѫřу ʪ̑Ƽƶĭ͹ŏʦÑ̎̄˔ĊѪϷ ͵řу#ʪ<ɷϡƮΪʝ̑˔ĊѪ͵řу ʪýŏϜжϡϽѪŏʦ̎̄˔Ċ̑˻ Ϗưɢё ʋɄ ϪŞƼуŖǫϗ|̑ȴτѪĭƨŞƼу̑˳Ȇõʧñˤřу ʪĥř у# ʪÝІñ (źœ 3.4 #͓΅Λ̩ͣȐ) ȴˌŕřу# ʪƼƶ̑ɇĊ ϡųѪŞƼуϡˤ̢̥Ѫ͵řу ʪɇĊϡƮѪŞƼуϡ̢̥͵ŞƼу̢̑ ̥̱ǛѪĭ͹ɦǬхʲñ̰Ċ̑ŏƈѪŏʦŕɿ̸̡#ŞƼу іĺǏ̑ɧ̹ϊ Ċ#Ѫ<ƨ͔×ͳЋ ̇ɛŔūĠǛĺŞƼуŖǫЇɦǬхʲñ̰ĊĺñǍ̑ЊΨŏƈѪ͵ɿ̸̡ ͛ʇё̩ŔūĠǛ̹̑ИñǍĺŞƼуŖǫϗ|̒зṡŖ΢уŖǫȴѪπɢ ŔūĠǛȜŞƼуŖǫ̑σʉƪɛǣ̼řŖŔūƼƶϕδ̑ЊΨȆ. 20.

(33) (a). (b). . . . . . . . . . hò. Q. . . . . . œ 3.4 (a) Ŗ΢уĥŞƼуŖǫœ̑ʮϡѪsĥ 5 ʑˌ̹ͣ̑ИñǍѪŞƼу. Θ΅Λʍˤřу#ʪ̑íˑĥ ʪ̑Щϗ͊ŒѪ͓΅ΛͣƨřуĖ ñˤ ʪĥ# ʪ(b) 5 ʑ½ͣŖ΢уĥŞƼуÿуœѪsĥ˻Ŗ ŖǫήƢ̑˪˱. 21.

(34) ÎXÍ. l|òapn=¶ôbíñ ÄP½. 4.1 Ø»£ì (a)

(35) . (b). œ 4.1 (a) ͽ 2012 ǔ 10 ɶ; 2014 ǔ 8 ɶИ̑ɝиЋĥɶиЋɧИñǍœѪœ #͞΅Ėŝˤ 60 ɈǩĆγήˌɼИ(b) РиRx̵͘иЋʡɔñЉ œ РиЋ̑ήˌͽ 2012/10/17 ; 2014/9/1Ѫœ 4.1a ķ˻ήˌɼИØɝиЋĺɶ иЋ̑ɧИϊđʋɄϩÝǔ̑ήˌϕɗѪĭΩ̬ƺŖĖРиɶz&ΨñǍɛ 1 ɶ4-12 ɶѪä# 4-6 ɶРʲˤ˕̉ЎǏ̑ʐиѪŇɝРив#ɛ̞ɧИØѪ РиǪǛў (5-10 mm/hr) Ѭ7-10 ɶРʲ&ΨͽɛєђѪ2013 ǔ 7 ɶ̑ΙĆ єђ8 ɶ̑˞ͮєђǞΆєђ9 ɶ̑ŴÔєђ10 ɶ̑Α˳єђѪsĥ 2014 ǔ 7 ɶ̑ѡǽžєђѪ̒Ǐųɛ 150 mm ̵̑͘иЋѪä#ΙĆєђɱŕÝɝ Øĝɷ 300 mm ̵̑͘РиѬ11-1 ɶРʲͽɛʃĒƎђ̑ЎуиѪд˨РиǪ ǛϡƮ (<5 mm/hr) Ѫ ŇɝРиɧИЖѪŇɶРиɝɔŰ 22.

