繪本教學在師資培育上的應用--以「班級經營」為例

ඒߛઔߒႃע

รնԼᙀรԫཚʳ 2004 ڣ 3 ִʳ ଄ 205-234

ᛲҏఀᏰӵৱၥஉىΰޟᔖҢ!

оȶੲ઻ငᕊȷ࣏ٽ

̴ ʽ ࢂ ဢ ! ࡌ

ءઔߒਢ៶طඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒΔ൶ߒᢄءڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱᚨشΔઔߒ೶ፖृ

ਢ 90 ۯଥᓰऱՕᖂسΖאᔆࢤઔߒऱᇷற։ֱ࣫ऄΔ։࣫ᖂسऱᖂ฾ᖵ࿓ᚾூΕ ཚأ۞ݺေၦΕཚأەࡉཚأം࠴ᓳ਷Ζઔߒ࿇෼ڕՀΚ(ԫ)Օᖂس໛ᦟᔹᦰᢄ ءΔ׊ൕᢄءᛧ൓֨ᨋऱګ९Ι(Բ)Օᖂسઌॾᢄءױאᚥܗהଚޓᛵᇞॹ֟ڣ ऱუऄፖტ࠹Ι(Կ)ᢄءψ༅ඒ࣍ᑗωऱ௽ᔆΔࠌՕᖂس౨ജ࿇۞փ֨ऱ൷࠹஼

խࢬᤖ៲ऱሐ෻ፖᨠ࢚Ι(؄)ຘመᢄءᔹᦰΔՕᖂس्ࡳᢄءऱඒߛᏝଖΙ(ն) ᢄءඒᖂऱு֨ਢΔڇ۞طا׌ऱᖂ฾௛ࣷխΔאၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ֧ᖄᖂس৸ەΔ৬ ዌڍցᨠរΔຘመ໌რऱᖂ฾੒೯ΔᏺၞᢄءᔹᦰऱᑗᔊፖඒߛᏝଖΙ(ք)ψඒ ᖂኔᔌω໏࣍ψ෻ᓵඒᖄωΔᢄءᔹᦰऱංᐖΔஃᇷഛߛृᅝאߪ܂ঞΔ࣍ᓰ࿓խ ᨋ੒ሎشᢄءၞ۩ඒᖂ੒೯Ζ

ᜢᗖຒǺᛤҁ௲Ꮲǵৣၗ୻ػǵബཀ௲Ꮲ

ЦίॴǴ୯ҥᄆϯৣጄεᏢ௲ػࣴز܌ୋ௲௤

ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]

׫ዺВයǺ2003 ԃ 7 Д 30 ВǹঅुВයǺ2003 ԃ 11 Д 14 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2004 ԃ 1 Д 9 В

Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2004, Vol. 50 No. 1 pp. 205-234

Using Picture Books to Teach Prospective Teachers How to Manage their Classrooms

Chien-Hsing Wang A b s t r a c t

This study explores the use of picture books to teach prospective teachers the necessary classroom management skills. In Taiwan’s National Changhua University of Education, 90 students who were enrolled in a classroom management course partici- pated in this qualitative action research. The data collected include students’ portfolios, self-evaluations, final examinations and questionnaires. The researcher has found that:

(1) education students like to read picture books and feel they can gain greater spiritual maturity from them; (2) students believe that picture books may help them to better understand adolescents’ perspectives and feelings; (3) teaching with picture books is very effective as a form of “teaching without preaching,” so that students accept what they read from the bottom of their heart; (4) students affirm the educational value of pictures; (5) this teaching strategy guides students to be more open in their thinking and questioning, to construct multiple perspectives in a free and democratic climate, to gain pleasure as well as educational value from reading picture books; (6) practical learning is more effective than theoretical explanation.

Keywords: teaching with picture books, teacher education, creative teaching

Chien-Hsing Wang, Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Education, National Changhua University of Education

E-mail: [email protected]

Manuscript received: Jul. 30, 2003; Modified: Nov. 14, 2003; Accepted: Jan. 9, 2004

ಥăቡ! ੓

ʙăዿز०ሑ᜞प๼!

2002ڣ 6 ִॣᔹᦰᏥ෎৯ΰ2002αࢬထ௸ᒣᦰ஼ᄎΔรԫڻ࿇෼ᢄءऱ׌ᠲ ਢڕڼऱ᠆༄Δഄڂᇠ஼ႛ༉ᢄء׌ᠲտฯΔࢬאኙᢄءऱփ୲ፖ௽ᔆࢬवԼ։

ڶૻΖ6 ִࢍΔקՂਈ๶ڇ՛ᖂࣚ೭ऱړ֖॑ᥞΔᓵ֗ᢄءऱᚨشΔڔՕԺං៺

ࠀ։ࠆ۞աᚨشᢄءऱඒᖂᆖ᧭Δڇڔ୮ᔹᦰᖑࣄຍءᢄءΔᜳᜳऱԫء஼Δথ ᤖܶထ෡֊ऱԳᎾյ೯ୃᖂΔᤛ೯ݺ֨෡๠Μტ೯հᕉΔլᆃᜤუࠩᅝվऱषᄎ ႖ွΔࠡխॹ֟ڣحᆞ۩੡ֲఛྲྀᎩ١੮Δ੷۟औᄰԳࢤΙᖂسլࣚඒஃጥඒᑟ

ؚඒஃګ႞ΙீႼᑊԺΕஎᚕΕ೬౉ࠃٙ᙮ႚΔ֘ਠנॹ֟ڣऱԳᎾյ೯נԱᣤ ૹऱംᠲΔᏝଖᨠᔡࠩᣤૹऱށڴΖ֨խቅழೂመԫଡ࢚ᙰΚψ੡չᏖլشᢄءඒ ᖄॹ֟ڣΛຍլإਢהଚᏁ૞ऱႯΛڇ࿍࿍ऱ֮ڗࡉس೯ऱቹ྽խΔᤖܶԳسऱ

ୃ෻ΔথԾශྤᎅඒऱრ࠺Δኙ࣍ڇቹቝ׈੺९ՕΔቧ༞ګԳᎅඒऱॹ֟ڣΔᚨ ᇠਢ່ࠋऱඒޗΖڕ࣠խᖂඒஃ౨ജࠌشᢄءඒᖄהଚऱᖂسΔࢨ๺ױאᇞެຝ

։ఄ్ᆖᛜऱംᠲΔޏ࿳ஃسᣂএΖω

ʠăဂ஬଀ࣱьମ՘ʹ!

Ԯִխႚࠐءீԫۯኔ฾ඒஃᗈ੥۞වߪՋऱᕰ౛Δᙊ஼।ق۞աړีუٖ

ஒΖݺ༣۰ԱΔፖຍଡ৘՗ਢڇψሽᆰፖඒᖂωᓰ࿓խ࿨ᒴΔឈႛਢԫ॰ᓰΔ܀

ஃسൣᓩࠀآڂᓰ࿓ऱ࿨ޔۖึַΔຍ৘՗ೝۖᄎࡉݺ։ࠆהऱԳسހᖗࡉ۞ݺ ཚ๺ΔሁՂೝྥઌሖՈ᜔լݱၲԫՀ۔ஃऱनూΖྫಖ൓່৵ԫڻኙᇩਢڇքִ

ՀڲΔהܫव੡ԱՖ֖ޓޏኔ฾ᖂீΔ঄ؼऱᇩ፿ΔྫߢڇۘΔԫរՈ઎լנڶ

۞වऱႜٻΔ੡۶ຶڇ࿍࿍ऱࠟԿਣཚհ৵ΔᙇᖗڽՋຍය९ఠհሁΛ

࿀֨հᕉΔլᆃ֘ઊ۞աऱඒᖂΔݺࠩࢍ࿯ԱᖂسչᏖΛຍࠄ؆।ګᑵऱՕ ᖂسᅝխΔڍ֟Գਢڂ੡࡚׀ئհࡎࢨழႨࢬሓۖଥඒߛᖂ։ΔኔᎾՂ۞աࠀլ

෎ᄑ۞աऱԳسֱٻΛࢨ๺הଚ֨խኙ࣍۞ݺΕسࡎΕ෻უΞΞսڶᓯڍऱಮ൨Δ ڇ֮ᖇ۟ՂऱषᄎᏝଖᨠխΔᦰՕᖂႛਢ੡Ա߷ԫ്ᜳᜳऱ֮ᖇΔྥۖΔ૿ኙᆖ

ᛎլན௛ΔՕᖂ֮ᖇբլ٦ਢՠ܂ऱঅᢞழΔהଚኙ۞աऱছຜტࠩ౵ྥΔהଚ ቝॹ֟ڣԫᑌᏁބࠩ᥆࣍הଚऱኄუፖسࡎऱנՑΖߪ੡ஃᇷഛߛृऱݺΔԾ౨

੡הଚ೚ࠄչᏖΛ

ʭă౔Ꮊ˃ደΡ

ΡּʨڟĶॲ঻༄ᑊķ!

२ڣࠐΔఄ్ᆖᛜംᠲԫऴਢॣٚඒஃऱኄᨑΔඒஃऱఄ్ᆖᛜ౨Ժޓਢٺ

ீᆤٚඒஃऱૹ૞ەၦΔڂڼψఄ్ᆖᛜωਢᇷஃഛߛᓰ࿓խΔඒߛֱऄᖂऱᑷ

॰ᖂઝΖ༉෻ᓵۖߢΔψఄ్ᆖᛜωਢඒஃຘመઝᖂऱΕԳࢤ֏ऱֱऄ଺ঞΔ๠෻

ఄ్խऱԳΕࠃΕढΔ྇֟ᖂسऱೣ஁۩੡Δ༼ࠎᖂسบࡉΕس೯੒ᑣऱᖂ฾௛

ࣷΔࠌඒஃ౨ך։࿇ཀඒᖂऱய࣠Δ༼ࣙᖂسऱᖂ฾ګயΔআၞᖂسԳ௑إٻ࿇

୶ΰᓐݳڒΔ1995αΖ

༉ଡԳൕࠃඒߛՠ܂ڍڣऱኔ೭૿ۖߢΔψఄ్ᆖᛜωᚨਢԫጟᢌ๬Δ໺ഗ࣍

ኙسࡎऱ༇ૹΔഛᕆᖂسຘመ෻ࢤऱ৸ەፖ۞ݺൣፃጥ෻ሒࠩ۞৳ΔאআၞԳᎾ յ೯ऱࡉᘫΖڶயऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωᨃஃسڇࠡࢬ٥ٵᛜທᄵᤲ༭ஙऱᖂ฾௛ࣷፖ ᛩቼխΔࠆ࠹ᖂ฾ऱᑗᔊΔየߩԳᣊፖسଟࠐऱᖂ฾ྐඨΔ࠰ܗଡԳڇቸ᧯խބ

ࠩ۞աऱࡳۯΕ൷౏۞ݺΔၞۖᛧ൓۞ݺኔ෼ΖངߢհΔψఄ్ᆖᛜωਢԫጟᢌ๬Δ Ꮑ૞ඒஃऱ໌ທԺࠐᛜທΖ

ڕ࣠ႛലψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱ෻ᓵΔאᝑ૪ऱֱڤܧ෼Δլႛྤऄ֧ದᖂسऱᘋ ᔊΔྤऄᚥܗᖂس෻ᇞψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱጲళፖᢌ๬Δޓլ౨෡Եᖂسऱسࡎᖵ࿓Δ ፖהଚԫದ༈ޣኄუΔ༈ބسࡎऱנՑΖଣૉ۞ա౨ജڇඒᖂխψאߪ܂ঞωΔᨋ

੒ሎشψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱ෻ᓵΔᨃ۞աګ੡੒ඒޗຘመ໌რऱඒᖂፖڍցऱై

ޗ֧ದᖂسऱᖂ฾೯ᖲΔൎ֏ஃسऱյ೯Δሎشႜᦫऱݾ؏Δאץ୲ፖ൷౏ऱኪ ৫Δቔᚐᖂسᎅנ۞աऱუऄΔ៶طኙᇩ֧ᖄᖂس৸ەΔഛᕆᖂسޅܒ৸ەऱ౨ ԺΖઌॾڇᆖᖵຍᑌऱੑ៖հ৵Δᖂسኙψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱ෻ᓵᄎڶޓ෡ऱᏆஔΔ سࡎՈ൓אᛧ൓ګ९Ζ

ᆖመ෡֊ऱ۞ݺઊ৸Δ෡ᤚψఄ్ᆖᛜωᚨᇠ၀२ՕᖂسऱسࡎᏁޣΔ࿯ղ

1! ҁЎύ܌ࡰޑεᏢғ஑ࡰঅಞ௲ػᏢϩޑᏢғǶ

הଚڇפܓषᄎխֲዬ௣ຓऱԳ֮ైᕆΔ܂੡سࡎ࿇୶ऱഗفΖڕ࣠ݦᕧآࠐऱ ඒஃΔ౨ജאᢄء੡ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱܓᕴΔ֧ᖄॹ֟ڣ۞ݺ൶౉Ε༇ૹسࡎΕᣂ

֨षᄎΔሒࠩছ૪ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱؾᑑΔஃᇷഛߛृᚨᇠ٣֧ᖄଥ฾ඒߛᖂ࿓ऱ ՕᖂسၞԵᢄءऱ᠆༄׈੺ΔᨃᢄءᚥܗהଚބࠩسࡎऱנՑΔࠌהଚऱسࡎᛧ

൓٤Գऱ࿇୶ΔࠠໂߩജऱԺၦΖڼ؆Δ៶طᘣߪᆖᖵᢄءඒᖂऱᦅԺΔൎ֏ה ଚֲ࣍৵ऱඒᖂխሎشᢄء࠰ܗॹ֟ڣऱ೯ᖲፖ౨ԺΖڂڼΔݺެࡳאᢄء੡ඒ ޗΔቫᇢലຝ։԰ڣԫ຃ऱքՕᤜᠲᘜԵψఄ్ᆖᛜωΔᨃψఄ్ᆖᛜωլ٦׽ਢ ൎᓳψᑻᡕωፖψ൳ࠫωऱ෻ᓵࢤᖂઝΔۖਢඔ૭سࡎཕᐝΔ༼ࣙ֨ᨋԺၦΔ۞

ܗܗԳऱ٤ԳඒߛᖂઝΖ

Ͳă˃ደΡ˚૶Όኧ᜞ᗲΏ!

