• 沒有找到結果。

附表:

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "附表:"

Copied!
22
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

附表:SARS-CoV-2 之藥物使用實證摘要 (2022.4.19)

1. 疫情初期,SARS-CoV-2 治療相關證據主要來自同為冠狀病毒的 SARS-CoV-1 與 MERS-CoV 之治療經驗、臨床與體外試驗結果,與針對 SARS-CoV-2 患者的小規模臨床研究。曾被用於治療的藥物包括多種抗病毒藥物(ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir)、免疫調節劑、病患恢復期血清與單株 /多株抗體等[1, 2]。

2. 許多 SARS-CoV-2 治療的相關臨床試驗已有結果或正在進行中,大規模隨機對照試驗包括由英國牛津大學主導的 RECOVERY trial,與 WHO 主導之 SOLIDARITY trial。RECOVERY trial 治療組最初包括 lopinavir/ritonavir、dexamethasone、hydroxychloroquine 與 azithromycin 四種藥物。SOLIDARITY

trial 則包括 remdesivir、lopinavir/ritonavir、lopinavir/ritonavir 加 interferon-β 與 chloroquine 或 hydroxychloroquine 四組。兩試驗平台後續均有加入 許多候選藥物試驗。

3. 由於藥物治療試驗眾多且證據力不一,為使臨床醫師獲得證據力較高之實證資訊,自 2021 年 6 月 28 日更新版起,「實證摘要表格」將僅新增經 大規模隨機對照試驗(randomized controlled trial, RCT)評估之藥物結果。目前針對 SARS-CoV-2 之藥物依主要作用機轉分類為抗病毒藥物、免疫調節 劑、抗 SARS-CoV-2 單株抗體與其他藥物,實證簡列如下表 (紅字表示本版更新內容):

(2)

一、 抗病毒藥物

藥物名稱 證據等級 目前實證摘要

Lopinavir/Ritonavir ± interferon 體外試驗 ⚫ 藥物接受器模擬研究顯示 lopinavir/ritonavir 對 SARS-CoV-2 可能有療效[3]。

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 99 名使用 lopinavir/ritonavir 之嚴重肺炎(SpO2<94%)成人(>18 歲)患者與 100 名接受標準治療者相比,兩組達臨 床改善天數與 28 天死亡率均無統計顯著差異,lopinavir/ritonavir 治療組中有 13.8%因副作用而停止用藥[4]。

⚫ 86 名接受 lopinavir/ritonavir 合併 ribavirin 與 IFN-β1b 的輕症患者,相較於 41 名僅接受 lopinavir/ritonavir 者,較早清 除病毒(陰轉天數中位數 7 vs 12 天)與達症狀緩解[5]。

RECOVERY trial:1616 名使用 lopinavir/ritonavir 之 COVID-19 住院病患,相較於 3424 名對照組,28 天死亡率並無統 計顯著差異(23% vs 22 %)[6]。

SOLIDARITY trial:1399 名使用 lopinavir/ritonavir 之 COVID-19 住院病患,相較於對照組,28 天時住院死亡率並無統 計顯著差異(9.7% vs 10.3%)[7]。

Remdesivir@* 體外試驗 ⚫ 體外試驗顯示有抑制病毒效果[8]。

個案報告 ⚫ 個案報告顯示患者於入院第七天起使用 remdesivir,隔日起病況改善[9]。

⚫ 恩慈療法結果顯示,53 名用藥患者中,68%用藥後氧氣需求下降,插管與非插管病患追蹤 18 天死亡率分別為 18%

與 5%[10]。

觀察性研究 ⚫ 570 名病患之匹配病例對照研究顯示,使用 remdesivir 治療者相較於未用藥者較快達臨床改善(5 vs 7 天),但兩組病 患 28 天死亡率差異並未達統計顯著(7.7% vs 14%)。本研究同時也比較 184 名同時使用 remdesivir 與

corticosteroids,與 158 名僅使用 remdesivir 之病患,併用 corticosteroids 者較慢達臨床改善(aHR 0.77),但兩組 28 天 死亡率並無差異(8.2% vs 6.3%) [11]。

⚫ 352 名於住院兩天內使用 remdesivir 治療之病患,與 1347 名未用藥者匹配後,治療組 14 天時死亡率較低(4.3% vs 6.7%, HR 0.58, CI 0.34-0.99),且 Ct 值≧ 35 之比例較高(40.6% vs 28.1%)。治療組與對照組分別有 79.3%與 83.3%病患於 收案時並未使用氧氣[12]。

(3)

⚫ 28855 名於住院兩天內使用 remdesivir 治療之病患,經與 16687 名未用藥者匹配後,治療組 14 天(10.6% vs 15.4%, HR 0.76, CI 0.70-0.83)與 28 天(15.4% vs 19.1%, HR 0.89, CI 0.82-0.96)死亡率均較低。同時在住院時未用氧、使用低/高流量 氧氣與插管或使用 ECMO 之病患均有統計顯著差異[13]。

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 158 名接受 remdesivir 治療的嚴重肺炎病患,相較於接受標準治療者,兩組達臨床改善或病毒清除天數均無顯著差 異[14]。

ACTT-1 trial: 538 名接受 remdesivir 治療的嚴重肺炎病患,相較於 521 名接受安慰劑者,較快達臨床改善(臨床改善 天數中位數 11 vs 15 天)[15]。

⚫ 397 名接受五天或十天 remdesivir 治療的嚴重肺炎病患,校正收案時疾病嚴重度後,臨床改善率並無統計差異[16]。

SOLIDARITY trial:2743 名接受 remdesivir 治療的 COVID-19 住院病患,相較於對照組,28 天時住院死亡率未有統計 顯著差異(12.5% vs 12.7%)[7]。

PINETREE:279 名發病七日內具重症風險因子 COVID-19 門診病患,接受三天 remdesivir 治療,相較於 283 名接受安 慰劑者,28 天時因 COVID-19 住院或全死因死亡率下降 87%(0.7% vs 5.3%, p=0.008),因 COVID-19 就診與全死因死亡 率亦下降 81% (1.6% vs 8.6%, p=0.002),但兩組第七天時鼻咽病毒量並無顯著差異[17, 18]。

Interferon beta-1a plus remdesivir:487 名 X 光片顯示肺炎或需使用氧氣之 COVID-19 住院病患,接受 remdesivir 與四 劑 IFN beta-1a治療,相較於 482 名接受 remdesivir 與安慰劑者,28 天死亡率並無差異(5% vs 3%,p=0.39),且兩組達 臨床恢復天數均為五天[19]。

CMAJ:634 名病患接受 10 天 remdesivir 治療,相較於 648 名接受標準治療者,兩組住院死亡率(18.7 vs 22.6%)與 60 天死亡率(24.8 vs 28.2%)無統計顯著差異。但對於收案時尚未插管病患,remdesivir 組插管率顯著較低(8 vs 15%, RR 0.53), 28 天內不需用氧天數亦較低(15.9 vs 14.2, p=0.006) [20]。