(36) ŞƼу ƉЬʲũͽ 2013/12/2 ; 2014/9/1 ̇ 60 ɈǩĆγήˌѪʋɄ϶ͫ 12 ƮɧɾРиĖñРиRxѪŕήˌɧʪØ̵͘иЋųɛ 1 mm ̑РиRxãɷ 78 šѪœ 4.1b ˤäʡɔñЉœɿ̸̡#ϿĨä# 11 šРиЋĲ̑РиRx (΢ 4.1) ѪȱζŕРиõƁРи#ŞƼу іĺǏ̹ИñǍ̑ɧИϊđѪȱ ζіĺǏɧ̹ϊĊ̑ʝǤ. ΢ 4.1 ̸̡#ȱζ 11 šРиRx̵̑͘иЋ ̵͘иЋ. Rx. ɧИ. 1. 2014/04/22-04/23. 1.2. 2 3 4. 2014/08/31-09/01 2014/02/26-03/01 2014/03/20-03/21. 3.6 6.8 9.0. 5 6 7. 2014/03/31-03/31 2014/08/02-08/04 2014/04/23-04/24. 12.2 14.2 20.2. 8 9 10 11. 2014/02/03-02/06 2014/08/13-08/14 2013/12/13-12/16 2014/07/21-07/24. 42.8 62.6 149.3 231.0. 23. (mm).

(37) 4.2 íñ$ l|òõSÄ×¿ œ 4.2 #ã 11 šРиRxѪ̵͘иЋ̇ƮúųȯôѪķ˻ŕРиϹ̱ #ũĆʲы̹ИñǍЯɧИ̑ϊđ ŕİšРиRxõƁɧɼ (0 min) ѪĭήƢúǌɷіĺǏƋŕѪä&Ψ ɛųʶΞˑ ĺʞĖǉ½ŞƼу ̑íŖĝŕ 11 šРиRx#РиõƁɴ@ ˬ̑Rx 8 #ѪіĺǏ˨ƋŕѪ ӳ̵̘ŖƮ͵ŕРиõƁϡˤ˟ˠ̑ä pǕšRx̋#ѪτɦųʶΞˑȜǉ½íŖПϩ̑іĺǏñǍу̵̒ϡųѪ̃ ; řу̑ĖŝdƋŕкɤ̑іĺǏ ήƢŇšРиRx#іĺǏ̑ɧ̹ϊđѪŕRx 1 ú 4 ̋# (ɴų̵͘и Ћˤ 9.0 mm) ѪіĺǏ̒ʵɷɆǩ̑ȍǫ͵ŕRx 5 ú 11 ̋# (̵͘иЋiɛ 12.2 – 231.0 mm) ѪіĺǏЯΔ̵͘иЋŦćɷɆǩ̑ȍǫ ŕRx 5 ĥ 6 ̋#ѪĭΩú̵̋͘иЋϻ 12.2 mm sǲѪŕřу ʪЗƁɷ ɢё̑іĺǏ̎̄ѪŕųʶΞˑĥǉ½íŖ̑іĺǏЇϰ˛ǯ řɆǩ ŕRx 7 ĥ 8 ̋#Ѫ̵̋͘иЋñøϻ 20.2 mm ĺ 42.8 mm ǲѪіĺǏÑñ øŕʶΞˑǉ½íŖĳ ɆǩѪsĥŕřу ʪ̎̄ĺɆǩѪϷ͵řу ʪϰ ˛ĳ ɆǩѪĺųʶΞˑИ̑іĺǏV̘ś̗϶ϳ ŕRx 9 ú 11 š̵͘иЋ̒ϘϹ 60 mm ̑Rx̋#ѪФNþϪȵĥіĺ Ǐ̑ɆǩϹ̱Ѫ̵̋͘иЋɱųɧѪіĺǏɱϷʧɆǩ;ɓ«į½̲ͣĥǉ½. řуɓ«ʞĖ#ɛ řуĥ řуųʶΞˑĺǉ½íŖ̑іĺǏѪϯϹř у#ʪ\іĺϳϺV̘϶ϳѪǫȚіĺǏ̑϶ϳ͠͵ŕРи·ʤ 12 ƮɧǲѪ ĭΩŕřу#ʪ̑іĺǏǌ˃ϭ;іĺѪ řуіĺǏǮʦñж ƨ 11 šРиRxıŕϗήƢѪĭ̙ðĝРиRx̎̄ŕĲɶzРи ŜȕĲѪ іĺǏŕРиɼИ̹ИñǍ̑ϊđϹ̱ğėñ̘Ѫπɢŕřу. іĺǏ̑Ɇǩɷ˳Ɨ̑ʝǤ. 24.

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(45). !! " . . . . . œ 4.2 ̸̡#ȱζ 11 šРиRx#РиЋɧИñǍĥŞƼу ũĆʲы̑ɧ ̹ϊĊũĆʲы̹ИñǍœ#ѩˤǩĆγѪ͂ўͣё̩ŞƼуŖǫ 25.

