I am here this evening as a representative of the American people

(1)

Appendix A

The original text

This dialogue is designed to help us cooperate where our interests coincide, and to narrow differences

wherever they exist. It has made possible a pair of historic summits in Washington and Beijing.

It has allowed us to work together in areas of vital significance, such as nuclear proliferation, stability on the

Korean Peninsula, international terror and the resolution of global problems.

It has helped us engage seriously on economic matters. And it has allowed us to speak frankly to each

other, in the knowledge that our relations will be stronger if we are honest about our disagreements.

It is in that spirit, Mr. Ambassador, that I will speak frankly tonight, as your leaders do with us. I am here

this evening as a representative of the American people. I could not fairly represent them if I did not emphasize

America’s belief that organized and peaceful political expression is not a crime or a threat; it is a right that is

universally recognized and fundamental to the freedom and dignity of every human being.

Accordingly, we are profoundly distressed by the unjustified prison sentences recently imposed upon a

number of Chinese who tried to exercise that right.

We urge China not only to embrace in word, but also to observe in deed, the principles of the International

Covenant on Civil and Political Rights which it has signed.

And we underline President Clinton’s observation in Beijing that, in this Information Age, the future wealth

and well-being of any nation will depend on the ability of its people to think, speak, associate, and worship freely.

(2)

Appendix B

A pilot study: transcriptions B.1, B.2, and B.3

Transcription B.1: (From Group A—GITI student, with 3 semesters of ST training)

中美雙方對話的架構，是為了能夠幫助中美兩國，在利益相同的領域，促進合作，而在雙方觀念有歧異的地方，能

夠互相溝通。這樣的對話架構，使得華盛頓與北京方面，能夠進行兩次歷史性的高峰會。

這樣的對話架構，讓我們，能夠，在許多極為重要的領域，進行合作。包括了，防止核子武器擴散、朝鮮半島的安

定，以及，防制國際恐怖主義，以及，還有，就是，解決各種全球性的問題。

中美之間的對話，讓我們，能夠，以嚴肅的態度來，共同，解決經濟問題，並且，使得雙方能夠坦承的，交流意見，

因為我們知道，在，意見發生衝突時，唯有互相坦承，才能讓關係更為密切。

大使先生，今天我也要本著這個精神，對貴國呢，直言不諱，ㄜ，正如同貴國的領袖也對美國，非常的，坦率。今

天，我，身為美國人民的代表，我必須要充分，的，中/充分的，ㄜ，表達美國人民的意見。美國人民相信，人民，有，

權利以有組織而和平的方式，表達政治立場。這不是，犯罪，也不是威，對政府的威脅。人民表達政治意見的權利是，

全球公認的基本民權。這是，每一個人類，所，最基本的一種，自由與尊嚴。

因此，我們，認為最近，有，許多的，中國人民，在行使，參政權的時候，被無理的拘禁，我們感到非常的，ㄜ/

我/感到非常的難過。

我們，催促/我們敦促中國政府，不只是要，口頭，來遵守，國際民權及參政權公約，更要以實際行動來表現，你們

的承諾。

同時，我們要強調/再度強調，柯林頓總統在北京所，發表的意見，也就是，在資訊時代，任何國家，她的未來的福

祉，都，依靠在，ㄜ/都，取決於，人民是否能夠，自由的行使思想、言論、集會，以及宗教自由。 (Time spent: 3’01”)

(3)

Transcription B.2: (From Group B—Ph. D in linguistics, without any ST training)

這次的對話，是要幫助我們，在我們有共同利益的地方，互相合作，而在我們利益相衝突的地方呢，把我們之間的歧見，變小。那麼，這次對話，讓我們能夠在北京和華盛頓，舉行兩次的歷史性的高峰會議。