(Hydroxy)chloroquine +/- azithromycin

體外試驗 ⚫ 體外試驗顯示 chloroquine 與 hydroxychloroquine 均有抑制病毒與免疫調節(immune modulation)效果,且 hydroxychloroquine 用於暴露後預防亦可達有效抑菌濃度[8, 21, 22]。

觀察性研究 ⚫ 小規模非隨機對照試驗顯示,接受 hydroxychloroquine 與 azithromycin 治療之輕症患者較早清除病毒[23, 24]。

⚫ 大規模回溯性研究顯示接受 hydroxychloroquine(+/- azithromycin)治療並無顯著降低重症或死亡率,且增加產生心 律不整之風險[25-28]。

⚫ 接受高劑量 chloroquine 或合併 azithromycin 治療之患者,有較高比例出現 QT 延長之副作用[29]。

(4)

隨機對照試驗 (治療)

⚫ 對輕症病患於發病早期給予 hydroxychloroquine,並未加速症狀改善或病毒清除[30, 31]。

RECOVERY trial:1561 名接受 hydroxychloroquine 治療的 COVID-19 住院病患,相較於 3155 名對照組,28 天內全死 因死亡率未有統計顯著差異(27% vs 25%)[32]。

SOLIDARITY trial:947 名接受 hydroxychloroquine 治療的 COVID-19 住院病患,相較於對照組,28 天時住院死亡率未 有統計顯著差異(10.2% vs 8.9%)[7]。

隨機對照試驗 (預防)

⚫ 暴露後

(1) 家戶內或職場確定病例接觸者於暴露後接受 hydroxychloroquine 預防性投藥,並未降低 14 天內 COVID-19 症狀發 生率[33]。

(2) 家戶內或醫護確定病例接觸者於暴露後接受 hydroxychloroquine 預防性投藥,並未降低 14 天內 COVID-19 確診 率;對收案時 SARS-CoV-2 PCR 陽性之無症狀接觸者,亦未降低症狀發生率[34]。

⚫ 暴露前:對高風險醫護工作者給予每周一或兩次 hydroxychloroquine 預防性投藥,連續 12 周,相較於安慰劑組,用 藥並未降低確診或臨床症狀相符之 SARS-CoV-2 感染發生率[35]。

統合分析 (預防)

⚫ WHO 統合分析顯示,在共計有 6059 名參與者的臨床試驗中,高強度證據顯示預防性給予 hydroxychloroquine 並無 法降低死亡率、住院率與確診率,並可能增加不良事件發生機率,並建議將投注於 hydroxychloroquine 的研發資源 轉向其他藥物[36]。

Ivermectin 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 200 名使用 ivermectin 發病七天內輕症病患,相較於 200 名使用安慰劑者,達症狀改善天數中位數並無差異(10 vs 12 天,p=0.53)[37]

⚫ WHO 的統合分析納入共有 2407 名病患參與的 16 個臨床試驗,結論顯示 ivermectin 對死亡、插管、病毒清除或住院 的效果均不確定,且試驗存在嚴重偏差,不建議在臨床試驗之外情境使用 ivermectin[38]。

I-TECH:50 歲以上具潛在疾病之輕中症病患於發病一周內隨機分配接受五天 ivermectin (n=241)或標準治療(n=241),

28 天時分別有 21.6%與 17.3%病患進展為重症(p=0.25),顯示 ivermectin 對治療並無效果[39]。

TOGETHER:679 名發病七天內病患接受 ivermectin 治療(400ug/kg/day),相較於 679 名接受安慰劑者,28 天時住院 或急診比率並無統計顯著差異(14.7 vs 16.3)[40]。

統合分析 ⚫ 分析 10 個隨機對照試驗,對照組為安慰劑或標準治療,其中 8 個收案對象為輕症,共 1173 名病患統合分析結果。

Ivermectin 無法降低病患全死因死亡率(RR 0.37, 0.12-1.13)或住院天數(差距 0.72 天,-0.86-2.29)[41]。

(5)

Cochrane:分析 14 個隨機對照試驗,1478 名住院、門診病患或預防性用藥者,28 天死亡率(RR 0.60, CI 0.14-2.51)、

插管率(0.55, CI 0.11-2.59)、住院天數(-0.10, CU -2.43-2.23)差異均未達統計顯著[42]。

Molnupiravir (MK-4822) @# 動物試驗 ⚫ 倉鼠實驗顯示,於暴露 SARS-CoV-2 前或後 12 小時給予 MK-4822,可抑制病毒複製[43]。

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 發病七天內門診病患,隨機分配給予 molnupiravir 200mg (n=23)、400mg (n=62)、800mg (n=55)每日兩次共五天或安 慰劑(n=62),第三天時 800mg 組 PCR 陽性率顯著低於安慰劑組(1.9% vs 16.7%, p=0.02);第五天時安慰劑組仍有 11.1%培養陽性,400mg 與 800mg 組檢體則均已無法分離出病毒[44]。

MOVe-OUT Phase III (interim):已達收案目標 90%的第三期臨床試驗期中分析結果顯示,385 名發病五天內,至少具 一個重症風險因子之門診病患接受口服 molnupiravir 治療,相較於 377 名接受安慰劑者,29 天時住院或死亡率顯著 較低(7.3% vs 14.1% ,p=0.0012),其中治療組無人死亡,安慰劑組則有 8 人死亡。病毒定序結果顯示 molnupiravir 對 Gamma、Delta 與 Mu 變異株均有效果[45]。

MOVe-OUT Phase III (final):完整研究報告顯示 716 名發病五天內,至少具一個重症風險因子且未接種 COVID-19 疫 苗之門診病患口服 molnupiravir 800mg 治療,相較於 717 名接受安慰劑者,29 天時住院或死亡率顯著較低(6.8% vs 9.7%, 下降 31%)。病毒定序結果顯示 molnupiravir 對 Gamma、Delta 與 Mu 變異株均有效果,但分層分析顯示 molnupiravir 對 anti-SARS-CoV-2 抗體陽性、病毒量低與糖尿病者效果可能較不顯著[46]。

Paxlovid@#

(Nirmatrelvir+Ritonavir)

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ EPIC-HR:1039 名發病五天內,至少具一個重症風險因子且未接種 COVID-19 疫苗之門診病患口服

nirmatrelvir/ritonavir 300 mg/100 mg,相較於 1046 名接受安慰劑者,28 天時 COVID-19 相關住院或死亡率下降 88%

(0.8 vs 6.3%)[47, 48]。

二、免疫調節劑

藥物名稱 證據等級 目前實證摘要

IL-6 inhibitor

(tocilizumab#/siltuximab/

sarilumab)

觀察性研究 ⚫ 小規模觀察性研究顯示,患者接受 IL-6 inhibitor(siltuximab)治療後 CRP 明顯下降,但僅約三成臨床改善[49]。

⚫ 回溯性世代研究統計 179 名嚴重肺炎患者使用 tocilizumab(皮下或靜脈注射),相較於 365 名接受標準治療者,死亡 率較低且達統計顯著(13% vs 20%)[50]。