ឈྥΔאᢄء܂੡ψఄ్ᆖᛜωඒޗऱ֨რբެΔྥۖΔ֨խսլ܍ڶࢬጊ ᐞΔฅຶՕڍᑇԳ֨խኙᢄءऱࠥࣨٱွΚᢄءਢ࿯՛৘՗઎ऱ࿙஼Ζቔܬᢄء ᔹᦰऱᖂृଚԫ٦ൎᓳΔᢄءਢ۔֟ভࡵऱ֮ᖂ܂঴ΔګԳൕᢄءࢬᛧ൓ऱტ೯ ፖየߩΔ࿪ኙլࠅ࣍ࠝ࿙ΙګԳൕᢄءࢬᛧ൓ऱඔ࿇ΔڂထګԳ᠆༄ऱس੒ᆖ᧭Δ ല၌׏ଡԳࢬ౨უቝΔղԳრ؆հ໛ΰࣥᅈኦΔ1998Ι࣪ࡺऴΔ1996ΙঀટੳΔ 1997Ιພ஑༡Δ1999ΙຫफୠΔn.d.ΙᘸߐભΔ1999ΙBloem, n.d.; Henry & Simpson, 2001; Hurst, 1997; Smallwood, 1991, 1992; Young, n.d.αΖྥۖΔഏփᣂ࣍ᢄءඒᖂΕ ᇭᤩࡉᦰृ֨ᨋګ९ऱઔߒፖංᐖΔ๕լאࠝ࿙ࢨؔࠝ੡ኙွΰܦිੳΔ2001Ι ޕഛርΔ2002Ιࡌ࿫ड़Δ2001ΙࣥຳହΔ1993ΙࣥඕࡵΔ1999Ιࣥጜ՟Δ2002Ι

೏ߐܩΔ2002ΙஊࡱੳΔ2001Δ2003Ιౖ᥀ጽΔ1998Ι႓ᣝହΔ1999ΙᏥભੳΔ 2002ΙᏥ૔๙Δ1998ΙᏥ൩ܩΔ2001αΖངߢհΔഏփធڶאՕᖂسࢨګԳ੡ኙွ

ऱᢄءઔߒΖڕ࣠૞ڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓խΔಾኙՕᖂسኔਜᢄءඒᖂΔਢܡᄎ ڂ੡ኙᢄءऱࠥࣨٱွۖඈ؞Δທګᔞ൓ࠡ֘ऱ࿨࣠ࡋΛ

ᡖထ᭗᭖լڜऱ֨Δڇ 91 ᖂڣ৫รԫᖂཚΔॣڻאᢄء܂੡ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱ ᖂઝඒޗΔኔਜ੡ཚԫᖂཚऱᢄءඒᖂΖឈྥᖂཚॣΔམڶԫۯᖂسڇጻሁՂ༼

נᔆጊΚψǾǾךډਜ۫ѐޑਔংǴࠅว౜ε೽ϩޑᛤҁӳႽ೿ҔӧλᏢғي΢Ǵ

܌࣮ډޑჴٯΨ೿ࢂλᏢғǴךۂۂۺৣଣǴдॺΨࢂ࣬྽மፓᛤҁჹλᏢғޑ

фૈǴՠך՟ЯࡐϿ࣮ډԖᛤҁଞჹ୯ύғٰ຾Չ੤ભࢲ୏ޑǾǾωΔࢬࢉΔཚأ ऱം࠴ᓳ਷᧩قΔᖂسࠀլඈ؞ᔹᦰᢄءΔڶࠄ੷۟।قॺൄ໛ᦟᔹᦰᢄءΔۖ

׊ᅝॣ༼נᔆጊऱ߷ۯᖂسΔڇཚأऱ۞ݺ֘৸խ्ࡳᢄءऱඒߛᏝଖΚψך᝺ள வᛤҁύёаࡘԵࡐӭܿՋǴԴৣ܌ϟಏޑᛤҁǴࡐӭӦБ೿ගᒬךाவ࠸ηޑ فࡋٰ࣮೭ঁШࣚǴԶЪᛤҁޑЬᚒΨૈ୼಄ӝ܌ा຾ՉޑፐำǴ܌аךࡐ഻៿Ǵ ӧ૸ፕȬၸำȭύǴ໒ܫ૸ፕӵՖᔈҔ΋ҁᛤҁǴჹךޑ௲ᏢԖࡐεޑᔅշǶω

ˤăӨڟᗲΏ଀ደҨ࿪ჄࠂՀάڟ!

ឈྥᖂسլඈ؞ᔹᦰᢄءΔ܀ਢΔᢄءऱᚨشࠀآ࿇ཀቃཚऱګயΖڇᖞଡ ᖂཚऱඒᖂᨠኘխ࿇෼ΔឈྥᔹᦰᢄءլᏁ૞क़၄֜ڍऱழၴፖጲԺΔ܀ਢΔս ڶլ֟ᖂسΔآ౨ڇᓰছݙګਐࡳᔹᦰऱၞ৫Δڇཚأऱം࠴ࡉ۞ݺေၦխΔՈ

઎լנהଚൕᢄءᔹᦰխᛧ൓ऱᖂ฾ய࣠֗֨ᨋऱګ९Ζ᧩ྥΔ໢໢אᢄء܂੡

ඒޗΔჸ಻ಘᓵඒᖂΔࠀྤऄࣔ᧩઎נᖂسऱ֨ᨋګ९ࡉवᢝګ९ΖངߢհΔݺ

ؘႊଥإ۞աऱඒᖂᑓڤΔֱ౨ࠌᢄء࿇ཀቃཚऱפ౨Δګ੡Օᖂس٤Գඒߛ࿇

୶ऱഗفΖڂڼΔءઔߒڱڇൕᖂسऱᨠរΔ൶ߒᢄءڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱඒᖂᚨ شΖ

෮ăࡁտనࢍ

ءઔߒ׌૞൶ߒᢄء࣍ඒߛֱऄᖂխऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωᖂઝհᚨشΚ(ԫ)אᢄ ءس೯ڶᔊऱ௽ᔆΔ༼ࣙՕᖂسऱᖂ฾೯ᖲΙ(Բ)ຘመᢄءᛜທၲ࣋ऱ৸ەᖂ฾

ᛩቼΔഛᕆՕᖂسऱڍց৸ە౨ԺΙ(Կ)אᢄءඒᖂ੡࿇୶٤ԳඒߛֱऄΔআၞ

Օᖂس֨ᨋፖسࡎऱګ९Ι(؄)ຘመஃᇷഛߛृᨋ੒ऱᢄء໌რඒᖂΔᨃଥ฾ඒ ߛᖂ࿓ऱՕᖂس᧯ஔψ໌რඒᖂωࡉψڍց৸ەω࣍ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱૹ૞ࢤፖױ

۩ࢤΔ༳༽ᢄءඒᖂऱ௽ᔆΔ৬ዌψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱᄗ࢚Ζءઔߒڱڇᇞެ 91 ᖂڣ ৫รԫᖂཚ࣍ఄ్ᆖᛜխኔਜᢄءඒᖂࢬᔡሖऱܺቼΔ৬ዌᢄءඒᖂᚨش࣍ψఄ

్ᆖᛜωհኔᔌवᢝΔڂڼΔආش۩೯࠷ٻऱᔆࢤඒᖂઔߒΔאඒᖂઔߒृࢬٚ

ඒऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωհԿଡழ੄ऱఄ్੡ઔߒൣቼΔઔߒཚၴ੡ 91 ᖂڣ৫รԲᖂཚΔ

אଥ฾ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱ 90 ۯՕᖂس੡ઔߒ೶ፖृΔהଚ։ܑࠐ۞᎖ᘬΕچ෻Εഏ

֮Ε૎֮Εભ๬ΕᑇᖂΕ֏ᖂΕढ෻ΕسढΕ೸ඒΕᇷጥΕٞጥΕՠඒΕሽᖲΕ ሽ՗࿛ߓࢬΖ

ʙăࠂՀԏ᝽!

ඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒਢ۩೯ૠ྽ΕኔᎾ۩೯Εᨠኘፖ֘৸ऱ༛ᛩઔߒΰMills, 2000αΔ ઔߒᖵ࿓ਢ۩೯ፖ֘৸ٌ៣ۖګΔ۩೯ૠ྽ਢᙟထඒᖂ֘৸ᙟᖲۖଥإΔᡶ࣍ᓵ

֮ᒧ༏ऱૻࠫΔႛ༉ᖞ᧯۩೯ૠ྽ፖࠠ᧯ඒᖂ۩೯ᄗฃ༴૪Ζ )Ι*ఀᏰ՗ଢ଼ॎห!

ڶᦸ࣍ 91 ᖂڣ৫รԫᖂཚऱᢄءඒᖂګயآڕቃཚΔڼڻऱඒᖂઔߒೈսא ᢄء²܂੡׌૞ऱඒޗΔঅఎຝ։ᐙׂ³ࡉറ஼⁴ඒޗհ؆Δ᎖א֟ၦऱደ྽Ε֟ڣ

՛ᎅ⁵Δࠌඒޗޓ੡ڍցΔࠀ׊ಾኙᖂ฾੒೯ၞ۩ᓳᖞΖڂ੡ڼڻऱඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒ ڱڇ൶ߒᢄءڇඒᖂՂऱᚨشΔࢬאΔᖂ฾੒೯հ๻ૠፖ࿇୶ਢאᢄء׌૞ு֨Ζ ՂΕՀࠟᖂཚࢬࠌشऱᢄءՕીԫᑌΔՂᖂཚ 23 ءΔՀᖂཚ 25 ءΙՂᖂཚᐙׂ

18ຝΔՀᖂཚᐙׂ྇੡ 4 ຝΔ܀Հᖂཚᏺף 7 ء֟ڣ՛ᎅࡉ 3 ႃ୮்հԳደ྽Ζ ڇᖂ฾੒೯ՂΔೈԱ࣍ಘᓵඒᖂխᏺף֟ၦऱᖂ฾໢Δ᧢֏ಘᓵඒᖂऱݮڤհ؆Δ ޓࠉᖕ׌ᠲࢤᔆΔආشߡۥފዝΕᢄءඒᖂዝقΕߊፖՖऱኙᇩΞΞ࿛ڍց֏ऱ ඒᖂΖೈԱ࿍ׂհ؆ΔࢬڶऱᐙׂઃᓮᖂسܓشᓰᕉழၴΔ۞աࠩቹ஼ᙴီᦫ৛

ᨠᓾΖᣂ࣍ 91 ᖂڣ৫ՂΕՀࠟᖂཚऱᖂ฾׌ᠲΕ੒೯ࡉඒޗհֺለΔᓮ೶ᔹ। 1Ζ ط࣍ 91 ᖂڣ৫ՂᖂཚΔ֟ᑇᖂسࣄৼଗլࠩᢄءΔࢬאΔඒᖂઔߒृ࣍ઔߒཚၴΔ ലደ྽Εᢄء֗֟ڣ՛ᎅ๻੡ψඒ඄ਐࡳش஼ωΔ׽଱ڇቹ஼ᙴփᔹᦰΔլ଱؆ଗΔ אᇞެଗᔹլ࣐ऱംᠲΖ

2! ᛤҁ௲׷Ьाࢂа੘ጃ᠐ਜ཮ਜύ܌௢ᙚޑᛤҁࣁЬǴ٠҂٬ҔคӷᛤҁǶ

3! ቹТЬाڗԾࡾཧϦљ܌วՉǺȨԴৣǼ΢ፐΑǼȩǵȨךၶـ΋ՏӳԴৣȩکȨݿݿ༰༰᠋

ךᇥȩΟঁسӈޑቹТࣁЬǶ

4! ஑ਜаԴৣ࡛ኬၟᏢғᇥ၉کᏢูइ٣ࣁЬǴ؂ঁᏢғ೿ૈԋфǴᆶ࠸ηၸܕΜΎԄࣁᇶǴ ΠᏢය׳ཥቚ௲ৣਏૈ૽ግǶ

5! ϿԃλᇥЬाࢂаቅమࡏӃғǴ٩Ᏽ௲ᏢЬᚒ܌௢ᙚޑਜൂύࡷᒧԶளǶ

ے1! 91ደБݙʰăʮደೈደ஬̺ᖠă߀੝̅଀ԅဇັے

91ደБݙʰደೈ 91ደБݙʮደೈ

̺ᖠ ߀੝ ଀ԅ ̺ᖠ ߀੝ ଀ԅ

ᄮຏऱᢌ๬ ࿍ׂࣲᓾ ΰGTOαЀಘ ᓵ

റ஼Εᢄء ᄮຏऱᢌ๬ ࿍ׂࣲᓾ ΰGTOαಘᓵ Ѐᖂ฾໢

റ஼Εᢄء

ॹ֟ڣԳᎾᣂ এ

ಘᓵ ᢄءΕᐙׂ ॹ֟ڣऱԳᎾ ᣂএ

ಘᓵЀᖂ฾໢ ֟ڣ՛ᎅΕᢄ ء

ॹ֟ڣऱࠟࢤ ᤜᠲΰٵࢤ᧐ ࡉ ࠟ ࢤ ऱ ઌ

๠α

࿍ׂ

ಘᓵ

ᢄء ࠟࢤᤜᠲΰ୞

୞ ࿺ ፖ ߊ Գ ധα

ߊፖՖऱኙᇩ ᢄء

ॹ֟ڣऱൣፃ ጥ෻

ಘᓵ ᢄءΕᖂس۞

ա፦ႃᇷற

ൣፃጥ෻ ಘᓵЀᖂ฾໢ ᢄءΕᖂس۞

ա፦ႃᇷற سࡎඒߛ ಘᓵ ᐙׂ سࡎඒߛ ಘᓵ

ᐊ ܂ ΰ ች ፾ ᎮΕسࡎፖس ࡎ ඒ ߛ ऱ ࡳ ᆠΔسࡎඒߛ

࿍֮໌܂α

֟ڣ՛ᎅΕᢄ ءΕᐙׂ

ॹ֟ڣऱ۞৳ ࿍֮ಘᓵ ৸ەፖ۞৳ ಘᓵ ֟ڣ՛ᎅ

ఄ్ᆖᛜऱԿ Օഗف—ॾඨ ფ

ᝑ૪Ѐಘᓵ խᔗسऱംᠲ

֗ூࠏಘᓵ

ಘᓵЀᖂ฾໢ ୮்հԳደ྽

୮அᑊԺ ಘᓵ ᐙׂЀ೪໴ ्ࡳ۞ݺፖ۞

ݺኔ෼

ߡۥފዝЀಘ ᓵЀᢄءඒᖂ ዝق

ᢄءΕ֟ڣ՛

ᎅΕᐙׂ

ඒ৛ᨠኘ։ࠆ ಘᓵ ᨠኘಖᙕ։ࠆ ᎅᝒऱזᏝ ހᖗሏᚭ ᐙׂ

റ஼ಘᓵ റ஼ ՛ิ໴ܫ റ஼

)Π*ᛲҏఀᏰࣀଢ଼!

ءڻඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒආشᢄءΔݦඨ៶طᢄءհၲ࣋ࢤ৸ە़ၴऱ௽ᔆΔᖿ࿇

ᖂسऱ৸ە౨ԺΔڂڼΔྤᓵ՛ิಘᓵࢨ٤ఄࢤऱಘᓵઃאፖ׌ᠲઌᣂऱၲ࣋ࢤ

ംᠲ੡׌ΔࢬಘᓵऱംᠲΔՈᄎᙟထᖂسऱڃᚨΔۖڶࢬᓳᖞΔࠀ׊ᕣױ౨چൕ ᖂسऱس੒ᆖ᧭܂੡ಘᓵऱದរΖڼ؆ΔඒஃࠀլಾኙޢଡಘᓵംᠲՀԫࣔᒔऱ

࿨ᓵΔۖਢڇಘᓵመ࿓խ։ࠆ۞աऱᨠរΔࢨਢא֘ᇤऱֱڤਗᖏᖂسऱუऄΔ ލࢨਢאހᖗࢤऱ৸ەംᠲ܂੡࿨ޔΔఎ࿯ᖂس۞ط৸ەᖲᄎΖࠏڕΚࠟࢤᤜᠲ ಘᓵ੒೯հၞ۩Δאᖂسመװऱᆖ᧭੡ದរΔ։ࠆהଚխᖂழཚఄՂऱٵᖂ๯ጠ

੡ψ୞୞࿺ωࢨψߊԳധωऱኔࠏΕהଚ۞աኙຍࠄٵᖂऱᨠტΕ۞աᅝழࢬ।

෼ऱ۩੡ΕᅝழఄՂٵᖂኙຍࠄٵᖂऱᨠტΔא֗א෼ڇऱ۞աኙᅝழऱ۩੡ፖ ኪ৫ऱઊ৸ΖԾڕΚψ्ࡳ۞ݺፖ۞ݺኔ෼ω׌ᠲհಘᓵ੒೯ΔطඒஃፖᖂسٽԺ ዝנψֻᙰ՛ᨓωਚࠃΔᙟထਚࠃऱ࿇୶Δඒஃઠ༺ހᖗࢤፖਗᖏࢤऱംᠲΔᙟ ᖲਐࡳᖂسފዝࠡխऱߡۥΔڃ࿠ംᠲΖࠏڕΚਚࠃֻᙰ՛ᨓ໛ᦟᑓُΔඒஃᙟ ᖲᓮࠟԿۯᖂسڃᚨΔڕ࣠הଚਢֻᙰ՛ᨓऱააࢨटटΔᄎڕ۶ඒߛֻᙰ՛ᨓΔ ඒஃႉထᖂسऱڃᚨ༼נਗᖏࢤऱംᠲΰࠏڕΚ෼ኔᛩቼΕषᄎᏝଖᨠऱەၦΞΞα

࿛Ζ

᜔հΔڼڻᢄءऱಘᓵ੒೯ΔࠀլቝႚอऱಘᓵඒᖂΔওૻڇቃࡳऱಘᓵᠲ ؾΔࠀ׊ൎᓳڶԫࣔᒔऱ࿨ᓵΖઌ֘چΔᢄءಘᓵ੒೯ऱܧ෼ֱڤԼ։ڍցΔۖ

׊ਢאᖂسऱ৸ە੡׌ऱ۞ྥੌ೯᝟ႨΔᖂسຘመᢄءᔹᦰΕٵᕦࢨஃسኙᇩࡉ

۞ߪᆖ᧭ࢬขس৸უΔਢᖄ֧ಘᓵֱٻऱ׌૞ு֨ԺၦΔඒᖂઔߒृႛ༳༽۞ط

৸ەΕ࿨ٽᖂسऱس੒ᆖ᧭ࡉਗᖏᖂسऱਝڶუऄ੡׌ऱಘᓵ଺ঞΖ

ʠăཥटე෱Ⴤ˷ٙ!

