Intractability of the Problem

QoS-aware Object Replication in Overlay Networks

Won J. Jeon, Indranil Gupta, and Klara Nahrstedt

4th International Workshop on Peer-To-Peer Systems (IPTPS ’05)

Outline

•

Introduction

•

Intractability of the Problem

•

Centralized Solution

•

Distributed Solutions

•

Simulation Results

Introduction

• The goal of the QoS-aware replication problem in this paper is to satisfy access time deadlines for all nodes while minimizing

storage utilization in the overlay.

• To find a solution of the problem in an arbitrary graph is intractable (NP-hard).

• A centralized and two decentralized heuristics are presented

QoS-Aware Replication in Overlays

• Consider an arbitrary overlay graph G = (V, E), with V the set of nodes and E ⊂ V × V the set of links between the nodes.

• Each edge e in E is associated with a delay d(e).

• The problem is to assign to each node j a value of X_j either 1 or 0 (indicating whether the object is stored at node j or not), in such a way that

Minimize X

i∈v

X_i,

so that for all nodes i, d(i, j) ≤ δi.

• where d(i, j) represents the minimum delay of the link from i to j ,which is the closest node to i that also has the object.

• δ_i is the deadline required by node i to access the object.

An Example

In (a) node 1 does not satisfy its deadline of 5 time units.

In (b) all nodes satisfy their deadline of 5 time units, and storage is also minimized.

Intractability of the Problem

Theorem 1. The Qos-aware object replication problem is NP-hard.

Proof. Suppose matrix A representing all pairs shortest paths, i.e., A = {a_ij}, where a_ij is the delay for the shortest path from the node i to the node j.

Consider the matrix B = {bij}, where b_ij = δi for all j.

In the matrix A⁰ = A − B, where the element a⁰_ij represents the link delay less δ_i.

Construct a final matrix C = {c_ij}, where c_ij = 1 if a⁰_ij ≤ 0, otherwise it is 0.

(continue...)

Intractability of the Problem (Cont.)

The QoS-aware object replication problem then reduces to finding the minimum set of columns in matrix C, so that the 1’s in those columns cover all rows.

This corresponds to placing an object replica at each of the nodes whose corresponding columns are chosen.

Thus, the QoS-aware replication problem reduces to solving MINIMUM SET COVER problem for G. This is know to be NP-hard.

Centralized Algorithm for Qos-aware Object Replication

1. Collect the link delay d_ij for every link e_ij.

2. Collect the delay requirement δ_i for every node i and construct the matrix B.

3. Calculate the shortest paths from every node i to j and construct it with the matrix A.

4. Calculate the matrix A⁰ by subtracting B from A.

5. Construct the matrix C by marking every element in A⁰ which is less than or equal to zero with 1, and with 0 otherwise.

6. Based on the matrix C, find the minimum number of column sets in C covering all the row elements with the mark.

7. Allocate a replica of the object to each node whose column is chosen.

A and A

A

and C

Optimal Solution of the Example

Selecting the minimum number of column sets to cover all rows with 1’s corresponds to allocating the minimum number of replicas to satisfy the QoS requirement.

If we select the column 0, 1, 3, 8, then the rows covered by them are:

Calculating the Minimum Set Cover

• The classical heuristic solution is a greedy one.

• Initially, all nodes are marked as not covered.

• Iteratively, find the node with the most (1 hop) neighbors not covered so far.

• Then, place a replica of the object at this node, and mark this node and its (1 hop) neighbors as covered.

• This method is known to be approximable within 1 + ln|S| where S is the number of finite sets.

Distributed Solutions

• Core-selection Method

• TTL-based Method

Core-selection Method

• Each node always maintains information of which of these immediate neighbors store replicas of the object, and the in-degree of each of these neighbors.

• The node continuously monitors whether there is at least one object replica either at itself, or at one of its neighbor nodes reachable through with a delay ≤ δ_i.

• If this condition ever becomes false, node i first checks if all its neighbor nodes j have an i → j delay > δ_i; then, node i becomes a core (store an object replica).

• Otherwise, node i selects that neighbor as core that has a delay

≤ δi and has the maximum in-degree.

• This approach attempts to maximize the number of nodes that can access this new replica.

TTL-based Method

• In this approach, a node storing an object replica maintains a list of dependent nodes (which may or may not be immediate

neighbors) that are relying on it for accessing the object.

• If this list becomes empty, the node can delete the object replica.

• Any node that does not have a local replica of the object periodically creates a QoS-advert message contains (a) its δ_i deadline value and (b) depending-on, the ID of the node tiat it is currently depending on (may be empty).

TTL-based Method (Cont.)

• The QoS-advert is broadcast to each of its immediate neighbors connected by a link with a delay smaller than δ_i.

• Each received QoS-advert is re-broadcast by the receiving node j, but only if the QoS value in the QoS-advert message is ≥ the delay on the outgoing link.

• If this condition evaluates to false for all neighbors of j, node j checks if the depending-on field in the message is either empty or specifies j.

• If either is true, node j replies to the QoS-advert, and this reply is reverse routed.

• Otherwise, node j does nothing.

• If depending-on field specified j, the original sender is added to the dependents list at j, and a local replica of the object is fetched

TTL-based Method (Cont.)

• When a node has sent out a QoS-advert with a non-empty

depending-on field, it waits for the node specified therein to send a reply.

• If no such reply is received (determined by a timeout), another Qos-advert is sent immediately with the depending-on field empty.

• When a node has sent a QoS-advert with an empty depending-on

field, it waits to receive replies, makes a decision about whom to depend on, and sends out a QoS-advert with the depending-on field set.

Simulation

• Generate different P2P overlay network topologies with different number of nodes.

• Use BRITE network topology generator to generate power-law based overlay network topologies.

• QoS parameter(δ) is set to 10.

Simulation Results

Simulation Results (Cont.)

Simulation Results (Cont.)