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(52). . "

(53). . .

(54) . . . œ 4.2 (ͫ 1). 26. !! " . . !! " . . . . . . !! " . # .

(55) . . . . " . . # . . .

(56) . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . .

(57) . . . . . . . . . . . . # . !! " . . !! " . . . .

(58) . . . . " . . .

(59) . . œ 4.2 (ͫ 2) 27. . . . !! " . # .

(60). . . .

(61) . . " . . .

(62) . . . . . . . .

(63) . . . . . . . # . . !! " . . . .

(64). . . . " . . .

(65) . . . . œ 4.2 (ͫ 3) 28. . . . . . . !! " . # .

(66) œ 4.3 ķ˻İšРиRx̋#Ѫ60 ɈǩĆγͽРиЗƁ;іĺȝо̑ɧИ ŕRx 1 ; 4 ̋#ѪÃɷƯɔˌѤŕРи+#̇іĺϻúіĺșɦ̵͘иЋ ŵƮѪĩúŔūËʲ͹Ć̑ͥΡѪʲñзs͜;ŞƼу̑ͤɍ ̇Rx 5 ; 8 #Ѫĭs̙ðŕРиɼИѪіĺǏ̎̄̑ÑǲчǗѪõɼɦ ɛųʶΞˑǉ½íŖĥřу̑ ʪѪЯǲřу ʪ̑іĺǏϰ˛ĳ ɆǩѪ͵ řу ʪіĺǏĳ ɆǩѪÝĖŝ̑іĺǏǯ#ʪɆǩ϶͛ ŕRx 9 ; 11 #ѪРиõɼіĺǏ̑ɆǩчǗźþϪRxѪ͵̵̋͘иЋɱ ųѪϡŰřу#ʪĥ̲ͣ̑ˌѤϻúіĺѪё̩λĖŝŕРи#ϡзϻúіĺ īɚуѪƱɓšРи#Їɾϻіĺ̑ˌѤñǍ͵βѪĝɦŕ̵͘иЋϡ ų̑Rx 9 – 11Ѫm˨ɷ 10 «s ̑ˌѤɾϻіĺѪäñǍ&Ψɛřу#ʪ ĥ ʪ͵řу#ʪϻіĺ̑ˌѤФNϡɩϻúіĺѪŕРи͛ʁǲ 12 «ƮɧѪ Űɔ̑ˌѤdÇÑ̇іĺ˃ϭˤіĺѪřу ʪ̑іĺǏǮʦ̘϶ϳ. 29.

(67) œ 4.3 İšРиRx#İˌѤͽРиЗƁϻіĺȝоɧИ. 30.

(68) ÎÍ. õSbíñãÉ ¡ÌàCÄ±2. 5.1 óõSÄ[tN±2 ̇іĺǏŕРи#̑ɆǩĺɉͧȍǫѪțĭΩúіĺǏ̑ɆǩɷĲɧ̇ řǯ ĥ̇ řǯ ̑Ϲ̱ (œ 4.2) Ѫŏʦŕɿ̾#ϷʧȱζіĺǏɆǩĥ϶ ϳ̑ʟû œ 5.1 ķ˻ŕRx 8 ĥRx 11 #ѪЯΔРиЋŦć̑ĲɧʪѪϻіĺˌѤ ̑ŔūĠǛĥŞƼу TWI ñǍѪʭ«ɧИИЫ#Їɷ͒ 10 «ˌѤ̇іĺϻú іĺ ŕ̵͘иЋˤ 42.8 mm ̑Rx 8 #ѪРиþĝіĺ̑ˌѤŞƼу TWI ̘ƪϡ ўѪ͵΂ŔūĠǛИ̘̑ЛȆϡѪ&ΨñǍɛřу̑ ʪ (œ 5.1) Ѫ͝ǐȆі ĺǏ̑ƋŕșĩŖǫͭ̑ǬхϡųРи̎̄ǲѪĭΩúіĺˌѤ̎̄̑Ñǲ чǗѪ&ΨɦǶŔūĠǛ< 2 m ̑ˌѤЗƁ (0 - 2560 min) ѪЯΔ̵͘иЋŦųѪ ЯǲŔūĠǛ> 2 m ŞƼу TWI ϡų> 11 ̑ˌѤϰ˛ϻúіĺ (2060 - 2560 min) ŕиЋϡųϻ 231 mm ̑Rx 11 #ѪРиõɼϻіĺˌѤŔūĠǛĺŞƼу TWI ̑˳Ȇ΂Rx 8 ̘ (0 - 1290 min) Ѫ͵̵̋͘иЋɱųɧ (1290 – 2260 min) ѪФNІñŔūĠǛ> 2 m ŞƼу TWI > 11 ̑ĖŝŕʦɧɼȟϻіĺѪī ŮŔūĠǛ> 2 m ŞƼу TWI < 11 ̑Ėŝ<ŕʦɧɼϰ˛ϻúіĺ РиþѪřу ʪųʶΞˑĥǉ½íŖɷ͝ǐȆіĺǏ̑ƋŕѪ̇ɛ̋ɧ ʵɷРиś̗Υʽĥͽ řуіĺ½ĳˀ̑ΥʽѪȴˌλĖŝіĺǏ̑ʲñ ͽɛƼƶŖ ʲŎʨˀ (return flow) ̑Υʽ іĺǏ̑Ɇǩŕõɼ&Ψ̎̄ɛřу ʪsĥƯɔřу#ʪŔūĠǛϡ Η̑ĖŝѪ΂ŞƼу TWI ̑Лϡ (œ 5.1) Ѫё̩ś̗×˖ŕʦɧɼ#ȡ˚Њ Ψ̑ί΅ŕиЋϻ 231 mm ̑Rx 11 #ѪЯΔ̵͘иЋŦć (1290 – 1740 min) Ѫ 31.