ءઔߒਢאᖂسऱᖂ฾ტ࠹Εᖂ฾ኪ৫ࡉᖂ฾گᡸ܂੡ᛀီᢄءඒᖂګயऱ

׌૞ࠉᖕΔڂڼΔᇷற፦ႃࠐ۞ᖂسऱᖂ฾ᖵ࿓ᚾூΕཚأ۞ݺေၦΕཚأەࡉ ཚأം࠴ᓳ਷Δ׊ࢬڶᇷறઃ੡ሽ՗ᚾΖᖂ฾ᖵ࿓ᚾூץਔᖂسऱᔹᦰ֨൓Εଡ ԳڇጻሁಘᓵठՂࢬ്၀֮ີΕ՛ิ܂ᄐΕՂᓰ࿝ಖࢨᖂ฾ؤಖΙཚأ۞ݺေၦ ਢಾኙנஂ෷Εᖂ฾ኪ৫Εࠠ᧯ᖂ฾ګ࣠Εᖂ฾ऱ۞ݺ֘৸ፖᛀಘ࿛ٻ৫ऱ֮ڗ

ඖ૪Ιཚأەঞਢ༴૪ଡԳڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓խऱᖂ฾ᖵ࿓Δא֗חࠡٱွ່

෡ࠥऱࠃढΖཚأം࠴։ࠟຝ։Δၦ֏ऱየრ৫ᓳ਷Δא֗ຫ૪ଡԳኙᖂ฾੒೯

֗ඒޗऱᨠរΕტ࠹ፖ৬ᤜհ֮ڗᇷறΖ֮ڗᇷறආشᔆࢤऱᇷற։ֱ࣫ऄΔॣ

ޡආၲ࣋ࢤᒳᒘݾ؏Δࠡڻಾኙᢄءፖᖂ฾੒೯ຝ։ΔნᖞנՀ٨ऱ։࣫׌ၗΚ(ԫ) ᢄءኙᖂسᖂ฾૤ᖜऱᐙ᥼Ι(Բ)ᢄءඒᖂࢬᏁհᖂ฾ൣቼΙ(Կ)ᖂسଡԳऱ֨ᨋ ፖسࡎګ९Ι(؄)ᖂس৬ዌऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωवᢝΖ֮ڗᇷறזᒘऱᒳᙀ๵ঞڕՀΚ ছࠟᒘਢ૎֮ڗئז।⁶Δא೴։ᇷறࠐᄭΔ৵ԿᒘऱᑇڗঞਢᖂسऱᒳᇆΖ۟࣍

የრ৫ᓳ਷ऱၦ֏ᇷறΔঞאۍ։ֺऱอૠᑇᖕܧ෼Ζ

ણăࡁտඕڍᄃ੅ኢ

। 2 ऱཚأം࠴อૠᑇᖕ᧩قΔڶ԰ګאՂऱᖂسኙᖞ᧯ᓰ࿓Εᢄءᔹᦰࡉ

۞աऱᖂ฾گᡸტࠩॺൄየრࢨየრΔଖ൓ԫ༼ऱਢΔ।قኙᢄءඒޗॺൄየრ ऱᖂس׭ 63.22%Δ᎛೏መኙᓰ࿓ऱየრ৫Δ᧩قڍᑇᖂسॺൄ໛ᦟᢄءᔹᦰΖڼ

؆Δ֮ڗᇷறऱ։࣫࿨࣠᧩قΔᖂسᤚ൓אᢄء܂੡׌૞ඒޗऱᖂ฾ਢ᎘ᠾΕ༭ ݶ׊ሿ૤ᖜΖඒஃࢬ୶෼ऱඒᖂኪ৫Δא֗ץ୲Ε൷౏ࡉ༇ૹᖂسᨠរऱඒᖂ۩

੡Δᨃהଚᤚ൓ᓰഘऱᖂ฾௛ࣷךየԱا׌۞طऱ௛ஒΔআၞஃسߜړऱյ೯Ζ ڇا׌۞طऱᖂ฾௛ࣷխΔඒஃאᢄء੡֧՗Δڬጹᖂ฾׌ᠲΔ៶طၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ

֧ᖄהଚ৸ەΔਗᖏהଚਝڶऱᨠ࢚ፖᏝଖᨠΔᨃהଚޓᛵᇞ۞աΕ൷౏۞աΔ

֨ᨋՂᛧ൓༼ࣙΔسࡎᛧ൓ګ९Ζ່৵Δהଚޓൕඒஃ໌რऱڍց֏ඒᖂኔᔌխΔ

᧯ஔψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱటإრොΔᨠኘࠩψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱݾ؏ኔ೭ᚨشΖאՀലಾ

ኙ(ԫ)ᢄءၲඔᔹᦰᑗᔊᨃᖂ฾ሿ૤ᖜΙ(Բ)ᢄءඒᖂଈૹا׌۞طऱᖂ฾௛ࣷΙ (Կ)ᢄءআၞᖂس֨ᨋፖسࡎऱګ९Ι(؄)ڶயऱψఄ్ᆖᛜω࿛؄ଡ׌ᠲດႈಘ ᓵΖ

6! seǺය҃ԾךຑໆǴswǺᏢಞᐕำᔞਢύޑЎҹǴfeǺය҃ԵǴfqǺය҃ୢڔፓࢗǶ

ے2! ደΡဇ቞ുăᗲΏჄደ஬Нᗦၖ๎ݙ஛ࡎᆵጃ

቞ുၖ๎ݙ ᗲΏၖ๎ݙ ደ஬Нᗦၖ๎ݙ

ॺൄየრ 37.93% 63.22% 40.23%

የრ 60.92% 34.48% 51.72%

ཏຏ 1.15% 2.30% 8.05%

լየრ 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

ॺൄլየრ 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

ຏǺ3 ՏᏢғനࡕ΋୸ፐલৢǴ҂༤ቪය҃ୢڔǴ܌аჴሞ༤ቪୢڔᕴΓኧࣁ 87 ΓǶ

ʙăᗲΏ෠ଂኧ᜞ᇅቸ᝱ደ஬ྭࡒጊ!

ڂ੡ᢄءאՕၦऱቹ྽ჸ಻෍᧩࣐ᚩ׊࿕֟ऱ֮ڗΔՕ༏྇֟ᔹᦰழၴΔኙ ڦؚ࣍ՠΕषቸ੒೯ۖྤᄈψᦰ஼ωऱՕᖂسۖߢΔਢދᇷ໴ሟ෷ॺൄ೏ऱᖂ฾

ైޗΔլᄎዌګᖂ฾૤ᖜΖط࣍ᢄء޲ڶയയ຾຾ऱ֮ڗΔࠌቃ฾ਐࡳඒޗլቝ ψആ஼ωΔψᔹᦰωՈլ٦ਢԫጟψᄾᑶωΖઌ֘چΔᔹᦰᢄءګ੡חԳ༭ݶऱٖၵ

੒೯Δ෰೯הଚާഭբՆऱᔹᦰᘋᔊΔૹᄵؔڣழཚऱᔹᦰᑗᔊΔᨃլ໛ᦟᦰ஼

ऱᖂسՈ᧢൓໛ᦟᔹᦰᢄءΔࠌቃ฾լ٦ਢψشפωᖂسऱറܓΖ٦ृΔࢬᘯψړ ቹ໏ՏߢωΔᢄء៶طس೯ऱቹ྽Δႚሒ܂ृऱ৸უፖრ࢚Δኙ࣍ຍࠄڇቹቝ׈੺

խ९ՕऱՕᖂسۖߢΔຍጟቹቝᔹᦰॺൄฤٽהଚऱᔹᦰ঴࠺Δ៶ط֘៿ᔹᦰޓ ౨֧࿇הଚ෡ᐋऱ৸ەΔᛧ൓ᄅऱඔ࿇ፖტ࠹Δࠀ׊෡ࠥڇהଚऱ֨խΖ

ǾǾ࣮ᛤҁᡣךགډࡐԖ፪Ǵᇥჴ၉ךࢂό഻៿࣮ਜޑΓǴӢࣁ؂ԛ΋Ѻ ໒ਜҁǴ೿ࢂஏஏഞഞޑӷǴך੿ޑ࣮ډ೿཮ᓐཀྵǴ׳ձᇥࢂ֎ԏ΢य़ޑ ޕ᛽ΑǴԶᙁᙁൂൂޑᛤҁǴᡣךࡐᇸ᚞Ӧֹ࣮ѬԶЪᗋ཮Ԗࡐӭޑ௴ҢǴ ೭੿ޑࢂךགྷ࣮ޑਜǼځჴ΋٤ޕ᛽٠όሡाࡐϧߏޑӷωૈ߄ҢǴᙁᙁ

ൂൂޑ൳ঁკฝǵ൳ঁӷ൩ૈ๏ךॺคज़ޑ௴วȐfe074ȑ

΢ΑȨ੤ભ࿶ᔼȩǴך᝺ளךפӣΑа߻ٗҽ᎙᠐ፐѦ᠐ނޑಞᄍǴԾவԵ

΢εᏢࡕǴᡂޑࡐόᇡ੿Ǵ΋Ԗޜ൩کӕᏢрѐၯވǴόฅ൩ࢂᜇӧჶ࠻

္Ѻႝ୏ၯᔍǴ཮࣮ਜΨࢂӢࣁזԵ၂Αω཮עਜҁ৾ଆٰǴӢԜ೿གډ ਜҁࡐ؈ख़Ƕҗܭፐำࡰۓाѐკਜᓔ᎙᠐ᛤҁǴ่݀ωѐ࣮Α΋ԛך൩ ང΢Α࣮ᛤҁǴך᝺ள္य़ޑܿՋ೿ࡐѳதΨࡐද೯Ǵՠ൩ࢂᡣךૈ୼ௗ

ڙѬԶό཮གډ௨ѾǴӧ᎙᠐ᛤҁਔ཮ག᝺ډךԾρЈѳᓉΠٰǴ׏۵ᡂ ӣΑλ࠸η΋ኬǴ္य़ޑკฝǴ೿ࢂٗሶӦԖ፪Ǵ؂ԛֹ࣮΋ҁᛤҁǴ೿

ࢂٗሶӦᅈىǴךགྷаࡕךᗋࢂ཮΋ޔѐკਜᓔ࣮ᛤҁփȐfe078ȑ ࠃኔՂΔᖂسኙᔹᦰᢄءऱტ࠹Δࡅᚨ࣪ࡺऴΰ1996αऱᓵរΚᢄء໌ທࠆ

࠹፿ߢࡉᔹᦰऱᑗᔊΔᢄءਢᨃᦰृტ࠹ݶᑗࡉ໛ᦟऱ஼Ζພᣝੳΰ1991αՈਐ נΔᢄءຘመᄵᤲ༭ݶऱਚࠃփ୲Δᨃ৘՗ڇݶᑗխᖂ฾Ζءڻऱઔߒ᧩قΔլ

ႛਢࠝ࿙ױאຘመᢄءݶᑗᖂ฾ΔՕᖂسՈٵᑌױאൕᢄءխᛧ൓ݶᑗऱᖂ฾ᆖ

᧭Ζڼ؆Δᢄءᨃቹ྽ءߪ۞աᎅਚࠃऱ௽ᔆΰຫफୠΔn.d.αΔլႛܮ֧ຍࠄՕ ᖂسΔࠡࢬທګऱ֨ᨋᔼᖔࡉய࣠Δ༉ڕࣥᅈኦΰ1998αࢬߢΔਢޓൎΕޓՕ׊

ޓ෡᎛ΖࢬאΔᢄءאࠡጲ១࣐ᚩऱ֮ڗΔس೯ऱቹ྽ΔၲඔՕᖂسᔹᦰऱᑗᔊΔ ࠌהଚऱᖂ฾ሿ૤ᖜΔᖂ฾ٱွޓ෡ࠥΖ

ʠăᗲΏ଀ደࡶࡧΕ̺ьΥڟደ஬ॉ٥!

ڇඒஃࢬᛜທऱץ୲Ε൷౏ፖ༇ૹऱᖂ฾௛ࣷՀΔᖂس൓אڇᢄءࢬ໌ທऱ უቝ़ၴխ۞ط࿇ཀΖڂ੡ඒஃੴီᖂسଡԳኙᢄءऱᇭᤩΔቔᚐᖂس։ࠆ࢖ڼ ऱ֨൓ፖᨠរΔᖂس൓אާ௦ڇڍցᨠរऱᖂ฾ൣቼխΔڍց৸ەऱᔚၗՈᙟհ ඔ೯Ζڼ؆Δط࣍ඒஃאၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ֧ᖄᖂس৸ەΔਗᖏ࢖ڼਝڶऱᨠ࢚Δࠌה ଚڇຍ໱৸ەਗᖏխΔ࿇෼۞ա৸ەՂऱळរΔૹᄅᛀီ۞աਝڶऱᨠ࢚ፖ۩੡Ζ

)Ι*ంଢ଼ӻϯࡦՃޟᎈ໅!

