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(1)

Eulerian

interface-sharpening methods for

hyperbolic problems

Application to compressible multiphase flow

Keh-Ming Shyue

Department of Mathematics National Taiwan University

Taiwan

(2)

Outline

Computing monotone sharp resolution of interfaces is of fundamental importance in many practical problems of interest

Discuss a simple Eulerian interface sharpening approach (vs. Lagrangian, interface tracking, or adaptive moving mesh) for hyperbolic problems Review two PDE-based interface sharpening techniques for solving volume-fraction linear

transport equation that arises, for example, from viscous incompressibe 2-phase flow

Extend method for computing material lines or free surfaces arising from compressible multiphase flow

(3)

Incompressible 2-phase flow: Review

Consider unsteady, incompressible, viscous, immiscible 2-phase flow with governing equations

∇ · ~u = 0 (Continuity)

t (ρ~u) + ∇ · (ρ~u ⊗ ~u) + ∇p = ∇ · τ + ρ~g + f~σ (Momentum)

tα + ~u · ∇α = 0 (Volume-fraction transport ) Material quantities in 2-phase coexistent region are often

computed by α-based weighted average as

ρ = αρ1 + (1 − α) ρ2, ǫ = αǫ1 + (1 − α) ǫ2, α ∈ [0, 1], where source terms are volume-fraction dependent

τ = ǫ ∇~u + ∇~uT

, f~σ = −σκ∇α with κ = ∇ ·

 ∇α

|∇α|



(4)

Interface sharpening techniques

Typical interface sharpening methods for computing volume fraction in incompressible 2-phase flow include:

Algebraic based approach

CICSAM (Compressive Interface Capturing Scheme for Arbitrary Meshes): Ubbink & Issa JCP 1999

THINC (Tangent of Hyperbola for INterface

Capturing): Xiao, Honma & Kono Int. J. Numer.

Meth. Fluids 2005

Improved THINC: Xiao et al.

PDE based approah

Artificial compression: Harten CPAM 1977, Olsson &

Kreiss JCP 2005

Anti-diffusion: So, Hu & Adams JCP 2011

(5)

Artificial interface compression

Our first interface-sharpening model concerns nonlinear artificial compression of form proposed by Olsson & Kreiss

tα + ~u · ∇α = 1

µ∇ · [(D (∇α · ~n) − α (1 − α))~n]

where ~n = ∇α/|∇α|, D > 0, µ ≫ 1

Numerical method based on fractional step may apply 1. Advection step over a time step ∆t to solve

tα + ~u · ∇α = 0 or ∂tα + ∇ · (α~u) = 0 since by assumption ∇ · ~u = 0

2. Interface compression step towards τ-steady state

∂ α = ∇ · [(D (∇α · ~n) − α (1 − α))~n] , τ = t/µ

(6)

Square wave passive advection

Square-wave pluse moving with u = 1 after 4 periodic cycle

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

No compress With compress Exact

α

(7)

Zalesak’s rotating disc

Contours α = 0.5 at 4 different times within 1 period in that

~u = (1/2 − y, x − 1/2)

No compression With compression

(8)

Vortex in cell

Contours α = (0.05, 0.5, 0.95) at 6 different times in 1 period

~u = − sin2 (πx) sin (2πy), sin (2πx) sin2 (πy)

cos (πt/8) No compression

With compression

(9)

Interface compression: Remarks

Consider 1D model problem with u > 0 of form



tα + u∂xα = 1

µ∂x [D (∂xα · ~n) − α (1 − α)]

α(x, 0) = α0(x) = 1/ (1 + exp (−x/D)) , x ∈ lR, t > 0 Exact solution for this problem is simply α(x, t) = α0(x − ut) When α(x, 0) is perturbed to α0(x) + δ(x), δ(x) ≪ 1, we have

τα + ∂˜ ξ α˜2/2

= ∂ξ D∂ξα˜

, α(ξ, 0) = ˜˜ α0(ξ) with ξ = x − ut, τ = t/µ, & α(ξ, τ ) = 1 − α(ξ, τ )˜ , yielding steady state solution α(ξ, τ ) = ˜α0 (ξ + ξ0) as τ → ∞ for some suitably chosen shift ξ0, see Sattinger (1976)

(10)

Interface compression: Remarks

If perturbation is zero mass, i.e., R

−∞ δ(ξ, 0)dξ = 0 we have true solution with ξ0 = 0, see Goodman (1986)

When model is solved by a conservative method, truncation errors will be of zero mass, yielding convergence of

numerical solution to exact one in time we want

In multi-D case, let Kα = D∇α · ~n − α (1 − α). We solve

τα = ∇ · [(D (∇α · ~n) − α (1 − α))~n] = Kα∇ · ~n + ~n · ∇Kα yielding τ-steady state solution as µ → ∞, when Kα = 0 &

