MARC (1965) 機讀編目格式

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數位時代圖書館編目技術與自動化新發展

雲端行動環境下圖書館自動化發展與前瞻研討會

張慧銖 中興大學圖書資訊研究所

2015.01.09

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• 圖書館資訊組織規範發展歷程

• From AACR to RDA

• From MARC21 to BIBFRAME

• 反思與討論

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Paris Principles (1961) 巴黎原則

ISBD (1971) 國際標準書目著錄

AACR2 (1978) 英美編目規則二版

MARC (1965) 機讀編目格式

ICP (2008) 國際編目原則

聲明

ISBD Consolidated

(2006) ISBD整合版

RDA (2008年草案

公布) 資源描述與

檢索

MARC21 (1999)

3 BIBFRAME?

圖書館資訊組織規範發展歷程

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Changes in Cataloguing 1

ISBD

|

AACR2

|

MARC

FRBR

| RDA

|

MARC

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Changes in Cataloguing 2

ISBD

|

AACR2

|

MARC

FRBR

| RDA

|

BIBFRAME

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AACR2

Models for decision : a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by the British Computer

Society and the Operational Research Society / edited by C.M. Berners-Lee. -- London : English Universities Press, 1965.

x, 149 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

• Berners-Lee, C. M.

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Card Index Catalogue

http://cardcat.ucl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/carddisplay.pl?card=887;drawer=13;max=931;ctype=C

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MARC

MA

^chine

R

^eadable

C

ataloguing

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AARC2 in .mrc

00788nam a2200181 a

45000010027000000050017000270080041000440240015000852450 21000100260004900310300003200359504004100391650003300432 700002300465710003900488710003000527710004900557_UCL0100 0000000000000477125_20061112120300.0_850710s1965 enka b 000 0 eng _8 _ax280050495_00_aModels for decision :_ba

conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation

Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society /_cedited by C.M. Berners-Lee._ _aLondon

:_bEnglish Universities Press,_c1965._ _ax, 149 p. :_bill. ;_c23 cm._

_aIncludes bibliographical references._ 0_aDecision

making_vCongresses._1 _aBerners-Lee, C. M._2 _aUnited Kingdom

Automation Council._2 _aBritish Computer Society._2 _aOperational

Research Society (Great Britain)__

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AACR2 in MARC21

245 00 $a Models for decision :

$b a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society /

$c edited by C.M. Berners-Lee.

260 __ $a London :

$b English Universities Press, $c 1965.

300 __ $a x, 149 p. : $b ill. ;

$c 23 cm.

504 __ $a Includes bibliographical references.

700 1_ $a Berners-Lee, C. M.

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• Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)

• Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD)

• Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data (FRSAD – in progress)

RDA’s Foundation

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FRBR實體(Entity)

• • 作品（Work）

• • 內容版本（Expression）

• 載體版本（Manifestation）

• 單件（Item）

Group 1 (Creation)

智慧與藝術創作的產品

• 個人（Person）

• 團體（Corporate body）

Group 2 (Creators)

智慧與藝術創作的負責人

• 概念（Concept）

• 物件（Object）

• 事件（Event）

• 地點（Place）

Group 3

(subjects)

作品的主題展現

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RDA’s Structure -- Attributes

• General guidelines (chapter 1)

• Attributes

– Of FRBR Group 1 entities (chapters 2-7)

– Of FRBR Group 2 entities (chapters 8-11) which also includes access point control

– Of FRBR Group 3 entities (chapters 12-16) – which are “place holder” chapters for now

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RDA’s Structure -- Relationships

• Relationship of FRBR Group 1entities to Group 2 entities (who wrote it, created it, illustrated it, edited it, acted in it, etc. –

chapters 18-22)

• Relationship of FRBR Group 1 entities to

Group 3 entities (chapter 23 – place holder chapter for now)

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RDA in MARC21

245 00 $a Models for decision :

$b a conference under the auspices of the United Kingdom Automation Council organised by the British Computer Society and the Operational Research Society /

$c edited by C.M. Berners-Lee.

264 _1 $a London :

$b The English Universities Press Limited, $c 1965.

300 __ $a x, 149 pages : $b illustrations ; $c 23 cm.

336 __ $a text

$2 rdacontent 337 __ $a unmediated $2 rdamedia 338 __ $a volume $2 rdacarrier

504 __ $a Includes bibliographical references.

700 1_ $a Berners-Lee, C. M., editor of compilation.

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What is MARC for?

• Storage

• Exchange and distribution

• Manipulation

• Display

• Input

(http://www.aurochs.org/zz/marc_input/marc_input.html)

• “Lingua franca of library cataloguing”

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Probelms

• Print-book-centricity

– It isn’t just “the digital” that MARC/AACR2/ISBD(G) has

problems with. Music has been a thorn in the side for ages.

– General confusion of content vs. carrier .

– Should we really try to create the One Standard (set) That Rules Them All to begin with? That’s not where the rest of the world is going.

• Patron perception of OPACs

– especially conditioned by Google!

• Internationalization of cataloging

– Latin abbreviations? English free text? Really?

– What’s preventing us from having records that are useful cross- linguistically?

• Too much praxis, not enough theory.

– Edge-case-based cataloging-code development led to myriad

“special rules.”

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BIBFRAME

• BIB

liographic

FRAME

work Initiative

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What is BIBFRAME

• BF can be seen as a replacement of MARC:

– BF can and will serve as an encoding standard for RDA and other content standards

• But, it’s not only a replacement of MARC:

– BF is an environment/model/ontology focusing on

bibliographic data

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Who?

Library of Congress

Consultants:

• Zepheira

Partners (Early Experimenters) and among others:

• British Library,

• Deutsche Nationalbibliothek,

• George Washington University,

• National Library of Medicine,

• OCLC,

• and Princeton University

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Why?