這次的對話，也讓我們能夠在許多，重要的領域中，ㄜ，能夠互相合作，例如說，防止核擴散、維持朝鮮半島的穩

定、ㄜ，防止國際暴力，以及，處理，全球性的問題。

這次的對話，也讓我們能夠認真的，處理一些經濟問題。而它也讓我們能夠彼此坦承的相對，坦承的對彼此說話，

那麼讓我們彼此瞭解說，我們如果能夠坦承的，談、談我們的歧見，那麼我們之間的關係，會變得更好。

大使先生，我今天晚上，也就是希望秉持著這種精神，來說話，就像你們的領導人，是很坦承的，對我們說話一樣。

要瞭解，我今天是代表美國人民，來說話的。那麼美國人的，一個基本信念，就是說相信，有組織的、和平的，政治，

信念的表達，並不是一種罪行，也並不是一種威脅，我們認為這是一個，全世界，都承認的一個，基本權利，也是每一

個人類都應有的，基本自由和尊嚴，那麼我如果沒有把這一點講出來的話，我在代表美國人民方面，就，有一點不稱職

啊。

而且，我們對於，最近，有一部份，想要行使這些權利的中國人，被囚禁的這件事情呢，感到，感到有一點憂心。

（三秒）我們希望中國，在，我們希望在中國在，遵守，國際人權和政治權利，法案，的這件事情上呢，不只是，在字

面上，遵守，而在行為上，也能夠表現出，ㄜ，是遵守，這個法案的。

（四秒）而我這邊要再度強調，ㄜ，柯林頓總統在北京的觀察，也就是說在這個資訊的時代，裡，任何一個國家未

來的財富，以及繁榮，都是要依靠，她的人民，思考、說話、嗯，組織、結社，以及，信仰的自由。必須能夠做到這些，

這個國家才有可能，富有，以及繁榮。

Time spent: 2’58”

(4)

Transcription B.3: (From Group C—GEEP student, with basic ST training)

這個對話使我們兩國能夠在我們共同的議題上合作，而且能夠使我們，的歧見，減少。它使我們兩，使華盛頓

跟北京，能夠達成歷史性的協議。

它使我們能夠在，主要的議題上合作，像，是核武的限制，朝鮮半島的穩定，和，國際恐怖及，議，及世界，議題

的解決。

它已經使我們（六秒）在經濟議題上緊密的結合，而且使我們，能夠互相坦承的與/對話。（九秒）在這樣的共識下，

我們的關係將會更加穩定如果我們，能夠誠實的面對我們的歧見。

（五秒）在這樣的想法下，that ，我會坦白的，（三秒）說，我會坦白的告訴，大使先生你，而你們的領導者也會相

同的，說，誠實以對。（六秒）我/我在今天晚上代表美國人民，我，我如果沒有談百，坦白的強（七秒），我如果不能夠

公平的陳述美國的信念，就是組織，有組織及和平的政治，表達，不是一個犯罪或者是政府的威脅，它是，它是世界/

世界公認的權利，而且是自由的基礎，和，人，性的基本尊嚴。

同樣的，我們極度關切，最近，被，不公平的判刑，的一群中國人。他們想要實際從事這些權利，因而被判刑。

我們，呼籲中國，不要只是形諸文字，也應該付諸行動，因為，中，中國已經簽署了，公民暨政治權利國際公約。

同時我們要特別強調，柯林頓總統對北京的觀察，在這個資訊時代裡，任何國家，未來的，財富跟福祉，將，建立

在，他的人民思ㄒ，能夠自由的思想、說話、社交以及溝通，的自由上面。

Time spent: 4’07”

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Appendix C

The Segmentation of the Speech Text

(1a) This dialogue (1b) is designed (1c) to help us (1d) cooperate (1e) where our interests coincide, (1f) and (1g) to narrow (1h) differences (1i) wherever they exist.

(2a) It has made possible (2b) a pair (2c) of historic summits (2d) in Washington (2e) and (2f) Beijing.

(3a) It has allowed us (3b) to work together (3c) in areas (3d) of vital significance, (3e) such as (3f) nuclear proliferation, (3g) stability (3h) on the Korean Peninsula, (3i) international terror (3j) and (3k) the resolution (3l) of global problems.

(4a) It has helped us (4b) engage seriously (4c) on economic matters.

(5a) And (5b) it has allowed us (5c) to speak frankly (5d) to each other, (5e) in the knowledge (5f) that our relations (5g) will be stronger (5h) if we (5i) are honest (5j) about our disagreements.

(6a) It is in that spirit, (6b) Mr. Ambassador, (6c) that I (6d) will speak frankly (6e) tonight, (6f) as your leaders (6g) do (6h) with us.

(7a) I (7b) am here (7c) this evening (7d) as (7e) a representative (7f) of the American people.

(6)

(8a) I (8b) could not (8c) fairly represent them (8d) if (8e) I (8f) did not (8g) emphasize (8h) America’s belief (8i) that (8j) organized and peaceful (8k) political expression (8l) is not (8m) a crime or a threat;

(9a) it is (9b) a right (9c) that is (9d) universally recognized (9e) and (9f) fundamental (9g) to (9h) the freedom (9i) and (9j) dignity (9k) of every human being.

(10a) Accordingly, (10b) we (10c) are (10d) profoundly distressed (10e) by (10f) the unjustified prison sentences (10g) recently (10h) imposed upon (10i) a number (10j) of Chinese (10k) who tried to exercise that right.

(11a) We (11b) urge China (11c) not only (11d) to embrace in word, (11e) but also (11f) to observe in deed, (11g) the principles (11h) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (11i) which it has signed.