1D profile in coordinate normal to interface

When µ finite, Kα∇ · ~n + ~n · ∇Kα 6= 0, strength & accuracy of curvature ∇ · ~n plays important role in interface resolution

(11)

Interface compression runs

Methods used here are very elementary, i.e., 1. Use Clawpack for advection in Step 1

2. Use simple forward Euler in time, second order in space for interface compression in Step 2

Diffusion coefficient D = ε min∀i ∆xi Time step ∆τ

∆τ ≤ 1 2D

Xd

i=1

∆x2i

Stopping criterion: simple 1-norm error measure

(12)

Extension to compressible flow

Shukla, Pantano & Freund (JCP 2010) proposed extension of interface-compression method for incompressible flow to compressible flow governed by reduced 2-phase model as

t1ρ1) + ∇ · (α1ρ1~u) = 0

t2ρ2) + ∇ · (α2ρ2~u) = 0

t (ρ~u) + ∇ · (ρ~u ⊗ ~u) + ∇p = 0

t(ρE) + ∇ · (ρE~u + p~u) = 0

tα1 + ~u · ∇α1 = 1

µ~n · ∇ (D∇α1 · ~n − α1 (1 − α1))

tρ + ∇ · (ρ~u) = 1

µH(α1)~n · (∇ (D∇ρ · ~n) − (1 − 2α1) ∇ρ) Mixture pressure is computed based on isobaric closure

(13)

Compressible flow: Density correction

To see how density compression term comes from, we assume ∇ρ · ~n ∼ ∇α1 · ~n & consider case when

Kα1 = D∇α1 · ~n − α1 (1 − α1) ≈ 0 =⇒ D∇α1 · ~n ≈ α1(1 − α1) yielding density diffusion normal to interface at τ-steady as

∇ (D∇ρ · ~n) · ~n ≈ ∇ (α1(1 − α1)) · ~n = (1 − 2α1) ∇α1 · ~n

∼ (1 − 2α1) ∇ρ · ~n

Define Kρ = ∇(D∇ρ · ~n) − (1 − 2α1) ∇ρ & form

tρ + ∇ · (ρ~u) = 1

µH(α1)~nKρ

H(α1) = tanh (α1(1 − α1)/D)2 is localized-interface function

(14)

Shukla et al. interface compression

In each time step, Shukla’s interface-compression algorithm for compressible 2-phase flow consists of following steps:

1. Solve model equation without interface-compression terms by WENO method

2. Compute primitive variable w = (ρ1, ρ2, ρ, ~u, p, α1) from conservative variables q = (α1ρ1, α2ρ2, ρ~u, ρE, α1)

3. Iterate interface & density compression equations to τ-steady state until convergence

4. Update conserved variables at end of time step from

primitive variables in step 2 & new values of ρ , α1 from step 3

(15)

Underwater explosion (UNDEX)

Solution adpated from Shukla’s paper (JCP 2010)

(16)

Underwater explosion

Solution adpated from Shyue’s paper (JCP 2006)

(17)

Shukla et al. algorithm: Remarks

In Shukla’s results there are noises in pressure contours for UNDEX means poor calculation of pressure near interface To understand method better, consider simple interface only problem where p & ~u are constants in domain, while ρ &

material quantities in EOS have jumps across interfaces Assume consistent approximation in step 1 for model

equation without interface-compression, yielding

smeared (α1ρ1, α2ρ2, α1) & retain (~u, p) = (~u, p) In step 3, ρ = (α1ρ1) + (α2ρ2) & α1 are compressed to ρ˜ &

˜

α1, which in step 4, total mass & momentum are set

(ρ, ρu)n+1 = (˜ρ, ˜ρ~u) =⇒ ~un+1 = ˜ρ~u/˜ρ = ~u as expected

(18)

Shukla et al. algorithm: Remarks

In addition, for total energy, we set

(ρE)n+1 =

1

2ρ|~u|2 + ρe

n+1

= 1

2ρ|~˜ u|2 + ρe(?)e

Consider stiffened gas EOS for phasic pressure pk = (γk − 1) (ρe)k − γkBk, k = 1, 2. We then have

e ρe =

X2 k=1

αkρkek =

X2 k=1

˜

αk p + γkBk γk − 1

= p

X2 k=1

˜ αk

γk − 1 +

X2 k=1

˜

αk γkBk γk − 1

yielding equilibrium pressure pn+1 = p if

 1 n+1

=

X2 α˜k

&

 γB n+1

=

X2

˜

αk γkBk

(19)