⚫ 世代研究顯示 419 名於入住加護病房兩天內使用 tocilizumab 的患者,相較於 3492 名未用藥者,27 天時的死亡風險 下降 29% (HR 0.71, CI 0.56-0.92)[22]。

(6)

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 60 名使用 tocilizumab 確診住院病患與接受標準治療者相比,14 天時插管入住加護病房或死亡比率未達統計顯著差 異(Rate ratio 1.05, CI 0.59-1.86)[51]。

⚫ 63 名需用氧氣但未插管確診病患接受 tocilizumab 治療,與接受標準治療者相比,14 天時需使用氧氣或死亡的比率 較低(24% vs 36%, HR 0.58, CI 0.33-1.00)[52]。相同病患追蹤至 90 天,接受 tocilizumab 治療者 90 天死亡率較低 (11%

vs 18%, aHR 0.64, CI 0.25-1.65)。而若病患 CRP≧15mg/dL,則 14 天時需使用氧氣或死亡之風險可下降 82% (18% vs 57%, HR 0.18, CI 0.06-0.59),90 天時死亡風險亦可下降 82% (9% vs 35%, HR 0.18, CI 0.04-0.89)[53]。

⚫ 161 名需用氧氣或有肺炎確診病患接受 tocilizumab 治療,與接受安慰劑者相比,28 天時插管或死亡比例並無顯著差 異(10.6% vs 12.5%)[54]。

REMAP-CAP:401 名入住 ICU 之確診病患,於入住 ICU 24 小時內接受 tocilizumab 或 sarilumab 治療,相較於 402 名 接受標準治療者,21 天時無器官衰竭之天數顯著較長(10 vs 11 天 vs 0 天),住院死亡率也較低(28% vs 22% vs 35.8%)[55]。

COVACTA:294 名接受 tocilizumab 治療之嚴重肺炎程度以上病患,與 144 名安慰劑組相比,28 天死亡率並無差異 (19.7% vs 19.4%)[56]。

⚫ 65 名接受 tocilizumab 治療之需用氧氣確診病患,與 64 名接受標準治療者相比,15 天時死亡風險顯著較高(OR 6.42, 1.59-43.2),試驗也因此提前終止[57]。

RECOVERY trial:2022 名需用氧氣確診病患接受 tocilizumab 治療,2094 名接受標準治療,兩組共有 82%同時接受 dexamethasone 治療。Tocilizumab 組相較於標準治療組,28 天死亡率較低(RR 0.86, CI 0.77-0.96),且存活出院率較高 (RR 1.23, CI 1.12-1.34)[58]。

WHO meta-analysis:WHO 團隊統計 27 個隨機對照試驗,共 10930 名病患。結果顯示使用 IL-6 抑制劑

(tocilizumab/siltuximab/sarilumab)者,相較於僅使用包括類固醇在內之標準治療,28 天死亡率下降(22% vs 25%, OR 0.86, CI 0.79-0.95),且使用呼吸器比例較低(OR 0.72, CI 0.57-0.90)[59]。

REMDACTA:需用氧且>6L/min 之嚴重肺炎病患,隨機分配接受 tocilizumab(n=434)或安慰劑(n=251),同時併用 remdesivir。兩組自收案至出院天數並無差異(14 vs 16 天,p=0.74),死亡率亦無差異(18.2 vs 19.7%)[60]。

(7)

JAK inhibitor

(Baricitinib#, tofacitinib, ruxolitinib)

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ ACTT-2 trial:相較於僅使用 remdesivir 者(n=518),對確診住院病患(n=515)併用 baricitinib,可加速臨床改善約一天(7 vs 8 天,=0.03),且第 15 天時臨床改善機率增加 30% (OR 1.3, 1.0-1.6)。分層分析顯示在收案時使用非侵襲性呼吸器 或高流量氧氣者,效果最顯著,可加速臨床改善八天(10 vs 18 天)[61]。

COV-BARRIER:未插管住院病患隨機分配接受 baricitinib(n=764)或安慰劑(n=761),並接受含 dexamethasone 在內的標 準治療,28 天全死因死亡率下降 38.2%(8.1% vs 13.1%),且效果在收案時使用高流量氧氣或非侵襲性呼吸器之病患最 顯著(HR 0.52, p=0.007)[62]。

COV-BARRIER:插管或使用 ECMO 之重症病患除標準治療外,隨機分配接受 baricitinib(n=51)或安慰劑(n=50)治療,治 療組 28 天全死因死亡率下降 46%(39.2 vs 58.0%, p=0.03),60 天死亡率亦下降(45.1 vs 62.0%, p=0.027)[63]。

STOP-COVID trial:18 歲以上住院確診病患,未使用非侵襲性呼吸器或插管者,住院三天內隨機分配接受口服 tofacitinib(n=144)或標準治療(n=145),治療組 28 天時死亡或插管率下降 37% (18% vs 29%, RR=0.63),但死亡率無顯著 差異(2.8% vs 5.5%, HR 0.49, CI 0.15-1.63)[64]。

Corticosteroids 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ RECOVERY trial:2104 名使用 dexamethasone 病患與 4321 接受標準治療組相比,對收案時需使用氧氣或插管者,使 用 dexamethasone 6mg 十天可分別降低 28 天全死因死亡風險 18%與 36%,但對收案時不需使用氧氣者,用藥與未 用藥死亡率差異未達統計顯著[65]。

MetCOVID:194 名使用 methylprednisolone (0.5mg/kg)之住院病患與 199 名接受安慰劑者相比,28 天死亡率差異未 達統計顯著[66]。

CAPE COVID:76 名使用 hydrocortisone 200mg 之入住加護病房病患與 73 名接受安慰劑者相比,21 天治療失敗率差 異未達統計顯著[67]。

CODEX:151 名使用 dexamethasone 20mg 五天與 10mg 五天之插管病患與 148 名標準治療組相比,28 天時可脫離呼 吸器天數較多(6.6 vs 4.0 天, p=0.04)[68]。

REMAP-CAP:比較使用固定劑量(hydrocortisone 50 或 100mg q6h 共七天、休克劑量(50mg q6h,臨床休克時使用)與 未使用 hydrocortisone 之加護病房住院病患,21 天時不需插管或其他器官支持療法天數與死亡率差異未達統計顯著 [69]。

DEXA-COVID-19:7 名使用 dexamethasone 20mg 五天與 10mg 五天與 12 名未使用之插管病患,28 天死亡率差異未 達統計顯著[70]。

(8)

COVID STEROID 2:497 名使用 dexamethasone 12mg 十天,與 485 名使用 6 mg 十天之需使用 10L/min 以上濃度氧氣 或插管病患,兩組在第 28 天時不需器官支持天數中位數並無差異(22 vs 20.5 天,p=0.07),死亡率亦無統計顯著差異 (27.1% vs 32.3%)[71]。

Interferon 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ SOLIDARITY trial:2050 名使用 interferon 病患與接受標準治療者相比,28 天住院死亡率並無差異(12.9% vs 11.0%)[7]。