ᢄءऱ֮ڗ֟Δ޲ڶࠠ᧯ۖࣔᒔऱൣቼ౧࿮Δ࿯ղᖂسޓՕऱუቝ़ၴΔრ ቼᙟԳ࣐ۖΔᨃᖂسऱ৸უ۞طଆ࿴Δ֨౥ޓ੡ၲខΖڕڼ۞طऱუቝ़ၴፖᖂ

฾࢏୶ࢤΔڇඒஃࢬᛜທऱا׌۞طᖂ฾௛ࣷխᛧ൓ྗᕆΖޢଡᖂسऱᇭᤩຟ࠹

ࠩඒஃऱ༇ૹΔޢଡᖂسऱᨠរຟ๯ီ੡ਢඔ࿇ࠡהٵᕦᄅᨠ࢚ऱ໾տΔᖂسڇ ᓰഘՂࠆڶ࿪ኙऱ࿇ߢᦞΔඒஃࠀլא۞ߪऱᇭᤩΕᏝଖᨠࡉᓵរΔૻࠫࢨᏍڃ

ᖂسऱᇞᦰΔᨃᓰഘऱᢄءऱ׌ᠲಘᓵ൓אۍ୮ञᏓΔۍक़Ꮨ࣋Ζࢬאᖂس൓א ڇڍցᨠរऱኙᇩխΔඔ೯৸ەऱᔚၗΔᖂ฾༇ૹլٵ࣍աऱᨠរΔቫᇢൕڍց ऱߡ৫ᇭᤩ۞աࢬ૿ኙऱࠃढΖ

ǾǾԴৣᔼ೷р΋ᅿ໒ܫǵคᓸॐགޑ਻ݗǴךว౜ᒿ๱ፐำޑ຾ࡋǴԖ ཇٰཇӭޑӕᏢ໒ۈඪӧፐ୸΢ว߄ԾρޑཀـǴ೭ࢂך΢εᏢΒԃаٰ

᝺ளࡐᜤளޑ٣ǴӢࣁ࿶ᐕ೭ሶӭ໘ࢤȐ୯λǵ୯ύǵଯύǵεᏢȑǴ཮ว

౜ࡐӭΓᡂளѝ֎ԏԴৣ㯍ޑޕ᛽Զό཮ѐࡘԵǵѐวୢǴՠࢂ΢ၸԴৣ

ޑፐǴࠅว౜೭ᅿ௃ݩԖ܌ׯ๓Ǵךགྷ೭ک΋ঁԴৣ܌ᔼ೷ޑ੤ભ਻ݗࢂ

໒ܫǵх৒ǵௗયԖ܌࣬ᜢȐfe033ȑ

ಃ΋ԛ࣮ਔȘર೓ϦЬșǴ࣮όᔉǴόܴқࣁᾤϦЬाጜЦηȨεឳΓȩǻ

΢ፐਔǴ᠋Αεৎޑϩ٦ωᡋ᝺Ԝᛤҁޑ൥ཀሥుǾǾ᠋ډεৎޑϩ٦Ǵ

᝺ளεৎӳ෇ഽǼ೿ԖԾρޑགྷݤϷـှǴૈ୼࣮ډך܌࣮όډޑǴך᝺

ளԾρΨόᒘǴךᔉளݒ፞Ƕ೭΋ᏢයΠٰǴך᝺ள؂΋ঁΓ೿ࡐ੝ձǴ ҁٰךѝ᝺ளȨךന෇ǼȩorȨךനৡǼȩǴՠ౜ӧך᝺ள೭ШࣚӳӳވǴ ӕኬ೿ࢂΓᜪǴךॺࠅԖӵԜӭኬ܄ޑགྷݤǴ΋ঁΓ੿ޑ൩Ⴝ΋ҁਜǴԖ ӳӭࡺ٣ഽȐsw003ȑ!

ಃ΋ԛک೚ӭόӕسޑӕᏢ΋ଆ΢ፐک૸ፕǴག᝺᡿ཥᗲޑǴόፕࢂ૸ፕ ޑၸำ܈ࢂ૸ፕޑϣ৒Ƕόӕޑس܌๱ख़ޑБӛόӕǴ࣮٣௃ޑفࡋΨ൩ όӕǴளډޑ่݀Ψ൩όӕǴ੿ޑࡐԖ፪ǶᗨฅεӭӕᏢჹܭԴৣ܌ගр ޑୢᚒޑ࣮ݤǴεӭࢂ҅ӛޑϸᔈǴՠΨԖӕᏢගр፦ᅪޑӦБǶ೭зך གྷډǴ܈೚ǴךॺࢂӢࣁࢌᅿচӢǴ܈Ӣࣁךॺคཀ᛽ύྣ๱ךॺ܌යఈǴ

܈ࢂЈ౛ޑ౛གྷѐ࣮ୢᚒǴӢԜǴךॺ܌ளډޑǴεӭࢂ҅ӛޑ่ፕǴঃ

ऩǴךॺඤ΋ঁفࡋѐࡘԵǴ܈ޣךॺ܌ᕇளޑเਢǴஒόӕа۳Ȑsw036ȑ )Π*ࢅᏽএΡࢋԤᢎ܈ޟࢿᙄ!

ᖂسڇا׌۞طऱᖂ฾ᛩቼխΔᦫ࠷լٵߓࢬऱٵᕦኙٵԫᢄءࢨᨠ࢚ऱլ ٵᇭᤩΔլႛඔ೯۞աڍց৸ەऱᔚၗΔޓڇඒஃאၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ੡࿜ฃऱ৸ە֧

ᖄՀΔআࠌהଚૹᄅઊ৸ਝڶᨠ࢚Δ֘৸א࢓ऱ۩੡Δૹᄅᓳᖞਝڶᨠ࢚ፖ۩੡Δ ڇᨠ࢚ਗᖏऱੑ៖խΔ᠖෎ᨠ࢚Δ઎ࠩଡԳ৸ەऱळរΔ৸უڂۖᛧ൓ګ९Ζ

੤ભ࿶ᔼག᝺΢Ǵ΋ޔӧࡘԵ΋٤ܿՋǴעচҁς࿶؈ᑈςΦޑሽॶᢀǴ

৾рٰख़ཥᔠຎǴ࣮࣮চٰޑགྷݤࢂჹޑ༏ǻӵ݀όࢂǴٗϙሶωࢂჹޑ ګǻԴৣӧၸำύ٠ό཮ޔௗ֋ນךॺเਢǴԶࢂ΋ޔаୢᚒޑБԄǴٰ

ЇᏤךॺǶനࡕ੮ӧךॺЈύޑǴࢂךॺԾρགྷډޑǴ཮҉ᇻޑ૶ளȐfe034ȑ ᢄءਚࠃ޲ڶഄԫऱዝᢂֱऄΔᦰृآؘᄎݙ٤൷گ܂ृऱ଺რΔ੷۟ᄎڇ

܂঴խᏆฃࠩԫࠄࠀॺ܂ृუ।ሒऱಛஒΔڂڼΔ܂ृࠀլਢᇞᤩࠡ܂঴ऱഄԫ ᦞ৖Δᔹᦰਚࠃլᄎ࿪ኙড়ᨠΔۖਢຘመଡԳመװऱᆖ᧭෻ᇞਚࠃΔၲඔਚࠃऱ ᄅრᆠΰພݳ׉Δ2003αΖڂڼΔᢄءඒᖂᚨך։ၞ۩ಘᓵΔቔᚐ։ࠆ࢖ڼऱ઎ऄΔ ࠌࠝ࿙ڇ׌ᠲᇭᤩழ౨ൕլٵऱߡ৫৸ەΔࠌ৸ەޓࠠࡌ࢏ࢤΙຘመᆰԺᖿᛯऱ ய࣠Δܧ෼܂঴ऱڍցଅᎎΔޏ᧢ԫଡਚࠃႛڶԫଡ׌ᠲऱψࠥࣨٱွωΰࣥጜ

՟Δ2002αΖངߢհΔᢄءඒᖂࢬᚨࣹૹऱΔࠀլਢ࿯৘՗܃ࢬუ૞࿯ऱࣟ۫Δۖ

ਢאᢄء੡໾տΔ࿯ղ৘՗໌ທऱ़ၴΰ႓ᐜ༡Δ2003αΔګԳऱտԵᚨא֧ᖄ৸ ە੡ૹΔ֊֎໕ᎏኆ׌Δރව৘՗۞ྥऱᇭᤩፖ֚سऱ໌ທԺࡉუቝԺΰ೏ߐܩΔ 2002αΔڼ؆Δᢄءऱᔹᦰᚨ࿯ղ৘՗แᦫڍጟრߠऱᜢଃΔൕଡԳم໱ऱഗ៕ՂΔ

᠏ฝ۟הԳऱم໱Δแᦫਚࠃࡉ෼ኔ׈੺հၴऱኙᇩΰພݳ׉Δ2003αΖࡌ࿫ड़ ΰ2001αऱඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒ࿇෼Δຘመ৸ەΕٵᕦऱ֨൓։ࠆࡉ٥ٵಘᓵऱᢄءඒ ᖂΔڶܗ࣍ᖂس᠖෎ଡԳऱᨠ࢚ࡉጊ༝Δࠌᖂ฾گᡸ൓א௅ཬ࣍֨Ζ

ڼڻऱඒᖂઔߒ࿨࣠᧩قΔՕᖂس्ࡳඒஃࢬᛜທၲ࣋Εץ୲Ε൷౏Ε༇ૹ ऱಘᓵ़ၴΔᨃהଚ൓אڇڼ༇ૹڍցऱᖂ฾௛ࣷխΔ᧯᧭ፖࣲᓾլٵᆖ᧭હན ऱᇭᤩ஁ฆΔᛧ൓אլٵߡ৫৸ەऱᖂ฾ᆖ᧭Δၲඔ۞աऱ৸ەհ॰Δ༼ࣙ۞ݺ

֘ઊऱ౨ԺΖ᧩ྥΔڶயऱᢄءඒᖂᚨ༇ૹᖂسऱᇭᤩΔڇ༭ஙऱ௛ࣷխቔᚐ։

ࠆଡԳᨠរΔլױࣅࣽ໢ԫ׌ᠲऱᒵࢤ৸ەΔࠀᚨאၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ֧ᖄᖂسൕլٵ ऱߡ৫৸ەࢨಭٻ৸ەΔ༼ࣙᖂسᗑم৸ەऱ౨ԺΖངߢհΔᢄءඒᖂऱு֨լ ਢψ࿯ωवᢝΔۖਢၲඔᖂسऱψ৸ەωհ॰Ζ

ʭăᗲΏ۴෌ደΡ̖᝹ჄΡּڟЙ۝!

ൕᖂسऱ։ࠆፖڃᚨխ࿇෼Δᢄءॺൄ၀२הଚऱس੒Δݯ࢕ਢ۞աऱس੒

ᆖ᧭ऱᐊᅃΔᏅ౨֧࿇הଚऱ٥ᏓΙਚࠃխऱԳढΔሐנԱהଚ९Նאࠐྤऄ।

ሒऱ֨ᜢΙ៶طᢄءᔹᦰΔהଚᆖᖵԱ֨ᨋፖس੒ऱኙᇩΔขس֨ᨋऱ൬೯Δۖ

஼խᑨ៲ऱᄗ࢚Δޓᚥܗהଚאլٵऱኪ৫ࡉᨠរΔૹᄅᇭᤩسࡎխऱ༟ેᆖ᧭Δ ބࠩسࡎऱנՑΙ஼խԳढࢬ୶෼ऱᑞԺፖኪ৫Δᨃהଚᖂᄎૹီࡉ൷౏۞աΔ ڂۖޓ౨ജ૿ኙటኔऱ۞աΔ׊ᣋრቫᇢᖑࣄ۞աऱኄუΖ᜔հΔהଚऱ֨ᨋᛧ

൓༼ࣙΔسࡎՈڂڼᛧ൓ګ९Ζ

)Ι*ຮߖઍᄂҡࣀޟᏰಬငᡛ!

ພᣝੳΰ1991αਐנΔᢄء༼ࠎ৘՗൷२టኔऱس੒ᆖ᧭Δᨃ஼ءߨԵ৘՗

ऱس੒խΖࠃኔՂΔᢄءլႛ၀२ࠝ࿙ऱس੒Δઔߒ࿇෼ΔᢄءՈ၀२Օᖂسऱ س੒׈੺Ζᖂسڇᢄءխ઎ࠩ۞աऱᐙ՗Δ஼խऱ༴૪լਢๅᠦ෼ኔൣቼऱࠃढΔ

ۖਢటኔ࿇سڇ۞աس੒ࡌᔡऱࠃढΔࢬאΔᔹᦰᢄءᨃהଚڶψ֨ڶ൯൯෫ω ऱტ࠹Δޓ౨൷࠹஼խࢬႚሒऱᨠ࢚ፖრොΖ

೭ࢂךಃ΋ҁ࣮ޑᛤҁȜᏱܤȝǴֹ࣮ϐࡕޑག᝺ࢂǺ೭ό൩ࢂך༏ǻֹ࣮

ϐࡕߡ໒ۈӧϸ࣪ԾρǴΨ೚ךႽڈ⭛΋ኬٛፁЈࡐख़Ǵёࢂനख़ाޑ΋

ᗺǴ൩ࢂӧрวᗺ΢ךਥҁؒԖඨ໒ךԾρޑЈૅᆶձΓҬၯǶך཮ᄌᄌ ׯ҅ޑȐsw075ȑ

ߐႍΞៜΑǴ೭ࢂࡐᆙ஭ڈᐟޑ΋ҁᛤҁګǼǾǾ྽നࡕ΋ԛߐႍៜଆਔǴ؂

ঁ࠸ηǴхࡴيࣁ᠐ޣޑךॺǴགྷѸ೿ࡐᆙ஭փǼډۭǴࡪߐႍޑΓ཮ࢂፔګǻ

࡛ሶᒤǻӆӭ൳ঁΓޑ၉Ǵሪଳ൩ό୼ϩΑǾǾ྽գךӧ᠋ډനࡕ΋ԛޑߐႍ

ᖂਔǴࢂόࢂ೿ම࿶ౢғၸ೭ኬޑۺᓐǺȬձᡣд຾ٰǼᡣךॺᇴזעЋ΢ޑ ሪଳӞ௞փǼ܈ޣעሪଳᙒଆٰǼȭ౥ഖǴךॺЈύǴᗋࢂ཮Ӹӧ๱΋ᗺᗺޑ ԾدۺᓐޑǶՠΞԖፔޕၰǴ೭ԛߐႍៜ܌཮஥ٰޑᔍቃ܄ᡂϯګǻך࣬ߞǴ ӧΓғਓ೼ύǴךॺதคёᗉխޑѸ໪ा࿶ᐕ೭ኬޑԵᡍǴඹԾρ଺Ѹाޑנ

᏷Ƕ؂ঁΓ೿ԖԾρޑԵໆǴϩ٦ڰฅࢂऍӳΑǴฅԶ྽ԾρΨ჆Юόىޑਔ

ংǴεӭኧΓ೯த཮ᒧ᏷ȬჹԾρӳ΋ᗺȭǴঁΓޑሽॶᢀৡ౦Ǵךॺคݤа Ծρޑሽॶᢀѐຑᘐ೭ኬޑ،ۓࢂӳࢂᚯǶ྽؂΋ԛΓғޑߐႍៜଆਔǴό֫

ั༾ࡘԵ΋Π೭ঁλࡺ٣փǼ࣬ߞ೭཮Ԗշܭךॺ଺؂΋ঁנ᏷Ȑse004ȑ )Π*ၾюΟএΡޟЖᖐ!

ᢄءਢԳᣊ֨ᨋ׈੺ऱ٦෼ΰࣥᅈኦΔ1998αΔൕࠝ࿙ऱᔹᦰ֘ᚨΔױאᛵᇞ

ࠝ࿙ଡܑऱᎁवፖ֨෻࿇୶Δא֗הଚኙ׈੺ऱ઎ऄΰພ஑༡Δ1999αΙᢄءऱփ

୲ױא֘ਠ৘՗ऱ֨ൣፖྐඨΰֱైੴΔ1994αΔຘመᢄءඒᖂױא֧࿇৘՗ऱൣ

ტ֘ᚨΰᏥભੳΔ2002αΖࠡኔΔᢄءլႛ֘ਠࠝ࿙֨խऱྐඨΔڇ෼վפܓ࠷ٻ ऱषᄎᏝଖᨠխΔᢄءՈሐנՕᖂسᑨ៲փ֨෡๠່෡֊ऱ֨ᜢΖᔹᦰᢄءழΔ ᖂسא۞ߪऱᆖ᧭৬ዌਚࠃऱრᆠΔຘመ۞աऱᨠរၞԵ஼խऱ׈੺Δፖ஼խऱ ߡۥ٥ٵᆖᖵسࡎऱ༟໛Δၲ୶׼ԫଡ᥆࣍הଚ۞աऱਚࠃΔᖂسڂۖ࠹ࠩტ೯Δ ڂ੡஼խऱຝ։փ୲༴ᢄנ۞աམᆖᆖᖵࢨृਢؾছऱటإ๠ቼΖ

ځჴӢࣁϼँрԶԾεࢂόڙ៿߆ޑǴाૈעԾρޑགྷݤکձΓϩ٦Ǵ຾

ԶගܹձΓޑ LevelǴ೭ኬωૈᡣձΓᇡӕǶך᝺ளךа߻ӳႽࡺ٣ύޑற हങǴӢࣁԾρϼँрΑǴ܌аளόډձΓޑᇡӕǶ୯ύਔংޑךǴӢࣁ ӧ੤΢ԋᕮ੝ձӳǴΞ੝ձᖃܴǴ܌а൩੝ձᠠ໹ǴᏤठךޑΓሞᜢ߯ೀ

౛ޑόࢂࡐӳǴࡕٰךΨԖჸ᝺ډԾρޑୢᚒǴ൩Ⴝࡺ٣ύޑறहങ΋ኬǴ עԾρޑᡒТکձΓϩ٦ǴаᕇளձΓޑᇡӕǶךΨࢂǴϐࡕޑך൩தத ӧፐᎩޑਔংǴ௲ӕᏢфፐǴעӕᏢόᔉޑӦБ೿ᔅдॺှเǴᄌᄌޑǴ дॺ൩ว౜ךځჴΨࢂࡐӳ࣬ೀޑǴ܌аϐࡕ൩ᄌᄌௗڙךΑȐsw080ȑ

૶ளԖ΋ԛԴৣӧ૸ፕ΋ঁᚒҞࢂԖᜢܭஒٰᙍ཰ޑୢᚒǶҗܭךஒٰޑ ᙍ཰ၟ྽Դৣਥҁ൩ࢂ਱਱όΕǵࢂٿዸηޑ٣ǴܭࢂԴৣߡћך΢ᆵۺ

΋ҁᛤҁӜћȨਜ਼ᎻངୠᄺȩǶܭࢂךόϼҒᜫޑ୦ΑǶଆ߃ѝࢂ᝺ளؒϙ ሶǴՠࢂ୦ډࡕٰǴך໒ۈว౜Ǵךޑೀნၟٗଫਜ਼Ꮋཇٰཇ࣬՟ΑǼډ ࡕٰךਥҁ൩ࢂٗଫਜ਼ᎻǴ΋ଫངୠᄺޑਜ਼ᎻǶךٗਔং੿ޑ౳ఽז،൒

ΑǼՠࢂךΞόӳཀࡘӆӄ੤य़߻ᡉ៛рך೬১ޑ΋य़Ǵٗਔংޑךѝࢂ

ଫคշޑਜ਼ᎻǴ΋ଫགྷୠᄺࠅόૈୠޑਜ਼ᎻǾǾ೭ঁୢᚒᇥჴӧޑ֚ᘋ๱

ךࡐΦǴ΋ޔډ౜ӧȐfe052ȑ )έ*Ж᡹ᇄҡࣀޟᄇၗ!