(69) ŕřу#ʪІñŔūĠǛ> 2 m ŞƼу TWI> 11 ̑Ėŝϰ˛ϻúіĺä#̇ řу ʪǯ Ɇǩ̑ІñѪɚуĭ͹ɦͽɛś̗×˖̑ʲñϡɩȥϻŞƼуѪ dɷĭ͹ɦͽɛřу ʪіĺǏʲñʹŞƼу̑½ĳΥʽѪŕʦɧɼʲñ̑½ ĳ̰Ċϰ˛ёǵЊΨѬ͵̇řу ʪǯ Ɇǩ̑ІñѪд˨ͬ1ͽ ɚіĺ½ ĳˀ̑ΥʽѪ ĭ͹ͽɛʲñś̗×˖ĥŎʨˀʲ̑ ĘѪіĺǏϰ˛ĳ. Ɇǩϡɩϻіĺ̑ˌѤ (1290 - 2260 min) ѪІzñǍɛ̲ͣŞƼу TWI< 11 ͵ŔūĠǛ> 2 m ̑ĖŝѪȴˌäͬ1ͽ ɚřуʲñ̑½ĳ͜Ѫäϻіĺ ʟû&Ψͽɛś̗×˖̑ʲñ ĝŕ̵͘иЋɴų̑Rx 11 #Ѫmɷ͒ 1/4 ̑ˌѤŕɓšRx#Їɾϻú іĺѪä#ɷІñˌѤɦŔūĠǛϡΗ (< 2 m) ȜŞƼу TWI ϡў̑Ėŝ (>12) ѪήƢäñǍ&Ψɛřу#ʪĝɷͽɛřу ʪіĺǏ̑Ɇ ǩѪřу#ʪmɣǫȚіĺǏѪё̩ɷäpŏ͖ǵλĖŝϡзȜϡɩϻúі ĺ řу#ʪˌѤϡзϻúіĺѪȴˌ΂ŞƼу̢̥̱̑ǛɷЛϯϹήƢŞƼ уŖǫϗ|̑ȍǫĺŖ΢у̑Ŗϐ˳ǼѪȴˌřу#ʪ̑Ƽƶĭ͹ĳ ˔Ċ;ř у ʪ̑˻Ϗ (3.2 ͉)ѪÝʪ̑ŞƼуϡˤ̢̥ѪǵʲñϡƝɣ˖˙ (percolation) ;Ƽƶ#Ѫŏʦřу#ʪϡзsϻúіĺ͵ŕřу ʪѪд˨ŞƼу<ϡˤ̢ ̥Ѫ ĭ͹ɷͽɛƼƶ#Ŗ ʲ̑ŎʨˀѪŏʦĝŕРиþmɷȩͫ̑іĺ ǏƋŕѪŕРи#ФNʲñś̗×˖ΥʽŮѪdɷĭ͹ͽɛŎʨˀʲϊĊȝ Ϳ͵řу ʪƼƶ̑ɇĊϡƯѪŞƼуϡ̢̥Ѫɦϡˤ΄Ÿ̑ʲɕñ̈уѪ ŏʦŕРиϹ̱#řу ʪŞƼу͹ϡɞϻúіĺ. 32.