GM-CSF inhibitors (Otilimab, lenzilumab, mavrilimumab)

隨機對照試驗 ⚫ OSCAR trial:403 名使用高流量氧氣、非侵襲性呼吸器或插管的確診病患使用 otilimab,相較於 403 名使用安慰劑 者,28 天時存活且未插管率(71 vs 67%)與全死因死亡率(17 vs 19%)均無差異,但 70 歲以上病患 28 天時存活且未插 管率顯著改善(66 vs46%)[72]。

LIVE-AIR trial:261 名使用氧氣但未插管病患接受 lenzilumab 治療,相較於 259 名使用安慰劑者,28 天時不需呼吸 器且存活之機率增加 54% (HR: 1.54, CI: 1.02-2.31)[73]。

MASH-COVID:21 名需使用氧氣且 CRP>5 mg/dL 之確診病患接受 mavrilimumab 治療,相較於 19 名使用安慰劑者,

14 天時存活且不需使用氧氣之比例並未達統計顯著差異(57 vs 47%)[74]。

⚫ 236 名需使用氧氣但未插管病患接受三劑 lenzilumab 治療,相較於 243 名接受安慰劑者,28 天時不需用氧存活率分 別為 84%與 78% (p<0.04)。94%病患同時接受 steroids,72%同時接受 remdeivir 治療,包括 69%同時使用 steroids 及 remdesivir [93]。

三、抗 SARS-CoV-2 單株抗體

藥物名稱 證據等級 目前實證摘要

Bamlanivimab±etesevimab

(LY-CoV555)@#

動物實驗/

體外試驗

⚫ 動物實驗顯示,預防性投與 LY-CoV555 可抑制 SARS-CoV-2 在呼吸道之複製 [75]。

⚫ Bamlanivimab 對變異株效力:假病毒(pseudovirus)中和試驗結果顯示,bamlanivimab 對攜帶有 E484K (Beta, Gamma, Iota)與 L452R(Epsilon)之 SARS-CoV-2 變異株,抗體效價上升超過 1000 倍,顯示 bamlanivimab 可能無法有效中和上述 變異株。對 Alpha 變異株,抗體效價則無變化[76-78]。

(9)

⚫ Bamlanivimab+etesevimab(1:2)對變異株效力:假病毒(pseudovirus)中和試驗結果顯示,bamlanivima+etesevimab 對 Beta、Gamma、Delta plus 與 Mu 變異株,抗體效價上升,顯示 bamlanivima+etesevimab 可能無法有效中和上述變異 株。對 Alpha、Epsilon、Iota、Kappa、Delta 變異株,抗體效價則無變化[79, 80]。

觀察性試驗 (治療)

⚫ 接受 bamlanivimab 治療的 232 名具重症風險因子門診病患,與 1160 名未接受治療者相比,經校正可能干擾因子 後,bamlanivimab 組 28 天住院或死亡率下降 60% (OR=0.4, CI 0.4-0.69),且效果對 65 歲以上族群更加顯著。但須注 意研究進行期間,美國當地 B.1.1.7 變異株盛行率仍低[81]。

⚫ 回溯型研究顯示,至少具一個重症風險因子之成人病患,於發病 10 天內接受 bamlanivimab (n=2747)或 casirivimab + imdevimab (b=849)治療,28 天住院率分別為 4.34%與 2.83%,差異達統計顯著(p=0.05),但若校正收案時風險因子後 則無顯著差異。另 28 天 COVID-19 相關住院率為 2.84 vs 1.65%,無統計顯著差異[82]。

隨機對照試驗 (治療)

BLAZE-1, monotherapy:接受 bamlanivimab 治療的 309 名門診病患與接受安慰劑者相比,病毒量下降較快、29 天時 住院率較低且症狀較快緩解[83]。

ACTIV-3:接受 bamlanivimab 治療的 163 名住院病患與接受安慰劑者相比,臨床改善比率並無差異[84]。

BLAZE-1, combination:接受 bamlanivimab(309 名)、bamlanivimab + etesevimab(112 名)與安慰劑(156 名)之門診病患 相比,bamlanivimab + etesevimab 組在第十一天時病毒量較低[85]。

BLAZE-1, phase 3:接受 bamlanivimab + etesevimab 治療的 511 名具重症風險因子之輕中度確診病患,相較於 258 名 安慰劑組,住院率下降 87%[86]。

隨機對照試驗 (預防)

BLAZE-2:965 名長照機構住民與工作人員,曾暴露於機構中確診者但收案時 SARS-CoV-2 血清抗體與 PCR 均陰性。

隨機接受 bamlanivimab(n=484)或安慰劑(n=482)預防性投藥,用藥組八周內發生 COVID-19 有症狀感染風險較低(OR 0.43, p=0.00021)。接受預防性用藥的住民感染風險可下降 80% (OR 0.20)但須注意研究進行期間,美國當地 B.1.1.7 變異株盛行率仍低[87, 88]。

Casirivimab + Imdevimab (REGN-CoV2)@#

體外試驗 ⚫ 變異株效力:假病毒(pseudovirus)中和試驗結果顯示,casirivimab+imdevimab 對 Alpha、Beta、Gamma、Epsilon、

Iota、Kappa、Delta、Delta plus 與 Mu 變異株,抗體效價均無變化,顯示 casirivimab+imdevimab 應可有效中和上述 變異株[89, 90]。

隨機對照試驗 (治療)

⚫ 接受 casirivimab 與 imdevimab 合併療法的 533 名門診病患與接受安慰劑者相比,病毒量下降較快且 28 天時住院或 前往急診比率較低[91]。

(10)

⚫ 275 名門診病患接受不同劑量 casirivimab + imdevimab 或安慰劑,用藥組第七天時病毒量下降較多,且若接受治療時 病毒量較高,或為 SARS-CoV-2 血清陰性(seronegative),治療效果更顯著[92]。

⚫ 具重症風險因子門診病患,接受 1200mg(n=736)或 2400mg(n=1355) casirivimab + imdevimab 治療,相較於接受安慰 劑者(n=748, 1341),28 天死亡或住院率分別下降 70.4% (p<0.001)與 71.3% (p<0.001),且均可提早四天達症狀改善(10 vs 14 天,p<0.0001)。治療組收案時有 24%為血清抗體陽性,亦顯示相同治療效果[93, 94]。

⚫ 803 名門診病患接受不同劑量靜脈或皮下注射 casirivimab + imdevimab (IV: 2400/1200/600mg, SC 1200/600mg),相較 於接受安慰劑者,第七天時均可加速病毒清除[90]。

RECOVERY trial:4839 名住院病患接受 casirivimab + imdevimab (IV 4000+4000mg)或安慰劑(n=4946),收案時血清陰性 者,28 天死亡率可下降 20% (24% vs 30%, RR=0.8),但對收案時血清陽性及所有病患,效果則未達統計顯著[95]。

隨機對照試驗 (預防)