(12a) And (12b) we (12c) underline (12d) President Clinton’s (12e) observation (12f) in Beijing (12g) that, (12h) in this Information Age, (12i) the future wealth (12j) and (12k) well-being (12l) of any nation (12m) will depend (12n) on the ability (12o) of its people (12p) to think, (12q) speak, (12r) associate, (12s) and (12t) worship (12u) freely.

(7)

Appendix D

Units of miss-interpretation generated by the subjects of the three groups

Table D.1 The units of miss-interpretation generated by group A subjects

Subject Error

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

1d ★

1e ★ ★ ★

2a ★ ★ ★

2b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3b ★

3f ★ ★

3g ★

3i ★

3k ★ ★ ★

4b ★ ★

5c ★

5e ★ ★ ★

6f ★ ★

6g ★ ★

7c ★ ★

8a – 8m

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

9a ★

9c ★

9f ★ ★

9g – 9i ★

10b ★

10f ★ ★

10i ★

10k ★

11c ★

11d ★ ★ ★

12c ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12d ★

12e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12h ★

12i ★ ★ ★ ★

12k ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12r ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12t ★

Source: compiled by this study

(8)

Table D.2 The units of miss-interpretation generated by group B subjects Subject

Error

1a ★

1e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

1g ★

2a ★ ★

2b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2c ★

3a ★

3b ★

3d ★ ★

3f ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3i ★ ★ ★ ★

3k ★

3l ★

4a ★

4b ★ ★ ★ ★

5e ★

5i ★

5j ★

6d ★ ★

6f ★ ★

6g ★

7b ★

8a – 8m

★ ★ ★

★

★ ★

9a ★

9d ★

9h ★ ★

10a ★ ★

10d ★

10f ★ ★ ★ ★

10i ★

11d ★ ★ ★

11f ★ ★ ★

12c ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12i ★ ★ ★

12k ★ ★ ★ ★

12r ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

★

(9)

12u ★ ★ Source: compiled by this study

Table D.3 The units of miss-interpretation generated by group C subjects Subject

Error

1a ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

1e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

1i ★

2a ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2c ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3a ★

3c ★ ★ ★

3d ★ ★ ★

3f ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3h ★

3i ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3l ★

4b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5b ★ ★ ★ ★

5e ★ ★ ★ ★

5f ★

5g ★ ★

5j ★ ★ ★

6a ★ ★ ★

6f ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

6g ★ ★ ★ ★

6h ★ ★ ★

8a – 8m

★ ★ ★ ★

★

★ ★ ★ ★

★

9d ★

9f ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

9g ★ ★ ★

9j ★

9k ★ ★ ★

10a ★ ★ ★ ★

10d ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

10f ★ ★ ★ ★

10h ★ ★ ★

10i ★

10k ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11a ★

(10)

11b ★ ★ ★

11d ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11f ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11i ★ ★ ★

12b ★ ★

12c ★ ★

12e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12h ★

12i ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12k ★ ★ ★ ★

12l ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12p ★

12q ★ ★

12r ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12t ★ ★ ★ ★

12u ★ ★ ★ ★

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Appendix E

Omissions made by the subjects of the three groups

Table E.1 The units of omission and substitution generated by Group A subjects

Subject Omission

1d ★

1e ★

1g, 1h ★

1i ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2a ★

2b ★ ★ ★ ★

2d-2f ★ ★

3b ★ ★

3f ★ ★ ★ ★

3g ★ ★ ★

3i ★

3k ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

4b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5f ★

5g ★

6b ★

6f ★ ★

6g, 6h ★

7c ★

8c ★

8j ★ ★ ★ ★

8k ★ ★ ★ ★

8m ★

9b ★

9d ★ ★ ★ ★

9f ★

9h ★ ★

9i, 9j ★ ★

9k ★

10d ★ ★

10f ★ ★

11g ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11i ★ ★

12c ★

(12)

12f ★ ★

12i-12l ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12r ★ ★

12p ★

12t ★

12u ★

Table E.2 The units of omission and substitution generated by Group B subjects

Subject Omission

1e ★

1i ★ ★

2b ★ ★ ★

2c ★ ★ ★

3f ★ ★

3g ★ ★ ★

3k ★ ★

4b ★ ★

5e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5f, 5g ★

5h, 5i ★

5j ★

6b ★ ★

6f ★

7c ★ ★

8a – 8c ★ ★ ★

8i, 8j ★

8k ★ ★

8l, 8m ★ ★ ★

9a, 9b ★

9d ★

9f ★

9h – 9j ★ ★ ★ ★

9g, 9k ★

10d ★

10f ★

10i ★

10k ★ ★

11g ★ ★ ★ ★

11i ★ ★ ★ ★

12e ★

(13)