ᢄءຘመቹ྽ᨃ৘՗టإ൷ᤛࠩ۞աࢬᑵ൜ऱࠃढࢨषᄎ෼ွΰඦঊ৯Δ 1999αΔץᢅᆄွऱቹ྽փ୲Δො።س੒ᅝխࢬڶऱԳࠃढΔ৘՗ױא៶طᢄءᨠ ኘࠃढΔൕխᖂ฾س੒Δᨃ۞աऱ֨ᨋፖس੒ኙᇩΰຫफୠΔn.d.αΔ໌ທנ່ొ

ጰऱ֨ፖ֨ऱٌੌΰࣥຳହΔ1993αΔ֧ᖄ৘՗אլٵऱֱڤ૿ኙس੒Δ࠰ܗࠡᤩ

࣋ጹ്ऱൣፃΖᢄءڕٵԫނၲඔ֨॰ऱᨤೲΔڇլᎅඒऱছ༼ՀΔࠝ࿙ױאຘ መᢄءΔᎁᢝ۞աΔޏ᧢ߡ৫൷౏۞աऱ౒រΔੴီ۞աٵழࣲᓾܑԳΔ࿇ཀࢬ ९ၞۖ۞ݺ्ࡳΔഒ਍෻უאሒ۞ݺኔ෼Δᖂ฾։ࠆאᏺၞԳᎾյ೯ऱݾ౨Δ੒

נటኔፖ᠆༄ऱسࡎΰࣥඕࡵΔ1999αΖڂڼΔᢄءਢ່ࠋऱ֨ᨋए᛭ஃΰܦිੳΔ 2001αΖઔߒ࿨࣠᧩قΔᢄءګ੡הଚऱ֨ᨋए᛭ஃΔᢄء֘ਠהଚ۞աऱس੒ᆖ

᧭Δ៶طᢄءᔹᦰΔהଚᨠኘࠩ૿ኙسࡎࡉس੒ऱլٵኪ৫ፖֱڤΔࠌהଚ൓א ૹᄅᇭᤩ۞աऱس੒ᆖ᧭ΔބࠩسࡎऱנՑΔၲࡨ۞աፖ۞աऱ֨ᨋኙᇩΖהଚ ტ࠹ࠩመ৫ڇ׏הԳऱณ٠Δ׽ᄎࠌ۞աऱ࿇୶࠹ૻΔઌ֘چΔ൷౏۞ա৬مట إऱ۞ॾΔթਢࠌ۞ա࠹Գ໛ᦟऱ່ࠋֱڤΔഄڶფ۞աऱԳΔթ౨ფܑԳΖ

ᛤҁޑϣ৒εӭࡐԖ፪ǴΨࡐૈ௴วךॺѐࡘԵ΋٤ୢᚒႽࢂȠ㐛ޑᘶ ނȡύǴךᏢಞډคدޑངǴӧ࣮೭ҁਜޑਔǴך҅ӳԖ΋ՏΜϩाӳޑ

ܻ϶ӢًᅾೳШǴךЈύҗচҁޑዋ෴ޔԿѳᓉǴӢࣁךᔉǴдޑང΋ޔ ӧǴ҉ᇻό཮בǴ҉ᇻό཮בȐfe050ȑ

ӧ᎙᠐ࡰۓ௲׷ύǴӑຝനుڅޑࢂᛤҁǴӢࣁԾρёаவ္य़௴วགྷݤǴ Ψ຾ԶቹៜԾρޑقՉǴٯӵӧȨգࡐ੝ձȩ೭ҁਜύᡣךཀ᛽ډԾρΨ தத྽Ȩຠ኱ᠸȩޑΓǴϼၸܭӧЯձΓޑགྷݤǴΨಞᄍ๏ϒձΓຑሽǴ ӧளѨЈϐ໔ၯᕏǴම᠋ၸ΋ѡ၉ǺȨਜҁࢂаനόᓿּޑБԄගᒬךॺȩǴ ೭٤ਜҞ؂΋ҁ೿ԖځӼ௨ޑҞޑǴᡣԾρа᎙᠐ޑБԄᏢಞډ೚ӭ Ȑfe089ȑ

ޭۓԾךکԾךჴ౜ǴᡣךૈԖ΋ঁᐒ཮ૈ୼ӳӳޑࡘԵךၸѐޑדӛک

౜ӧޑᒧ᏷Ǵ࿶җԴৣޑᔅշךפډ΋ע໒௴ᕕှფགྷޑߐޑᢄ୒Ǵόᆅ

ٗزഖࢂόࢂך੿҅ޑფགྷǴԿϿך౜ӧԖБݤёаᕕှȐfe040ȑ வλډ౜ӧǴྭྭ΋ޔࢂךനᒃޑΓǴλਔংךதᙅ๱ྭྭѺᙯǴྭྭਜ᠐ޑ όӭǴՠᔉளࡐӭǴྭྭࡐک๓ࡐ኷ϺޕڮǾǾԶྭྭΨႽਜύЬفޑྭྭ΋

૓ǴӧѐԃΜ΋ДύӼ၁ޑᚆ໒ΑךॺǴᗨฅόႽਜύЬفޑྭྭ΋ኬ௲Ꮴך ࡐӭ٣ǴӢࣁྭྭ΋ޔаԖך೭ሶ΋ঁ཮᠐ਜޑ৊ηࣁᄪǴՠྭྭჹΓғޑᄊ ࡋࢂך೭΋ғᏢಞޑᄦኬǴԾவྭྭوΑаࡕǴךததགྷଆྭྭǴךӧձΓय़

߻ࣗԿࢂԾρৎΓय़߻ך๊ϿনݘǴՠࠅததӧགྷྭྭޑਔংསԾտఽǴӧ࣮

Α೭ҁਜȠӦౚޑᛗ֋ȡࡕךᏢ๱ѐಡ᠋॥ޑᖂॣǵѐ໼᠋Ӧౚޑᛗ֋Ȑsw061ȑ ᢄءຘመ១ᑥऱ֮ڗࡉ࿝྽Δא࿍࿍ऱԼ༓଄༴ᢄԳسऱᆖ᧭֗ڂᚨऱཕ ᐝΖڂڼΔᢄءᔹᦰྫڕၞԵԫଡڶ෡৫ऱ़ၴΔᨃᦰृ۞աڇڼ़ၴխΔބ༈

۞աࢬ໛ᦟऱۯᆜፖܮ֧۞աऱࠃढΔ۞۩ᇞᦰፖ޵࠷෡៲࣍ᢄءխऱྤૻཕᐝ ΰࢉ೷ੳΔ1999αΖઔߒ࿨࣠᧩قΔᢄء༴ᢄנՕᖂسऱԳسᆖ᧭ፖਗᖏΔ၀२ה ଚऱس੒Δ࿯ղהଚ֨ᨋऱტ೯Δၲඔהଚऱ֨॰Ζהଚൕᢄءխࢬਉൺࠩऱس

੒ཕᐝΔ൅ᏆהଚૹڃࠝழऱొటΔᚥܗהଚބࠩسࡎऱנՑΔᨃהଚޓᗱࡳऱ

૿ኙ۞աΕس੒ࡉኄუΖ

ͲăደΡݚ်ڟĶॲ঻༄ᑊķ຅؈!

ᖂسൕڍց֏ऱᖂ฾੒೯խΔᘣߪტ࠹ࠩᢄءऱඒߛᏝଖΔޏ᧢ኙᢄءਝڶ ऱࠥࣨٱွ࿯՛৘՗઎ऱ஼Δ෡֊᧯ஔᢄءऱ՛ਚࠃՕሐ෻Δޓᔞٽڦᅻऱ

෼זԳΔא֗ڇቹቝ׈੺९Օऱॹ֟ڣΔڂڼΔᢄءਢ۔֟ভࡵऱᚌߜඒޗΖᖂ سઌॾᢄءױאᚥܗהଚޓᛵᇞॹ֟ڣࡉࠝ࿙ऱ֨Δᨃהଚᖂ฾ൕॹ֟ڣࡉࠝ࿙

ऱᨠរ৸ەΖהଚՈ࿇෼Δᢄءඒᖂ࿪լਢ໢ొچആਚࠃ࿯৘՗ᦫΔࢨᨃ৘՗۞

աᔹᦰΔઌ֘چΔᢄءඒᖂऱு֨ਢຘመᢄء֧ᖄᖂسᗑم৸ەΔᨃ৘՗ڇ৸ە խΔ৬م۞աऱᏝଖᨠΖڼ؆Δٚᓰඒஃڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱඒᖂኔᔌΔᨃᖂس෡

෡ऱ᧯ஔΔψఄ్ᆖᛜωլ໢ਢጥ෻ඒ৛఼ݧΔۖਢঅښᖂسऱ֨Δ໌რඒᖂፖᢄ

ءඒᖂऱ࿨ٽΔթޓਢψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱլԲऄ॰Ζ )Ι*ȶੲ઻ငᕊȷޟҬ኿—߳ԈᏰҡޟЖ!

ᖂسኙψఄ్ᆖᛜωਝڶऱᄗ࢚ਢΚຘመڶயऱψ఼ݧጥ෻ωሒࠩႚ඄ᖂઝ वᢝऱؾऱΔྥۖΔᆖመԫᖂཚ׼ᣊऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓ऱੑ៖Δהଚऱᨠ࢚ޏ

᧢ԱΔψఄ్ᆖᛜωլ໢׽ਢނᓰՂړΔڇ֒ᖂ׌ᆠᆥ૘ՀΔޓᏁ૞ᣂ֨ᖂسऱ֨

෻ᐋ૿ᏁޣΔቫᇢᛵᇞΕ༇ૹᖂسऱუऄਢ࿪ኙؘ૞ऱΖᚥܗᖂسຘመ෻ࢤ৸ە ሒࠩ۞৳Δឩ୶۞ߪऱץ୲ԺΔڇֺለ։࣫խΔᖿᛯנޓڍऱᄅ઎ऄΔ৬ዌ۞ա ऱᨠរΔթਢψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱึᄕؾᑑΖ

а߻ёૈᇡࣁ੤ભ࿶ᔼ൩ࢂᔼ೷੤΢ᑼࢳޑ΢ፐ਻ݗǴԴৣӳ΢ፐǴᏢғ ό֐ᎵϐᜪޑǴՠࢂ΢Α੤ભ࿶ᔼϐࡕǴωᡏ཮ډǴ΋ঁӳޑԴৣǴעፐ

΢ளӳϐѦǴ׳ाѐᜢЈᏢғޑӚᅿୢᚒǴόൂൂѝࢂݙख़ፐ཰ǴΨाᜢ ЈдॺޑЈ౛ቫय़ǴᗨฅӧϲᏢЬကޑᕉნΠǴόፕࢂৎߏ܈ԴৣǴёૈ

೿׆ఈ࠸ηǵᏢғעਜ୦ӳКၨख़ाǴόၸӵ݀࠸ηӧځдБय़ၶډΑୢ

ᚒǴΨࡐሡाৣߏٰ౐Ї௲Ꮴޑ֔Ǽךགྷ೭൩ࢂךӧ੤ભ࿶ᔼ೭୸ፐύᏢ ಞډനӭޑ೽ҽȐfe058ȑ

ךᏢډΑаࡕӵՖ஥ሦ΋ঁ੤ભǴӧፐ୸΢Ǵך᝺ளԴৣၟᏢғޑϕ୏੿

ޑߚதख़ाǴ΋ঁӀࢂ཮௲ਜޑԴৣ٠όࢂ΋ՏԋфޑԴৣǴԴৣ׳Ѹ໪

ᆶᏢғԖؼӳޑϕ୏ωՉǴᏢғӧᏢਠ܌ाᏢಞޑନΑޕ᛽ѦǴӵՖᆶΓ

࣬ೀ׳ࢂख़ाޑፐᚒȐfe025ȑ

)Π*ȶੲ઻ငᕊȷޟ๊౱ഺཎఀᏰᇄᛲҏఀᏰ!