(70) œ 5.1 РиRx 8 ĥ 11 #ѪİɧИѤϻіĺĥɾіĺˌѤŔūĠǛĥŞƼу TWI ̑ñǍ (ǉ)Ѫsĥ̹ИñǍœ (į)Ѫ̹ИñǍœĐĶŔūĠǛ (ǘ ΅) ĥŞƼу͂ўͣ. 33.

(71) œ 5.1 ͫ 34.

(72) 5.2 íñ$ õS® œ 5.2 ɦʋɄРиRx#ήˌúіĺǏ̑ɧ̹ϊđѪȴˌɿ̸̡řŖŕРи #іĺǏ̑ɆǩʝǤѪõʧĭñˤ«Ъʪ I ŕРиõƁѪřу ʪ̑ʶΞˑĺǉ½íŖǌ͝ɷіĺǏƋŕ II ̵̋͘иЋϰ˛ŦćѪіĺǏЗƁɷɆǩ̑ȍǫѪФṄřу ʪġɿǌƋ ŕ̑іĺǏĳ řуĥ½ĳɆǩѪŕřу ʪ<ɷ˵̼ɛřу ʪ̑іĺǏ ǫȚѪĳ řуɆǩ IIIŕ řуіĺǏɆǩ̑Ϲ̱#Ѫřу#ʪ̑ІñĖŝɵǫȚіĺǏ̑ϳϺѪ ϶͛ ʪřу̑іĺǏ͵ĝŕ̵͘иЋɴų̑Rx#Ѫřу#ʪmɷ ІñĖŝŕɓšРи#ɾϻіĺѪřу ʪіĺǏ̑϶ϳȆϡǊ. ʋɄіĺǏɆǩ̑ʝǤѪțĭƨřу͏ñˤ # ʪѪñøζτİʪ іĺǏɆǩ̑˳Ȇĥʟû. ʪѫŕРиõɼѪŔūĠǛϡΗ̑Ėŝĩиʲś̗ΥʽѪϨϴϻúіĺѪЯΔ ̵͘иЋŦćѪіĺǏϰ˛ĳ ɆǩѪФNʲñś̗×˖̑ΥʽŮѪdɷ ͽіĺ½ĳˀ̰̑Ċŕ̲ͣŔūĠǛϡĠ̑ĖŝѪ̇ɛͬ1ͽ ř уʲñ̑½ĳΥʽѪϻіĺ̑ɧИŕɓ«řу ɦ̘ƪϡɩ̑λĖŝі ĺǏФNϨϴ̎̄ŮѪŕɓšРи#Ǖ.ȝɷˌѤ̒ϻіĺѪŞƼуϡ ̢̥ѪŞƼуșɦ΄Ÿ̑ʲɕñ̈уѪŏʦúϻŞƼу̑ʲñϡɣǯƼ ƶ#˖˙ˀŶ #ʪѫřу#ʪŕРи#ɦ«řʪ#ϡɩϻúіĺ̑ĖŝѪŰɔˤŔūĠǛ ϡĠ ŞƼу TWI ϡų̑ĖŝѪФNͽś̗×˖̑ʲñѪdɷͽřу. ʪʹŞƼу½ĳ̑͜ʲñФNϡɩϻіĺŮѪĝŕ̵͘Риϻ 200 mm s ̑РиRx̋#Ѫ̘ϡɛřу ʪĥ ʪѪɷϡŰˌѤŕɓšР и#ЇɾϻіĺѪȴˌɦ̇ɛřу#ʪˤƼƶ ˔̑ĖŝѪƼƶĩɇĊϡ 35.