Shukla et al. algorithm: Remarks

Next example concerns linearized Mie-Grüneisen EOS for phasic pressure pk = (γk − 1) (ρe)k + (ρk − ρ0k) Bk

e ρe =

X2 k=1

αkρkek =

X2 k=1

˜

αkp

γk − 1 − (α˜kρk − α˜kρ0k) Bk γk − 1

= p

X2 k=1

˜ αk

γk − 1 −

X2 k=1

(α˜kρk − α˜kρ0k) Bk γk − 1 yielding equilibrium pressure pn+1 = p if

 1 γ − 1

n+1

=

X2 k=1

˜ αk

γk − 1 &

(ρ − ρ0)B γ − 1

n+1

=

X2 k=1

(α˜kρk α˜kρ0k) Bk γk − 1

(20)

Shukla et al. algorithm: Remarks

In Shukla et al. algorithm, there is a consistent problem as X2

k=1

kρk)n+1 =

X2 k=1

˜

αkρk 6= ρ˜ = ρn+1

One way to remove this inconsistency is to include

compression terms in partial density αkρk directly, k = 1, 2,

tkρk) + ∇ · (αkρk~u) = 1

µH(αk)~n · (∇ (D∇ (αkρk) · ~n) − (1 − 2αk) ∇ (αkρk)) We then set ρn+1 = P2

k=1kρk)n+1 = P2

k=1 α˜kρ˜k Validation of this approach is required

(21)

Positivity & accuracy

In compressible multiphase flow, positivity of volume fraction, i.e., αk ≥ 0, ∀k, is important due to provision of 1. information on interface location

2. information on thermodynamic states such as ρe & p in numerical “mixture” region & so ρk from αkρk

It is known that devise of oscillation-free higher-order

method (WENO, DG, or variant) for multiphase flow is still an open problem

In this regards, interface-sharpening of some kind should be a useful tool as opposed to Eulerian higher-order

methods or other adaptive mesh methods

(22)

Anti-diffusion interface sharpening

Our second interface-sharpening model concerns

anti-diffusion proposed by So, Hu & Adams (JCP 2011)

tα + ~u · ∇α = − 1

µ∇ · (D∇α), D > 0, µ ≫ 1 Standard fractional step method may still apply

1. Advection step over a time step

tα + ~u · ∇α = 0 2. Anti-diffusion step towards sharp layer

τα = −∇·(D∇α) or ∂τα = −∇·(D∇α · ~n) ~n, τ = t/µ Numerical regularization is required such as employ MINMOD

(23)

Square wave passive advection (revisit)

Square-wave pluse moving with u = 1 after 4 periodic cycle

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

No sharpen Compress Anti−diffus Exact

α

time=4

(24)

Vortex in cell (revisit)

Contours α = (0.05, 0.5, 0.95) at 6 different times in 1 period No interface sharpening (second order)

With interface compression

With anti-diffusion

(25)

Deformation flow in 3D

In this test, consider velocity field

~u = 2 sin2 (πx) sin (2πy) sin (2πz), − sin (2πx) sin2 (πy) sin (2πz),

− sin (2πx) sin (2πy) sin2 (πz)

cos (πt/3)

(26)

Deformation flow in 3D

No anti-diffusion With anti-diffusion

(27)

Deformation flow in 3D

No anti-diffusion With anti-diffusion

(28)

Anti-diffusion runs

Methods used here are essentially the same as artificial interface compression runs, i.e.,

1. Use Clawpack for advection in Step 1

2. Use first order explicit method for anti-diffusion in Step 2 Diffusion coefficient D = max |~u|

Time step ∆τ

∆τ ≤ 1 2D

Xd i=1

∆x2i

Stopping criterion: some measure of interface sharpness

(29)

Anti-diffusion to compressible flow

Reduced 2-phase model with anti-diffusion (Shyue 2011)

tα1 + ~u · ∇α1 = − 1

µ∇ · (D∇α1) = −1

µKα1

t1ρ1) + ∇ · (α1ρ1~u) = − 1

µHI∇ · (D∇α1ρ1) = −1

µHIKα1ρ1

t2ρ2) + ∇ · (α2ρ2~u) = − 1

µHI∇ · (D∇α2ρ2) = −1

µHIKα2ρ2

t (ρ~u) + ∇ · (ρ~u ⊗ ~u) + ∇p = − 1

µHI~u ∇ · (D∇ρ) = − 1

µHIKρ~u

t (ρE) + ∇ · (ρE~u + p~u) = − 1

µHI Kρ|~u|2/2 + Kρe

Isobaric closure for mixture pressure is used as usual

HI denotes interface indicator, K denotes “diffusion” term

(30)

Anti-diffusion to compressible flow

To find Kρ|~u|2/2 assuming |~u|2 is constant, we observe

1

2ρ|~u|2



= 1

2|~u|2∇ρ yielding Kρ|~u|2/2 = 1

2|~u2|∇ · (D∇ρ) To find Kρe, we need to know equation of state. Now in

stiffened gas case with pk = (γk − 1) (ρe)k − γkBk,

∇(ρe) = ∇

X2 k=1

αkρkek

!