໌რඒᖂΚᖂسൕඒஃڍց֏ऱ໌რඒᖂ੒೯խ࿇෼Δ଺ࠐඒᖂՈױאڕڼ ऱڍցΕڕڼچڶ໌რΖ໌რऱඒᖂᛜທנᦟᑗऱᖂ฾௛ࣷΔআၞஃسऱߜࢤյ ೯Δൎ֏ᖂسऱ೶ፖ೯ᖲΔሒࠩఄ్ᆖᛜऱؾऱΖڂڼΔඒᖂլᚨࣅࣽ࣍ࠫڤ֏

ऱඒᖂ੒೯ፖඒޗΔڍց֏ऱඒޗፖ໌რඒᖂթਢఄ్ᆖᛜऱૹ૞ᣂ᝶Ζ ӧ೭΋ᏢයךᏢډΑόϿܿՋǴԶ੝ձЇଆךݙཀޑࢂკਜᛤҁǶךவٰ

ؒགྷၸҔ೭ঁܿՋٰ΢ፐǴՠࢂ೭΋ঁᏢයޑ⡗ഏǴךว౜΢ፐޑБԄӭ

ډς࿶ಥᚆΑךޑნࣚǴຬрΑךޑགྷႽǶа߻මགྷၸаόӕޑБԄٰ΢

ፐՠխόΑڙډ໺಍״ᑛǴ౜ӧךᡏ཮ډ΋ঁόӕޑნࣚǴᔈ၀ᇥࢂவϔ

ۭၢрٰǴவፐҁǵࡺ٣ਜǵၯᔍǴቹТǵғࢲǾǾ฻ٰ࣮ᏢಞǴٰКၨ

ਏ݀Ǵ჋၂Ƕόᆙाബр΋ঁΓ॥਱ΨाவၸѐΓޑ࿶ᡍٰࡘԵǴ೭ᡣך ჹ҂ٰޑ௲ᏢкᅈΑයࡑȐse059ȑ

ӧ᏾ߐፐ΢ΠٰޑӕਔǴך᝺ளᡣךׯᡂനӭޑࢂǴךჹܭᏢಞޑᢀۺǴ ԖΑࡐख़εޑׯᡂǴӧ໺಍ޑᢀۺύǴᇡࣁᏢಞёૈ൩ࢂࡐڋԄϯޑǴࡐ ΖިޑǴؒԖ፪ޑǴёࢂǴӧԴৣޑ௲Ꮲ΢ǴךֹӄؒԖ࣮ډ೭ኬޑ౜ຝǴ ӢࣁԴৣע௲Ꮲ๏፪ښϯΑǴԶ೭ᅿ፪ښǴ٠όࢂᇥ൩ᡣךॺ֐Ǵᡣךॺ ᎵǴ΢ֹፐϐࡕǴϙሶ೿ؒᏢډǶԶࢂԴৣעԾρჹܭ੤ભ࿶ᔼύޑགྷݤǴ ҔࡐᙁൂޑБԄǴᡣךॺᕕှǴ຾ԶѐࡘԵǴԶว৖рឦܭԾρޑঁΓΓ ғᢀǴך᝺ள೭ࢂךനεޑԏᛘȐfe080ȑ

வ໒ᏢаٰޑԾךϟಏǵϩಔ૸ፕǵቹТݒ፞ǵϿԃλᇥǵᛤҁ᎙᠐ǵᅐ ฝག᝻Ǵך೭ωᕕှǴচٰ΋ঁፐำޑӭϡϯǴ٠ό཮ѐཞ੻ፐำҁيޑ

಍᏾܄Ƕ࣬ϸӦǴךӳ഻៿೭ኬޑ΋ᅿ΢ፐБԄǴӢࣁ೭Ԗձךϐ߻ӧ஑

཰ሦୱޑ೏୏ឲᒡǶךঅ೭ߐፐޑᏢಞᐕำǴ൩೭ኬவȨᅪൽȩډȨཥڻȩǹ җȨཥڻȩډȨၯᔍࢲ୏ȩǹӆҗȨၯᔍࢲ୏ȩډȨЬ୏Ꮲಞȩǹനࡕߡҗ ȨЬ୏Ꮲಞȩ௢़ډȨϣЈޑ௖઩ȩǴ೭ኬ΋ၡቫቫ௢຾Ƕ൩ӳႽݓߢλᇥ ύޑҗѦԶϣǴѺ೯ΑڻโΖે΋૓Ǵགډ೯ᡏ๤ᄣ Ȑfe021ȑ

ᢄءඒᖂΚឈྥᖂسଶၲࡨམኙψఄ్ᆖᛜωאᢄءඒޗტࠩጊ༝Δᎁ੡ຍ ጟ՛৘՗઎ऱ஼Δ৻Ꮦױא܂੡ՕᖂسऱඒޗΔՈྤऄ෻ᇞᢄءࡉψఄ్ᆖᛜω ऱᣂএΖྥۖΔᆖመԫᖂཚᢄء໌რඒᖂऱੑ៖ΔהଚኙᢄءኧࢍޏᨠΔᢄءࢬ ᤖܶऱԳسୃ෻Δڶܗ࣍ᨠ࢚ऱ᠖෎ፖ৸უऱඔ࿇Δޓਢֲ৵ඒᖂױආ۩ऱֱڤΖ

ך᝺ள࣮ᛤҁΨࢂᔅշךॺѐᙶమ΋٤ᢀۺǵགྷݤޑӳБԄǴᗨฅѬ࣮ଆ

ٰࡐᙁൂǴёࢂࠅх֖ࡐӭགྷႽޜ໔ǴԶЪѬ܌ा߄ၲޑЬᚒΨ೿ࢂךॺ ӧԋߏၸำύёૈ཮ၶډޑ௃׎ǴךᇡࣁाӧЯޑࢂѬૈόૈჹךॺ

Ԗ܌௴วǴԶόࢂѬࢂόࢂ፾ӝךॺԃសቫ᎙᠐ޑ᠐ނǹך᝺ள᎙᠐೭ኬ ޑਜᝤϝࢂᡣךவύགڙډࡐӭǴךགྷ܈೚ӧךॺᅌᅌߏεޑਔংǴךॺ ΨבΑന߃ٗҽനൂપޑௌ୏܈ག᝺ǴԶЪҔٗ٤ᙁൂޑ၉ᇟ܌߄ၲрٰ

ޑǴךགྷࢂ׳ుޑ఼ကǴԖਔংᙁൂҁي൩ࢂ΋ᅿᏢୢ Ȑsw043ȑ

΋໒ۈ৾ډ௲Ꮲीฝ߄ޑਔংǴךགډߚதޑᅪൽǺȨךॺς࿶ࢂεᏢғΑ ओǴ΢ፐ૸ፕᛤҁǻᛤҁԖϙሶӳ૸ፕޑǻό൩ࢂഉՔλ࠸ηޑܾᜐࡺ٣ ਜ༏ǻȩ΋ᏢයΠٰǴ᛾ܴךᒱΑǴԶЪᒱளᚆ᛼ǶᛤҁόՠقᙁཀၝǴ ԶЪѬ܌ᗦ֖ޑၰ౛ࢂό཮ܴқ߄ॊӧӷ္Չ໔ޑǴΨ൩Ӣࣁ೭ኬǴ܌а

΋ҁᛤҁёаளډޑ௴ว೯த೿ό཮ѝԖ΋ঁǶচٰୟǴा௲ᏤᏢғΓሞ ᜢ߯ǵғڮ௲ػǵ௃ᆣᆅ౛฻ࡐ໺಍ޑፐᚒǴΨࢂёа೸ၸࡐό໺಍ޑБ Ԅٰ຾ՉޑȐse069ȑ

೭٤ᛤҁᡣךࡐӭϸ࣪ޑᐒ཮Ƕךགྷ೭ᅿ᠐ނૈ୼ᔅշךॺԖਏޑ௲ᏢǴ ೭܈೚Кךॺӧᆵ΢ᖱޑαݣᐉ०ᗋԖҔփ!೭٤ᛤҁጇ൯٠όߏёаӧ ࡐอޑਔ໔ϣֹ࣮Ƕ୯ύǴ୯λޑᏢғࡐϿԖऐЈ֤ӧ௲࠻္ֹ࣮΋ҁਜǴ ᛤҁ൩ᡂдॺࡐӳޑፐѦ᠐ނǴ٠όҔ޸ϼӭޑਔ໔ǴΨό཮Ԗϼӭޑ௃

࿯Ǵൂ΋ঁࡘགྷό֨ᚇǴᙁԶܰᔉȐsw059ȑ

)έ*ᛲҏఀᏰޟਯЖ๝ࡆυΙװࡦՃޟᢒୠ!

ᖂسൕٚᓰඒஃऱඒᖂኔᔌխ࿇෼Δᢄءឈྥױא࿯ղ৘՗ྤૻऱუቝ़

ၴΔᨃ৘՗ڇᢄءᔹᦰመ࿓խ៶طءߪऱᆖ᧭Δ໌ທڍցऱრᆠΔྥۖΔૉ޲ڶ ඒஃᔞ֊ऱ֧ᖄΔᨃ৘՗ൕլٵऱߡ৫৸ەΔᢄءඒᖂല؈װრᆠΔᖂسऱگᡸ ױ౨Լ։ڶૻΔ੷۟ᖄીྤயऱඒᖂΖངߢհΔ៶طඒஃऱ֧ᖄ༼ࣙ৘՗ऱ৸ە ౨ԺΔਢᢄءඒᖂऱு֨Ζ

Դৣӧፐ୸΢և౜ᛤҁޑБԄǴᡣךᏢډ(1)ғ୏ࢲዃޑ௲ᏢБԄǴЇวᏢ ғ୏ᐒǹ(2)ᡣᏢғ྽բኩਔ܄ޑԴৣǴԖշܭ٬Ꮲғૈ׳ుΕޑࡘԵǹ(3) Դৣӧፐ୸΢ޑୢเБԄǴёа٬ᏢғೀܭձΓޑفࡋѐགྷǴ୤Ԗ೛يೀ

ӦઠӧձΓҥ൑ѐགྷǴᏢғωԖёૈᏢಞډᡏຠᆶ൧ख़ǹ(4)وΕᏢғϐ

ύǴԖշܭගଯ੤΢ᏢғޑୖᆶགǴё፾ਔޑ֎ЇдॺޑݙཀΚ٠െӣό

஑ЈޑᏢғȐsw009ȑǶ

྽௲ৣаᛤҁࣁ௲׷଺௲ᏢਔǴёааӭϡϯޑև౜БԄٰ߄౜ǴٯӵǺ ୦ࡺ٣๏ӄ੤᠋٠ஒᛤҁკТ៽๏Ꮲғ࣮ǵׯጓࡺ٣ֽ่ǵаࡺ٣ௗᓪޑ БԄബ೷рќ΋ঁࡺ٣ǵаᔍቃБԄև౜ࡺ٣௃࿯ǴճҔԖ፪ޑ߄౜ٰ֎

ЇᏢғݙཀǵ֎Ї୏ᐒǴௗ๱ёа׳຾΋؁ЇᏤᏢғ׳ుΕࡘԵǴ၂๱ᡣ ᏢғҔόӕޑفࡋѐࡘԵቃύΓނޑᎁၶᆶ଺ݤǴᡣдॺૈઠӧόӕҥ൑

ࣁձΓ๱གྷǴ໒ܗຎഁǴ٠Ъा؃дॺ΢ᆵว߄Ծρޑ࣮ݤǴᙖҗόӕޑ གྷݤᐟว׳ӭޑࡘԵǴך᝺ளаٽูᛤҁࣁ௲׷ޑ௲ᏢߚதӦӳǴՠࢂ׳

ख़ाޑࢂ௲ৣाᏢಞѐᐟวǵЇᏤᏢғ׳ుΕޑࡘԵǴӵ݀ؒԖ׳ుΕޑ ࡘԵǴ೭ᅿ௲Ꮲჴ፦΢ཀက൩཮෧১೚ӭǴό໻ᏢғᏢόډܿՋǴԴৣӧ

௲Ꮲ΢Ψ཮᝺ளคΚȐse009ȑ

ԴৣǴתᄽޑفՅ҅ࢂ΋ঁ಍᏾ǵЇᏤᏢғࡘԵޑΓǴ໺಍ޑ௲ৣ೿ѝࢂ

ൂӛޑ໺ᒡޕ᛽๏ᏢғǴՠίॴԴৣᡣךᕕှډǴԴৣ੿҅ᔈ၀଺ޑ٣௃Ǵ ନΑ೛ी௲Ꮲϣ৒аѦǴ׳ख़ाޑࢂև౜ޑБԄǴा࡛ሶኬ଺ωૈ୼٬Ꮲ ғᕇள׳ӭǴ܈ࢂЇวځЬ୏ࡘԵǵЬ୏פ൨ޑૈΚȐsw008ȑ

ጵՂࢬ૪ΔڼڻऱᢄءඒᖂઔߒΔ࿯ղՕᖂسሿ૤ᖜऱᖂ฾ᆖ᧭Δᨃהଚא

᎘ᠾ༭ݶऱ֨ൣ೶ፖᖂ฾ΖࠡڻΔᢄءߢ១რᇽ׊༄ܶ෡რऱ֮ᖂଅ௑Δڇا׌

۞طऱᖂ฾௛ࣷՀΔඔ೯Օᖂسڍց৸ەऱᔚၗΔࠀڇඒஃၲ࣋ڤംᠲऱ֧ᖄՀΔ ਗᖏהଚਝڶऱᨠ࢚Δআࠌᖂسڇڍցᨠរፖ۞ઊऱ෻ࢤ৸ەխΔ࿇෼۞աऱळ រΔၞۖޏ᧢ਝڶऱუऄΖ٦ृΔڂ੡ᢄءऱփ୲׌ᠲ၀२Օᖂسటኔس੒Δ֘

ਠהଚऱփ֨׈੺Δ֧࿇הଚൣტऱ٥ᏓΖຘመ֨ᨋፖس੒ऱኙᇩΔהଚᖂ฾ੴ

ီፖ൷౏۞աΔ੒נ۞աऱ᠆༄سࡎΖڼ؆ΔՕᖂسൕඒஃ໌რऱᢄءඒᖂ੒೯ խΔޏ᧢הଚኙᢄءऱࠥࣨٱွ—࿙஼Δၞ्ۖࡳᢄءਢᚥܗڶயၞ۩ψఄ్

ᆖᛜωऱՠࠠΖהଚኙψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱᨠ࢚ΔՈڂထຍڻ׼ᣊψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱᖂ

฾ᆖ᧭ΔۖڶᄅऱᇭᤩΚψఄ్ᆖᛜωؘႊຘመڶயऱஃسյ೯ፖᄮຏΔᛵᇞΕ᧯

ᓪࡉ൷౏ॹ֟ڣऱუऄΔ࿯ղॹ֟ڣ෻ࢤ৸ەऱ౨Ժࡉسࡎ࿇୶ऱཕᐝΖ່৵Δ

૞ሒࠩຍᑌऱఄ్ᆖᛜய࣠Δ໌რऱᢄءඒᖂޓਢψఄ్ᆖᛜωլױࢨ౒ऱ૞ైΖ

དྷă೚ॆ׶᏷ጹ

ຍਢԫଡ۩೯࠷ٻऱඒᖂઔߒΔඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒृऱ۞ݺޅܒࢤ֘৸ਢᖞଡઔ ߒॺൄૹ૞ऱຝ։Δߪ੡ඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒृΔᖂسऱإٻڃ㕘ࡉᓰഘխऱᦟూᜢΔ ᒔኔ൅࿯ݺॺൄ༭ஙऱඒᖂᆖ᧭Δא֗ᤉᥛᢄءඒᖂऱॾ֨Ζ܀ਢΔڇᖞଡᖵ࿓

խսڶחԳᙊᖌհ๠Δᣋ៶ࠄ๺֮ڗ։ࠆଡԳऱຝ։֨ሁᖵ࿓ፖඒᖂګ९Ζ

ʙă఺๎଀ደቭˠᗲΏ଀ደΡּʨ!

ઌለ࣍ 91 ᖂڣ৫ՂᖂཚऱᢄءඒᖂΔڼڻऱᢄءඒᖂױጩ੡ԫڻګפऱנ ᚰΔ։࣫ࠟृհၴऱ஁ฆΔࠡխ່Օऱᣂ᝶ڇ࣍໌რ׊ڍցऱᖂ฾੒೯๻ૠΖ91 ᖂڣ৫Ղᖂཚऱඒᖂ׌૞אႚอऱ։ิಘᓵ੡׌Δࠀ׊ൎᓳᖂسڇಘᓵխΔ৸ە ڕ۶ፖॹ֟ڣ։ࠆࢬᔹᦰऱᢄءΔᖞଡඒᖂղԳԫጟࠏ۩ֆࠃऱტᤚΖڼڻऱᢄ ءඒᖂঞਢ᧢֏ڍጤΔᨃᖂسڶԫጟψ۔ஃվ֚Ծ૞नչᏖނᚭωऱཚৱ֨ൣΔ

༼ࣙהଚऱᖂ฾೯ᖲΖڇڍᑌ֏ऱᖂ฾੒೯խΔຘመ֟ၦᖂ฾໢ऱ஼ᐊΔൎ֏ᓰ ছቃ฾ኙ࣍ᓰഘ੒೯೶ፖऱૹ૞ࢤΖڼ؆Δլ࿳।ዝऱݺΔޓլ൦ᥔ੪ۥઌΔሎ شߡۥފዝऱຝ։ݾ؏Δފዝֻᙰ՛ᨓᢄءխऱ՛ᨓΔࠀא৸ەࢤऱംᠲઠ༺ࠡ

խΔᨃᖂسފዝ՛ᨓऱटटࡉააΔᎅנ۞աऱუऄΔא֗ױ౨ऱ೚ऄΔஃسԫ ჸԫഀऱዝנΔլႛचᑷऱ௛ࣷΔՈᨃᖂسᎁటᛀီ۞աऱᏝଖᨠΖຍᑌऱඒᖂ

ֱڤΔլႛᨃᖂسۘؾԫᄅΔޓᨃᖂسኙᢄءඒᖂఎՀ෡ࠥऱٱွ଺ࠐᢄء ඒᖂՈױאਢڕڼΔլႛך։֘ਠࢬ඿൶ߒऱᖂ฾׌ᠲ—्ࡳ۞ݺࡉ۞ݺኔ

෼ΔՈ੡ᅝ֚ऱᖂ฾੒೯—ڍց֏ऱᢄءඒᖂݾ؏༿ၲݙભऱݧኟΖൕຍڻऱ ᢄءඒᖂ۩೯խΔݺ෡෡᧯ஔΔᢄءඒᖂᏁ૞໌რऱᖂ฾੒೯Δֱ౨ሒࠩᚥܗᖂ س۞ݺ൶ߒΕګ९Δא֗ၲඔᔹᦰᑗᔊऱؾऱΖۖ׊ඒᖂृඒᖂኔᔌ᎛໏መ෻ᓵ ࢤऱඒᖄΔڂ੡ᖂسൕݺऱᢄءඒᖂኔᔌխ۞ա࿇෼Δኔਜᢄءඒᖂᚨࠠໂऱ໌

რࢤΖ

ʠăਔЫϱΡڟᗲΏ଀ደ!