(73) ŰѪŞƼуϡˤ̢̥Ѫś̗×˖;ŞƼуȜ̇ řʪʹŞƼуɆǩ ;řу#ʪ̑іĺǏʲñϡƝɣǯƼƶ#ś̗˖˙ѪŏʦіĺǏϡзǫ Ț ʪѫĝŕʪɼИʵРиřŖϡˤ@ˬ̑˴ȕѪŕРиõƁɧřу ʪų ʶΞˑĥřуǉ½̑íŖmɷіĺǏƋŕѪȴˌλĖŝșɷ̷Ɨ̑ʲñ ͜ˏѪșɦͽƼƶ#Ŗ ʲŎʨˀ (return flow) ̑ΥʽРиõɼ řу ʪіĺǏÇÑ̎̄̑Ėŝ&ΨɛŔūϡˇ̑ĖŝѪĩś̗×˖ʲ ñΥʽ̑ǬхϡųѪ͵іĺǏ̇ ǯ Ɇǩ̑Ϲ̱Ѫͬ1řу ʪіĺ½ ĳˀ̑ΥʽѪФNʲñś̗×˖ŮѪdɷĭ͹ͽŎʨˀіĺʲу Ę̑ Ǭх. œ 5.2 ŞƼу іĺǏɆǩʝǤ̩̑ȐœѪΘ΅Ėŝ΢̩іĺǏѪ͓΅Ėŝ ΢̩ɓšРи#ɾϻіĺѪ͓΅ƣͣs ΢̩řу ʪѪŞƼуϡƔ ɓѪƣͣs ΢̩řу# ʪѪŞƼуϡ̢̥. 36.

(74) 5.3 ¥ÇÊ hòl|òõSÂÞÕ8ÇÊ´â ɿ̸̡ϯϹ˻ŖήƢŞƼу іĺǏŕРиϹ̱#̑ϊĊȍǫѪȵðĭƨř уñˤ # ʪѪñøɷĲ̑іĺǏɆǩ˳ȆĥʟûŕРиɼИіĺǏ ̑ɆǩɚĳФṄřу ʪʶΞˑǯ řΚɆǩ̑ȍǫѪĲɧdɛřу ʪ̎̄ ǲĳ řΚɆǩѪ͵řу#ʪýȡ˚϶ϳřу ʪіĺǏ̑ϳϺѪϻіĺɧИ ϡɩіĺǏ̑у̵ϡƮ ɿ̸̡#ɛřу ʪ̑іĺǏ̇ųʶΞˑΚĳ Ɇǩ̑͛ʇѪяɛ Tsukamoto and Ohta (1988) ŕ«к͕ˀŝ#ήˌúŖ΢ 20 cm Κіĺʲ̑ ɆǩȍǫѪλ̸̡͋#ȪðŖ΢ ̑іĺǏŕРи+þѪĬƋŕɛк͕ˀŝ ř ʪ̑ʶΞˑ (hollow)ѪЯΔ̵͘иЋŦćѪŖ΢ іĺǏɵ̇ʶΞˑĳřу#ʪ Ɇǩλ̸̡ȵðäɆǩʟû&Ψˏͽɛřу#ʪs ½ĳˀȜ͇ˀ (pipe flow) ̑ΥʽѪ£Ϸřу ʪіĺǏ̑Ɇǩ͵ŕɿ̸̡#ȴˌ̇ɛ# řʪŞƼу ϡ̢̥Ѫřу#ʪϡзϻúіĺĥȵіĺ½ĳʲˀ;řу ʪѪɍřу ʪі ĺǏ̑ɆǩѪ&ΨͽɛиʲŕŔū#̑ś̗×˖ѪsĥƼƶ#Ŗ ʲǯŔū̑ Ŏʨˀ řу ʪŕРиõɼĝЯΔРиϨϴϻúіĺѪ͵ǲіĺǏϰ˛ĳřу#ʪ ϶ϳѪʦϹ̱΂ Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell (2006) ŕǓ̗řуήˌú іĺǏ̑϶ϳϹ̱̘ɿ̸̡#ήƢúіĺǏ̎̄̑чǗ̧ƣ΂ŔūĠǛɷЛѪ Ŕūϡˇ̑ˌѤɵϡŔū˅̑ˌѤɞϻúіĺѪЯǲɷіĺ½ĳˀ̑̎̄іĺ Ǐĳ řɆǩ͵Ĳɛλ̸̡#ȵðіĺǏ̑ɆǩоÑŤ˘ řу̻̑ŖǲѪ ȟɵĳ řу϶ϳѪɿ̸̡#ɾήˌúʦ˻ϏѪřу#ʪŕɰиRx#mɷІñ ĖŝɾϻіĺѪȴˌɦ̇ɛřу#ʪŞƼуϡ̢̥Ѫτś̗×˖;ŞƼу̑ʲ ñȜʹŞƼу̰Ċ̑іĺ½ĳˀѪƝɣ̇ŞƼуǯƼƶ#˖˙ѪɍФNŞƼуŖ ǫŮѪŞƼу̢̥̱̑Ǜĭ͹ɦǬхіĺǏɆǩ΂ñǍ̑ЊΨŏƈ ɿ̸̡&ǩŕРиϹ̱#Ѫɓ«řу̑ŔūЇșɷś̗×˖̎̄ѪΌͳȗ 37.