⚫ 753 名確診病患之家戶接觸者,年齡≧12 歲,收案時 PCR 陰性且無症狀,於暴露四天內接受 casirivimab +

imdevimab (SC 1200mg),另 752 名安慰劑組,兩組於收案後均持續與確診家屬同住。治療組 28 天時有症狀確診率 下降 81.4% (1.5 vs 7.8%p<0.0001),有症狀確診者症狀持續時間較短(1.2 vs 3.2 週),且病毒量較低[96, 97]。追蹤結果 顯示治療組在用藥 2-8 個月後確診率仍可下降 81.6% (p<0.0001),且無人因 COVID-19 而住院。治療組與對照組分別 有 34.5%與 35.2%於追蹤期間曾接種 COVID-19 疫苗[98]。

Sotrovimab# 體外試驗 ⚫ 變異株效力:假病毒(pseudovirus)中和試驗結果顯示,sotrovimab 對 Alpha、Beta、Gamma、Epsilon、Iota、Kappa、

Delta、Delta plus、Mu 與 Omicron 變異株,抗體效價均無變化,顯示 sotrovimab 應可有效中和上述變異株[99, 100]。

隨機對照試驗 (治療)

COMET-ICE:291 名具重症風險因子門診病患於發病五天內接受 sotrovimab 治療,相較於 292 名接受安慰劑組,第 29 天時住院或死亡率下降 85% (1% vs 7%),且治療組無人入住 ICU[99, 101]。

Regdanvimab 隨機對照試驗

(治療)

⚫ 204 名門診病患接受 40 或 80mg ragdanvimab 治療,相較於 103 名接受安慰劑者,28 時須用氧/住院或死亡率較低 (4.4 vs 8.7%)。具重症風險因子病患分組分析亦顯示相同結果(5.5 vs 12.7%),且治療組第七天鼻咽拭子病毒量較治療 組下降 39%[102]。

Tixagevimab + cilgavimab (EVUSHELD)#

隨機對照試驗 (預防)

PROVENT:3441 名 18 歲以上至少具一個重症風險因子,或有感染風險者接受一劑 tixagevimab+cilavimab 肌肉注射 做為暴露前預防,相較於 1731 名接受安慰劑者,追蹤至 183 天時 PCR 確診有症狀 SARS-CoV-2 感染機率下降 77%(0.2 vs 1.0%, p<0.001)[103]。

(11)

STORM-CHASER:749 名 18 歲以上成人在與 SARS-CoV-2 確診病患接觸後八天內接受一劑 tixagevimab+cilavimab 做為 暴露後預防,相較於 372 名接受安慰劑者,追蹤至 183 天時 PCR 確診有症狀 SARS-CoV-2 感染機率並無統計顯著差 異(3.1 vs 4.6%, CI: -26-65)[103]。

Bebtelovimab# 隨機對照試驗 (治療)

BLAZE-4 (low-risk):無任何重症風險因子之輕中症門診病患於確診三天內隨機分配接受 bebtelovimab(n=125)、

bebtelovimab+bamlanivimab+etesivimab(n=127)或安慰劑(n=128),第七天時病毒量與第 29 天時住院率並無統計顯著 差異(1.6 vs 2.4 vs 1.6%),但 bebtelovimab 組可較早達症狀改善(6 vs 7 vs 8 天,p=0.003)[104]。

BLAZE-4 (high-risk):具重症風險因子之輕中症門診病患於確診三天內隨機分配接受 bebtelovimab(n=100)或

bebtelovimab+bamlanivimab+etesivimab(n=50),第三/五/七/十一天時病毒量與第 29 天時住院率並無統計顯著差異(3 vs 4 %)[104]。

四、其他藥物

藥物名稱 證據等級 目前實證摘要

Aspirin 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ RECOVERY trial:7351 名使用 aspirin 之住院病患,與 7541 名標準治療組相比,28 天死亡或呼吸器使用率並無差 異。Aspirin 組血栓發生風險較低(4.6% vs 5.3%),但嚴重出血事件發生率較高(1.6% vs 1.0%)。研究結果不支持對 COVID-19 住院病患除 LMWH 外常規給予 aspirin[105]。

Colchicine 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ COLCORONA trial:40 歲以上 PCR 或症狀確診門診病患,具有至少一個研究中所定義之風險因子者,隨機分配給與 colchicine(0.5mg 每日兩次 x3 天,每日一次 x27 天)或安慰劑。兩組各 2253 名病患中,死亡或住院率並無差異(4.7%

vs 5.8%),但 colchicine 治療組 PCR 確診患者之死亡或住院率較低(4.6% vs 6.0%, OR=0.75, CI 0.57-0.99)。治療組腹瀉比 例較高(13.7% vs 7.3%, p<0.001),且肺栓塞發生率較高(0.5% vs 0.1%, p=0.01)[106]

RECOVERY trial:11162 名住院病患隨機分配接受 colchicine 或標準治療,初步結果顯示兩組 28 天死亡率並無差異 (20% vs 19%, p=0.63),試驗也因此提前結束收案[107, 108]。

Fluvoxamine 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ TOGETHER trial:741 名具重症風險門診病患接受 fluvoxamine 十天治療,相較於 756 名接受安慰劑者,28 天內前往 急診或住院機率較低(11% vs 16%, RR 0.52-0.88),且兩組副作用比例並無差異[109]。

(12)

統合分析統合分析三個隨機臨床試驗,共 2196 名輕症病患,使用 fluvoxamine 組住院風險為 0.78 (0.58-1.08),根據不同預設

條件,fluvoxamine 可降低住院風險的可能性為 94.1-98.6[110]。

恢復期血清 隨機對照試驗 ⚫ 228 名接受恢復期血清治療之病患,相較於 105 名安慰劑組,雖治療兩天後體內 SARS-CoV-2 抗體濃度較高,但 30 天時達臨床改善比例與死亡率(10.96% vs 11.43%)並無差異[111]。

⚫ 80 名於發病 72 小時內接受恢復期血清治療之 65 歲以上病患,相較於 80 名安慰劑組,第 15 天時進展至嚴重肺炎比 例較低(16% vs 31, RR=0.52, p=0.03),且抗體濃度越高,治療效果越好[112]。

PLACID:235 名接受恢復期血清治療之嚴重肺炎以上程度病患,相較於 229 名接受標準治療者,28 天死亡率並無差 異(19% vs 18%) [113]。

⚫ 55 名接受恢復期血清治療之嚴重肺炎以上程度病患,相較於 51 名接受標準治療者,28 天時臨床改善率(51.9% vs 43.1%, p=0.26)與死亡率(15.7% vs 24.0%, p=0.30)均無差異 [114]

RECOVERY trial:5795 名使用恢復期血清治療之住院病患,相較於 5763 名使用標準治療者,28 天死亡率並無差異 (24% vs 24%, RR 1.00, p=0.95)。病患收案時嚴重程度以須用氧氣但未插管最多(87%)[36]。

C3PO:257 名於發病七天內使用恢復期血清,且具重症風險因子之門診病患,相較於 257 名使用安慰劑者,收案第 15 天時病情惡化至住院、急診就醫或死亡之比率並無差異(30.0 vs 31.9%)[115]。