)Ι*౪ᄂᇄఀى߬܈ޟፐए!

ᖵڣऱඒᖂ᜔ᄎڇཚأΔᓮᖂسಾኙ۞աऱᖂ฾۞ݺေၦΔೝۖՈᄎᓮᖂس Ⴤᐊ۞ա๻ૠऱം࠴ᓳ਷Δא܂੡ଡԳऱඒᖂ๻ૠऱଥإࠉᖕΖᖂسڃ㕘ࢬנ෼

ऱ٥ٵ෼ွਢΔࣄৼ܂ᄐ֜ڍΕᚘԺ֜ՕΔ່ൄנ෼ऱᎅऄਢΚψڇຍ॰ᓰݺऱᖂ

฾گᡸৰڍΔױਢ܂ᄐᚘԺటऱਢړՕωΕψݺᤚ൓۞ա࿯ຍᏖ೏ऱ։ᑇਢᚨᇠऱΔ ڂ੡ઌለ࣍ࠡהऱඒߛᖂ։ᓰ࿓Δຍਢݺक़່ڍழၴ೚܂ᄐऱԫ॰ᓰᓰΖωΕψԳ

᜔ਢڶ༦ࢤऱΜω᧩ྥΔ੡ᑇլ֟ऱᖂسᤚ൓܂ᄐᚘԺ᎛໏࣍ᖂ฾گᡸΖהଚհ ࢬא۞ᎁॺൄش֨Δ׌૞ਢڂ੡הଚՕຝ։ऱඒߛᖂ։ᓰ࿓אψᝑ૪ऄω੡׌Δ ᖂسլᏁڶ֜ڍऱᄷໂࡉᖂ฾೶ፖΖઌለ࣍۞աԫऴഒ਍ച۩ψᖂ฾ृխ֨ωऱ ᖂ฾੒೯ΔᆖൄᏁ૞ᖂسڶך։ऱᓰছᄷໂΔאܓᓰഘ੒೯ၞ۩Ζױਢאඒஃऱ ߡ৫ᛀီᖂسऱᖂ฾णउΔᖂسऱᖂ฾ᄷໂᆖൄآሒቃཚΔࠃኔՂΔՕڍᑇᖂس

௅ء޲ڶቃ฾ࢨਢᑆ૜ԱࠃΔլႛࠌ൓ᓰഘ੒೯؈װᚨڶऱய࣠Δڶழ੷۟ᄎᤚ

൓ਢԫጟྤயऱᖂ฾Ζ૿ኙຍᑌऱൣቼ᜔ਢחݺॺൄྤ࡜Δڶழ੷۟ᤚ൓۞աጲ

֨๻ૠऱ੒೯Δڂထᖂس๯೯ऱᖂ฾ኪ৫ۖ๯ᜊᝡԱΖ۞աࢬഒॾऱ෻࢚ψ֚

Հ޲ڶػپऱ֑ᙳΔش֨ऱבנթ౨ᛧ൓᠆༄ऱᖂ฾ګ࣠ωΔګ੡۞աፖᖂسհ

ၴΔڇᨠ࢚Ղྤऄሀ။ऱពᄮΖۖ۞աࢬഒॾऱ৬ዌ׌ᆠॾ࢚Δൎᓳψᖂ฾ृ׌

೯৬ዌωऱψᖂ฾ृխ֨ωհඒᖂ๻ૠΔ֘ۖࠌ۞աະԵඒᖂܺቼΖԫڻڻऱ؈

ඓΔԫ٦چ۞ݺଥإΔຟྤऄኔᔌ۞աࢬ෡ॾऱ෻ᓵΖ

٦ृΔኙֲ࣍ؓאᔹᦰ੡׌૞ٖၵୡᑗऱݺۖߢΔኔڇᣄא᧯ᄎᖂسኙᔹᦰ ऱቧ༞հൣΔݺլᆃ૞ംΚψᦰ஼టڶຍᏖેႯΛωΔٵᑌਢڇ֒ᖂ׌ᆠՀګ९Δ ޣᖂழזऱᜤەᙕ࠷෷᎛܅࣍վֲऱٺጟᜤەΔᤁञ᎛ֺվֲᖿ௺Δ܀ਢΔຍԫ

֊ࠀآރවݺऱᔹᦰᘋᔊΔઌ֘چΔݺൄൕ஼խᛧ൓૿ኙس੒ܺቼऱԺၦΔڇլ ጩႉሑऱԳسሐሁՂΔᤉᥛܘԺٻထᑑઢऴၒΖݺ෡ॾψᔹᦰωਢଡԳ֨ᨋԺၦ ऱૹ૞ੈᄭΔਢ࿯ղԳګ९ऱૹ૞೯ԺΔਢഛᕆ෻ࢤ৸ەऱഗفΔۖ׊ਢԫጟח Գ༭ஙऱ੒೯ΖڂڼΔᆖൄڇ۞աऱᓰഘխΔං៺۞աᔹᦰመऱړ஼ΔྥۖΔᖂ سऱڃᚨ᜔ਢԼ։ܐ෉ΖڂڼΔྤऄല۞աऱᔹᦰᑗᔊፖᖂس։ࠆΔᨃהଚൕ஼

խᛧ൓֨ᨋऱԺၦΔ༼ࣙ෻ࢤऱ৸ە౨ԺΔࠌהଚլી࣍೚נחԳ႞࿀ΕჾԳჾ աࢨჾԳլܓաऱހᖗΰࠏڕΚ۞වΞΞαΔਢݺඒᖂڍڣࠐऱ׼ԫଡܺቼΖ

)Π*ᛲҏ׽ᡐΟᏰҡڷרޟᢎ܈!

ଖ൓ᐜࢉऱਢΔڼڻऱᢄءඒᖂᇞެԱՂ૪ࠟଡඒᖂܺቼΖڇཚأ۞ေࡉം

࠴խΔ༓׏޲ڶᖂسࣄৼ܂ᄐᚘԺ֜ૹΔਐࡳᔹᦰऱᓰছᄷໂ੒೯Δࠀآګ੡ה ଚψᦰ஼ωऱᚘԺΔ֧࿇լஙऱൣፃΖઌ֘چΔᢄءᔹᦰᨃהଚขس༭ஙऱൣტΔ ᨃהଚࠆ࠹ࠩᔹᦰऱᑗᔊΔᨃψᔹᦰωګ੡׼ԫጟٖၵ੒೯Ζڼ؆Δڂ੡ᢄءᔹ ᦰਢ༭ݶۖ᎘ᠾΔࢬאΔהଚֺለ౨ജ׌೯ᔹᦰΔࢬאΔՕڍ౨ࠉᅃၞ৫ݙګΔ ܛࢨೝڶ࢏ᙈΔՈᄎ׌೯ᇖՂΔۖլᄎඵհլ෻Ζط࣍ᖂسऱᓰছᄷໂפ֛೚൓

ݙᖞΔᓰഘऱᖂ฾೶ፖ۞ྥለ੡׌೯Δထૹڍցᨠរፖ৸ەऱ௛ࣷ۞ྥ୲࣐ݮګΔ ඒஃԫߢഘऱ᙮෷۞ྥՀ૾ΔᖂسᦫࠩޓڍऱᨠរΔޓ୲࣐ᖿ࿇ࠡ৸ەऱ೯ᖲΔ ᖂ฾گᡸ۞ྥ༼ࣙΔᖂ฾೯ᖲՈᙟհ֒೏Δݮګإٻ༛ᛩΖߪ੡ඒஃऱݺ࠹ࠩᖂ سإٻᖂ฾۩੡ऱტ೯ΔڇඒᖂՂޓ౨א༭ݶ᎘ᠾऱ֨ൣፖהଚյ೯Δᖂسאኔ Ꮎऱ۩೯ࢬ࿯ղऱإٻڃᚨΔᨃݺڇ๻ૠᖂ฾੒೯ழΔ֟Աԫٝᖜ֨ΔڍԱԫٝ

ॾ֨Δඒᖂ໌რऱរ՗Ոᙟհֽይํ೏ΖࠏڕΚಾኙࠟࢤᤜᠲΔאψ჋م۵ਢଡ

୞୞࿺ωࡉψ౐๳ֆ׌ωࠟءᢄء੡֧՗ΔאߊՖᠨֱኙᇩऱֱڤΔ൶ಘႚอऱ

ࠟࢤࠥࣨٱွΔຍႈ੒೯֧ದᖂسৰՕऱಱ᥼Δחהଚٱွ෡ࠥΖൕᖿ௺ऱኙᇩ խΔהଚ۞ա᧯ஔࠟࢤڇ৸უࡉᨠ࢚Ղऱᣬ௘஁ฆΖ༉ຑߪ੡ඒஃऱݺՈڂထᖂ سऱᆖ᧭։ࠆΔڶԱᄅऱᎁᢝΔ଺ࠐڇߊࢤऱխᖂس׈੺խΔ୞୞࿺ऱߊᖂسլ

໢׽ਢᄎ๯ඈ؞Δ੷۟ᄎᔡࠩᑊԺऱኙৱΔຍਢݺࡨறآ֗հ๠ΔݺՈڂڼᛧ൓

ᎁवՂऱګ९Ζൕຍᑌऱඒᖂګ࣠ݺᖂ฾ࠩΔ᎘ᠾ༭ݶऱᖂ฾թ౨࿯ղᖂسޓՕ

୶෼़ၴΔᨃஃسᠨֱٵழᛧ൓वᢝऱګ९Ζ

ڼ؆Δᢄء၀२టኔس੒ऱڍց֏׌ᠲΔᨃᖂسࢬᣂ֊ऱԳᎾᣂএΕسࡎඒ ߛΕࠟࢤΕ۞ݺ्ࡳΕ۞৳ፖ৸ە࿛ᤜᠲΔא່۞ྥऱֱڤᘜԵᓰ࿓խΖຍࠄᤜ ᠲਢהଚڇګ९ᖵ࿓խؘႊ૿ኙऱԳسᓰᠲΔ܀ਢΔڇ֒ᖂ׌ᆠऱᚘ૰ՀΔהଚ

੷֟ڶᖲᄎ৸ەΔڕվΔຘመᢄءඒᖂהଚ൓אڇڜ٤ऱᛩቼխش֨ઊ৸Δڇஃ سፖٵᕦհၴऱኙᇩխΔขسጊ༝ΕᖿᛯנڍցऱᨠរΔ࿇෼۞աऱംᠲፖळរΔ ৬م᥆࣍הଚ۞աऱᏝଖᨠΔ༼ࣙהଚऱ֨ᨋ౨ԺΖݺኙ۞աऱඒᖂཚ๺Κᨃᖂ

سڶԳࢤࡉڶسژՀװऱᑞԺΔึ࣍ڇڼڻऱඒᖂ۩೯ઔߒխᛧ൓ࠄ๺ऱၞޡΖ )έ*ཎѴϞ൉!

חݺ෡࠹ቔፘऱਢΔݺլؘאᎅඒऱֱڤΔܫ္ᖂس૞אფ֨Εર֨ࡉॾ֨

ၞ۩ᆖᛜఄ్ΔՈլؘԫ٦ൎᓳඒᖂ໌რհ࣍ఄ్ᆖᛜऱૹ૞ࢤΔޓլؘ૿ኙה ଚᔆጊΚψڇ֒ᖂ׌ᆠΕ֮ᖇ۟ՂऱषᄎᏝଖᨠՀΔຍ୚ψԳءωऱඒߛ෻უڶش ႯΛωהଚڇݺऱඒᖂኔᔌխΔࢬტ࠹ࠩऱԳء׌ᆠհ࣍ψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱᏝଖΔ ᘣߪᆖ᧭໌რඒᖂኙᖂسᖂ฾ऱإ૿ᐙ᥼Δڇᑨฝᚈ֏խΔࠌהଚޓ౨൷౏ݺऱ ψఄ్ᆖᛜω෻࢚Δඒᖂګய᎛໏መࠌشࠫڤඒઝ஼ࢬ౨ขسऱய࣠Ζ

ޓଖ൓ԫ༼ऱਢΔڶԫଡᖂسڇཚأऱழଢΔಬ࿯ݺԫءڔࡉ׼ԫۯٵᖂٽ

፹ऱᢄء܂੡ધ࢚Δڔ૤ຂ֮ڗຝ։Δ׼ԫۯঞ૤ຂቹ྽ຝ։Ζࠟۯᖂس։ܑଥ

฾ݺ 91 ՂΕՀᖂཚऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓ΔڇڔଚࠟଡߪՂΔݺ઎ࠩޓ෡ԫᐋᢄء ඒᖂऱᐙ᥼Ζڇڔଚ۞աࢬ໌܂ऱᢄءխΔݺ઎ࠩڔଚإຘመᢄء।ሒԱ۞աΔ

༴૪۞աऱګ९ᆖ᧭Ζݺటऱړტ೯Μຍ᎛᎛၌መݺᅝॣऱቃཚΔຍ࿯ղݺޓ෡

ऱඔ࿇ᢄء໌ທՈױאګ੡سࡎऱנՑΖڂڼΔຍڻऱඒᖂઔߒኙݺۖߢਢ ԫڻ༭ங׊חԳ஡ᕿऱඒᖂᆖ᧭Ζ

ʭăደΡΐ৖ၖ՗ڟᄯԑ!