12i-12l ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12r ★ ★

12s, 12t ★

12u ★ ★

Table E.3 The units of omission and substitution generated by Group C subjects Subject

Omission

2b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

2c ★ ★ ★ ★

3d ★ ★

3f ★

3i ★ ★

4b ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5e ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5j ★

6a ★

6e ★ ★

7c ★

8a-8c ★ ★

8j ★ ★ ★

8m ★

9j ★

9k ★

10f ★

10i, 10j ★

10k ★

11d ★ ★

11g ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11i ★

12f ★

12i-12l ★ ★

12q ★ ★

12r ★

12s, 12t ★ ★

12u ★ ★ ★ ★

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Appendix F

Translationese made by the subjects of the three groups

Here is how the calculation works. The first star in the grid (B, sentence 1) means that subject B uses a translationese in sentence 1. A star in the grid corresponds to the signifier “9a-9d + 9e-9k” means that the subject uses a translationese when trying to connect the two parts (9a to 9d plus 9e to 9k).

Table F.1 The units of translationese generated by Group A subjects

Subject Translationese

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Sentence 1 ★

Sentence 3 ★ ★

Sentence 4 ★

Sentence 5 ★ ★

Sentence 6 ★ ★ ★

Sentence 8 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

8a-8c+8d-8m ★ ★

Sentence 9 ★ ★ ★ ★

9a-9d + 9e-9k ★ ★

Sentence 12 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Table F.2 The units of translationese generated by Group B subjects

Subject Translationese

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 1a-1d + 1e ★ ★

Sentence 2 ★ ★

3g, 3h ★ ★ ★ ★

3i ★

Sentence 4 ★

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5a-5d + 5e-5j ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

6a-6e + 6f-6h ★

Sentence 7 ★

Sentence 8 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

8a-8c+8d-8m ★ ★

8d-8h + 8i-8m ★

9a-9d + 9e-9k ★ ★

Sentence 10 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

11a-11f + 11g-11i

★ ★ ★

Sentence 12 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12i-12l + 12m-12u

★

12r ★ ★

Table F.3 The units of translationese generated by Group C subjects Subject

Translationese

Sentence 3 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

3a-3b + 3c-3d ★ ★

3g, 3h ★

3i ★ ★ ★ ★

3j – 3l ★

Sentence 4 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Sentence 5 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

5a-5d + 5e-5j ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Sentence 6 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

6a-6e + 6f-6h ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Sentence 8 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

8a-8c+8d-8m ★ ★ ★

8d-8h + 8i-8m ★ ★ ★

Sentence 9 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

9a-9d + 9e-9k ★ ★

Sentence 10 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

10a-10d + 10e-10k

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

10e-10j + 10k ★ ★ ★ ★

(16)

Sentence 11 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 11a-11f +

11g-11i

★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

Sentence 12 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★

12i-12l + 12m-12u

★ ★ ★

(17)

Appendix G

Backtracks made by the subjects of the three groups

Table G.1 Backtracks made by Group A subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O All Backtracks 5 8 12 2 15 7 7 11 2 13 4 4 5 6 3 104 Source: compiled by this study

Table G.2 Backtracks made by Group B subjects

Table G.3 Backtracks made by Group C subjects

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Appendix H

Fillers used by the subjects of the three Groups

Table H.1 Fillers used by Group A subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O All Fillers 7 0 23 31 6 2 18 26 1 5 1 0 11 18 1 150 Source: compiled by this study

Table H.2 Fillers used by Group B subjects

Table H.3 Fillers used by Group C subjects

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Appendix I

Pauses made by the subjects of the three groups

Table I.1 Pauses made by Group A subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O All Pauses 1 7 5 8 5 0 0 4 15 13 3 4 6 6 6 83 Source: compiled by this study

Table I.2 Pauses made by Group B subjects

Table I.3 Pauses made by Group C subjects

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Appendix J

Time spent by the subjects of the three groups

Table J.1 Time spent by Group A subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Time 3’34’’ 4’53” 4’24” 3’51” 3’00” 3’01” 2’05” 4’00” 4”28” 4’41” 2’54” 3’26” 3’24” 3’19” 3’41”

Table J.2 Time spent by Group B subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Time 2’58” 4’37” 4’07” 2’49” 2’59” 5’31” 3’48” 4’51” 3’20” 4’08” 3’38” 3’15” 5’15” 5’47” 3’34”

Table J.3 Time spent by Group C subjects

Subject A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O Time 5’00” 6’40” 6’02” 5’45” 5’48” 4’07” 5’23” 4’30” 4’42” 6’18” 5’55” 3’06” 4’28” 4’18” 5’00”