REMAP-CAP:1084 名入住加護病房之重症病患,於收案 48 小時內使用恢復期血清,相較於 916 名接受標準治療 者,第 21 天時不需器官支持天數並無統計顯著差異(0 天 vs 3 天,OR 0.97,0.82-1.14);住院死亡率亦無差異(37.3 vs 38.4%)[116]。

CONTAIN-COVID:468 名使用氧氣或非侵襲性呼吸器病患,於發病七天或住院三天內使用恢復期血清,相較於 473 名對照組,第 14 天時臨床改善率並未達統計顯著差異(cOR 0.94, 0.75-1.18),28 天亦未達統計顯著(cOR 0.72, 0.46- 1.13)[117]。

592 名發病八天內成人門診病患接受高效價(≥1:320 anti-S antibody)恢復期血清約 250mL,相較於 589 名接受安慰劑 血清者,28 天時住院率下降 54% (2.9 vs 6.3%)[118, 119]。

(13)

188 名發病七天內 50 歲以上成人病患(97%為輕症)接受高效價(EUROIMMUN ratio≥6)恢復期血清治療,相較於 188 名 接受安慰劑者,28 天時住院率並無統計顯著差異(12 vs 11%),第七天時病毒量亦無統計顯著差異。依病患收案時血 清抗體陽性情形,或發病至收案天數分層分析亦顯示相同結果[120]。

統合分析 ⚫ 統合分析十個隨機對照試驗,共 11782 名病患使用結果,恢復期血清無法降低病患死亡風險(RR 1.02, 0.92-1.12)[87]。

Cochrane review:統合分析 13 個隨機對照試驗,共 48509 名病患資料顯示,對中重度 COVID-19 病患,恢復期血清 無助於降低病患死亡率或改善呼吸狀況,但對輕症或無症狀病患,恢復期血清效果尚無明確證據[121]。

@已於我國專案輸入 *已取得美國 FDA 藥證 #已取得美國 FDA 緊急使用授權(EUA)

(14)

參考文獻

1. Momattin, H., et al., Therapeutic options for Middle East respiratory

syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)--possible lessons from a systematic review of SARS-CoV therapy. Int J Infect Dis, 2013. 17(10): p. e792-8.

2. Momattin, H., A.Y. Al-Ali, and J.A. Al-Tawfiq, A Systematic Review of

therapeutic agents for the treatment of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Travel Med Infect Dis, 2019. 30: p. 9-18.

3. Shen Lin, R.S., Jingdong He, Xinhao Li, Xushun Guo, Molecular Modeling

Evaluation of the Binding Effect of Ritonavir, Lopinavir and Darunavir to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Proteases. bioRxiv, 2020.

4. Cao, B., et al., A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe

Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(19): p. 1787-1799.

5. Hung, I.F., et al., Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir-ritonavir,

and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19:

an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet, 2020. 395(10238): p. 1695-

1704.

6. Group, R.C., Lopinavir-ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19

(RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet,

2020.

7. Consortium, W.H.O.S.T., et al., Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 -

Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results. N Engl J Med, 2020.

8. Wang, M., et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently

emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res, 2020. 30(3): p. 269-

271.

9. Holshue, M.L., et al., First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United

States. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(10): p. 929-936.

10. Grein, J., et al., Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe

Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(24): p. 2327-2336.

11. Garibaldi, B.T., et al., Comparison of Time to Clinical Improvement With vs

Without Remdesivir Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19. JAMA

Netw Open, 2021. 4(3): p. e213071.

12. Wong, C.K.H., et al., Clinical improvement, outcomes, antiviral activity, and

costs associated with early treatment with remdesivir for patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis, 2021.

13. Mozaffari, E., et al., Remdesivir treatment in hospitalized patients with COVID-

19: a comparative analysis of in-hospital all-cause mortality in a large multi-

center observational cohort. Clin Infect Dis, 2021.

(15)

14. Wang, Y., et al., Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised,

double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet, 2020. 395(10236):

p. 1569-1578.

15. Beigel, J.H., et al., Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(19): p. 1813-1826.

16. Goldman, J.D., et al., Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe

Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(19): p. 1827-1837.

17. Science, G., VEKLURY® (REMDESIVIR) SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED RISK OF

HOSPITALIZATION IN HIGH-RISK PATIENTS WITH COVID-19. 2021.

18. Gottlieb, R.L., et al., Early Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe Covid-

19 in Outpatients. 2021.

19. Kalil, A.C., et al., Efficacy of interferon beta-1a plus remdesivir compared with

remdesivir alone in hospitalised adults with COVID-19: a double-bind,

randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2021.

20. Ali, K., et al., Remdesivir for the treatment of patients in hospital with COVID-

19 in Canada: a randomized controlled trial. 2022. 194(7): p. E242-E251.

21. Yao, X., et al., In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing

Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clin Infect Dis, 2020. 71(15): p. 732-

739.

22. Gupta, S., et al., Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and

Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med,

2020.

23. Gautret, P., et al., Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of

COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J

Antimicrob Agents, 2020. 56(1): p. 105949.

24. Gautret, P., et al., Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of

hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational study. Travel Med Infect Dis, 2020. 34:

p. 101663.

25. Magagnoli, J., et al., Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States

Veterans Hospitalized with COVID-19. Med (N Y), 2020.

26. Geleris, J., et al., Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized

Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382(25): p. 2411-2418.

27. Rosenberg, E.S., et al., Association of Treatment With Hydroxychloroquine or

Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York State. JAMA, 2020. 323(24): p. 2493-2502.

28. Mahevas, M., et al., Clinical efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with

(16)

covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care data. BMJ, 2020. 369: p. m1844.

29. Borba, M.G.S., et al., Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate

as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3(4): p. e208857.

30. Skipper, C.P., et al., Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early

COVID-19 : A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med, 2020. 173(8): p. 623-631.

31. Mitja, O., et al., Hydroxychloroquine for Early Treatment of Adults with Mild

Covid-19: A Randomized-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2020.

32. Group, R.C., et al., Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with

Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(21): p. 2030-2040.

33. Boulware, D.R., et al., A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as

Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(6): p. 517-

525.

34. Mitja, O., et al., A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for

Prevention of Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020.

35. Rajasingham, R., et al., Hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis for

COVID-19 in healthcare workers: a randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2020.

36. Group, R.C., Convalescent plasma in patients admitted to hospital with

COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled, open-label, platform trial.

Lancet, 2021. 397(10289): p. 2049-2059.

37. Lopez-Medina, E., et al., Effect of Ivermectin on Time to Resolution of

Symptoms Among Adults With Mild COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA, 2021.

38. WHO, Therapeutics and COVID-19: Living guieline. 2021.

39. Lim, S.C.L., et al., Efficacy of Ivermectin Treatment on Disease Progression

Among Adults With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 and Comorbidities: The I- TECH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 2022.