(75) Ŕū̊ϖȆǬхʲñś̗×˖̑ϴ˹ѪŞƼу ŏś̗×˖ǏіĺǏ̎̄̑Ñ ǲчǗș΂ŔūĠǛɷЛ˨͵ѪΌƼƶŏ˔Ċ͵̢̥Ѫś̗×˖;ŞƼуȜʹ ŞƼуŖǫ½ĳ̰Ċ̑ʲˀѪƝɣĳ ˖˙;Ƽƶ#Ѫ͵ǵλĖŝіĺǏɣ ǫȚŏʦѪřу # ʪіĺǏɆǩĥɉͧ̑˳ȆѪФNĩŔūĠǛŞ ƼуŖǫĔˀ͹Ć̑ȳûŮѪŞƼу̢̥̱̑Ǜdĭ͹ɦǱЊΨ̑&ƫŏƈ. ΢ 5.1 ɿ̸̡΂þf̸̡#іĺǏɆǩʝǤʟûĥřŖʑx̑ʮϡ Tsukamoto and Ohta (1988). Tromp-van Meerveld and McDonnell (2006). ɿ̸̡. ̇řу ʪʶΞˑ Ри#і řу ʪÑϻіĺ ̇řу ʪʶΞˑ ĳ Ɇǩ΂řу. ĺǏɆǩ ǲæǯ ř϶ϳɆ ĳ Ɇǩ ʪ̎̄ǲĳ Ɇ ʝǤ ǩ ǩѪŕřу#ʪ϶ϳ řу ʪŔūϡˇ ̑ĖŝÑϻіĺѪ½ ͽɛřу ʪś ĳǯ ̰Ċ;ŞƼ іĺǏɆ ̗ × ˖ ʲ ñ ǫ Ț ½ у̻ΚѪǰіĺʲ ǩʟû ĳˀȜ͇ˀǲĳ ўϘϹŖǫМЫǲ řуΥʽ ȟɵæĳ řу϶ ϳ. řŖʑx. ŞƼуŖǫϗ|ϡ ŞƼуŖǫʵɷŵ ųѪ ŞƼуϡƔ ųϗ| ɓѪʲñзsĳ ˖ ˙. 38. ʪѫʲñś̗×˖ ĥіĺ½ĳˀ #ʪѫřу ʪі ĺǏɆǩ;#ʪѪ ŞƼуŖǫ̢̥Ѫϡ ɩϡзϻіĺ ʪѫʲñś̗×˖ ĥŎʨˀΥʽ ŞƼуŖǫϗ|ϡ ųѪƼƶɷ˔Ċ˻ ϏѪŞƼуϡ̢̥ʲ ñƝɣĳ ˖˙.