• On the Record / Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control (January 2008)

• Report and Recommendations of the U.S. RDA Test Coordinating Committee (June 2011)

"Demonstrate credible progress towards a

replacement for MARC".

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Selected BIBFRAME Timeline

2002. October. MARC must die (Roy Tennant) 2006. TBL's Linked Data: Design Issues.

2008. January. On the Record (LC report). Suggested that MARC was no longer "fit for purpose"

2011. June. Report and Recommendations of the U.S. RDA Test Coordinating Committee.

Reported that

"Most felt any benefits of RDA would be largely unrealized in a MARC environment".

2011. October. A Bibliographic Framework for the Digital Age (LC report). LC concludes from the two reports above to commit to a new "new bibliographic framework".

2012. May. LC begins work with Zepheira on model.

2014. Stabilization of model and experimentation. Still being developed (and argued over)

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Requirements and Design Objectives

• Web oriented architecture

Linked Open Data

Expressed in RDF

• Resource identity

• Property identity

• Vocabulary evolution

• Localized extensibility

• Third party value add

• Defined serialization to support interchange

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Requirements and Design Objectives (cont.)

• Minimize ontology mechanics

• Web oriented search

SPARQL (though not a requirement)

• Support legacy and existing search technologies

Search/Retrieval via URL (SRU) / Contextual Query Language (CQL)

Z39.50

OAI-PMH

• Enabling web triggers

• Internationalization

http://bibframe.org/documentation/bibfra

me-usecases/

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The BIBFRAME Model

• Work

• Instance

• Authority

• Annotation

http://de.slideshare.net/zepheiraorg/bibli

ographic-14207718

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FRBR and BIBFRAME Models

FRBR

Work

Expression Manifestation

Item

Work

Instance Annotation

BIBFRAME

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BIBFRAME Model: Resource

A BIBFRAME Resource can be anything: a Work, Instance, Authority, or Annotation

bf:authorizedAccessPoint bf:identifier

bf:label

bf:relatedTo

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Resource.html

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BIBFRAME Model: Work 1/2

Work: A resource reflecting a conceptual essence of the cataloging resource. (A FRBR Work/Expression)

bf:classificationLcc bf:contains

bf:creator

bf:hasDerivative bf:note

bf:language

bf:originalVersion bf:relatedWork bf:series

bf:title

bf:workTitle

bf:subject

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BIBFRAME Model: Work 2/2 (FRBR)

bf:relatedWork bf:hasInstance bf:hasExpression bf:expressionOf

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Work.html

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BIBFRAME Model: Instance 1/2

Instance: A resource reflecting an individual, material embodiment of the Work. (A FRBR Manifestation)

bf:contributor bf:dimensions bf:extent

bf:isbn10 bf:isbn13 bf:isbn

bf:publication bf:instanceOf bf:titleStatement

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Instance.html

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BIBFRAME Model: Instance 2/2 (pub)

ex:wk17082740 a bf:Work ;

hasInstance _:inst001 .

_:inst001 a bf:Instance ;

bf:publication _:pub002 .

_:pub002 a bf:Provider ;

bf:providerName "Research Association";

bf:providerPlace "Piscataway, New Jersey" .

(Example adapted from

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Work.html)

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BIBFRAME Model: Authority (Person)

Authority: A resource reflecting key authority concepts that have defined relationships reflected in the Work and Instance.

bf:hasAuthority

bf:authorizedAccessPoint

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Authority.html

http://bibframe.org/documentation/bibframe-authority/

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BIBFRAME Model: Annotation

Annotation: A resource that decorates other BIBFRAME resources with additional information, e.g. holdings, cover art, reviews.

bf:annotates

bf:annotationAssertedBy bf:annotationBody

bf:annotationSource bf:annotationDate

http://bibframe.org/vocab/Annotation.html

http://bibframe.org/documentation/annotations/

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BibFrame Editor

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Work

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Instance

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Holding Item

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Linked Data & BibFrame

(Sample)

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English Sentence

Brideshead Revisited created by Evelyn Waugh

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Entities and Relationship

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Adding URIs…

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RDF!

<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no97080492> dct:creator <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> .

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British Library model (used for the BNB)

<http://bnb.data.bl.uk/doc/resource/015771460> dct:creator <http://bnb.data.bl.uk/id/person/WaughEvelyn1903-1966> .

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British Library Model (used for the BNB)

<http://bnb.data.bl.uk/id/person/WaughEvelyn1903-1966> rdfs:label "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966" ; owl:sameAs <http://viaf.org/viaf/68937142> .

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BIBFRAME Model

<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/example/cat17450240> bf:creator <http://www.ucl.ac.uk/example/v68937412> .

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BIBFRAME Model

<http://www.ucl.ac.uk/example/v68937412> bf:authorizedAccessPoint "Waugh, Evelyn, 1903-1966" ;

bf:hasAuthority <http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79049248> .

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Context

Linked data > BIBFRAME

Metadata > Cataloguing

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Changes in Cataloguing III

ISBD

|

AACR2

|

MARC

ISBD/FRBR/ISBRBR

|

AACR2/RDA/AACRDA

|

BIBFRAME/sche ma.org/bibo /dct

/foaf/owl /rdf ^/ rdfs/madsrdf/

edm

/rdau/rdaw^/rdae/rdam/rdaa/rdac/frbrer/void/^blterms/

isbd/skos/wgs84pos/etc

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反思與討論

• 《中國編目規則》何去何從?

• 圖書館自動化系統要如何因應?

• 國內是否應開始關注BIBFRAME的發展?

• 國內圖書館資訊組織的教育訓練要如何深化?

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