ឈྥຍڻऱඒᖂઔߒױאጩਢګפऱנᚰΔ܀ਢΔࠡխսڶࠄ๺ऱᙊᖌΖ೶

ፖઔߒऱ 90 ۯᖂس։᥆ԿଡլٵऱՂᓰழ੄ΔࠡխਣཚԿழ੄ऱఄ్Δૉ౨אګ ९ቸ᧯ऱֱڤၞ۩Δࢨ๺ᖂسऱگᡸᄎޓڍΔڂ੡߷ԫଡఄ్խΔڶ༓ۯڶထԫ

੄חהଚᤚ൓լ໰ऱޣᖂፖګ९ᆖ᧭ΖࠃኔՂΔਣཚԿழ੄ऱรԫڻՂᓰΔԼ։

חݺტ೯Δڂ੡รԫڻՂᓰழΔଥᓰᖂسլࠩԼଡΔݺଚޢଡԳڶך։ऱழၴ։

ࠆ࢖ڼऱسࡎਚࠃΔ࿍࿍ऱࠟᆏᓰΔݺवሐᅝխऱڶࠄ৘՗ڶመחהଚާ࿀ऱس ࡎᆖ᧭ΰࠏڕΚխᔗΕᣊۿᚥ੔Εధᅷऱ୮அΞΞαΔהଚՈवሐݺڇඒᖂՂऱ࿀

ેᆖ᧭Δ߷ԫڻऱՂᓰݯ࢕ਢԫڻګ९ቸ᧯ΖᅝழΔᤚ൓ຍԫଡఄ్ᚨᇠਢԫଡ ױאڶޓڍኔᎾॹ֟ڣംᠲ։ࠆऱఄ్Δݺଚലڂᘣߪᆖᖵऱ։ࠆΔۖޓᎁᢝຝ

։ፖݺଚլٵ׈੺ऱॹ֟ڣऱ֨ൣፖუऄΖױ൦ऱਢΔᖂீᙇᓰףಯᙇհ৵Δఄ

్Գᑇᏺף੡ԲԼ༓ଡΔۖ׊ڂ੡ףᙇऱᖂسլམ೶ፖݺଚรԫڻऱᄎ֨ኙᇩΔ

ݺᖜ֨ڇຍᑌऱᛩቼխΔ၉ྥᨃᖂس։ࠆ۞աسࡎխऱާ࿀ᆖ᧭Δᄎኙᅝࠃृ٦ ৫ທګ႞୭Δڂۖլཊ٦ࠌشรԫڻՂᓰऱᑓڤΔۖ׽౨ڃូፖࠡהఄ్ԫᑌऱ

ֱڤΖྥۖΔݺ෡෡ऱტ࠹รԫڻՂᓰऱګ୉խΔڶࠄԳᏁ૞ޓ෡ԵऱኙᇩΔۖ

ॺႛ༉׌ᠲၞ۩ಘᓵܛױΔהଚޓᏁ૞ऱਢኙ۞աسࡎऱ٦ᎁᢝፖ৸ەΔଣૉڶ ޓ෡ऱኙᇩΔהଚᄎޓދԵΔگᡸᄎޓڍΖࢨ๺ਢ۞ա౒׎কᙠऱট௛Δݺኔڇ

ྤऄڇශྤॾٚഗ៕ऱՕቸ᧯Δ֧ᖄຍࠄՕ৘՗ၞ۩سࡎ෡ᐋऱኙᇩΖڂڼΔ۞

ա෡ᤚ߷ଡఄ్ऱඒᖂګயࠀլՕΔᖂسऱტ೯ࠀլ෡ࠥΔຍਢຍڻඒᖂ۩೯ઔ ߒխ່ტྤԺऱچֱΔՈਢ່ՕऱᙊᖌΖ

Ͳăΐ৖ጂ੝ڟណ؈!

່৵ΔחݺսլየߩऱਢΔψඒߛᖂ։ωڇᖂس֨խΔࠉྥྤऄឭๅψڻ࿛ֆ اωऱݮွΖឈྥᖂسऱ।෼բᆖԼ։ش֨Δ܀ਢΔڇהଚऱ۞ݺေၦխΔսױ

෎ཐ઎ࠩΔཚխەհ৵Δڂ੡ٺଡᓰ࿓ऱ໴ܫەᇢ൷ᘾۖ۟Δ௽ܑਢߓՂऱᓰ࿓Δ ڇழၴऱඈᚲՀΔהଚ౨ജक़ڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓ऱழၴઌኙ྇֟ΖݺԫऴીԺ

࣍ଠᖄψᖂઝറᄐωፖψඒߛറᄐωࠀૹऱ෻࢚ΔྥۖΔܛঁਢڼڻऱᢄء໌რ ඒᖂ෡࠹ᖂس्ࡳΔ܀ਢΔࠉྥྤऄᖔ೯הଚ௅෡ᆳࡐ׽אψᖂઝറᄐω੡ૹऱ ᨠ࢚Ζ

Ёăඕ! ᄬ

ᢄءψᇩխڶ྽ωࡉψ྽խڶᇩωऱ௽ᔆΔ෡෡ܮ֧ՕᖂسΔૹᗏהଚऱᔹ ᦰᘋᔊΔᨃהଚ٦ڻ᧯᧭ᔹᦰऱᑗᔊΖ៶ط஼խऱԳढࡉൣᆏΔࢬۭຑऱਚࠃΔ ނس੒ඒߛრွ֏ࡉࠠ᧯֏Δ֧࿇הଚऱൣტ٥ᏓΔᆖᖵԫ໱֨ᨋऱ۞ݺ൶౉Δ ࠀ׊៶ط஼խԳढऱᆖ᧭ΔᚥܗՕᖂسאᄅऱኪ৫ࡉ৸ፂ૿ኙسࡎխऱ࿀Δބࠩ

سࡎऱנՑΖڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓խኔਜᢄءඒᖂΔޏ᧢Օᖂسኙᢄءਝڶऱࠥ

ࣨٱွ—࿙஼Δהଚ्ࡳᢄءඒᖂਢᚥܗהଚޓᛵᇞॹ֟ڣऱუऄΔ৬مፖॹ

֟ڣյ೯Δޓڶயऱᆖᛜఄ్࿜ฃΖࠉᖕՂ૪ऱඒᖂઔߒ࿨࣠Δࢬ൓ऱ࿨ᓵਢΚ ԫΕᢄءᔹᦰլਢؔ࿙ऱറܓΔՕᖂسൕᢄءᔹᦰ੒೯խࢬᛧ൓ऱ֨ᨋګ९ࡉᖂ

฾گᡸΔਢԼ։᠆༄׊᧫ԳऱΔਢၲඔהଚᔹᦰᑗᔊऱᨤೲΙԲΕᢄءਢၲඔ֨

ᨋ׈੺ऱᨤೲΔਢ৬مՕᖂسፖॹ֟ڣհၴᨠ࢚ᄮຏऱᖯᑚΔᚥܗՕᖂسޓᛵᇞ ॹ֟ڣऱტ࠹ΙԿΕᢄءലس੒ඒߛΕԳسୃ෻ឆ៲࣍១໢ऱ֮ڗࡉس೯ऱቹ྽

խΔᨃՕᖂسڇፖᢄءऱյ೯խΔ៶ط۞ߪऱᆖ᧭ፖᇭᤩΔਉൺ۞աࢬᏁऱཕᐝ ᣪ៲Δڼጟψ༅ඒ࣍ᑗωऱֱڤΔࠌՕᖂس౨ജ࿇۞փ֨ऱ൷࠹஼խࢬᤖܶऱሐ

෻ፖᨠ࢚Ι؄Εڇψఄ్ᆖᛜωᓰ࿓խኔਜᢄءඒᖂΔᚥܗՕᖂسኙᢄءڶޓ෡

ࠥऱ᧯ஔΔ्ࡳᢄءऱඒߛᏝଖΖ

ࠡڻΔ៶ط໌რऱඒᖂ੒೯Δᨃᢄءඒᖂऱֱڤڍց֏Δ༼ࣙՕᖂسऱᖂ฾

೶ፖ೯ᖲΖڇץ୲Ε൷౏ፖ༇ૹऱ۞طᖂ฾௛ࣷխΔאၲ࣋ڤऱംᠲ֧ᖄՕᖂس

৸ەΔඔ೯הଚڍց৸ەऱᔚၗΔਗᖏ࢖ڼਝڶऱᨠ࢚Δᨃᖂسڇ۞ઊխડధ۞

աऱळរΔൎ֏הଚ෻ࢤ৸ەऱ౨ԺΖഗ࣍Ղ૪ઔߒ࿨࣠ࢬ൓ऱ࿨ᓵਢΔኔਜᢄ ءඒᖂழΔඒஃؘႊԫΕᛜທ۞طا׌ऱᖂ฾௛ࣷΙԲΕאၲ࣋ࢤംᠲ֧ᖄᖂس

৸ەΔൎ֏ᢄءփ୲ऱ࢏୶ࢤፖڍցრᆠऱ௽ᔆΙԿΕא໌რऱֱڤܧ෼ᢄءΔ ᏺףᢄءᔹᦰऱᑗᔊፖඒߛᏝଖΖངߢհΔᢄءऱಘᓵ੒೯Δլᚨওૻ࣍ႚอऱ ಘᓵඒᖂݮڤΖઌ֘چΔᢄءಘᓵ੒೯ऱܧ෼ֱڤᚨڍց֏ΔࠏڕΚ࣍ಘᓵ੒೯ խΔ៶طኙᇩڤऱߡۥފዝΔᖿᛯᖂسऱ৸ەΔࢨਢ፹ທࠟࢤհၴऱኙᇩΔס᧩

ࠟࢤհၴ৸ەᨠរऱ஁ฆΔᏺၞ࢖ڼऱᛵᇞፖ൷౏࿛Δຟਢൎ֏ᢄءඒᖂګயऱ ڶயֱऄΖڼ؆Δᢄءಘᓵ੒೯ᚨאᖂسऱ৸ە੡׌ΔᖂسຘመᢄءᔹᦰΕٵᕦ ࢨஃسኙᇩࡉ۞ߪᆖ᧭ࢬขس৸უΔਢᖄ֧ಘᓵֱٻऱ׌૞ு֨ԺၦΔඒஃऱຂ

ٚڇ࣍༳༽۞ط৸ەΕ࿨ٽᖂسऱس੒ᆖ᧭ࡉਗᖏᖂسਝڶუऄ੡׌ऱಘᓵ଺ঞΖ

່৵Δٚᓰඒஃאߪ܂ঞऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωඒᖂኔᔌΔᨃଥ฾ඒߛᖂ։ऱՕᖂ سൕψߪඒωխΔᘣߪᆖᖵᢄءඒᖂऱڍցࢤΔٵழޏ᧢ਝڶऱψఄ్ᆖᛜωᨠ

࢚Δૹᄅ৬ዌψఄ్ᆖᛜωऱवᢝΖຍᑌऱઔߒ࿨࣠٦ڻס᧩Δஃᇷഛߛᓰ࿓խΔ ψߪඒωૹ࣍ψߢඒωΔψඒᖂኔᔌωፖψ෻ᓵඒᖄωࠀૹऱࠃኔΔڂڼΔᢄءඒ ᖂऱංᐖᏁ૞ஃᇷഛߛृψאߪ܂ঞωΔ෷٣ڇஃᇷഛߛᓰ࿓խኔਜΖ

ણ҂͛ᚥ

ֱైੴΰ1994αΖئፖ՗৘՗ऱءᔆࡉ֨ᨋګ९ΖਪڢȂ6Δ13-15Ζ

ܦිੳΰ2001αΖᓫቹ྽஼ڇᦰ஼ए᛭Ղऱሎشא໢ᘣۖ੡ࠏΖࠛՉĂ122Δ15-19Ζ ޕഛርΰ2002αΖڋ็ყหਪᔖҢӵ҂࿵༪໐πఀᏰϞ՗ଢ଼ंـΖഏمፕקஃᒤᖂೃᓰ࿓

ፖඒᖂઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖ

ࡌ࿫ड़ΰ2001αΖࠝ࿙ᢄءᔹᦰᘜԵ՛ᖂഏ፿ᓰ࿓հ۩೯ઔߒΖᑱݓМఀᚕᇬȂ36Δ43-52Ζ

ࢉ೷ੳΰ1999αΖყหਪᇄڋ็ԙߝΖ2003 ڣ 7 ִ 14 ֲΔ

࠷۞ http://www.tmtc.edu.tw/~kidcen/book/paper01.htm

ࣥඕࡵΰ1999αΖݺլ໛ᦟݺ۞ա—ᓫቹ྽஼խऱ۞ݺಳ༈ΖᏰࠉఀىȂ22Δ61-63Ζ

ࣥຳହΰ1993αΖᢄءඒᖂઔߒΖ୽ఀТѐȂ51ΰ1,2αΔ55-61Ζ

ࣥᅈኦΰ1998αΖ༈ބኄუΕᦟᑗࡉભᣝ—ቹ྽஼ऱᔹᦰᙟუΖछىȂ:2Δ49-56Ζ

ࣥጜ՟ΰ2002αΖ୽ωѲԑ઻Ᏸ็ᄇ Mfp!Mjpooj ࢈ٱᛲҏкᚠၛភϞंـΖഏمቯᆠՕᖂ ഏاඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔቯᆠΖ

࣪ࡺऴΰ1996αΖᨃהტᤚ܃ფהΚആቹ྽஼࿯৘՗ᦫΖᆠ෶Ȃ38Δ32-36Ζ ঀટੳΰ1997αΖቹ྽஼ऱ໌ທԺΖ੫ఀ༪ΛȂ24ΰ1αΔ31-35Ζ

ஊࡱੳΰ2001αΖ࢈ٱᛲҏ۽ժࣀଢ଼೩ॎΖ2003 ڣ 7 ִ 9 ֲΔ

࠷۞ http://www.bamboo.hc.edu.tw/twcu/twcu03/forum/winner/yilan01/w-yilan01.html

ஊࡱੳΰ2003αΖܑ՛઎ݺΔݺՈᄎᦰ஼Ζ൉߬ᆩၯᚕᇬȂ416Ζ2003 ڣ 7 ִ 9 ֲΔʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ

࠷۞ http://holyspirit.joy.org.tw/holyspirit.asp?num=906

೏ߐܩΰ2002αΖσੲ҂ڋᄇᛲҏϛЄፗ྅܈ޟၛភΖഏمᄅێஃᒤᖂೃؔࠝඒߛઔߒࢬ ጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔᄅێΖ

ౖ᥀ጽΰ1998αΖ҂ڋ࡚ᄺ࢈ٱϞंـΖഏمፕ᨜ஃᒤՕᖂ୮ਙඒߛᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮Δآנ ठΔፕקΖ

ພݳ׉ΰ2003αΖݧΖሉ࣍Ꮵ෎৯Εພ஑༡ΰထαΔყหਪޟҡڼ߆༪ΰ଄ viii-xiαΖፕקΚ ڙࡶ٠Ζ

ພ஑༡ΰ1999αΖڋ็ᇄԙΡᄇڋ็ყห࢈ٱਪޟІᔖ௤ـΖഏمፕ᨜ஃᒤՕᖂ୮ਙඒߛ ઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖ

ພᣝੳΰ1991αΖڇ྽խᎅਚࠃऱψቹ྽஼ωΖޥఀᚖТѐȂ57Δ20-33Ζ ຫफୠΰn.d.αΖσЙ౞ωЙȂΙଔ᠞юᛲҏԁฅڨΖ2003 ڣ 7 ִ 9 ֲΔ

࠷۞ http://www.ddm.org.tw/old/Big5/maze/150/8-1.htm

ඦঊ৯ΰ1999αΖչᏖਢψءՒωቹ஼஼ΛΖϛ๼ҕ୽ڋ็МᏰᏰོོଉΔ15(1)Δ11-13Ζ ႓ᐜ༡ΰ2003αΖᛲҏ၇ޟछᝋཱིжࣨΖ2003 ڣ 7 ִ 9 ֲΔ

࠷۞ http://www.tienwei.com.tw/BOOKMESSAGE.asp?ᑑᠲ=ᢄءᇙऱભᣝᄅ׈੺%20 ႓ᣝହΰ1999αΖቹ྽஼ֱூඒᖂऱᚨشΖԙߝ҂ఀ۟ѐȂ48Δ52-55Ζ

Ꮵભੳΰ2002αΖоᛲҏ࣏൬ϭ໌՗ᕗცដᚠఀᏰϞंـΖፕקؑمஃᒤᖂೃઝᖂඒߛઔ ߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔፕקΖ

Ꮵ૔๙ΰ1998αΖڋ็ᄇ็ၗϛȶЄፗ྅܈ȷϞၛភоȮߧຐڷᜄ⠪ȯ࣏ٽΖഏمቯᆠ ஃೃጚՓᓵ֮ഏاඒߛઔߒࢬΔآנठΔቯᆠΖ

Ꮵ൩ܩΰ2001αΖ୽ω൐ᒑᏰ็ᄇЮҔᚔ౴ငᡛϞఄᇳ౪ᄂᇄᛲҏϞ໢Ζഏمक़ᓊஃᒤ ᖂೃഏاඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔक़ᓊΖ

Ꮵ෎৯ΰ2002αΖ੦጑᠞ਪོΖፕקΚڙࡶ٠Ζ

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