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口腔病理科 On-Line KMU Student Bulletin

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原文題目(出處): Clinicopathologic evaluation of malignancy adjacent to dental implants. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017;123:103-12

原文作者姓名: Ilana Kaplan, Itai Zeevi, Haim Tal, Eli Rosenfeld, Gavriel Chaushu

通訊作者學校: Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

報告者姓名(組別): 林杰 Intern I 組 報告日期: 2017/04/11 內文:

一、Introduction 1. Peri-implantitis (PI)

a.臨床表徵:Erythema, swelling, suppuration, pocket formation, and bone loss.

b.可能病因:Bacterial infections, poor oral hygiene, surgical trauma, genetic predisposition, implant surface characteristics, faulty or incorrect prosthetic design, occlusal overload, or improper surgical placement.

c.治療方式:No universally accepted protocols

2.臨床上鮮少會將 PI 清下來的組織送病理檢驗,所以有關 PI 組織的文獻較少。

a.一個少量案例研究顯示組織含有:

Hyperplasia and ulceration of pocket epithelium A mixed population of inflammatory cells.

b.一個 117 個切片的研究顯示,接近 50%案例不只是單純發炎的病理變化,還含 有較嚴重的病變,但臨床上不易辨別:

Pyogenic granuloma, Giant cell granuloma, or

Actinomycesrelated inflammation

c.臨床上很少有原發性和轉移性腫瘤出現在 PI 的案例被報告出來,而本研究想表 達兩個觀點:

.臨床上發生在 PI 區域的腫瘤案例數可能因為外觀與 PI 相近而被低估 .發生在 PI 區域的腫瘤應該與植牙程序無關

二、MATERIALS AND METHODS 1.回顧性臨床病理分析

收集 2000~2016 所有被診斷與植體相關的腫瘤案例,紀錄:年齡,性別,腫 瘤位置,臨床表現,第一次臨床診斷到實際確診所間隔的時間、體徵和症狀以及 癌症的實際診斷,危險因素或易感因素,治療和追蹤。

2.文獻回顧

從 PubMed 與 Google 收集 2000~2016 所有含關鍵字“gingiva,”

“mandible,” “maxilla,” “dental implant,” “cancer,”

“malignant,” and “malignancy”;的英文研究(包含人與動物實驗)。紀錄項目同上。

3.作者臨床相關的傾向

腫瘤一開始外觀與 PI 類似,容易誤診而拖慢確診時間。植體相關腫瘤常發生 在有腫瘤高風險因子的病患身上,所以有危險因子的 PI 病人宜切片檢查。

三、RESULTS

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1. Literature review

共找到 25 篇文章,47 例案例。近十年案例數有增加趨勢。

a.男女發生率 1:1.5。平均發生年齡 67.2 歲。

b.下顎 89.4%,上顎 10.6%。

c. SCC 85.1%,肺或乳癌轉移 8.5%,其他 osteosarcoma, plasmacytoma, and d.lymphoma.2.1%。

e.原發性腫瘤 61.7%,復發或次原發性 23.4%,遠端腫瘤轉移 8.5%。

f.吸菸喝酒只作為潛在風險因子而被記錄,無證據直接相關

g. The initial clinical appearance imitated PI 36.2% and presented as a mass or swelling 38.3% and as an ulcer or ulcerated mass 19.1%. Numb chin syndrome as a metastatic lesion 2.1%.

2. New cases

a. 7 名患者,2 名男性和 5 名女性(M:F = 1:2.5)。年齡在 44~89 歲(平均 69 歲)

b.每年約有 30~35 個案例被報告出來(含原位癌與遠端轉移)佔惡性口腔癌比例的 1~1.5%。

c. SCC 72.4% basal cell carcinoma + 肺癌轉移 14.3%

d.下顎 71.4% 上顎 28.6%

e.臨床表徵:Erythematous nonulcerated overgrowth 85.7% and ulcerated

erythematous mass 14.3%. Peri-implant bone loss 47.8% and massive osteolysis with expansion 14.3%

f.平均延遲 8 個月確診。

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Fig. 4. A, Easily bleeding gingival overgrowth, involving left mandibular implants (right panel). Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed massive osteolysis and compromised cortical integrity. (Cropped image from CT scan, horizontal plane, level of body of mandible)

四、DISCUSSION

1.搜索世界上的研究,植牙相關惡性腫瘤屬於少見案例,歷年來共 47 個案例被 報告出來。但光本研究作者所在機構就有八例,明顯可知實際案例數是被低估的。

2. So far, there is no epidemiologic evidence to support any specific risk for cancer associated with dental implants, and this should therefore have no influence on surgical considerations.

3.根據數據女性與下顎發生率似乎較高。

4.有報告認為 osteosarcoma 與植體表面的氧化有關,但並無直接證據可以證明兩 者是因果關係。

5.近年來,慢性發炎被認為是與許多類型的癌症有關的。因此可猜測慢性的 PI 也可能造成癌症,但目前並無直接證據可證明它。

6. In the absence of a proven risk for peri-implant malignancy, one principal point needs to be emphasized: When malignancy does occur in spatial relationship to existing dental implants, the initial similarity to the clinical presentation of PI is a diagnostic trap.植牙醫師通常較少接觸口腔癌症病變,習慣用 PI 去解釋這初始症

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狀,而這也是常見公認的現象。除非症狀變嚴重不然不會被檢查出來。

7.切片不是一個公認的 PI 檢查步驟,就算組織被切掉也不會送檢。因此,正確 的診斷通常是會被拖延的。

8.初期是很難對 PI 與腫瘤做鑑別診斷的,所以對高風險族群(pervious oral malignancy, leukoplakia, erythroplakia, OLP, and PVL)應該做切片檢查。菸酒重度 使用者,也建議做切片檢查。常見可能會轉移口腔的身體腫瘤患者(lung, colorectal, prostate, breast, and renal cancers)也應做切片檢查。PI 症狀對常規治療手段持續無 良好反應的也建議做切片檢查,這不只是確認是否是惡性腫瘤,可以以確認是否 是 giant cell granuloma, pyogenic granuloma, or actinomycosis,早期正確治療也可 增加植體存活率。

五、CONCLUSIONS

1.植體惡性腫瘤並不像報告所呈現的那麼少,發生率可以達到惡性口腔癌中的 1.5%。

2.植體惡性腫瘤初期與 PI 相似,常導致延遲確診。

3.大多數植體惡性腫瘤發生於有口腔癌高風險患者身上。

4.有口腔癌高風險患者,其 PI 症狀對常規治療手段無良好反應時,應做切片檢 查。

題號 題目

1 應該對植體周圍炎(PI)做切片檢查的時機下列何者為非?

(A) PI 症狀對常規治療手段無良好反應時 (B) PI 症狀,且為乳癌病史患者

(C) 有 PI 症狀之女性高年齡病人 (D) 菸酒檳榔重度使用者

答案 (C)

出處:本文章。

題號 題目

2 植體周圍炎(PI)切片最不可能發現的東西是下列何者?

(A) SCC

(B) giant cell granuloma

(C) Hyperplasia and ulceration of pocket epithelium (D) Hair follicle cell

答案 (D)

出處:本文章。

參考文獻

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