40. Reis, G., et al., Effect of Early Treatment with Ivermectin among Patients with

Covid-19. 2022.

41. Roman, Y.M., et al., Ivermectin for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease

2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2021.

42. Popp, M., et al., Ivermectin for preventing and treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021. 7: p. CD015017.

43. Rosenke, K., et al., Orally delivered MK-4482 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in

the Syrian hamster model. Nature Communications, 2021. 12(1): p. 2295.

(17)

44. Fischer, W., et al., Molnupiravir, an Oral Antiviral Treatment for COVID-19.

2021: p. 2021.06.17.21258639.

45. Co., M., Merck and Ridgeback’s Investigational Oral Antiviral Molnupiravir

Reduced the Risk of Hospitalization or Death by Approximately 50 Percent Compared to Placebo for Patients with Mild or Moderate COVID-19 in Positive Interim Analysis of Phase 3 Study.

46. Jayk Bernal, A., et al., Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in

Nonhospitalized Patients. 2021.

47. FDA, FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE

AUTHORIZATION FOR PAXLOVIDTM. 2021.

48. Hammond, J., et al., Oral Nirmatrelvir for High-Risk, Nonhospitalized Adults

with Covid-19. 2022.

49. Giuseppe Gritti, F.R., Diego Ripamonti, Ivano Riva, Francesco Landi, Leonardo Alborghetti, Marco Frigeni, Marianna Damiani, Caterina Micò, Stefano

Fagiuoli, Roberto Cosentini, Ferdinando Luca Lorini, Fabrizio Fabretti,

Jonathan Morgan, Benjamin M.J. Owens, Karan Kanhai, Jim Cowburn, Marco Rizzi, Fabiano Di Marco, Alessandro Rambaldi, Use of siltuximab in patients

with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring ventilatory support. medRxiv, 2020.

50. Guaraldi, G., et al., Tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19: a

retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol, 2020. 2(8): p. e474-e484.

51. Salvarani, C., et al., Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical

Worsening in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 2020.

52. Hermine, O., et al., Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized

With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 2020.

53. Mariette, X., et al., Effectiveness of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized With

COVID-19: A Follow-up of the CORIMUNO-TOCI-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA Intern Med, 2021.

54. Stone, J.H., et al., Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-

19. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383(24): p. 2333-2344.

55. Investigators, R.-C., et al., Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists in Critically Ill

Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2021.

56. Rosas, I.O., et al., Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Covid-19

Pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2021.

57. Veiga, V.C., et al., Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in

patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised

controlled trial. BMJ, 2021. 372: p. n84.

(18)

58. Group, R.C., Tocilizumab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19

(RECOVERY): preliminary results of a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv, 2021.

59. Shankar-Hari, M., et al., Association Between Administration of IL-6

Antagonists and Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. Jama, 2021. 326(6): p. 499-518.

60. Rosas, I.O., et al., Tocilizumab and remdesivir in hospitalized patients with

severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a randomized clinical trial. Intensive Care

Medicine, 2021. 47(11): p. 1258-1270.

61. Kalil, A.C., et al., Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-

19. N Engl J Med, 2020.

62. Vincent C. Marconi, A.V.R., Stephanie de Bono, Cynthia E. Kartman, Venkatesh Krishnan, Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in patients with COVID-

19 infection: Results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group COV-BARRIER phase 3 trial. medRxiv, 2021.

63. Ely, E.W., et al., Baricitinib plus Standard of Care for Hospitalised Adults with

COVID-19 on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation or Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Results of a Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. 2021: p.

2021.10.11.21263897.

64. Patrícia O. Guimarães, M.D., Ph.D., Daniel Quirk, M.D., M.P.H., Remo H.

Furtado, M.D., Ph.D., Lilia N. Maia, M.D., Ph.D., José F. Saraiva, M.D., Ph.D., Murillo O. Antunes, M.D., Ph.D., Roberto Kalil Filho, M.D., Ph.D., Vagner M.

Junior, M.D., Tofacitinib in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 Pneumonia.

The New England Journal of Medicine, 2021.

65. Group, R.C., et al., Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 -

Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med, 2020.

66. Jeronimo, C.M.P., et al., Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for

Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 (Metcovid): A Randomised, Double-Blind, Phase IIb, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis, 2020.

67. Dequin, P.F., et al., Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day Mortality or

Respiratory Support Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2020. 324(13): p. 1298-1306.

68. Tomazini, B.M., et al., Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-

Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress

Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2020.

324(13): p. 1307-1316.

69. Angus, D.C., et al., Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in

Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid

(19)

Domain Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2020. 324(13): p. 1317-1329.

70. Group, W.H.O.R.E.A.f.C.-T.W., et al., Association Between Administration of

Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA, 2020. 324(13): p. 1330-1341.

71. Group, T.C.S.T., Effect of 12 mg vs 6 mg of Dexamethasone on the Number of

Days Alive Without Life Support in Adults With COVID-19 and Severe

Hypoxemia: The COVID STEROID 2 Randomized Trial. JAMA, 2021.

72. Patel, J., et al., A Randomized Trial of Otilimab in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

(OSCAR). medRxiv, 2021: p. 2021.04.14.21255475.

73. Temesgen, Z., et al., LENZILUMAB EFFICACY AND SAFETY IN NEWLY

HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 SUBJECTS: RESULTS FROM THE LIVE-AIR PHASE 3 RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL. medRxiv, 2021.

74. Cremer, P.C., et al., Mavrilimumab in patients with severe COVID-19

pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation (MASH-COVID): an investigator initiated, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.

Lancet Rheumatol, 2021. 3(6): p. e410-e418.

75. Jones, B.E., et al., LY-CoV555, a rapidly isolated potent neutralizing antibody,

provides protection in a non-human primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

bioRxiv, 2020.

76. Hoffmann, M., et al., SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from

neutralizing antibodies. Cell, 2021. 184(9): p. 2384-2393 e12.

77. Markus Hoffmann, H.H.-W., Nadine Krüger, Amy Kempf, Inga Nehlmeier, Luise Graichen, Anzhalika Sidarovich, Anna-Sophie Moldenhauer, Martin S. Winkler, Sebastian Schulz, Hans-Martin Jäck, Metodi V. Stankov, Georg M. N. Behrens, Stefan Pöhlmann, SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617 is resistant to Bamlanivimab

and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. MedRxiv, 2021.

78. Delphine Planas, D.V., Artem Baidaliuk, Isabelle Staropoli, Florence Guivel- Benhassine, Maaran Michael Rajah, Cyril Planchais, Françoise Porrot, Reduced

sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.617.2 to monoclonal

antibodies and sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. 2021.

79.

FACT SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) OF BAMLANIVIMAB AND ETESEVIMAB.

80. FDA, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for bamlanivimab 700 mg and

etesevimab 1,400 IV

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Memorandum. 2021.