(76) Î,Í. ÑÞ. ɿ̸̡ɛ̬ƺŖĖˏывʲĖ̑řуѪσʉŔūĠǛ̹̑ИñǍȴˌŞ ƼуŖǫѪήˌŞƼу іĺǏŕРи#̑ɧ̹ϊĊȍǫѪȝǵ͛τź ѫ 1. κќŖŔūĠǛåɷǱų̹̑Иϊ̊ѪŔūĠǛ̑͊Œiɛ 0.5 – 5.1 m +ИѪ ŕřу ʪ̲ͣПϩĥ ʪʶΞˑПϩ̑ŔūĠǛϡΗѪ͵ŔūĠǛϡĠ̑Ė ŝ&Ψɛřу#ʪŔūĠǛ̹̑Иϊ̊ϵȚŖ΢уĺŞƼуŖǫϗ|ɷǱ ų̑Ǌ̊ѪŞƼуŖǫ̑ϗ|̘̋̑ųѪȴˌŕřу#ʪĥ ʪɳɷƼƶ˔Ċ ̑˻Ϗ̎̄̇ɛŔūĠǛ̹̑ИñǍĺŞƼуŖǫ̑ϗ|зsǶŖ΢уŖǫ ̙ðѪÝʹƪɛʲñŕŖ΢ ̰̑ĊЇɷǱЊΨ̑ǬхĆѪǣψŔūĠǛĺ ŞƼуŖǫ̑σʉɦǣʚřŖ̀ťϕδЊΨ̑ǈ 2. РиϹ̱#ήˌúŞƼу іĺǏ̑̎̄ĺɆǩ̑ȍǫѪŕ̵͘иЋĲ̑R x̋#ɷ̘ϩ̑ϚċŕРиõƁѪĝʪɧИʵɷРиѪ řʪmɷіĺ Ǐ̑Ƌŕ̋Риõɼ̵͘иЋϡƮɧѪіĺǏÇÑɛřу ʪųʶΞˑĥǉ ½íŖĳ řȜ½ĳɆǩѪĲɧdɛ řʪɷ˵̼ɛ ɚ̑іĺǏ̎̄Ѫǯ řΚɆǩ̵̋͘иЋɱųɧѪřу#ʪɵǫȚ϶͛ řʪіĺǏ̑іĺ ϳϺѪ˨͵ʦϳϺ̑у̵řу#ʪ̑ʮϡƮѪřу#ʪɷϡŰˌѤŕɓš Ри#ɾϻіĺѪřу ʪіĺǏ̑϶ϳȆϡǊ 3. ñʅŞƼу іĺǏ̎̄ÑǲчǗĺŔūĠǛĥŞƼуŖǫИ̘̑ЛȆѪ̎˻ ŔūĠǛɦǬхіĺǏ̎̄чǗ̑ЊΨŏƈѪŕРиõɼŔūϡˇ̑ˌѤÇÑ ϻúіĺѪЯΔ̵͘иЋŦćѪŔūϡĠ̑ˌѤϰ˛ϻіĺŕ̵͘иЋŦć ̑Ϲ̱Ѫdĭήˌúřу ʪіĺǏĳ Ɇǩ̑˻ϏŞƼуіĺǏ̑̎̄΂ ɆǩʟûѪŕРиõɼѪ&Ψͽɛʲñś̗×˖̑ΥʽѪ̋řу ʪІñˌ ѤϻіĺǲѪȲͫɷʹŞƼу½ĳ̰Ċ̑іĺ½ĳˀіĺǏĳ Ɇǩ 4. řу#ʪŕɰиRx#mɷІñˌѤɾϻіĺѪȴˌřу# ʪĭ͹ˤƼƶ 39.

(77) ˔Ċ̔Ο̑ĖŝѪŞƼуϡˤ̢̥Ѫɍτɦś̗×˖;ŞƼу̑ʲñȜɦʹ ŞƼу½ĳ̰Ċ̑іĺʲˀѪƝɣɛřу#ʪ˖˙;Ƽƶ#Ѫřу#ʪŞƼ у зsϻúіĺ ɿ̸̡ķ˻ŕ̬ƺˏывʲĖ˻ŖήˌŞƼу іĺǏɧ̹ϊĊ̑õʧȚʇѪ τɦ̀ťŏƈіĺǏɆǩ̑˻Ϗĥʟû̑ȱζѪЇ±ǵɾϷʧ̑ñʅ΂ ќφ̀ťŏƈɚуѪĭȱζϒ×ȱˌŔūĠǛĥŔūñƶ̑ĭтȆѪЌˉ͍ ɣϒ×κќŕĮˢˏывʲĖˌǵŔū─ŞƼ`̈у+˳ȆіĺǏɆǩ˻Ϗɚ уѪРиRx#іĺǏɆǩ΂ĵѪĺ̵͘иЋИ.ɷЙ±ƋŕѪ͵іĺǏу ̵̑ųƮĥϊđѪĭ͹΂ͼþРиЋРиǪǛĥǠɧɷЛŕʲñ̰Ċĥі ĺǏɆǩʟûɚуѪʲñś̗̰Ċ̑ʟûѪĭϯϹŦćś̗ɚĳǩĆγ̑θͭѪ NΰŞƼу іĺǏ̑ʲñɦˏͽɛ×˖ŎʨˀȜɦіĺ½ĳˀ̑ΥʽѪϷ ʧ̜ΰŕРи̑ĲЪʪѪİʲñ̰ĊϞǳȡ˚̑ί΅ĥЊΨȆ. 40.

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