= ∇

X2 k=1

αk p + γkBk γk − 1

!

=

X2 k=1

p + γkBk γk − 1



∇αk =

p + γ1B1

γ1 − 1 − p + γ2B2 γ2 − 1



∇α1

(31)

Anti-diffusion to compressible flow

We next consider case with linearized Mie-Grüneisen EOS pk = (γk − 1) (ρe)k + (ρk − ρ0k) Bk k = 1, 2, & proceed same procedure as before

∇(ρe) = ∇

X2 k=1

αkρkek

!

= ∇

X2 k=1

αk p − (ρk − ρ0k)Bk γk − 1

!

=

X2 k=1

p + ρ0kBk

γk − 1 ∇αk +

X2 k=1

Bk

γk − 1∇ (αkρk)

= β0∇α1 +

X2 k=1

βk∇(αkρk)

We choose Kρe = β0 ∇ · (D∇α1) + P2

1 βk ∇ · (D∇αkρk)

(32)

Anti-diffusion to compressible flow

Write anti-diffusion model in compact form

tq + ∇ · ~f + B∇q = −1

µψ(q) with q, f~, B, & ψ defined (not shown)

In each time step, proposed anti-diffusion algorithm for compressible 2-phase flow consists of following steps:

1. Solve model equation without anti-diffusion terms

tq + ∇ · ~f + B∇q = 0

2. Iterate model equation with anti-diffusion terms

τq = −ψ(q)

(33)

Circular water column in uniform flow

Density surface plot (moving speed ~u = (1, 1/10) )

(34)

Single-phase Riemann problem

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

No sharpen Anti−diffu Exact

ρ

x

Sod problem

(35)

Single-phase Riemann problem

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

No sharpen Anti−diffu Exact

ρ

x

Lax problem

(36)

Oscillating water column

Initially, in closed shock tube, water column moves at u = 1 from left to right, yielding air compression at right

& air expansion at left

Subsequently, pressure difference built up across water column resulting deceleration of column of water to

right, makes a stop, & then acceleration to left; a reverse pressure difference built up across water column redirecting flow from left to right again

Eventually, water column starts to oscillate

air

air water

u →

(37)

Oscillating water column

0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

pL

With anti−diffusion No anti−diffusion

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2

pR

(38)

2 D Riemann Problem

With initial 4-slip lines wave pattern

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1



 ρ u v p



 =



 1 0.75

−0.5 1







 2 0.75

0.5 1









1

−0.75 0.5

1









3

−0.75

−0.5 1





(39)

2 D Riemann Problem

Density on top & pressure on bottom

(40)

Shock in air & water cylinder

Solution adpated from Shukla’s paper (JCP 2010)

(41)

Shock in air & water cylinder

Schlieren images for anti-diffusion results at times t = 0.15, 0.4, 0.65 (volume fraction on right)

(42)

Anti-diffusion sharpening: Remarks

1. Local interface identification Algebraic

H(α) = tanh (α(1 − α)/D)2 (Shukla et al. ) Physical-jump (density, volume fraction, . . . )

2. Diffusion coefficient definition

Global D = max |~u| or Dj = max |uj|

Local D = maxM (C) |~u| or DjC = maxM (C) |uj| 3. Stopping criterion

Run 1 − 2 anti-diffusion iteration currently Interface-shapreness measure (?)

(43)

Effect of diffusion coefficient

Anti-diffusion results for Zalesak’s rotating disc

Global Dj Local Dj

(44)

Effect of stopping criterion

Anti-diffusion results for Zalesak’s rotating disc

Local Dj: 1 step Local Dj: 2 step

(45)

Future perspectives

Extend method to mapped grid & model with phase

transition proposed by Saurel, Petipas, Abgrall (JFM 2008)

t1ρ1) + ∇ · (α1ρ1~u) = 0

t2ρ2) + ∇ · (α2ρ2~u) = 0

t (ρ~u) + ∇ · (ρ~u ⊗ ~u) + ∇p = 0

t (ρE) + ∇ · (ρE~u + p~u) = 0

tα1 + ~u · ∇ (α1~u) = α1S

KS1 ∇ · ~u + K˜Γ

S Q1 + K˜cS ρ ˙Y K¯S =

 α1

KS1 + α2 KS2

−1

, K˜S =

KS1

α1 + KS2 α2



, K˜Γ =

1

α1 + Γ2 α2



c =

 c21

+ c22 

, Kι = ριc2ι , Q1 = H(T2 − T1), ˙Y (mass trans.)

(46)

Thank you

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