81. J Ryan Bariola, M., Erin K McCreary, PharmD, Richard J Wadas, MD, Kevin E Kip, PhD, Oscar C Marroquin, MD, Tami Minnier, MSN, RN, Stephen Koscumb,

(20)

BS, Kevin Collins, BS, Mark Schmidhofer, MD, Judith A Shovel, BSN RN, Impact

of bamlanivimab monoclonal antibody treatment on hospitalization and mortality among non-hospitalized adults with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Open

Forum Infectious Diseases, 2021.

82. Ganesh, R., et al., Real-World Clinical Outcomes of Bamlanivimab and

Casirivimab-Imdevimab Among High-Risk Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2021.

83. Chen, P., et al., SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients

with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020.

84. Group, A.-T.L.-C.S., et al., A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized

Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2020.

85. Gottlieb, R.L., et al., Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in

Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to

Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2021. 325(7): p. 632-

644.

86.

Lilly's bamlanivimab and etesevimab together reduced hospitalizations and death in Phase 3 trial for early COVID-19.

87. Janiaud, P., et al., Association of Convalescent Plasma Treatment With Clinical

Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

JAMA, 2021.

88. Cohen, M.S., et al., Effect of Bamlanivimab vs Placebo on Incidence of COVID-

19 Among Residents and Staff of Skilled Nursing and Assisted Living Facilities:

A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2021.

89.

FACT SHEET FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS

EMERGENCY USE AUTHORIZATION (EUA) OF REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) (September/2021 update).

90. FDA, DIVISION OF ANTIVIRAL PRODUCTS (HFD-530)

CLINICAL VIROLOGY REVIEW.

91. FDA, Fact sheet for health care providers emergency use authorization (EUA)

of casirivimab and imdevimab. 2020.

92. Weinreich, D.M., et al., REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in

Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384(3): p. 238-251.

93.

PHASE 3 TRIAL SHOWS REGEN-COV™ (CASIRIVIMAB WITH IMDEVIMAB) ANTIBODY COCKTAIL REDUCED HOSPITALIZATION OR DEATH BY 70% IN NON- HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 PATIENTS.

94. Weinreich, D.M., et al., REGEN-COV Antibody Combination and Outcomes in

Outpatients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med, 2021.

95. Group, R.C., Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with

(21)

COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.

medRxiv, 2021.

96.

PHASE 3 PREVENTION TRIAL SHOWED 81% REDUCED RISK OF SYMPTOMATIC SARS-COV-2 INFECTIONS WITH SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF REGEN- COV™ (CASIRIVIMAB WITH IMDEVIMAB).

97. O’Brien, M.P., et al., Subcutaneous REGEN-COV Antibody Combination to

Prevent Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021.

98. REGENERON, NEW PHASE 3 ANALYSES SHOW THAT A SINGLE DOSE OF

REGEN-COV® (CASIRIVIMAB AND IMDEVIMAB) PROVIDES LONG-TERM PROTECTION AGAINST COVID-19. 2021.

99. FDA, U., Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Additional

Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19. 2021.

100. Cathcart, A.L., et al., The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and

VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2.

2021: p. 2021.03.09.434607.

101. Gupta, A., et al., Early Treatment for Covid-19 with SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing

Antibody Sotrovimab. 2021.

102. EMA, CONDITIONS OF USE, CONDITIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION AND PATIENTS

TARGETED AND CONDITIONS FOR SAFETY MONITORING ADRESSED TO MEMBER STATES FOR UNAUTHORISED PRODUCT Regkirona (regdanvimab).

2021.

103. USFDA, FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE

AUTHORIZATION FOR EVUSHELD™ (tixagevimab co-packaged with cilgavimab). 2021.

104. FDA, FACT SHEET FOR HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS: EMERGENCY USE

AUTHORIZATION FOR BEBTELOVIMAB. 2022.

105. Group, R.C., Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19

(RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. medRxiv,

2021.

106. Tardif, J.C., et al., Colchicine for community-treated patients with COVID-19

(COLCORONA): a phase 3, randomised, double-blinded, adaptive, placebo- controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet Respir Med, 2021.

107. group, R.c., RECOVERY trial closes recruitment to colchicine treatment for

patients hospitalised with COVID-19.

108. Group, R.C., Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19

(RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet

Respir Med, 2021.

109. Reis, G., et al., Effect of early treatment with fluvoxamine on risk of

(22)

emergency care and hospitalisation among patients with COVID-19: the TOGETHER randomised, platform clinical trial. Lancet Glob Health, 2021.

110. Lee, T.C., et al., Fluvoxamine for Outpatient Management of COVID-19 to

Prevent Hospitalization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA

Network Open, 2022. 5(4): p. e226269-e226269.

111. Simonovich, V.A., et al., A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-

19 Severe Pneumonia. N Engl J Med, 2020.

112. Libster, R., et al., Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19

in Older Adults. N Engl J Med, 2021.

113. Agarwal, A., et al., Convalescent plasma in the management of moderate

covid-19 in adults in India: open label phase II multicentre randomised controlled trial (PLACID Trial). BMJ, 2020. 371: p. m3939.

114. Li, L., et al., Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical

Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2020. 324(5): p. 460-470.

115. Korley, F.K., et al., Early Convalescent Plasma for High-Risk Outpatients with

Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021.

116. Investigators, W.C.f.t.R.-C., Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Organ Support–

Free Days in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA, 2021.

117. Ortigoza, M.B., et al., Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in

Hospitalized Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine,

2021.

118. Sullivan, D.J., et al., Randomized Controlled Trial of Early Outpatient COVID-19

Treatment with High-Titer Convalescent Plasma. 2021: p.

2021.12.10.21267485.

119. Sullivan, D.J., et al., Early Outpatient Treatment for Covid-19 with

Convalescent Plasma. 2022.

120. Alemany, A., et al., High-titre methylene blue-treated convalescent plasma as

an early treatment for outpatients with COVID-19: a randomised, placebo- controlled trial. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 2022.

121. Piechotta, V., et al., Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin

for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review. Cochrane Database Syst

Rev, 2021. 5: p. CD013600.

參考文獻

相關文件

However, in HIV-positive patients, plasma cell tumors may present at unusual sites and progress rapidly to involve multiple sites, including the soft tissues and viscera [19]..

13 According to Kim et al., 8 positive patch tests for dental materials were found in 70.5% of patients, mostly in oral lichen planus (75%), cheilitis (75%), and BMS (25%); the

This is in agreement with the finding of Nakagawa et al., 11 which showed that interruption of white line on panoramic radi- ography was a predictor of increased risk of contact

Kristensen et al., “Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical stud- ies, ” Journal of

The Government of Eswatini recognises that while the “big projects” will provide the much needed investment to stimulate economic activi- ties, the MSME sector has a critical role

A discussion of the Dapagli flozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trial, the Effect of Sotagli flozin on Car- diovascular Events in Patients

• label embedding: PLST, CPLST, FaIE, RAk EL, ECC-based [Tai et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2014; Tsoumakas et al., 2011; Ferng et al., 2013]. • cost-sensitivity: CFT,

(4) If a live-in foreign worker tests positive after a rapid COVID-19 test or a PCR test and is isolated or hospitalized and on leaving hospital subject to home quarantine, home